Renaissance and Reformation World History Chapter 16 Section 1 8/25/20151John3:16

Renaissance and Renaissance and ReformationReformation

World HistoryWorld History

Chapter 16Chapter 16

Section 1Section 1

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Main IdeaMain Idea

An array of cultural factors inspired the An array of cultural factors inspired the RenaissanceRenaissance

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Terms to DefineTerms to Define

HumanismHumanismSecularSecular IndividualismIndividualismSonnetSonnetDogeDoge

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People to MeetPeople to Meet

Niccolo MachiavelliNiccolo MachiavelliLorenzo do MediciLorenzo do MediciMichelangelo BuonarrotiMichelangelo BuonarrotiLeonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci

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Places to LocatePlaces to Locate

FlorenceFlorenceRomeRomeVeniceVenice

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OverviewOverview Renaissance—1350 to 1600Renaissance—1350 to 1600 Profound awakeningProfound awakening In some ways, continuation of Middle AgesIn some ways, continuation of Middle Ages Beginning of modern timesBeginning of modern times Development of new attitudes about themselves Development of new attitudes about themselves

and worldand world Began in city-states of ItalyBegan in city-states of Italy Classical ruins reminded people of RomeClassical ruins reminded people of Rome Trade with Byzantine Empire reminded Italian of Trade with Byzantine Empire reminded Italian of

GreeceGreece

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HumanismHumanism

Italian scholars’ interest in classical Italian scholars’ interest in classical learning led to a new intellectual learning led to a new intellectual movement known as humanism, which movement known as humanism, which focused on secular (worldly) themes rather focused on secular (worldly) themes rather than on religious ideas than on religious ideas

Humanists believed that education could Humanists believed that education could help people improve themselves and help people improve themselves and opened schools that taught the humanitiesopened schools that taught the humanities—Greek, Latin, history, and philosophy —Greek, Latin, history, and philosophy

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Humanism (cont)Humanism (cont)

Scholars believed classical beliefs culd Scholars believed classical beliefs culd improve their societyimprove their society

Among the most important beliefs was Among the most important beliefs was individualism—an emphasis on the dignity individualism—an emphasis on the dignity and worth of the individual personand worth of the individual person

The idea of human improvement sought The idea of human improvement sought improvement through many activities such improvement through many activities such as sports, politics, and the arts as sports, politics, and the arts

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Humanism (cont)Humanism (cont)

As the Renaissance developed, writers As the Renaissance developed, writers also focused on the topics of individual also focused on the topics of individual ambition and successambition and success

Through their teaching and writing, Through their teaching and writing, humanists reawakened the educated humanists reawakened the educated public to new ideas that reshaped public to new ideas that reshaped European civilization European civilization

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Education and LiteratureEducation and Literature

The humanities became so important that The humanities became so important that humanists began to replace the clergy as humanists began to replace the clergy as teachers of the sons of the wealthyteachers of the sons of the wealthy

New forms of literatureNew forms of literatureFrancesco Petrarch (PEE*trahrk) wrote Francesco Petrarch (PEE*trahrk) wrote

“sonnets” or short poems that expressed his “sonnets” or short poems that expressed his love for a woman who died of the Black love for a woman who died of the Black PlaguePlague

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Education and Literature (cont)Education and Literature (cont) Giovanni Boccaccio, in the work “Decameron” Giovanni Boccaccio, in the work “Decameron”

described young people who tell stories to divert described young people who tell stories to divert their attention from the plague’s horrors their attention from the plague’s horrors

Some writers focused on individual ambitionSome writers focused on individual ambition Benvenuto Cellini—one of first autobiographies Benvenuto Cellini—one of first autobiographies Baldassare Castiglione (bahl*dahs*SAHR*ray Baldassare Castiglione (bahl*dahs*SAHR*ray

kahs*steel*YOHN*ay) kahs*steel*YOHN*ay) ““The Book of the Courtier”The Book of the Courtier” Gave advice to men and womenGave advice to men and women Men were to be skilled in many activitiesMen were to be skilled in many activities Women were to be graceful, attractive, and courteousWomen were to be graceful, attractive, and courteous

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Education and Literature Education and Literature

The Book of the Courtier (more)The Book of the Courtier (more)How to act like a “true gentleman”How to act like a “true gentleman”Popularized the ideal of the “Renaissance Popularized the ideal of the “Renaissance

