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Remembering Your Ps and Qs

Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

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Page 1: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

Remembering Your Ps and Qs

Page 2: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

Square Deal

• Theodore Roosevelt’s domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers, and consumers.

• I included attempts to break “bad" trusts• Meat Inspection Act• Pure Food and Drug Act, forced Arbitration

of the anthracite coal strike • Conservation Measures

Page 3: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

Dollar Diplomacy

• Taft endorsed the Roosevelt Corollary and expanded America’s role as police officer by substituting dollars for bullets in promoting loans to business executives in Latin America and the Far East.

Page 4: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

Modern Republicanism

• Although Eisenhower did not extend the welfare state begun by Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman,

• He did not tamper with programs already in place

Page 5: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

New Freedom

• Wilson's progressive reform agenda sought to strength democracy through programs such as the Underwood Tariff, Clayton act, Federal Reserve act and Federal Trade Commission

Page 6: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

New Deal

• FDR’s New Deal included a variety of relief, recovery, and reform acts designed to get the country out of the Great Depression and avoid a similar catastrophe in the future

• During FDR’s administration, the country first adopted the concept that the government has a responsibility to “promote the general welfare”.

Page 7: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

Manifest Destiny

• Polk promised to complete the country’s expansion to the Pacific Ocean through acquisition of the Oregon Country, Texas, and what became the Mexican Cession

Page 8: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

Rugged Individualism

• Hoover believed that the country’s prosperity and greatness to date had stemmed from rugged individualism rather than government action and that this philosophy would work again in the Great Depression

Page 9: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

Great Society

• Lyndon Johnson believed the country could eliminate poverty and racial injustice, improve education for all, and revitalize city slums to create a truly “great society.”

• Programs included the: • Civil Rights Act, • “war on poverty,”• Voting Rights Act, Medicare, • Immigration Act, • and Elementary and Secondary Education Act

Page 10: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

Fair Deal

• Truman’s Fair Deal aimed to preserve and extend the New Deal but met considerable Congressional opposition.

Page 11: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

New Frontier

• Kennedy’s New Frontier sought to find opportunity in space, medicine, technology, and social relations.

• Many of his proposals for civil rights, poverty programs, Medicare, and education became law after his assassination.

Page 12: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

Quotable Quotations

Page 13: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“A house divided against itself cannot stand.”

• Abraham Lincoln set the tone for the Lincoln-Douglas debates by expressing concern that a nation divided by slavery could not exist half slave and half free, but would become one or the other

• His aim was to preserve the Union.

Page 14: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“The power to tax involves the power to destroy?

• In McCulloch v. Maryland, the Supreme Court ruled that a state could not take measures that would destroy the Union so Maryland’s tax on the Baltimore branch of the Bank of the United States was unconstitutional.

• This established the principle that the national government is dominant.

Page 15: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“It is at the bottom of life we must begin, not at the top”

• Booker T. Washington’s Tuskegee Institute operated on the principle that African Americans would be well advised to seek training in the trades rather than strive immediately for social equality and the “opportunity to spend a dollar in the opera house.

Page 16: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”

• Earl Warren ruled “separate but equal,” established in 1896 by Plessy v. Ferguson unconstitutional in the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka decision.

Page 17: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created

equal.”

• This goal established in the Declaration of Independence has remained an American standard for judging progress toward equality since 1776.

Page 18: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“A War to End All War”

• Wilson’s unrealized goal in the “Great War” was to end war for all time.

Page 19: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“All we ask is to be left alone.”

• At the time of the Civil War, the Confederate States of America sought the right to leave the union and fought for that right.

Page 20: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“December 7, 1941 – a date that will live in infamy.”

• In Franklin Roosevelt's War Message to Congress, he made this memorable reference to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

Page 21: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the

color of their skin but by the content of their character.”

• Martin Luther King, Jr’s dramatic speech at the Lincoln Memorial during the 1963 March on Washington was a major factor in the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Page 22: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“A law repugnant to the Constitution is void.”

• John Marshall’s statement in Marbury v Madison (1803) established a precedent for judicial review.

Page 23: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into

execution the foregoing powers.”

• This provision in Article I of the Constitution gave Congress the authority to use implied powers

Page 24: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“We…covenant and combine ourselves into a civil body politic.”

• The Mayflower Compact (1620) became the first document of self-government in the English colonies.

Page 25: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“Fifty-Four Forty or Fight.”

• Polk’s campaign theme suggested that this country might demand all the Oregon territory to the southern border of Alaska, but this left him room for negotiating and compromising with the British later.

Page 26: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“Free trade and sailors’ rights.”

• These were key issues in the American decision to go to war in 1812.

Page 27: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.”

• William Jennings Bryan made a passionate attack on the gold standard at the Democratic nominating convention in 1896 with his “Cross of Gold” speech.

Page 28: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“God made us neighbors. Let justice make us friend.”

