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Religious Turmoil in the Netherlands and England
Essential QuestionWhat was the impact of religious
turmoil on England and how was it connected to the international
conflict between Spain and England? What was the result of
this?
Course Themes
Pillars of Spanish Power – Phillip II1. New World Riches
– gold bullion from Spanish Colonies– Silver mines of Potosi
2. Increased Populations – widens economic gap between the
wealthy and the peasants• Castilian peasants = most taxed
people in Europe3. Efficient Bureaucracy and Military4. Mediterranean Control
– Mediterranean Sea battle against Turkey leads to the deaths of 30,000 Turks • Giving Spain control of the Mediterranean
– Suppressed Portuguese resistance
Revolt in the Netherlands Netherlands were the richest part of Europe Cardinal Granville – leader of the council
in the Netherlands, wanted to stop Protestant gains through church reforms
William of Orange –led revolt against Granville and had him removed from office
1564 - the Compromise a pledge by Philip II to Louis of Nassau (Orange’s brother) to reject the decrees of Trent and the Inquisition
revolt by the Protestants after they were called “beggars” by Regent Margaret is violently put down by Philip II ‘s , duke of Alba who executes thousands of suspected heretics
Revolt in the Netherlands
Independence for the Netherlands
William the Orange comes out of exile - leads the ind. movement against Spain
• takes over Calvinist strongholds in North• Alba is replaced by Don Luis de
Requesens
Spanish Fury – Spanish mercenaries leave 7,000 people dead in November 4, 1576 – the massacre unites Protestant and
Catholic Netherlands versus Spain under the Pacification of Ghent
Spain signs Perpetual Edict, Nov. 1577, calling for the removal of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands
The Spanish Fury
Southern provinces peace with Spain in the Union of Arras and make one last effort to control the country
William of Orange is assassinated and replaced by his son Maurice who with the help of England and France finally defeat Spain
Truce signed in 1609 Recognizes full independence of
the Netherlands in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia
Netherlands Independence Con’t
Religious Turmoil in EnglandHenry VIII
Started Ref. – Divorce issue
Church of Eng.– Head of Church – finally gets
divorced
Wobbles back and forth between protestant and catholic practices
Succession– Son Edward VI – short reign
(5 yrs) dies– Mary I – Bloody Mary– Elizabeth I – Greatest Tudor
Religious Turmoil in England
Mary I of England 1554 – Marries Phillip II
of Spain– Militant Catholicism
Lost Calais to the French Brought Inquisition to
England– Hundreds of
protestants were executed for heresy
Very unpopular – came to be known as Bloody Mary
Elizabeth I of England Came to the thrown after Mary
I’s death merged broadly defined
Protestant doctrine with traditional Catholic ritual, – Becomes the Anglican
Church all anti-Protestant legislation
repealed 1563 Thirty-Nine Articles is
issued making Protestantism the official religion of England
animosity grows between England and Spain over dominance of the seas
Catholic and Protestant Extremists radical Catholics wanted I Mary
Stuart, Queen of Scots on thrown.
Puritans – Protestants who wanted to purify the church of any “popery”, had two grievances about Elizabeth
1. the retention of Catholic ceremony in the Church of England
2. the continuation of the Episcopal system of church governance
Catholic and Protestant Extremists con’t
Presbyterians – Puritans creation of an alternative national church of semiautonomous congregations governed by representative presbyteries
Congregationalists -wanted every congregation to be autonomous– Conventicle Act of 1593 – conform
or die
Mary, Queen of Scots Catholic ruler of Scotland forced to
abdicate the throne and flee to England and her cousin Elizabeth I
Elizabeth puts Mary under house arrest for the fear of a Catholic England uprising , – uncovers two plots against her life
Mary is connected with the assassination attempts and is executed by Elizabeth on February 18, 1587
Ends all hope of a Catholic England and leads to the invasion of the Spanish Armada
The Defeat of the Spanish Armada
Sir Francis Drake of England, shells the Spanish port of Cadiz and raids Portugal delaying the invasion of the Spanish Armada
a huge Spanish fleet of 130 ships and 25,000 sailors is crushed by the swifter defending British navy (1/3 of the Armada never return to Spain)
Protestant resistance everywhere is given hope and Spain is never again a world power
The Defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Defeat of the Spanish Armada