Man”Man”Accomplished in many pursuitsAccomplished in many pursuitsBrave, witty, courteousBrave, witty, courteousCivilized and learnedCivilized and learned

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Education and Literature (cont)Education and Literature (cont)

Niccolo MachiavelliNiccolo MachiavelliWrote “The Prince”Wrote “The Prince”Analyzed the politics of the RenaissanceAnalyzed the politics of the RenaissanceUse force and deceit to hold powerUse force and deceit to hold powerAppealed to a power-hungry RenaissanceAppealed to a power-hungry Renaissance Influenced thoughts and actions of later Influenced thoughts and actions of later

politicians politicians Highly controversialHighly controversial

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Education and Literature Education and Literature

Machiavelli--three viewsMachiavelli--three views Amoral theorist of “realpolitik”, disdainful of morality Amoral theorist of “realpolitik”, disdainful of morality

and Christianity, interested only in acquiring power as and Christianity, interested only in acquiring power as an end in itselfan end in itself

Italian patriot, who viewed tyranny as the only way to Italian patriot, who viewed tyranny as the only way to rid Italy of its foreign conquerorsrid Italy of its foreign conquerors

A rulers good intentions do not guarantee good A rulers good intentions do not guarantee good results; actions must be judged by their results; actions must be judged by their consequences, not by their intrinsic moral quality. To consequences, not by their intrinsic moral quality. To preserve the state, actions must be taken which are preserve the state, actions must be taken which are not loyal, charitable, human, or religious not loyal, charitable, human, or religious

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ScholarshipScholarshipHumanists began to question long-held Humanists began to question long-held

beliefs and institutionsbeliefs and institutionsAs new discoveries were made, they even As new discoveries were made, they even

questioned long-held church traditionsquestioned long-held church traditionsReawakened the educated public to Reawakened the educated public to

classical valuesclassical valuesEncouraged new ideas that reshaped Encouraged new ideas that reshaped

European civilizationEuropean civilization

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City LifeCity Life

OverviewOverview

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OverviewOverview

Towns stronger than other part of EuropeTowns stronger than other part of EuropeCould easily discard feudalismCould easily discard feudalismCould resist the efforts to kings and emperorsCould resist the efforts to kings and emperorsBecame independent city-states including an Became independent city-states including an

urban center and surrounding countryside urban center and surrounding countryside

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Social GroupsSocial Groups

Wealth and ability mattered more than title Wealth and ability mattered more than title and land ownershipand land ownership

Artisans and shop owners ranked below Artisans and shop owners ranked below the most wealthythe most wealthy

Businesses paid the workers from the Businesses paid the workers from the cities and those who came in from the cities and those who came in from the countrysidecountryside

Peasants worked the farms of the wealthyPeasants worked the farms of the wealthy

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GovernmentGovernment

Renaissance Italy was not under one Renaissance Italy was not under one governmentgovernment

Italy was governed by city-states ruled by Italy was governed by city-states ruled by wealthy familieswealthy families

Lots of fights with families for rights and Lots of fights with families for rights and against taxes against taxes

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Government Government

Social conflicts became so dangerous that Social conflicts became so dangerous that city-states turned over political authority to city-states turned over political authority to powerful leaders called signori powerful leaders called signori (seen*YOHR*ee)(seen*YOHR*ee)

Some signori ruled as dictators, very Some signori ruled as dictators, very violentlyviolently

Other signori improved city services and Other signori improved city services and supported the arts supported the arts

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Government Government City-states fought each other over territoryCity-states fought each other over territoryThey avoided outright wars because they They avoided outright wars because they

would interfere with businesswould interfere with businessSignori hired condottieri Signori hired condottieri

(KAHN*duh*TYEHR*ee) or hired soldiers (KAHN*duh*TYEHR*ee) or hired soldiers (not citizen soldiers) (not citizen soldiers)

Made wars very costlyMade wars very costlySignori began to negotiate and assembled Signori began to negotiate and assembled

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Government Government

Permanent ambassadors appointed to Permanent ambassadors appointed to represent their city-states at foreign courtsrepresent their city-states at foreign courts

No one city-state would be permitted to No one city-state would be permitted to take total powertake total power

During the 1500s, other European states During the 1500s, other European states adopted similar agreements with one adopted similar agreements with one another and also began to practice another and also began to practice diplomacydiplomacy

