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Regulatory Compliance: Regulatory Compliance: An Introduction to Rules and Regulations and Best EMC PracticesScope and objectives
Date – April, 22 2009
IntroductionIntroduction
This presentation is presented by ;
Chaman Bhardwaj
Sr. Engineer, Global Compliance
SHURE® Incorporated.
Dated: April 22, 2009
Rules & regulations
There are the following types of Rules &
Regulations.
• Mandatory: Laws imposed by the
government are mandatory. For
example, FCC-15, FCC-74, and FCC-
90 etc.
• Recommendatory : Product
Safety rules.
• Contractual Laws: These are agreed
upon between the supplier and buyer
of products.
Terms and Definitions
European Directive Legal Document adopted by EC (EU Commission) Council of
Ministers Must be adopted into National Law by each EC member state Does not call out technical standards; refers to private standards-
making bodies to draw up product standards
European Norm (EN) Harmonized Standard: Common Standard used for determining
conformity– Committee process– ENs based on existing standards (CISPR, IEC)
Must be adopted into National Standards by each EC Member state
CENELEC (Comite Europeen de Normalisation Electrotechnique)
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization: responsible for generating European Norms
CE: Communaute Europeenne
CISPR: Comite International Special des Perturbations Radioelectriques or in English the International Special Committee on Radio Interference
New approach directives
Objective: Elimination of Technical Barriers
New Approach calls out Essential Requirements
Technical Details Left to Committees Harmonization of European Norms (Standards) CENELEC
Conformity to European Norms demonstrates compliance
Products meeting essential requirements eligible for CE Marking
Scope of New EMC DirectiveDirective 2004/108/EC
Article 1:
1. This Directive regulates the electromagnetic compatibility
of equipment. It aims to ensure the functioning of the internal
market by requiring equipment to comply with an adequate
level of electromagnetic compatibility. This Directive applies to
equipment as defined in Article 2.
2. This Directive shall not apply to:
(a) equipment covered by Directive 1999/5/EC;
Article 2 of New Approach EMC Directive
Definitions
1. For the purposes of this Directive, the following definitions
shall apply:
(a) ‘equipment’ means any apparatus or fixed installation;
(b) ‘apparatus’ means any finished appliance or combination
thereof made commercially available as a single functional
unit, intended for the end user and liable to generate electromagnetic
disturbance, or the performance of which is
liable to be affected by such disturbance;
(c) ‘fixed installation’ means a particular combination of
several types of apparatus and, where applicable, other
Article 2, Continued…
devices, which are assembled, installed and intended to be
used permanently at a predefined location;
(d) ‘electromagnetic compatibility’ means the ability of equipment
to function satisfactorily in its electromagnetic environment
without introducing intolerable electromagnetic
disturbances to other equipment in that environment;
… and so on ..
Essential requirements – Article 5
Apparatus Electromagnetic disturbances generated do not
exceed level to interfere with operation of radio, telecommunications or other equipment
Has a level of immunity to electromagnetic disturbances expected in it’s intended environment
Fixed installations Use good engineering practices with a view to
meeting apparatus requirements. Document those practices with the documentation on file as long as installation is in operation.
Equipment Exclusions
Flow Chart Notes
1. Equipment without electrical or electronic parts is except
2. Excluded R&TTE (covered by 1999/5/EC) Aeronautical parts, products and appliances Radio equipment used by radio amateurs
3. Equipment covered by other specific community directives Motor vehicles (2004/104/EC) Medical devices (various directives) Marine equipment (6/98/EC) Agricultural and forestry tractors (75/332/EEC) Two or three wheeled motor vehicles (97/24/EC) Measuring instruments (immunity excluded see 2004/22/EC) Non-automatic weighing instruments (immunity excluded see 90/334/EEC)
4. Inherently benign equipment Incapable of generating or contributing to emissions Operate without degradation in the presence of EMI normally present
5. Apparatus or fixed installation classification (to flowchart 4)
CE MARKING
• There is no such thing as a CE approval or CE certification!
• CE is not a mark or approval, it’s a marking which is only a self declaration under the supplier’s own responsibility.
CE DIRECTIVES
• Directives tell us why we must comply (consumer safety / EMC) and what may happen if we ignore laws (withdraw products).
• It’s the European standards that show us how to comply (design and assessment).
