Reinventing the accelerator for the high-energy frontier

Reinventing the accelerator for the high-energy frontier

J. B. RosenzweigUCLA Department of Physics and Astronomy

SUSY 2006, June 16, 2006

J. B. RosenzweigUCLA Department of Physics and Astronomy

SUSY 2006, June 16, 2006

SUSY 2006

Particle physics and particle accelerators have a shared history, destiny

Particle physics and particle accelerators have a shared history, destiny

Key discoveries associated with innovations in accelerator and beam capabilities,

Lawrence (cyclotron, radioactive elements)Rubbia and van der Meer (antiproton cooling, W/Z)Tevatron…

Consensus in the field emphasize the centrality of accelerator-based HEP

Large Hadron Collider (LHC) International Linear Collider (ILC)

Key discoveries associated with innovations in accelerator and beam capabilities,

Lawrence (cyclotron, radioactive elements)Rubbia and van der Meer (antiproton cooling, W/Z)Tevatron…

Consensus in the field emphasize the centrality of accelerator-based HEP

Large Hadron Collider (LHC) International Linear Collider (ILC)

SUSY 2006

Schematic view of accelerators for particle physics; related fields

Schematic view of accelerators for particle physics; related fields

ElectrostaticAccelerators

Betatron

Cyclotron

Ion LinearAccelerators

Synchrotron CircularCollider

SuperconductingCircularCollider

Electron LinearAccelerators

Electron LinearColliders

MuonCollider?

VLHC?Medicine Light sources

(3rd

Generation)

Nuclear physics

X-ray FEL

Laser/Plasma Accelerators?

Ultra-High Energy LC?

FFAG,etc.

20301930

SUSY 2006

Now mature (read: aging) ideas have driven HEP accelerators forward…

Now mature (read: aging) ideas have driven HEP accelerators forward…

Induction acceleration (betatron)Resonant electromagnetic acceleration (cyclotron)Normal and superconducting RF cavities (linac, synchrotron)Alternating gradient magnetic focusing (synchrotron)Fixed targetry, exotic particle sources (synchrotron, linac)Colliding beams in synchrotrons (circular collider)Colliding beams in linear accelerators (linear collider)Cooling of particle beam phase space (colliders)Particle polarization (fixed targets/colliders)

Induction acceleration (betatron)Resonant electromagnetic acceleration (cyclotron)Normal and superconducting RF cavities (linac, synchrotron)Alternating gradient magnetic focusing (synchrotron)Fixed targetry, exotic particle sources (synchrotron, linac)Colliding beams in synchrotrons (circular collider)Colliding beams in linear accelerators (linear collider)Cooling of particle beam phase space (colliders)Particle polarization (fixed targets/colliders)

Are these enough for the future?Do we need to re-invent the accelerator?

Are these enough for the future?Do we need to re-invent the accelerator?

SUSY 2006

Colliders and the energy frontierColliders and the energy frontier

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Fixed target energy for particle creation

Colliding beams (e.g. e+e-) makes lab frame into COM…

Exp’l growth in equivalent beam energy w/time

Livingston plot: “Moore’s Law”for acceleratorsWe are now falling off plot!

Challenge in energy, but not only…luminosity as well

Fixed target energy for particle creation

Colliding beams (e.g. e+e-) makes lab frame into COM…

Exp’l growth in equivalent beam energy w/time

Livingston plot: “Moore’s Law”for acceleratorsWe are now falling off plot!

Challenge in energy, but not only…luminosity as well

UPC ≅ 2Ubmtc2

UPC = 2Ub

SUSY 2006

Present limitations of collider energyPresent limitations of collider energySynchrotron radiation power loss

Forces future e+-e- colliders to be linearLEP (<207 GeV COM) is last of breedConsider muons?