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Government (cont)Government (cont)

Each city-state developed its own Each city-state developed its own characteristic lifecharacteristic life

Three cities with leading roles:Three cities with leading roles:FlorenceFlorenceRomeRomeVenice Venice

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FlorenceFlorence

The birthplace of the Italian RenaissanceThe birthplace of the Italian RenaissanceOriginally a republicOriginally a republicControlled by Medici (Meh*duh*chee) Controlled by Medici (Meh*duh*chee)

family, a prominent banking familyfamily, a prominent banking familyFostered humanism among scholars/ Fostered humanism among scholars/

artistsartistsCosimo de Medici ended worker uprisings Cosimo de Medici ended worker uprisings

by imposing a heavier income tax on the by imposing a heavier income tax on the rich, using it to fixing city service problemsrich, using it to fixing city service problems

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Florence Florence

Lorenzo de’ Medici ruled Florence 1469-Lorenzo de’ Medici ruled Florence 1469-14921492Used wealth to support artists, philosophers, Used wealth to support artists, philosophers,

and writers and support public festivals and writers and support public festivals Became known as “the Magnificent” Became known as “the Magnificent”

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Florence Florence

Supported by mostly banking and textile Supported by mostly banking and textile industries, Florence had competition from industries, Florence had competition from England and France. Economy began to England and France. Economy began to decline through competitiondecline through competition

Discontented citizens tired of the Medici Discontented citizens tired of the Medici family and rallied around Dominican friar family and rallied around Dominican friar named Girolamo Savonarola named Girolamo Savonarola (sa*vuh*nuh*ROH*luh) who attacked the (sa*vuh*nuh*ROH*luh) who attacked the family for causing the downfall of Florence family for causing the downfall of Florence

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Florence Florence

Savonarola: “In the mansions of the great Savonarola: “In the mansions of the great prelates and great lords there is no concern prelates and great lords there is no concern save for poetry and the oratorical art…you will save for poetry and the oratorical art…you will find them all with books of the humanities in their find them all with books of the humanities in their hands…deliver your church from the hands of hands…deliver your church from the hands of the devils.”the devils.” Reference page 408Reference page 408

The Medici family forced to turn over the rule of The Medici family forced to turn over the rule of Florence to the followers of Savonarola Florence to the followers of Savonarola

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Florence (cont)Florence (cont)

He imposed strict regulations on public He imposed strict regulations on public behaviorbehaviorNo gambling, horse racing, and swearingNo gambling, horse racing, and swearingListeners were told to repent of their worldly Listeners were told to repent of their worldly

wayswaysCrowds made bonfires to burn books, Crowds made bonfires to burn books,

paintings, fancy cloths, and musical paintings, fancy cloths, and musical instruments instruments

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Florence (cont)Florence (cont)

Savonarola aroused resentment with his Savonarola aroused resentment with his preaching, especially with the popepreaching, especially with the pope

He had criticized the ChurchHe had criticized the ChurchMany people didn’t like his strict waysMany people didn’t like his strict waysHe was hanged for heresy in 1498He was hanged for heresy in 1498The Medici family returned to powerThe Medici family returned to power Florence had passed its primeFlorence had passed its prime

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RomeRome

During 1500s, Rome emerged as the During 1500s, Rome emerged as the leading renaissance cityleading renaissance city

The pope and the cardinals made up the The pope and the cardinals made up the wealthiest classwealthiest class

To increase their prestige, the popes To increase their prestige, the popes rebuilt the ancient cityrebuilt the ancient city

Architects built magnificent structures and Architects built magnificent structures and artist created paintings and sculptures artist created paintings and sculptures

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Rome Rome

Renaissance popes placed politics above Renaissance popes placed politics above religionreligion

Sent ambassadors to distant lands, Sent ambassadors to distant lands, collected taxes, and fought warscollected taxes, and fought wars

The most political was Pope Alexander VIThe most political was Pope Alexander VIBribed the College of Cardinals to vote for himBribed the College of Cardinals to vote for himSupported his family, Borgias, with his wealthSupported his family, Borgias, with his wealthEncouraged his son, Cesare, to raise an army Encouraged his son, Cesare, to raise an army

which conquered much of central Italywhich conquered much of central Italy

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VeniceVenice

Port city to the Adriatic SeaPort city to the Adriatic SeaEconomy fading because of Muslim Economy fading because of Muslim

invasions and changing of trading routesinvasions and changing of trading routesStill remained a link between Asia and Still remained a link between Asia and

