Regulation of Discharges of Nuclear Facilities in Ukraine Iurii Bonchuk Radiation Protection Institute Kiev, Ukraine [email protected] EMRAS II - Reference

Regulation of Discharges Regulation of Discharges of Nuclear Facilities in Ukraineof Nuclear Facilities in Ukraine

Iurii BonchukIurii Bonchuk

Radiation Protection InstituteRadiation Protection InstituteKiev, UkraineKiev, Ukraine

[email protected]@rpi.kiev.ua

EMRAS II - EMRAS II - Reference Methodologies for Controlling DischargesReference Methodologies for Controlling Discharges

22-24 September 2009, Vienna, IAEA Headquarters, Austria22-24 September 2009, Vienna, IAEA Headquarters, Austria

Regulatory bodies in UkraineRegulatory bodies in Ukraine

22

State Nuclear Regulatory Committee of UkraineState Nuclear Regulatory Committee of Ukraine ( (SNRCUSNRCU)) implements functions of the national regulatory body on nuclear implements functions of the national regulatory body on nuclear and radiation safetyand radiation safety•normative regulation normative regulation (establishing safety criteria, requirements and conditions (establishing safety criteria, requirements and conditions in the area of nuclear energy use)in the area of nuclear energy use)

•licensing licensing (issuing permits and licenses to conduct activities in this area)(issuing permits and licenses to conduct activities in this area)

•supervision supervision (conducting supervisory activity on observance of codes and (conducting supervisory activity on observance of codes and standards on nuclear and radiation safety)standards on nuclear and radiation safety)

•enforcement enforcement (imposing sanctions stipulated by law in case of violations)(imposing sanctions stipulated by law in case of violations)



Ministry of Health of Ukraine (MHU) Ministry of Health of Ukraine (MHU) is the main body in the area of health protection is the main body in the area of health protection •realize control and supervision on sanitary law compliancerealize control and supervision on sanitary law compliance, , state standardsstate standards, , criteria and requirementscriteria and requirements

•approve approve state sanitary standards, rulesstate sanitary standards, rules, , hygienic norms hygienic norms (including(including derived levels, limits of discharge derived levels, limits of discharge))

Main types of facilities in UkraineMain types of facilities in Ukraine

33

• 4 operating NPPs (15 power units)4 operating NPPs (15 power units) which are subdivisions of which are subdivisions of National Nuclear Energy Generating Company ENERGOATOM:National Nuclear Energy Generating Company ENERGOATOM:• Zaporizhzhya NPP (6 units WWER 1000) (largest NPP in Europe)Zaporizhzhya NPP (6 units WWER 1000) (largest NPP in Europe)• South-Ukrainian NPP (3 units WWER 1000)South-Ukrainian NPP (3 units WWER 1000)• Rivne NPP (2 units WWER 440, 2 units WWER 1000)Rivne NPP (2 units WWER 440, 2 units WWER 1000)• Khmelnitsky NPP (2 units WWER 1000)Khmelnitsky NPP (2 units WWER 1000)

• Chornobyl NPPChornobyl NPP (3 Units at the stage of Decommissioning) (3 Units at the stage of Decommissioning)

• State owned "Eastern Mining And Processing Complex" (SkhidGZK)State owned "Eastern Mining And Processing Complex" (SkhidGZK)(largest uranium mining enterprise in Europe), which includes (largest uranium mining enterprise in Europe), which includes Hydro-Metallurgical Plant, Ingul’skaya and Smolinskaya mines Hydro-Metallurgical Plant, Ingul’skaya and Smolinskaya mines

• 2 Spent Fuel Storage Facilities2 Spent Fuel Storage Facilities in operation in operation at Zaporizhya NPP and Chornobyl NPPat Zaporizhya NPP and Chornobyl NPP

• RAW storage facilities and RAW management plantsRAW storage facilities and RAW management plants::6 Specialized Enterprises “Radon”, State Specialized Enterprise “Complex”, 6 Specialized Enterprises “Radon”, State Specialized Enterprise “Complex”, State Specialized Enterprise “Technocenter” State Specialized Enterprise “Technocenter”

• 2 research reactors2 research reactors ( (Kyiv, SevastopolKyiv, Sevastopol))



Regulations of controlled practices in UkraineRegulations of controlled practices in Ukraine

44

Dose limitsDose limits

Derived levels:Derived levels:• permissible (authorized) levelspermissible (authorized) levels

established from dose limits for reference exposure conditionsestablished from dose limits for reference exposure conditions

