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Positive Reinforcement
• Delivered Immediately after a behavior• Delivered contingent upon a behavior• Increases probability of future behavior
Potential Rule Governed Behavior
• When no immediate consequence• Behavior changes without reinforcement• Large increase in behavior follows one
instance of reinforcement• Rule exists
Some important Points
• We do not reinforce people• Practice is not reinforcement• Feedback is not always reinforcement• Artificial Reinforcement does not mean “fake”
Motivating Operations
• Establishing Operations: Increases temporarily the immediate effectiveness of a reinforcer.– Deprivation
• Abolishing Operations: Decreases temporarily the immediate effectiveness of a reinforcer– Satiation
Generalized Conditioned Reinforcement
• Neutral Stimulus that is paired with many other reinforcers– The more reinforcers are paired with a neutral
stimulus the more likely the neutral stimulus becomes a GCR
– E.g. money
Premack Principle
• LPR Before access to HPR• Response-Deprivation Hypothesis (Timberlake
& Allison, 1974).– This is an important consideration when
developing treatments.– Don’t just make HPR contingent. – It must be contingent and be deprived relative to
free operant levels!
Identifying Potential Reinforcers
• Stimulus Preference Assessment– Ask People
• Open ended questions• Choice Format• Rank-ordering
– Observe• Contrived• Naturalistic
– Experiment• Single Stimulus• Paired Stimuli• Multiple Stimuli
Identifying Potential Reinforcers Continued
• Reinforcer Assessment– Concurrent Schedule of Reinforcement• May cause premature rejection (preference does not
mean ineffective reinforcer).
– Multiple Schedule Reinforcer Assessment– Progressive-Ratio Schedule Reinforcer Assessment• Increase response effort (schedule) and see how
behavior changes.
Other Methods of Identifying Reinforcers
• ABAB• Non-contingent Reinforcement• Differential Reinforcement
Non-Contingent Reinforcement?
• What is wrong with this term?• Presenting Reinforcement on a time schedule
Tips for Using Reinforcement
• Easily Achieved Initial Criterion• Sufficient Magnitude of Reinforcer• Vary Reinforcer• Direct contingencies when possible• Use prompts with reinforcement• Reinforce each occurrence initially• Use praise/attention with other reinforcers• Gradually increase response-to-reinforcement
delay (some call this fading – it is not – Thinning)
Negative Reinforcement
• Removal of aversive stimulus• Immediately after a behavior• Increases probability of behavior in future
Fixed Ratio
• Reinforcement delivered after a specific number of target responses are emitted.– Post Reinforcement Pause• Larger the ratio longer the PRP
– DeLuca & Holborn (1990)• Provided FR schedule to pedaling behavior of fat
people. Fat people started pedaling more
Variable Ratio
• Reinforcement provided contingent upon a variable number of responses.
• Strong Consistent Performance• Group Contingencies makes use of VR
Schedules
Fixed Interval
• Reinforcement provided after first response after specified period of time.
• PRP and Scallop Effect• Slow rates of responding
Variable Interval
• Reinforcement provided after first response after variable duration of time elapsed.
• Constant stable rate of responding• Limited Hold: amount of time R+ is available
once interval elapses.
Differential Reinforcement
• DR-Other• DR-Alternate• DR-Icompatiable• DR-Lower Rates• DR-Higher Rates
Compound Schedules of Reinforcement
• Can be:– Successive or simultaneously– With or without discriminative stimuli– Reinforcement for each element or for the
combination of all.
Concurrent Schedules of Reinforcement
• 2 contingencies of reinforcement operating independently and simultaneously– E.g. you can study or go out for the night
• Behaviors are Matched to maximize rates of reinforcement
Discriminative Schedules
• Multiple Schedule (Stimulus discrimination)– Alternating two or more schedules– Uses an S+ to signal each schedule• (e.g. 1 behavior class but two different situations for
two different reinforcement schedules)
• Chained Schedule– Specific order of presentation– Behavior may be different for each schedule– All schedules must be complete for final outcome
Nondiscriminative Schedules
• Mixed Schedules– Same as Mult. But no discriminative stimulus– FR15/FI1 sometimes after FR15 and sometimes
after FI1• Tandem Schedules– Same as chained but no discriminative stimulus– FR 15/FI2 means first instance will be 15 response
and second will be in 2 minutes
Combined Schedules
• Alternative Schedules– Either or Schedule (whichever comes first)
• Conjunctive Schedules– Both Schedules being met before reinforcement is
provided