EuropeEuropeProduced huge galley ships and Produced huge galley ships and

outstanding glasswareoutstanding glassware

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Venice Venice

Venice enjoyed political stabilityVenice enjoyed political stabilityRepublican form of governmentRepublican form of governmentDoge (DOHJ) ran the city Doge (DOHJ) ran the city The Council of Ten, wealthiest merchants, The Council of Ten, wealthiest merchants,

had the real powerhad the real power

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Venice Venice

Venice was known for artistic Venice was known for artistic achievementsachievements Influenced by Byzantine and European Influenced by Byzantine and European

culturescultures

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Renaissance Arts Renaissance Arts

OverviewOverview

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OverviewOverview

Humanists encouraged artists express Humanists encouraged artists express their own values, emotions, and attitudestheir own values, emotions, and attitudes

Artists made subjects lifelikeArtists made subjects lifelikeReligious subjects, yet more worldly Religious subjects, yet more worldly

content and overtonescontent and overtones Interest in Greece and Rome moved Interest in Greece and Rome moved

artists to include classical mythology and artists to include classical mythology and Biblical themes into their art Biblical themes into their art

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Overview (cont)Overview (cont)

Artists experimented with new techniquesArtists experimented with new techniques Tried to create a sense of perspectiveTried to create a sense of perspective Studied anatomy to portray the human figure Studied anatomy to portray the human figure

more accurately and naturallymore accurately and naturally Artists learned to depict gestures and Artists learned to depict gestures and

expressionsexpressions Much work was frescoes—paintings in damp Much work was frescoes—paintings in damp

plasterplaster The public and wealthy appreciated artists and The public and wealthy appreciated artists and

lavishly rewarded themlavishly rewarded them

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ArchitectureArchitecture

Renaissance architects used domes and Renaissance architects used domes and columns from classical Greek and Roman columns from classical Greek and Roman architecturearchitecture

They sought comfort and beautyThey sought comfort and beautyRenaissance architects took credit for their Renaissance architects took credit for their

fine buildingsfine buildings

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Architecture Architecture

Filippo Brunelleschi Filippo Brunelleschi (BROO*nuhl*EHS*kee) is best known for (BROO*nuhl*EHS*kee) is best known for the dome he designed for the Cathedral of the dome he designed for the Cathedral of FlorenceFlorenceNo one before had been able to design a No one before had been able to design a

dome that would cover the cathedral without dome that would cover the cathedral without collapsingcollapsing

Considered the greatest engineering feat of Considered the greatest engineering feat of the timethe time

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SculptureSculpture

Statues sculpted in bronze or marble Statues sculpted in bronze or marble resembled ancient Greek or Roman resembled ancient Greek or Roman statuesstatues

Best known sculptures—all from FlorenceBest known sculptures—all from FlorenceDonatelloDonatelloMichelangeloMichelangeloGhibertiGhiberti

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Sculpture Sculpture

Medicis opened a school for sculptures in Medicis opened a school for sculptures in Florence Florence

Donatello sculpture since ancient times to Donatello sculpture since ancient times to cast a nude human figurecast a nude human figure

Michelangelo went on to Rome to sculpt Michelangelo went on to Rome to sculpt works for the popeworks for the pope

Ghiberti took 21 years to create 10 Biblical Ghiberti took 21 years to create 10 Biblical scenes for Florence’s cathedral baptistry scenes for Florence’s cathedral baptistry

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PaintingPainting

More realistic style began in early 1300sMore realistic style began in early 1300sGiotto (jee*AH*toh) captured emotions of Giotto (jee*AH*toh) captured emotions of

Francis of AssisiFrancis of AssisiMasaccio (muh*ZAH*chee*oh) employed Masaccio (muh*ZAH*chee*oh) employed

lightening and perspective. Gave depth to lightening and perspective. Gave depth to human body and set off figures from the human body and set off figures from the background background

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Painting Painting

So powerful and So powerful and influential were influential were paintings that da Vinci paintings that da Vinci stated paintings could stated paintings could “even induce men to “even induce men to fall in love with a fall in love with a picture that does not picture that does not portray any living portray any living woman”woman”

Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci

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PaintingPainting

Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci was one of the was one of the greatest Renaisance greatest Renaisance artists, best known for artists, best known for The Mona Lisa, a The Mona Lisa, a

strangely smiling strangely smiling young woman of young woman of Florence and Florence and

The last Supper, a The last Supper, a painting of Jesus’ last painting of Jesus’ last meal with his disciples meal with his disciples

The Mona LisaThe Mona Lisa04/19/2304/19/23 4444John3:16John3:16

Painting Painting

Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci also made designs of also made designs of mechanical inventions mechanical inventions that were far ahead of that were far ahead of his timehis time

da Vinci drawing of da Vinci drawing of helicopter helicopter

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Painting Painting

Michelangelo Michelangelo Buonarroti began his Buonarroti began his career as a sculpture career as a sculpture in Florencein Florence Did famous marble Did famous marble

statue of David, after statue of David, after the heroic Biblical kingthe heroic Biblical king

DavidDavid04/19/2304/19/23 4646John3:16John3:16

PaintingPainting

Michelangelo…Michelangelo… La Pieta showing the La Pieta showing the

dead Jesus in the dead Jesus in the arms of his motherarms of his mother

His works suggested His works suggested controlled but intense controlled but intense emotions emotions

Ceiling of Sistine ChapelCeiling of Sistine Chapel

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Painting Painting

In 1508 Pope Julius II In 1508 Pope Julius II hired Michelangelo to hired Michelangelo to paint the Vatican’s paint the Vatican’s Sistine Chapel ceiling Sistine Chapel ceiling with scenes from the with scenes from the BibleBible

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PaintingPainting

The bodies were The bodies were sculptor-like figures—sculptor-like figures—well-formed muscular well-formed muscular bodies that expressed bodies that expressed vitality and power vitality and power

He ended his career He ended his career by designing the by designing the dome of the new St. dome of the new St. Peter’s BasilicaPeter’s Basilica

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Painting Painting

Raphael Santi also worked at the VaticanRaphael Santi also worked at the VaticanHe completed a series of paintings on He completed a series of paintings on

classical and religious themes for the classical and religious themes for the pope’s apartmentpope’s apartment

Most noted for his paintings of Mary, Most noted for his paintings of Mary, mother of Jesusmother of Jesus

Works reflected the Renaissance ideals of Works reflected the Renaissance ideals of grace, harmony, and beauty grace, harmony, and beauty

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Painting (cont)Painting (cont)

Although Renaissance women generally Although Renaissance women generally had few roles independent of men, some had few roles independent of men, some of them did contribute to the arts of them did contribute to the arts

Among the most celebrated female artists Among the most celebrated female artists were the portrait painters Lavinia Fontana were the portrait painters Lavinia Fontana and Sofonisba Anguissola and Sofonisba Anguissola (soh*foh*NIHZ*bah ahn*gwee*SOH*lah)(soh*foh*NIHZ*bah ahn*gwee*SOH*lah)

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The Northern The Northern RenaissanceRenaissance


Section 2Section 2

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Main IdeaMain Idea

The Renaissance spread from Italy to The Renaissance spread from Italy to northern Europe northern Europe

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Chateaux (sha*TOHZ): castlesChateaux (sha*TOHZ): castles

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Johannes GutenbergJohannes GutenbergMichel de Montaigne Michel de Montaigne Francois RabelaisFrancois RabelaisDesiderius ErasmusDesiderius ErasmusJan and Hubert van EyckJan and Hubert van EyckPieter BrueghelPieter BrueghelThomas MoreThomas MoreWilliam Shakespeare William Shakespeare

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The Low CountriesThe Low Countries

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OverviewOverview

During the late 1400s, Renaissance art During the late 1400s, Renaissance art and humanist ideas—plus interests I the and humanist ideas—plus interests I the classics—began to move north to France, classics—began to move north to France, England, the Netherlands, and other England, the Netherlands, and other European countriesEuropean countries

The people of the northern Renaissance The people of the northern Renaissance adapted the ideas of the Italian adapted the ideas of the Italian Renaissance to their own individual tastes, Renaissance to their own individual tastes, values, and needsvalues, and needs

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Spreading IdeasSpreading Ideas