Large (!) circular machines for hadronsScaling in size/cost

Approaching unitary limitsFew 104 m in dimensionFew $109

Synchrotron radiation power lossForces future e+-e- colliders to be linear

LEP (<207 GeV COM) is last of breedConsider muons?

Large (!) circular machines for hadronsScaling in size/cost

Approaching unitary limitsFew 104 m in dimensionFew $109

Ps ∝γ 4

R2

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Tevatron complex at FNAL

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27 km circumference

SUSY 2006

Meeting the energy challengeMeeting the energy challenge

Avoid giantismCost above all

Higher fields give physics challenges

Circular machines: magnetsLinacs: accelerating fields

Enter new world of high energy density (HED) physics

Impacts luminosity challenge…

Avoid giantismCost above all

Higher fields give physics challenges

Circular machines: magnetsLinacs: accelerating fields

Enter new world of high energy density (HED) physics

Impacts luminosity challenge…

SUSY 2006

HED in future colliders I: the accelerator

HED in future colliders I: the accelerator

z

d

Linear accelerator schematicHigh fields in violent accelerating systems

Relativistic oscillations…Diseases

Breakdown, dark currentPeak power, heating

ApproachesHigh frequency, normal cond.SuperconductingLasers and/or plasma waves!

High fields in violent accelerating systems

Relativistic oscillations…Diseases

Breakdown, dark currentPeak power, heating

ApproachesHigh frequency, normal cond.SuperconductingLasers and/or plasma waves!

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eE z /mcω ~ 1

SUSY 2006

The Luminosity ChallengeThe Luminosity Challenge

Event rate = Lσ c

Luminosity : L =

Ne+Ne− fc

4πσ xσ y

=γNe+Ne− fc

4π βx*βy

* ⋅ εx,nεy,n

Circular colliders provide high repetition rateLinear colliders have much lower repetition rate

Use large N, small σ; very large collective beam fields

Inherent scaling for higher energy not enough:Must have very small phase space, focus well…“Moore’s law” also for luminosity; precision beams

Circular colliders provide high repetition rateLinear colliders have much lower repetition rate

Use large N, small σ; very large collective beam fields

Inherent scaling for higher energy not enough:Must have very small phase space, focus well…“Moore’s law” also for luminosity; precision beams

σ c ∝γ−2

SUSY 2006

HED in future colliders II: collective effects

HED in future colliders II: collective effects

Wakefields in linacs; limit on beam current and stabilityHuge collective fields in collision; luminosity limitLinear colliders:

Disruption (cold beams meet HED)“Beamstrahlung”; energy loss/spread, nuisance particlesClassical electrodynamics and quantum processesLC initial state not so “clean”

Wakefields in linacs; limit on beam current and stabilityHuge collective fields in collision; luminosity limitLinear colliders:

Disruption (cold beams meet HED)“Beamstrahlung”; energy loss/spread, nuisance particlesClassical electrodynamics and quantum processesLC initial state not so “clean”

F⊥,max ≈Nbe

2

σ zσ z

≈ 4 TeV/m in LC collision!

0 2Ub

SUSY 2006

Approaches to new collider paradigmsApproaches to new collider paradigms

Advancement of existing techniquesHigher field (SC) magnets (VLHC)Use of more exotic colliding particles (muons)Higher gradient RF cavities (X-band LC)Superconducting RF cavities (TESLA LC)

Revolutionary new approaches (high gradient frontier)

New sources: i.e., lasersNew structures and/or media: i.e., plasmas

Truly immersed in high energy density physics

Advancement of existing techniquesHigher field (SC) magnets (VLHC)Use of more exotic colliding particles (muons)Higher gradient RF cavities (X-band LC)Superconducting RF cavities (TESLA LC)

Revolutionary new approaches (high gradient frontier)

New sources: i.e., lasersNew structures and/or media: i.e., plasmas

Truly immersed in high energy density physics

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Cryostat with 16 T Nb3Sn magnet at LBNL

Muon collider schematic (R. Johnson, 2005)