Implementation of CE marking
Implementation of the CE Marking: Must be affixed to:
– Product– Packaging– Instructions for use, OR– Guarantee certificate
Can be used with other marks providing they do not reduce the visibility and legibility of the mark
The marking may include:– The identification of a notified body involved in
assessment
Europa Web site
• http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2008:280:0014:0032:EN:PDF
On line Implementation Guide
Safety StandardsSafety Standards
IEC 60065 7IEC 60065 7thth edition edition IEC 60950: 2000IEC 60950: 2000
IEC 60065 Standard:IEC 60065 Standard:
Title: Audio, Video and similar Electronic Apparatus, Safety Requirements
IEC 60950 Standard:IEC 60950 Standard:
Title: Safety of Information Technology Equipment
Scope of Safety StandardsScope of Safety Standards
Scope of IEC 60065Scope of IEC 60065• International Safety Standard applies to International Safety Standard applies to
electronic apparatus designed to be fed electronic apparatus designed to be fed from MAINS, from a SUPPLY APPARATUS, from MAINS, from a SUPPLY APPARATUS, from Batteries or from REMOTE POWER from Batteries or from REMOTE POWER FEEDING and intended for reception, FEEDING and intended for reception, generation or reproduction respectively of generation or reproduction respectively of audio, video and associated signals. It also audio, video and associated signals. It also applies to apparatus designed to be used applies to apparatus designed to be used exclusively in combination with above exclusively in combination with above mentioned apparatus.mentioned apparatus.
Scope of IEC 60950Scope of IEC 60950
• This standard is applicable to mains-powered This standard is applicable to mains-powered ITE, including electrical business equipment and ITE, including electrical business equipment and associated equipment, with RATED Voltage not associated equipment, with RATED Voltage not exceeding 600V.exceeding 600V.
• This standard is also applicable to such ITE This standard is also applicable to such ITE designed and intended to be connected directly designed and intended to be connected directly to TELECOMMINICATION NETWORK, regardless to TELECOMMINICATION NETWORK, regardless of the source of powerof the source of power
• It is also applicable to such ITE designed to use It is also applicable to such ITE designed to use the AC mains Supply a telecommunication the AC mains Supply a telecommunication transmission mediumtransmission medium
Scope of Safety StandardsScope of Safety Standards
Principles of SafetyPrinciples of Safety
Electric ShockElectric Shock Excessive TemperaturesExcessive Temperatures Radiation (ionization and Lasers)Radiation (ionization and Lasers) Implosion (Picture Tubes)Implosion (Picture Tubes) Mechanical hazardsMechanical hazards FireFire Chemical hazardChemical hazard
Energy Efficiency Rules and RegulationsEnergy Efficiency Rules and Regulations
– USA
• California Energy Commission (CEC) regulations for external Power supplies.
• ENERGY INDEPENDENCE AND SECURITY ACT OF 2007. Also called PUBLIC LAW 110–140—DEC. 19, 2007, Effective July 2008
– Europe
• Code of Conduct (It’s a voluntary standard at this time). It is similar to CEC rules.
• Directive 2005/32/EC, ECO Design
Energy Efficiency and Energy Efficiency and Environmental RegulationsEnvironmental Regulations
Energy Efficiency Requirements continued..
– Australia & New Zeeland
• Per Standard AS/NZS 4665.1:2005 and AS/NZS 4665.2:2005. These are similar to Tier I requirements of CEC and effective date for these requirements is October 1st, 2007. Tier II has not been on the horizon as of today for this market.
– China, Japan and S. Korea
• watch out for updates
External Power Supplies EE limits
New Ecodesign EE requirements for Europe
Environmental RegulationsEnvironmental Regulations
RoHS (Restrictions of Hazardous SubstancesRoHS (Restrictions of Hazardous Substances
– USAUSA
• California Proposition 65 and OSHA RegulationsCalifornia Proposition 65 and OSHA Regulations
– EuropeEurope
• Per ROHS and WEEE directivesPer ROHS and WEEE directives
• RoHS-Directive 2002/95/ECRoHS-Directive 2002/95/EC
• WEEE-Directive 2002/96/EC for consumer WEEE-Directive 2002/96/EC for consumer electronics items and there is another directive for electronics items and there is another directive for consumer batteries, “Directive 2006/66/EC” dated consumer batteries, “Directive 2006/66/EC” dated September 6, 2006September 6, 2006
– China and other Asian countriesChina and other Asian countries
• Watch out for upcoming news, for China it will be Watch out for upcoming news, for China it will be in phases I and II etc.in phases I and II etc.
EMI and EMC regulationsEMI and EMC regulations
EMC issues have been around since radio
– USA: Communications Act of 1934 Regulation of EMC started after WWII.
– Military, aircraft EMC standards
– Automotive EMC standards
– Medical EMC standards Personal computers spurred emissions rules starting ~
1979. EMC Directive required commercial immunity
regulations by 1996.