War spread ideas from different culturesWar spread ideas from different culturesFrance invaded ItalyFrance invaded ItalyFrench kings fascinated by Renaissance artFrench kings fascinated by Renaissance artKing Francis I brings da Vinci to FranceKing Francis I brings da Vinci to FranceKings and queens support the Renaissance Kings and queens support the Renaissance

movement and humanism and its ideas movement and humanism and its ideas spread rapidly in Europespread rapidly in Europe

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Spreading Ideas (cont)Spreading Ideas (cont)

Italian traders, appreciating wealth and Italian traders, appreciating wealth and success, set an example for northern success, set an example for northern merchantsmerchants

Wealthy merchants, new to wealth, began Wealthy merchants, new to wealth, began to spend money on education, houses, to spend money on education, houses, and material goodsand material goods

Europeans began to study in Italy with the Europeans began to study in Italy with the masters. Thus a new middle class was masters. Thus a new middle class was emerging emerging

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Spreading Ideas (cont)Spreading Ideas (cont)

Printing press aided the spread of Printing press aided the spread of knowledgeknowledge

German engravers invent moveable type, German engravers invent moveable type, set into models, and inkedset into models, and inked

Johannes Gutenberg printed complete Johannes Gutenberg printed complete BibleBibleBooks now published faster and cheaperBooks now published faster and cheaperHumanist texts could now be produced as fast Humanist texts could now be produced as fast

as the ideasas the ideas

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Spreading Ideas Spreading Ideas

Ideas were not merely transplanted in the Ideas were not merely transplanted in the north, people adapted them to their own north, people adapted them to their own use, concepts, needs, and traditionsuse, concepts, needs, and traditions

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The French RenaissanceThe French Renaissance

French Renaissance had its own characterFrench Renaissance had its own characterArchitects blended medieval Gothic towers Architects blended medieval Gothic towers

and windows with classical arches used by and windows with classical arches used by Italian used to create chateaux, or castlesItalian used to create chateaux, or castles

Pierre Ronsard, inspired by Petrarch’s Pierre Ronsard, inspired by Petrarch’s sonnets, wrote his own sonnets about love, sonnets, wrote his own sonnets about love, the passing of youth, and the poet’s the passing of youth, and the poet’s immortalityimmortality

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The French Renaissance (cont)The French Renaissance (cont)

French Renaissance own character (cont)French Renaissance own character (cont)Michel de Montaigne cultivated the literary Michel de Montaigne cultivated the literary

style known as the personal essay, a short style known as the personal essay, a short prose composition written to express clearly prose composition written to express clearly the personal view of the writer on a subjectthe personal view of the writer on a subject

Francois Rabelais (Ra*buh*LAY), Frances’s Francois Rabelais (Ra*buh*LAY), Frances’s most popular Renaissance author, wrote most popular Renaissance author, wrote comic tales, satires, and parodies on comic tales, satires, and parodies on contemporary lifecontemporary lifeRejected Middle Ages focus on afterlife and Rejected Middle Ages focus on afterlife and

believed life should be enjoyed to the fullest believed life should be enjoyed to the fullest

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Northern EuropeNorthern Europe

Renaissance accepted by wealthy towns Renaissance accepted by wealthy towns of Germany and the Low Countries: of Germany and the Low Countries: Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Belgium, Luxembourg, and the NetherlandsNetherlands

Universities and schools promoted Universities and schools promoted humanist learninghumanist learning

Printers produced large quantity of booksPrinters produced large quantity of booksLatin was “king,” but German and Dutch Latin was “king,” but German and Dutch

printing was being accomplishedprinting was being accomplished

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Christian HumanismChristian Humanism

The Renaissance in northern Europe had The Renaissance in northern Europe had more religious tonemore religious toneChristian humanists wanted reforms in Christian humanists wanted reforms in

Catholic ChurchCatholic ChurchRestore simple pietyRestore simple pietyHumanist learning and the Bible were best ways to Humanist learning and the Bible were best ways to

achieve changesachieve changes

The Most famous Christian humanist was The Most famous Christian humanist was Desiderius ErasmusDesiderius Erasmus

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Christian Humanism (cont)Christian Humanism (cont)