2.5 km Linear Collider Segment

2.5 km Linear Collider Segment

µ +← postcoolers/preaccelerators µ− →

5 TeV µ µ+ − Collider 1 km radius, <L>~5E34

10 arcs separated vertically in one tunnel

HCC

300kW proton d i

Tgt

IRIR

Another Talk

SUSY 2006

The road to the next acceleratorThe road to the next acceleratorFirst fork in the road: Snowmass 2001

Consensus that ILC is next machine post-LHCVLHC and muons deferred…

Second fork: ITRP Selection of Linear Collider TechnologyBarish committee evaluates “warm” v. “cold” accelerator technology

First fork in the road: Snowmass 2001Consensus that ILC is next machine post-LHCVLHC and muons deferred…

Second fork: ITRP Selection of Linear Collider TechnologyBarish committee evaluates “warm” v. “cold” accelerator technology

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Superconducting option chosenSuperconducting option chosen

The crystal ball clears due to ITRP decision, 2004

SUSY 2006

The LC technology selectionThe LC technology selection

X-band, “high” gradient, normal conducting traveling wave linac

Superconducting, L-bandstanding wave cavity

• Superconducting option provides most robust path to ILC • Approach mitigates collective issues… try to avoid high energydensity…

SUSY 2006

Are we on the road to a 3 TeV LC?Are we on the road to a 3 TeV LC?

Surprise? SC LC option does not scale wellIntrinsic low gradient

24 MV/m TESLA 500 GeV 35 MV/m TESLA 800 GeV

Theoretical limit close

X-band still difficultPower sources, efficiencies

The linear accelerator paradigm is stressed to limit

Surprise? SC LC option does not scale wellIntrinsic low gradient

24 MV/m TESLA 500 GeV 35 MV/m TESLA 800 GeV

Theoretical limit close

X-band still difficultPower sources, efficiencies

The linear accelerator paradigm is stressed to limit

SUSY 2006

Paths to higher acceleration fieldsPaths to higher acceleration fieldsHigh field means high frequency

Where is power source?Look to wakefields

Coherent radiation from bunched, relativistic e- beamAlso powers more exotic schemes Intense beams needed by other fields (e.g. X-ray FEL)

What about lasers? Many TW of peak powerNeed to reinvent accelerator “structure”

Operate at small length scalesTolerate (or embrace) high energy density

High field means high frequencyWhere is power source?

Look to wakefields Coherent radiation from bunched, relativistic e- beamAlso powers more exotic schemes Intense beams needed by other fields (e.g. X-ray FEL)

What about lasers? Many TW of peak powerNeed to reinvent accelerator “structure”

Operate at small length scalesTolerate (or embrace) high energy density

SUSY 2006

High gradients, high frequency, EM power from wakefields: CLIC @ CERNHigh gradients, high frequency, EM

power from wakefields: CLIC @ CERNCLIC wakefield-powered scheme

CLIC 30 GHz, 150 MV/m structures

CLIC drive beam extraction structure Power

SUSY 2006

The optical acceleratorThe optical accelerator

Scale the linac from 1-10 cm µwave to 1-10 µm laser!Resonant structure (like linac)Slab symmetry (unlike linac)

Have copious powerAllows high beam charge Suppresses wakefields

Limit on gradient? 1-2 GV/m, avalanche ionization

Experiments SLAC (1 µm) 10 µm active media at BNL (PASER!)

Scale the linac from 1-10 cm µwave to 1-10 µm laser!Resonant structure (like linac)Slab symmetry (unlike linac)

Have copious powerAllows high beam charge Suppresses wakefields

Limit on gradient? 1-2 GV/m, avalanche ionization

Experiments SLAC (1 µm) 10 µm active media at BNL (PASER!)

