RELATIVE PRONOUNS!

WAIT! WHAT ARE PRONOUNS?

Pronouns replace nouns.

The noun that a pronoun replaces is its antecedent.

They can do anything a noun can do (Subject, etc.).

Pronouns have Case, #, and Gender just like nouns.

Always have the same # & Gender as the antecedent.

Get their case because of what they are doing in the

sentence.

EXAMPLE!

Caesar is nice. I like him. Caesar est

benignus. eum amo.• “him” replaces Caesar in the second

sentence. • “him” is masculine and singular

because Caesar is masculine and singular.• “him” is accusative because it’s the

Direct Object in its sentence.

SO WHAT ARE RELATIVE PRONOUNS?

Relative Pronouns are a special type of

pronoun.

A Relative Pronoun always introduces a

Relative Clause.

The Relative Clause starts with a Relative

Pronoun and ends with a verb. (often it is set

off by commas)

Even when the Relative Pronoun isn’t

Nominative it always starts the Relative

Clause.

HOW DO I TRANSLATE THEM?

If the relative pronoun refers to a person, the

most common English equivalent is who.

If the relative pronoun refers to a thing, the most

common English equivalent is which.

Notice that the accusative case in English for

‘who’ is whom.

WHICH ONE TO USE!!!

The relative pronoun agrees in number

and gender with its antecedent.

It takes its case from its function in its

own clause. (if it is the subject, then it is

Nominative)

HOW TO SPOT THEM  M F N M F N

Nom

quī quae quod quī quae quae

Gencuius cuius cuius quōrum quārum quōrum

Datcui cui cui quibus quibus quibus

Accquem quam quod quōs quās quae

Abl.quō quā quō quibus quibus quibus

EXAMPLES!

rex, qui sacrificium faciebat, erat

Cogidubnus.• The king, who was making the sacrifice, was

Cogidubnus.

donum, quod regem maxime delectavit, erat

equus.• The gift, which greatly pleased the king, was

a horse.

domina, quae cubiculum inspiciebat, ancillas

laudavit.• The mistress, who was inspecting the

bedroom, praised the slave girls.

PLUS EXEMPLORUM

coquus, quem ancilla laudavit, erubuit.• The cook, whom the slave girl praised, blushed.

Domitilla, quam Marcia vituperavit, lacrimavit.• Domitilla, whom Marcia cursed, cried.

vinum, quod servus ferebat, erat optimum.• The wine, which the slave was carrying, was

excellent.

PLUS EXEMPLORUMprinceps Cantiacus, qui fortissimus erat, ceteros

viros facile superavit.

The Cantiacian chieftian, who was very

brave, easily overpowered the other men.

spectatores, qui in litore stabant, magnas

clamores audiverunt.• The spectatores, who were standing on the

shore, heard the great shouts.

PLUS EXEMPLORUM

victima, quam rex elegit, erat agnus.• The victim, which the king chose, was a

lamb.

amicus noster, quem nos expectamus, aliam

togam quaerit.• Our friend, whom we exspect, searches

for another toga.

PLUS EXEMPLORUM

templum, quod vides, multas statuas habet.• The temple, which you see, has many

statues.

ancillae, quae cenam coquebant, diligenter

laborabant.• The slave girls, who were cooking

dinner, were working diligently.