Desiderius Erasmus Desiderius Erasmus (dehz*ih*DEER*ee*uhs*ih*RAZ*muhs)(dehz*ih*DEER*ee*uhs*ih*RAZ*muhs) Inspired colleagues to study older versions of Bible—Inspired colleagues to study older versions of Bible—

written in Greek and Hebrewwritten in Greek and Hebrew Exhibited biting humor to make people look at society Exhibited biting humor to make people look at society

more criticallymore critically Wrote, Wrote, The Praise of FollyThe Praise of Folly, to attack the wealth of , to attack the wealth of

the Renaissance popesthe Renaissance popes ““Scarce any kind of men live more (devoted to pleasure) or Scarce any kind of men live more (devoted to pleasure) or

with less trouble….To work miracles is…not in fashion with less trouble….To work miracles is…not in fashion now…”now…”

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Northern European PaintersNorthern European Painters

Relied more on medieval than classical Relied more on medieval than classical stylestyleJan and Hubert van Eyck, Flemish painters, Jan and Hubert van Eyck, Flemish painters,

painted scenes from the Biblepainted scenes from the BibleDeveloped the technique of painting with oilsDeveloped the technique of painting with oilsOils offered richer colors and allowed for changes Oils offered richer colors and allowed for changes

on the canvason the canvasOils spread to italyOils spread to italy

Pieter Bruehel combined Italian technique Pieter Bruehel combined Italian technique with homeland traditions with homeland traditions

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The English RenaissanceThe English Renaissance

Renaissance didn’t spread to England until Renaissance didn’t spread to England until 1485, after the War of the Roses1485, after the War of the RosesThe Tudors defeated the YorksThe Tudors defeated the YorksTudor King Henry VII invited Renaissance Tudor King Henry VII invited Renaissance

scholars to Englandscholars to EnglandEnglish humanists expressed interest in social English humanists expressed interest in social

issuesissuesThomas MoreThomas More wrote wrote Utopia, Utopia, a book critical of a book critical of

society and about a society where all citizens are society and about a society where all citizens are prosperous and equal prosperous and equal

04/19/2304/19/23 6868John3:16John3:16

The English Renaissance (cont)The English Renaissance (cont)

Known for dramaKnown for dramaWillaim Shakespeare and Christopher Willaim Shakespeare and Christopher

MarloweMarloweDrew ideas from medieval legends, classical Drew ideas from medieval legends, classical

mythology, and the histories of England, mythology, and the histories of England, Denmark, and Rome Denmark, and Rome

Shakespeare dealt with universal qualities like Shakespeare dealt with universal qualities like jealousy, ambition, love, and despairjealousy, ambition, love, and despair

He was so effective that his plays are still He was so effective that his plays are still relevant todayrelevant today

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The Protestant The Protestant ReformationReformation


Section 3Section 3

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Main IdeaMain Idea

Luther’s religious reforms led to Luther’s religious reforms led to Protestantism, an new branch of Christianity Protestantism, an new branch of Christianity

04/19/2304/19/23 7171John3:16John3:16


Justification by faithJustification by faith IndulgencesIndulgencesVocationVocation

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Martin LutherMartin LutherPope Leo XPope Leo X

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WittenbergWittenbergWormsWorms

04/19/2304/19/23 7474John3:16John3:16

OverviewOverview

Renaissance values stimulated criticism of Renaissance values stimulated criticism of Catholic Church’s extravaganceCatholic Church’s extravaganceEuropeans call for changes in preaching and Europeans call for changes in preaching and

teachingteaching In Germany differences led to a split and new In Germany differences led to a split and new

form of Christianity known as Protestantismform of Christianity known as ProtestantismThe series of events leading to Protestantism The series of events leading to Protestantism

is known as the Protestant Reformationis known as the Protestant Reformation

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Martin LutherMartin Luther

German monk, born in 1483, son of German monk, born in 1483, son of middle-class townspeoplemiddle-class townspeopleFather wanted him to become lawyerFather wanted him to become lawyerNearly struck by lightening, he thought it was Nearly struck by lightening, he thought it was

God’s way of punishing himGod’s way of punishing him In return for protection, he promised to In return for protection, he promised to

become a monkbecome a monk

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Martin Luther (cont)Martin Luther (cont)