Radiation Safety Standards of Ukraine (RSSU-97) Radiation Safety Standards of Ukraine (RSSU-97) is the basic state document in Ukraine which establishes is the basic state document in Ukraine which establishes system of radiation and hygienic rulessystem of radiation and hygienic rules



Limitation of public exposureLimitation of public exposure

Effective dose limit (Effective dose limit (DLDLEE) = 1 mSv per year) = 1 mSv per year

the value of the effective dose to individuals from the value of the effective dose to individuals from controlled practicescontrolled practices that shall not be exceeded that shall not be exceeded

55

Exposure from separate facilityExposure from separate facility

Total exposureTotal exposure

Quota of Quota of DLDLEE = 40 .. 200 µSv per year = 40 .. 200 µSv per year

the value of the effective dose to individuals (critical group) from the value of the effective dose to individuals (critical group) from separate facilityseparate facility that shall not be exceeded that shall not be exceeded



Limitation of public exposure from facilitiesLimitation of public exposure from facilities

66



FacilityFacility

QQuota, uota, Sv per yearSv per year

Total Total (all discharges)(all discharges)

AirborneAirborne (gaseous) (gaseous)discharge discharge

(for (for allall pathways) pathways)

LiquidLiquid discharge discharge (for (for criticalcritical pathway pathway

of water use)of water use)

Uranium mines, Uranium mines, hydrometallurgy plants for hydrometallurgy plants for milling of uranium oresmilling of uranium ores

200200 120120 5050

Radiochemical plantsRadiochemical plants 200200 100100 5050

NPPs, other facilities which NPPs, other facilities which use nuclear reactor(s). use nuclear reactor(s). RAW processing facilitiesRAW processing facilities

8080 4040 1010

RAW disposal facilitiesRAW disposal facilities 4040 2020 1010

Other facilities.Other facilities.Reference facilityReference facility 8080 4040 1010

Limitation of public exposure from facilities (example)Limitation of public exposure from facilities (example)

77

Total exposure from each of 4 Ukrainian NPPsTotal exposure from each of 4 Ukrainian NPPs

Quota of Quota of DLDLEE = 80 µSv per year = 80 µSv per year

the value of the effective dose to critical group the value of the effective dose to critical group from from NPP dischargesNPP discharges that shall not be exceeded that shall not be exceeded

airborne (gaseous)airborne (gaseous)dischargedischarge

40 µSv40 µSv

liquid dischargeliquid discharge40 µSv40 µSv

(dose from the critical path of water use (dose from the critical path of water use should not exceed should not exceed 10 µSv10 µSv))

If corresponded DLIf corresponded DLEE quota is not exceeded,quota is not exceeded,

airborne (or liquid) airborne (or liquid) discharge is authorizeddischarge is authorized



Establishment of Permissible Levels of DischargesEstablishment of Permissible Levels of Discharges

88



There is only one document for establishment of There is only one document for establishment of permissible levels of discharges:permissible levels of discharges:

The Procedure of an Establishment of Permissible The Procedure of an Establishment of Permissible Levels of Air and Liquid Discharges of Ukrainian NPP Levels of Air and Liquid Discharges of Ukrainian NPP (Radiation-hygienic Rules of Group I) (Radiation-hygienic Rules of Group I) (Methodical Guidance), 2002(Methodical Guidance), 2002

Methodical GuidanceMethodical Guidance covers only covers only operating NPPsoperating NPPs..Other enterprises use it as ‘example’Other enterprises use it as ‘example’

Establishment of Permissible Levels of DischargesEstablishment of Permissible Levels of Discharges

99



Methodical Guidance Methodical Guidance uses:uses:•Gaussian model for atmospheric dispersionGaussian model for atmospheric dispersion•ECOSYS model for food chainsECOSYS model for food chains•ICRP dosimetric models (dose coefficients)ICRP dosimetric models (dose coefficients)

Methodical GuidanceMethodical Guidance uses site specific data: uses site specific data:•stack heightstack height•radius of sanitary protective arearadius of sanitary protective area•meteorological data (averaged for last 5 years):meteorological data (averaged for last 5 years):•distribution of stability classes (A-F)distribution of stability classes (A-F)•wind directions (8 or 16)wind directions (8 or 16)•wind speed (up to 10 ranges) wind speed (up to 10 ranges) which form 3-dimensional matrixwhich form 3-dimensional matrix

Methodical GuidanceMethodical Guidance assumes uniform discharge assumes uniform discharge (as permissible discharge) during 30 years of NPP operating(as permissible discharge) during 30 years of NPP operating