EMC Rules and RegulationsEMC Rules and Regulations
EMC Directive 89/336/EEC mandatory 1992 (delayed to 1996) first standards harmonized 1996
EMC Directive 2004/108EEC mandatory July 20, 2008
R & TTE Directive 1999/5/EC (radio/telecom) safety, including RF exposure EMC protection of spectrum
Immunity Requirements StandardsImmunity Requirements Standards
Electrostatic discharge IEC 61000-4-2RF radiated immunity IEC 61000-4-3Fast transient burst (EFT/B) IEC 61000-4-4Lightning induced surge IEC 61000-4-5RF conducted immunity IEC 61000-4-6Harmonics/ interharmonics* IEC 61000-4-7Radiated magnetic immunity IEC 61000-4-8Pulsed magnetic immunity IEC 61000-4-9Damped oscillatory magnetic IEC 61000-4-10Voltage dips/interrupts IEC 61000-4-11
* a guide, not a standard
EMC EnvironmentEMC Environment
Class A
Class B
non-residential
residential
industrial
residential, commercial,
light industrial
Emissions increase Immunity disturbances increase
EMC EnvironmentEMC Environment
EmissionsEmissions radiated conducted
– low-frequency– high-frequency
ImmunityImmunity compliance criteria radiated & conducted phenomena
EMC EnvironmentEMC Environment
Where does undesired EMI enter/exit?
apparatus
enclosure portAC power port
DC power port
Earth port
Signal/control port
EMC EnvironmentEMC Environment
How undesired EMI happen?
Source emitting EM energy
Susceptible device
coupling
path
target or victim
EMC environment - radiatedEMC environment - radiated
Important to remember!
Interference from unintentionalradiators does not usually comefrom the clock frequency, but fromharmonics of the clock frequency.
EMC- Conducted EmissionsEMC- Conducted Emissions
Low frequency ( 0 - 2 kHz)Low frequency ( 0 - 2 kHz)
Harmonics
flicker
high frequency (150 kHz - 30 MHz)high frequency (150 kHz - 30 MHz)
EMC Environment RadiatedEMC Environment Radiated
Intentional radiators radio/TV stations remote controls paging, cell phones Wi-Fi hotspots
Unintentional radiators digital electronics microwave ovens appliances
EMC Environment RadiatedEMC Environment Radiated
Comparison of maximum radiated interference field strength at 10 meters for FCC and CISPR specifications.
AC Power- Conducted EmissionsAC Power- Conducted Emissions
Considered a threat because power cord can be an
effective antenna at low frequencies.
Also, power cord couples radio noise into AC power
network.
ImmunityImmunity
compliance criteria
phenomena
Immunity compliance criteriaImmunity compliance criteria
Performance criterion A - The apparatus shall continue to operate as intended during and after the test.
Performance criterion B - The apparatus shall continue to operate as intended after the test.
Performance criterion C - Temporary loss of function is allowed, provided the loss of function is self recoverable or can be restored by the operation of the controls.
The design processThe design process
Typical Steps or phases of design process:
concept Target specifications
releaseInitial
design
Design rules
Functional evaluation
System architecture
Regulatoryevaluation
The design processThe design process
Concept the ideaTarget specifications the details (include functional
and regulatory - EMC)System architecture the structure and details - EMCDesign rules the circuit and layout
constraints- EMCInitial design build itFunctional evaluation does it work? If not, modify.Regulatory evaluation is it legal? If not modify - EMCRelease it meets the (modified) specs.
The design process- checkThe design process- check
Target specifications the details (include functional and regulatory - EMC)
- Are all the jurisdictions specified?
- Have the requirements changed?- Is the environment correct?
The design processThe design process
System architecture the structure and details – EMC
-How many layers in PCBs?-Are reactive circuits located away from I/O ports?-Are I/O ports
isolated/shielded?-Are IC families appropriate
for speeds needed?-Will housing provide
shielding?
Design for complianceDesign for compliance
Initial Design must consider the following: design goals Components PCB architecture PCB layout and I/O Cables enclosures and shielding software/firmware
The design processThe design process
Design rules the circuit and layout constraints –EMC
- Are RF signal traces short and/ or embedded?- Are bypass caps located and sized optimally?- Are ground planes low-Z, and earth bypass
provided?- Have sensitive designs been modeled? -Consider use of Signal Integrity and Quiet expert,
EMC Flo simulation tools
Design for compliance: Design for compliance: software and firmwaresoftware and firmware
Design for robustness:
- checkpoint routines and watchdog timers.- checksums, error detection/correction codes.- “sanity checks” of measured values.- poll status of ports, sensors, actuators.- read/write to digital ports to validate.