• Franklin Roosevelt sought, for economic reasons if no others, to end the Roosevelt Corollary and establish friendlier relations with Latin America

Page 29: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“And so my fellow Americans: Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you

can do for your country.”

• Kennedy’s inspirational message in his 1961 Inaugural Address set the theme for a new commitment to America.

Page 30: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“We must be the great arsenal of democracy.”

• Franklin Roosevelt used this rationale in calling for the Lend-Lease Act prior to our involvement in the military aspects of World War II

Page 31: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“With malice toward none, with charity for all…”

• In his Second Inaugural, Lincoln called for a lenient peace and quick return to the Union of the Confederate States after the Civil War.

Page 32: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“It is our policy to stay clear of permanent alliances.”

• Washington set a long-standing policy of United States’ foreign affairs in his Farwell Address.

Page 33: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“John Marshall has made his decision: now let him enforce it.”

• Andrew Jackson made the retort in response to John Marshall’s decision in support of the Cherokee Nation in Worcester v. Georgia in 1832.

Page 34: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable.”

• At the time of the South Carolina threat to nullify the Tariff of Abominations, Daniel Webster, the Massachusetts Senator, suggested this should be the motto of the United States.

Page 35: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute.”

• This became the Federalist rallying cry after the French made demands for a bribe, a loan, and an apology from President John Adams in 1797 in the XYZ affair.

Page 36: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union.”

• Lincoln’s primary objective in the Civil War was the preservation of the Union.

Page 37: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“Peace without victory.”

• Wilson’s idealistic plan for a negotiated settlement of the war before either side achieved a victory was unacceptable to Germany in January 1917, and Germany instead resumed unrestricted submarine warfare, a step that led to U.S. entry into the war.

Page 38: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“Remember the Alamo”

• This became the rallying cry of Texans in their war for independence from Mexico in 1836.

Page 39: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“Remember the Maine.”

• This became the rallying cry of those favoring war against Spain in 1898.

Page 40: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“Speak softly and carry a big stick, you will go far.”

• As President, Theodore Roosevelt pursued a vigorous foreign policy based on this old African saying. Taking the Canal Zone and pursuing the Roosevelt Corollary in Latin America are two examples.

Page 41: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“The ideals and traditions of our nations demanded that we come to the aid of Greece and Turkey and that we put the would on notice that it would be our policy to support the

cause of freedom whenever it was threatened...”

• The Truman Doctrine offering peacetime aid to Greece and Turkey in 1947 marked a significant break with Washington's advice in his Farewell Address to pursue a more isolationist foreign policy.

Page 42: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.”

• In his Inaugural speech in 1933, Franklin Roosevelt tried to inspire confidence in his ability to lead.

Page 43: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with

certain unalienable rights.”

• The Declaration of the Sentiments of Women issued at the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention based the claims of women on the Declaration of Independence.

Page 44: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“The American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintained , are

henceforth not to be considered as subject for future colonization by any European powers.”

• Monroe’s 1823 State of the Union address issued this warning, now a cornerstone of American foreign policy, against European expansion in this hemisphere.

Page 45: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“And, by virtue of the power and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons

held as slaves within theses said designated States and parts of States are, and henceforward

shall be free.”

• Lincoln’s 1863 Emancipation Proclamation committed the United States to freeing the slaves and at the same time, helping gain British support for the Union in the Civil War.

Page 46: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“We the people of the United States, in order to form a more

perfect Union,…”

• The Preamble of the United States Constitution, written in 1787, promised an effort to create a more effective government than the state-dominated Articles of Confederation had provided.

Page 47: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“No one can make you feel inferior without you consent.”

• In one of her published newspaper columns. Eleanor Roosevelt, ever the human rights activist, wrote this reassuring and inspiring statement.

Page 48: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“Surplus wealth is a sacred trust which its possessor is bound to administer in his lifetime for

the good of the community.”

• Andrew Carnegie’s “Gospel of Wealth,” written in 1889, celebrated the benefits that great amounts of accumulated wealth could do for the public. Not all were convinced that his treatment of workers was justified by this philosophy .

Page 49: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“The advance of the frontier has meant a steady movement away from the influence

of Europe, a steady growth of independence on American lines. And to study this

advance…is to study the really American

part of our history.”

• Frederick Jackson Turner, in his famous 1890 “Significance of the frontier in American History,” helped Americans to understand this neglected factor in American development.

Page 50: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“What hath God wrought!”

• This first telegraph message sent I 1837 introduced a revolution in communication.

Page 51: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“Government is not the solution to our problem. Government is the problem.”

• Ronald Regan’s philosophy of government in the 1980s was based on this motto.

Page 52: Remembering Your Ps and Qs. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelts domestic program tried to give equal opportunity to business executives, farmers, laborers,

“Women of the world unite! You have nothing to lose but your vacuum cleaner.”

• Betty Freidan, in The Feminist Mystique published in 1963, touched a responsive chord among many women and essentially started the women’s rights movement.