Regulation of the airborne discharge of NPPsRegulation of the airborne discharge of NPPs

1010

EEADAD is the is the DLDLEE quota for the airborne discharge ( quota for the airborne discharge (40 µSv40 µSv))

ЕЕii is an annual effective dose for the member of critical group of is an annual effective dose for the member of critical group of

population from the unit airborne discharge of the radionuclide population from the unit airborne discharge of the radionuclide ii

Limit of Airborne Discharge (Limit of Airborne Discharge (LADLAD))

ii E

ELAD

365AD

LADLAD are calculated for: are calculated for:

• 33H, H, 5151Cr, Cr, 5454Mn, Mn, 5959Fe, Fe, 5858Co, Co, 6060Co, Co, 8989Sr, Sr, 9090Sr, Sr, 9595Zr, Zr, 9595Nb, Nb, 110m110mAg, Ag, 134134Cs, Cs, 137137Cs Cs ((monthly controlmonthly control););

• iodine, noble gases, and long lived radionuclides (iodine, noble gases, and long lived radionuclides (daily controldaily control))



Control of the airborne discharge of NPPsControl of the airborne discharge of NPPs

1111

ADADii is an actual daily airborne discharge of radionuclide is an actual daily airborne discharge of radionuclide ii

ADADjj is an averaged (for a calendar month) daily airborne is an averaged (for a calendar month) daily airborne

discharge of radionuclide discharge of radionuclide jj

j j

j

i i

i

bLADAD

аLADAD

)( 1

)( 1 dailydaily control control

monthlymonthly control control

If the set of inequalities is satisfiedIf the set of inequalities is satisfiedthe airborne discharge is the airborne discharge is authorisedauthorised



Regulation of the liquid discharge of NPPsRegulation of the liquid discharge of NPPs

1212

EELDLD is the is the DLDLEE quota for the critical path of water use for the liquid quota for the critical path of water use for the liquid

discharge (discharge (10 µSv10 µSv))

ЕЕii,,jj is an annual effective dose for the member of critical group of is an annual effective dose for the member of critical group of

population from the unit liquid discharge of the radionuclide population from the unit liquid discharge of the radionuclide i, i, which is which is formed by the path of water use formed by the path of water use jj

jj is one of the following paths of water use: drinking water supply, is one of the following paths of water use: drinking water supply, fishing, irrigated cropping, cattle watering, recreationfishing, irrigated cropping, cattle watering, recreation

Limit of Liquid Discharge (Limit of Liquid Discharge (LLDLLD))

jij

i EE

LLD,

LDmin

LLDLLD are calculated for: are calculated for:• 33H, H, 5151Cr, Cr, 5454Mn, Mn, 5959Fe, Fe, 5858Co, Co, 6060Co, Co, 6565Zn, Zn, 8989Sr, Sr, 9090Sr, Sr, 9595Zr, Zr, 9595Nb, Nb, 110m110mAg , Ag , 131131I, I,

134134Cs, Cs, 137137Cs , Cs , 144144CeCe



Control of the liquid discharge of NPPsControl of the liquid discharge of NPPs

1313

LDLDii is an actual annual liquid discharge of radionuclide is an actual annual liquid discharge of radionuclide ii

i i

i

LLDLD

1 annual controlannual control

If the inequality is satisfiedIf the inequality is satisfiedthe liquid discharge is the liquid discharge is authorisedauthorised



Regulation of discharge of other facilitiesRegulation of discharge of other facilities

1414



Chornobyl NPP:Chornobyl NPP:

• airborne dischargeairborne discharge6060Co, Co, 9090Sr, Sr, 137137Cs, Cs, 238238Pu, Pu, 239+240239+240Pu, Pu, 241241Pu, Pu, 241241Am (Am (monthly controlmonthly control))

• liquid discharge liquid discharge 9090Sr, Sr, 137137Cs, Cs, emitters ( emitters (annual controlannual control))

The state owned "Eastern Mining And Processing Complex”The state owned "Eastern Mining And Processing Complex”::

• airborne dischargeairborne dischargeuranium radionuclides (uranium radionuclides (234234U, U, 235235U,U, 238 238U), U), emitters ( emitters (annual controlannual control))

Methodical Guidance for operating NPPsMethodical Guidance for operating NPPs is applied is applied

Thank you for your attention!Thank you for your attention!

Documents

Regulation of Discharges of Nuclear Facilities in Ukraine Iurii Bonchuk Radiation Protection Institute Kiev, Ukraine [email protected] EMRAS II - Reference