The design processThe design process
To increase the EMC success rate, the design process must have following checks:
-Be sure the regulatory specifications are correct and current.
-Take into account the impact of equipment architecture on EMC. Assure that purchased modules also comply.
- Consider EMC design rules, manual and/or automatic.
- Include places for EMC compliance modifications.
- Perform pre-compliance testing where possible.
The design processThe design process
Regulatory evaluation is it legal? If not modify – EMC
- Were places provided for optional filtering/bypassing?
- Are ferrites cost-effective?
- Can spring fingers be added to the enclosure?
- Will a shielded cable help?- Board re-spin?
Design for compliance: logic families
EMI increases with power consumption EMI increases with slew rate/clock speed EMI increases with ground bounce EMI increases with output loading Differential drive can reduce EMI (LVDS)
Design for compliance:PCB architecture
Adjacent ground and power planes act as very good decoupling capacitors.
ground and power planes can shield high-speed or low-level signal traces between.
separate ground and chassis planes can reduce noise. 16-planes (layers) design is common for back planes
Design for compliance : Design for compliance : reduce emissionsreduce emissions
• Short straight current elements radiate fields that are:– Proportional to the current they carry (l)– Proportional to their (electrical) length (L)– Increasing with frequency (f)
• Small current loops radiate fields that are:– Proportional to the current
– Proportional to the square of the loop radius -- and the square of frequency
(E,H) ~ (f, L, l)
(E,H) ~ (f2, a2, l)
L
I
a
I
Design for complianceDesign for compliance
Clock
Clock Buffer
I/O Driver
Ed
ge
Co
nn
ecto
r
• Locate I/O drivers away from sources of high frequency and near Locate I/O drivers away from sources of high frequency and near the connectors they serve.the connectors they serve.
Design for compliance:Design for compliance:
Cables
Common Mode and Differential SignalsCommon Mode and Differential Signals
• Differential Signals:• Convey the desired information• Don’t cause interference: The fields generated by differential
currents oppose each other and nearly cancel.
• Common Mode Signals:• Are the major source of cable radiation• Have no useful purpose• Cause the cabling to act as a monopole antenna
Vcm
Design for compliance:Design for compliance:
Shielding
Design for compliance: enclosure Design for compliance: enclosure openingsopenings
Radiated Signal
Design for compliance: aperture size Design for compliance: aperture size and shielding effectivenessand shielding effectiveness
Design for compliance:Design for compliance:shielding of I/O, using chassisshielding of I/O, using chassis
Incorrect
Chassis GroundCorrect
Signal Ground
Test for ComplianceTest for Compliance
pre-compliance EMI site pre-compliance tools
To pre-test for RF immunity:
use licensed transmitters for radiated fields.
use coupling networks and transformers for
conducted disturbances.
To mitigate RF immunity problems:
try ferrites and spring fingers above 50 MHz
try filters below 50 MHz, bypassing anywhere.
Pre-compliance tools
Pre-compliance EMI sitesPre-compliance EMI sites
1 m site minimizes factory ambient. good for small EUT, frequencies > 100 MHz.
screened room inexpensive, OK for regulatory conducted emissions and
conducted immunity tests. can be used for radiated emissions, with precautions.
Pre-compliance EMI sitePre-compliance EMI site
Pre-Compliance test setup:
EUT
1 m
analyzer
floor - not a ground plane
Pre-compliance toolsPre-compliance tools
Immunity disturbance generators (ESD, surge…) radio transmitters ferrites filters and filtered connectors
Pre-compliance toolsPre-compliance tools
EMI cable manipulation
– ferrites
– filters and filtered connector EMI probes
Pre-compliance testing:Pre-compliance testing:EMI probesEMI probes
50 cableto analyzer
39 pF capacitor on center conductor
contact probe
Contact probes are useful in finding:- reactive component pins- reactive PC board traces and planes- reactive I/O and connector pins- driven areas of enclosures
Pre-compliance testing:Pre-compliance testing:EMI probesEMI probes
proximity probe50 cableto analyzer
center conductor looped back to shield and soldered
Proximity probes are useful in localizing:- reactive PC board areas and components- reactive signal, I/O and power cables- reactive enclosure gaps and openings- by pumping signal in, as immunity probe
CB radio 27 MHz
Portable phone handset 49 MHz /2500 MHz
Garage door opener 300 MHz
Walkie-talkie 460 MHz
Cell phone, analog/TDMA 900 MHz
Cell phone, PCS 1900 MHz
Wireless LAN 2450 MHz
Pre-compliance testing:radio transmitters
Questions and Answers