Remoteness Index Dexter Pante, Likas Umali and Sabrina Ongkiko

Remoteness Index

Dexter Pante, Likas Umali

and Sabrina Ongkiko

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

OUTLINE

USES OF DISTANCE

QUESTION

METHODS

FINDINGS & LIMITATIONS


INTRODUCTION

1. How would you know if you are too close to your seatmate?

2. Whether your pocket money for this workshop is sufficient?

3. How much time is left for my presentation?

Close your eyesImagine a world without distance


INTRODUCTION

• Concept of distance is very important in education planning and resource allocation Multigrade Education Hardship Pay Alternative Delivery Mode

• No standard definition exists yet for remote or accessible schools


ASSUMPTIONS• Euclidean Distance

Temporal Measures Linear Measures Financial Measures

• Reference points: School and Division Offices

Division Office


RESEARCH PROBLEM

“When can a school be considered remote?”


REMOTENESS DEFINITIONKalahi CIDSS: Proximity to the

municipal poblacion(Beatty et al., n.d.)

Kalahi CIDSS: Proximity to the


Rural Europe: 45min travel time to reach an urban centre with at least 50,000 inhabitants

(Jonard, Lambotte, Ramos, Terres, & Bamps, 2009)



Roadless areas: Time taken to walk from the nearest road or other access feature, taking into account physical characteristics of the

landscape(Fritz & Carver, 2000)



Communities: Remote geographically,

economically, and politically remote;

distant from large, urban industrial and political

centers; sparsely settled(Huskey and Morehouse, 1992)





Remote states: Relationship with

other states(Millimet & Osang, 2007)



Countries: in economic terms, geographically

isolated from most other nations or is close to

small countries but far away from big

economies(Manova & Zhang, 2012)





Australia: Access along road networks to service centres (a hierarchy of

urban centres w/ populations of 5,000 or

more)(Australian Bureau of Statistics,

2000)




2000)

Vietnam: Physical accessibility (using

travel time), and socio-cultural

distance(Epprecht, Muller, & Minot, 2011)




United States: Territory inside an

urban cluster that is more than 35 miles from an urbanized

area(Office of Management and

Budget, 2000)




Budget, 2000)

Australia: Distance of the centroid of a

Statistical Local Area to the nearest

urban centres(Rural, regional and remote health:

A guide to remoteness classifications, 2004)





NO UNIVERSAL DEFINITIONdepends on context

NO UNIVERSAL DEFINITIONdepends on context


REMOTENESS DEFINITIONKalahi CIDSS: Proximity to the


Kalahi CIDSS: Proximity to the

































2000)




2000)










Budget, 2000)




Budget, 2000)









RECURRING FEATURE: TRAVEL TIME

considers “a number of geographical factors other than simple linear

distance” including various costs

RECURRING FEATURE: TRAVEL TIME

considers “a number of geographical factors other than simple linear

distance” including various costs


DATA

• EBEIS• S Y 2013-2014• Variables

School name and School ID Travel: distance, means, time, cost Reference: District, Division,

nearest public ES and HS, nearest private ES and HS


LOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS

Travel Time Travel Cost Remote

High High Remote

High Low Remote

Low High Remote

Low Low Accessible

Travel Time Remote

High Remote

Low Accessible

Travel Time Travel Cost Distance RemoteHigh High High RemoteHigh Low High RemoteLow High High RemoteLOW LOW HIGH REMOTEHigh High Low RemoteHigh Low Low RemoteLow High Low RemoteLOW LOW LOW ACCESSIBLE


DATA DISTRIBUTION

zoomed in

46,0111 schools from the EBEIS

Entire range

Zoomed in Zoomed in further


METHODOLOGY

K-MEANS CLUSTERING

•Method for finding patterns in the data

•Looks for similar observations

•Schools that are near each other will be grouped together: - low division travel time and cost = one group

- high division travel time and/or cost = other group/s


DATA CLUSTERING

zoomed in

Accessible Schools

44,83444,834

Extremely Remote Schools

100100

Remote Schools

1,0771,077


REMOTENESS LINE

zoomed in

805

Slope = -.49


REMOTENESS INDEXRemoteness index = cost + 0.49*time - 805

REMOTEACCESSIBLE

-750 -500 -250 0 250 500 750


SAMPLE SCHOOLS


LIMITATIONS

DATA AVAILABILITY - updating and validating - no data, placeholders, extreme values - imputation- specific question eliciting the data- coordinates


RECOMMENDATIONS1. Distinguish between urban-rural and remote-

accessible

2. Use the definition: remote schools are those located in areas where either the cost or travel to DO are substantial

3. Update and validate data

4. Validate Remoteness Index - with other models (e.g. DOH’s GIDA, KALAHI-CIDS)- collect accurate coordinate data


Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2000). Australian social trends. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Beatty, A., BenYishay, A., Felix, A., King, E., Lalisan, A., Orbeta, A.,… Sethi, S. (n.d.). Impact Evaluation of the Kalahi-CIDSS: Baseline Report. Berman, M. (n.d.). Remoteness and Mobility: Transportation Routes, Technologies, and Sustainability in Arctic Communities.

Black, Paul E., "Euclidean distance", in Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 17 December 2004. Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/euclidndstnc.html

Epprecht, M., Muller, D., & Minot, N. (2011). How remote are Vietnam's ethnic minorities? An analysis of spatial patterns of poverty and inequality. The Annals of Regional Science, 46(2), 349-368.

Fritz, S., & Carver, S. (2000). Modelling remoteness in roadless areas using GIS. 4th International Conference on Integrating Geographic Information Systems and Environmental Modeling.

Millimet, D. L., & Osang, T. (2007). Do state borders matter for US intranational trade? The role of history and internal migration. Canadian Journal of Economics, 40(1), 93-126. Office of Management and Budget. (2000). Standards for Defining Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas; Notice. Federal Register (65) No. 249. Rural, regional and remote health: A guide to remoteness classifications. (2004). Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.

REFERENCES

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Remoteness Index Dexter Pante, Likas Umali and Sabrina Ongkiko