Resonant dielectric structure schematic

Simulated fieldprofile (OOPIC);

half structure

e-beam

Laser power input

SUSY 2006

Evading material breakdown:The inverse FEL accelerator

Evading material breakdown:The inverse FEL accelerator

Run FEL backwards w/high power laserNo nearby material; laser field v. high

Magnetic field <=> synchrotron rad.

Acceleration dynamics like ion linacExperiment at UCLA Neptune Lab 15 MeV beam accelerated to over 35 MeV

Higher harmonic interaction observedBeam captured into “beamlets”

IFEL is now workhorse microbuncher

Run FEL backwards w/high power laserNo nearby material; laser field v. high

Magnetic field <=> synchrotron rad.

Acceleration dynamics like ion linacExperiment at UCLA Neptune Lab 15 MeV beam accelerated to over 35 MeV

Higher harmonic interaction observedBeam captured into “beamlets”

IFEL is now workhorse microbuncher

IFEL undulator (50 cm length)

Neptune IFEL single shot energy spectrum

SUSY 2006

Inverse Cerenkov AccelerationInverse Cerenkov AccelerationCoherent Cerenkov wakes can be extremely strong

Short beam, small aperture

SLAC FFTB, Nb=3E10, σz= 20 µm, a=50 µm, > 11 GV/m!Not optical — THz (unique source)

Coherent Cerenkov wakes can be extremely strongShort beam, small aperture

SLAC FFTB, Nb=3E10, σz= 20 µm, a=50 µm, > 11 GV/m!Not optical — THz (unique source)

eEzdec ≅ −2Nbremec

2

2πσ zaε −1ε

Simulated GV/m Cerenkov wakes for typical FFTB parameters (OOPIC -)

dielectric

vacuum

SUSY 2006

FFTB Cerenkov Wake ResultsFFTB Cerenkov Wake Results

UCLA/SLAC/LLNL expt. (2005)Quartz fibers

350 µm OD, 100-200 µm ID, 1 cm length

Observed breakdown threshold4 GV/m surface field 2 GV/m acceleration field!

Vaporization of Al cladding…dielectric more robust

UCLA/SLAC/LLNL expt. (2005)Quartz fibers

350 µm OD, 100-200 µm ID, 1 cm length

Observed breakdown threshold4 GV/m surface field 2 GV/m acceleration field!

Vaporization of Al cladding…dielectric more robust

View end of dielectric tube; frames sorted by increasing peak currentView end of dielectric tube; frames sorted by increasing peak current

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SUSY 2006

Past the breakdown limit:Plasma Accelerators

Past the breakdown limit:Plasma Accelerators

Very high energy density laser or electron beam excites plasma waves as it propagates

Excitation by ponderomotive forces (laser) or space-charge (beam) Extremely high fields possible:

Very high energy density laser or electron beam excites plasma waves as it propagates

Excitation by ponderomotive forces (laser) or space-charge (beam) Extremely high fields possible: E(V/cm) ∝ ne (cm-3)

Schematic of laser wakefieldAccelerator (LWFA)

E ∝100 GV/m, for ne =1018cm-3Ex: tenous gas density

SUSY 2006

Plasma Wakefield Acceleration (PWFA)Plasma Wakefield Acceleration (PWFA)

Electron beam shock-excites plasmaSame scaling as Cerenkov wakes Beam denser than plasma; nonlinear plasma wavesLinear wakefield response

Ez constant in r , Focusing linear in rFamiliar: like linac + quadrupoles

Electron beam shock-excites plasmaSame scaling as Cerenkov wakes Beam denser than plasma; nonlinear plasma wavesLinear wakefield response

Ez constant in r , Focusing linear in rFamiliar: like linac + quadrupoles

E ∝ Nbkp2 ∝ Nbσ z

−2

SUSY 2006

Ultra-high gradient PWFA: E164 experiment at SLAC FFTB

Ultra-high gradient PWFA: E164 experiment at SLAC FFTB

M. Hogan, et al.

ne=2.5x10 17 cm-3

plasma

New data, hoping for PRL cover

Uses ultra-short beam (20 µm) Beam causes field ionization

to create dense plasma (HED)Over 4 GeV(!) energy gain over 10 cm: >40 GV/m fieldsSelf-injection of plasma e-

