Renaissance achievements1400’s to 1600’s

S vs N

Middle Ages art and sculpture

Donatello 1386-1466: relief developing perspective, bronze statues

Da Vinci 1452-1519: THE Renaissance man. Artist, anatomist, inventor, mathmetician

Durer 1471-1528: portraits, woodcuts, watercolor, landscapes, prints

Michelangelo 1475-1564: Painter and sculptor

Raphael 1483-1520: painter: perspective, shading, color

Bruegel 1525-1569: Peasant life and landscapes, brings importance to the ordinary, secular, indiviualism

• Renaissance art was the most important change from the Middle Ages because_____________.

Aristotle Science

Copernicus1473-1543 heliocentric theory, first to doubt Aristotle and prove it. Sun was the center and the planets moved. Waited until death to publish

because scared of Catholic Church.

Galileo1564-1642: based his theories on observation leading to scientific method, proves heliocentric theory, observes sun spots,

moons of Jupiter, developed telescopes, thermometer, physics: falling bodies and laws of motion, heretic and lived under house arrest.

Brahe 1546-1601 stared at the stars and stared and stared and stared.

Believed sun orbited earth and other planets orbited sun.

Kepler 1571-1630 worked for Brahe and knew the math to explain the true solar system.

He believed he was explaining God’s wonders. Also worked with optics and light. Galileo and Kepler will exchange ideas.

Boyle 1627-1691:properties of air and volume, pressure, air pump, chemistry, physics pV=k

• ccc

Newton1642-1727: optics/prism, gravity, motion, confirmed heliocentric theory, physics, religious philosophy, calculus

Descartes1596-1650 and Bacon1561-1626: The two men whose combined ideas of empiricism: observe to know: became our modern

scientific method.

• The Scientific Revolution was the most important change from the Middle Ages because_____________.

Middle Ages, some still believe World is flat

Prince Henry the Navigator:1394-1460 Inspires exploration. His ships explore new territories of Africa and surrounding islands but his

curiosity, school, findings, technology motivate others to go later.

Columbus: 1451-1506. Set out with funding from Spain’s monarchs to find new trade routes and spices. Ended up finding Caribbean Islands

thinking he was in West Indies

Da Gamma: 1460-1524. First to sail from Europe to India. Built on Henry and Dias to go even farther around Africa to India

Vespucci: 1454-1512 First to prove that New World was a fourth continent and not part of Asia in1497

Magellan: 1480-1521. First to circumnavigate globe except he doesn’t make it back to Spain because he dies in battle thinking God is

protecting him from harm

• The Age of Exploration was the most important change from the Middle Ages because_____________.

Middle Ages LiteratureChaucer and God/monks

• The Canterbury Tales contrasts with other literature of the period in the naturalism of its narrative, the variety of stories the pilgrims tell and the varied characters who are engaged in the pilgrimage. Many of the stories narrated by the pilgrims seem to fit their individual characters and social standing, although some of the stories seem ill-fitting to their narrators, perhaps as a result of the incomplete state of the work. Chaucer drew on real life for his cast of pilgrims: the innkeeper shares the name of a contemporary keeper of an inn in Southwark, and real-life identities for the Wife of Bath, the Merchant, the Man of Law and the Student have been suggested. The many jobs that Chaucer held in medieval society—page, soldier, messenger, valet, bureaucrat, foreman and administrator—probably exposed him to many of the types of people he depicted in the Tales. He was able to shape their speech and satirize their manners in what was to become popular literature among people of the same types. (wikipedia, bad, bad, bad)

Printing Press 1440…Huge impact

Cervantes 1547-1616. Don Quixote is one of the first satirical works making fun of all parts of society. Mocking the feudal system and

Church as being outdated and out of touch.

Erasmus 1466-1536 In Praise of Folly points out the abuses and corruption of the Catholic Church using satire

Thomas More 1478-1535. Utopia proposed that society is corrupted by its leaders (Church and Government). A perfect society would be led by moral and proper people. Materialism would disappear.Beheaded

Rabelais 1494-1553. Gargantua and Pantagruel. Fantasy, fun, raunchy, funny, a story just to tell a story although individualism and

humanism is included.

Montaigne 1533-1592. Developed the essay, (Of Cannibals most famous)just take a topic and write about it. Had never really been done

before and contributes to intellectual development of Europe. Individualism!

Shakespeare 1564-1616. Poet, playwright: tragedies, comedies, histories, contributes to English nationalism, helped shape modern

English language (close to1500 words) http://absoluteshakespeare.com/glossary/a.htm

• Renaissance literature was the most important change from the Middle Ages because_____________.

Middle Ages Politics: Feudal system and God

Medici Family 1449-17th century. Wealthy from wool trading and banking and rule Florence for hundreds of years. 3 popes, married into royal families, wage war for influence, MAJOR patrons of the arts (da Vinci, Michelangelo, tutored

by Galileo

Machiavelli 1469-1527 defines political theory in The Prince. The theory is that the prince or authority must do whatever he needs to do to keep justice and

power. Moral virtue comes from a stable state. A prince is not to be loved, he is to be obeyed. “It is better to be obeyed than loved.” The ends justify the means. Back to humanist ideas of Plato and other political scientists. Government can

determine virtue instead of religion…importance of law instead of Hell or Heaven.

Pope Leo X 1475-1521. More secular than papal. Funded many Renaissance projects and sold Church offices and indulgences to pay for it. Protestant Reformation and break of Henry VIII under his reign. Fought wars to keep Catholicism around Europe and to keep foreign influence out of Vatican.

Castiglione 1478-1529. Wrote The Courtier which explained that a prince should be well-rounded, a true Renaissance man who could paint, write a

poem, fight with a sword, woo a woman, rule the people with respect but also maintain order. Even explained how women should act properly.

Elizabeth I 1533-1603. Ruled England 40 years and fought off the Spanish, spread trading routes into New World, settled Protestant/

Catholic issue, supported music and theater (Shakespeare),

Ivan IV 1530-1584. First Czar of Russia. Started well by centralizing power and standardizing law and punishment, created a standing army and allowed a

legislative body, also gave power to local authorities to make decisions for their land, expanded Russian borders. But then started to standardize serfdom, use

his secret police, slaughter enemies, accidentally killed his son.

• Renaissance government was the most important impact from the Middle Ages because_____________.

Architecture

Filippo Brunelleschi 1377–1446• engineered the dome of Florence

Cathedral otherwise known as the Duomo. Working for a sense of harmony.

Leon Battista Alberti 1404–1472 

Wanted to create meaning with his architecture and connect classic literature

with art. Tried to glorify the classics of Rome.

Juan Bautista de Toledo 1515 -1567• architecture for military and civil public

works. Studied mathematics and philosophy to inspire his buildings. Escorial is most well-known.

Hans Hendrick von Paesschen 1510-1582

• Arcades, domes, arches brought to the North of Europe from the ideas of Italian architecture.

• The most significant architect was ______ because __________

• Renaissance architecture was the most important change from the Middle Ages because_____________.

• ______________ was the most significant event in the Renaissance era. (Don’t forget we still have the Protestant Reformation to go)