On to energy doubling…

New experiments: >40 GeV in 90 cm plasma (E167)

SUSY 2006

Plasma wave excitation with laser: creation of very high quality beamPlasma wave excitation with laser: creation of very high quality beam

Trapped plasma electrons in LWFA give εn~1 mm-mrad at Nb>1010

Narrow energy spreads produced accelerating in plasma channels

Not every shot (yet)

Looks like a beam. Now >1 GeV!Other applications (FEL)Very popular

Lasers cost few $M

Trapped plasma electrons in LWFA give εn~1 mm-mrad at Nb>1010

Narrow energy spreads produced accelerating in plasma channels

Not every shot (yet)

Looks like a beam. Now >1 GeV!Other applications (FEL)Very popular

Lasers cost few $M

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SUSY 2006

Application: energy doubling of LC beams — the PWFA Afterburner Concept

Application: energy doubling of LC beams — the PWFA Afterburner Concept

SUSY 2006

Addressing the luminosity problem: Final focus plasma lenses

Addressing the luminosity problem: Final focus plasma lenses

Ions

E-Beam

Electrons

Magnetic Quadrupoles

UnderdensePlasma Lens

′ B ≈ 250 T/m ′ B equiv . = 3 × 10 −11 n p (T/m)Ex: superconducting quad strength

Linear collider densities give >107 T/mLow aberrations and short focal lengthLinear collider densities give >107 T/mLow aberrations and short focal length

Courte

sy J

BR

Uses electrostatic forces to focus electron beam in both dimensions.

Uses magnetic forces to focus electron beam in one dimension at a time.

Plasma lens strength

SUSY 2006

UCLA/FNAL Underdense Plasma Lens Expt.

Plasma focused – 1 pulse

Beam Spot Before: x FWHM = 1200 µmy FWHM = 1100 µm nb = 5 x 1012 cm-3

Beam Spot After (Ave.): x FWHM = 200 µmy FWHM = 300 µm nb = 1 x 1014 cm-3 Focused – 1 electron pulsesUnfocused – 5 electron pulses

The beam area is reduced by a factor of 22. Equivalent to luminosity enhancement

SUSY 2006

Prospects for advanced accelerators in HEPProspects for advanced accelerators in HEP

Optical/plasma accelerators challengingVery large fieldsVery small dimensions and time scalesMultidisciplinary in the extreme

Many collective effects to worry about Can we achieve precision HEP beams in presence of HED?

Still orders of magnitude in learning curveBreath-taking recent progressMore people needed; students eager/welcome

Optical/plasma accelerators challengingVery large fieldsVery small dimensions and time scalesMultidisciplinary in the extreme

Many collective effects to worry about Can we achieve precision HEP beams in presence of HED?

Still orders of magnitude in learning curveBreath-taking recent progressMore people needed; students eager/welcome

SUSY 2006

Marx HEPAP Subpanel SupportMarx HEPAP Subpanel Support

Increased in investment in accelerator scienceSpecial concern for long-range researchIncreased in investment in accelerator scienceSpecial concern for long-range research

A major challenge for the accelerator science community is to identify and develop new concepts for future energy frontier accelerators that will be able to provide the exploration tools needed for HEP within a feasible cost to society. The future of accelerator-based HEP will be limited unless new ideas and new accelerator directions are developed to address the demands of beam energy and luminosity …

A major challenge for the accelerator science community is to identify and develop new concepts for future energy frontier accelerators that will be able to provide the exploration tools needed for HEP within a feasible cost to society. The future of accelerator-based HEP will be limited unless new ideas and new accelerator directions are developed to address the demands of beam energy and luminosity …