Struggled to ensure salvationStruggled to ensure salvationSaid prayer for hoursSaid prayer for hoursStill worried about salvationStill worried about salvationHe read Saint Paul’s Epistle, “He who He read Saint Paul’s Epistle, “He who

through faith is righteous shall live”—and through faith is righteous shall live”—and his worries lefthis worries left Interpreted that through God’s mercy and Interpreted that through God’s mercy and

love, people could be made just and goodlove, people could be made just and good

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Martin Luther (cont)Martin Luther (cont)

Luther (cont)Luther (cont)Luther’s idea became known as “justification Luther’s idea became known as “justification

by faith”by faith”Luther stated through this discovery he felt Luther stated through this discovery he felt

that he “had been born again and had entered that he “had been born again and had entered Paradise through wide open gates”Paradise through wide open gates”

04/19/2304/19/23 7878John3:16John3:16

Luther’s ProtestLuther’s Protest

Luther’s ideas brought him into conflict Luther’s ideas brought him into conflict with the Churchwith the ChurchPope Leo X trying to raise money for St. Pope Leo X trying to raise money for St.

Peters Basilica—sold indulgencesPeters Basilica—sold indulgencesIndulgences were said to cancel sin as long as one Indulgences were said to cancel sin as long as one

repentedrepentedJohn Tetzel, agent for selling indulgences, John Tetzel, agent for selling indulgences,

even promised that they would relieve them even promised that they would relieve them from guilt for future sins and their dead from guilt for future sins and their dead relatives relatives

04/19/2304/19/23 7979John3:16John3:16

Luther’s Protest (cont)Luther’s Protest (cont)

As professor and priest in Wittenberg, he As professor and priest in Wittenberg, he preached against the sale preached against the sale

He also lectured against other Church He also lectured against other Church practices and teachingspractices and teachings

October, 1515, he nailed his 95 theses, or October, 1515, he nailed his 95 theses, or statements, to the door of the Wittenberg statements, to the door of the Wittenberg church, criticizing indulgences and other church, criticizing indulgences and other church policies church policies

04/19/2304/19/23 8080John3:16John3:16

Breaking with RomeBreaking with Rome

Luther’s 95 these were published all over Luther’s 95 these were published all over Germany and sales of indulgences Germany and sales of indulgences declined sharplydeclined sharply

Wrote many essays that people are saved Wrote many essays that people are saved by faith aloneby faith alone

In 1520, the pope formally condemned In 1520, the pope formally condemned Luther and banned his worksLuther and banned his works

In 1521, Pope Leo X excommunicated In 1521, Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther from the ChurchLuther from the Church

04/19/2304/19/23 8181John3:16John3:16

Breaking with Rome (cont)Breaking with Rome (cont)

A diet (council) met in Worms, Germany, and A diet (council) met in Worms, Germany, and asked Luther to take back his statementsasked Luther to take back his statements Luther would not take anything back, saying, “I am Luther would not take anything back, saying, “I am

bound by the Sacred Scriptures I have cited…and my bound by the Sacred Scriptures I have cited…and my conscience is captive to the word of God. I cannot conscience is captive to the word of God. I cannot and will not recant anything…God help me.”and will not recant anything…God help me.”

Luther was branded as a heretic and hidden Luther was branded as a heretic and hidden away by Prince Frederick of Saxony away by Prince Frederick of Saxony

04/19/2304/19/23 8282John3:16John3:16

Breaking with Rome (cont)Breaking with Rome (cont)

While hiding, he translated the New While hiding, he translated the New Testament into GermanTestament into German

Earlier translations were so rare and costly Earlier translations were so rare and costly few people read them. Most people could few people read them. Most people could now read the Biblenow read the Bible

04/19/2304/19/23 8383John3:16John3:16

LutheranismLutheranism

After Worms, Luther set in place the foundation After Worms, Luther set in place the foundation of the first Protestant faith: Lutheranismof the first Protestant faith: Lutheranism Emphasized salvation by faith aloneEmphasized salvation by faith alone Bible is only source of religious truthBible is only source of religious truth Services centered on Biblical preachingServices centered on Biblical preaching In language of the peopleIn language of the people Church was not a hierarchy of clergy, but a Church was not a hierarchy of clergy, but a

community of believerscommunity of believers All useful occupations were now vocations (callings) All useful occupations were now vocations (callings)

in which people could serve God and neighborin which people could serve God and neighbor

04/19/2304/19/23 8484John3:16John3:16

Lutheranism (cont)Lutheranism (cont)

Lutheranism brought a social message as Lutheranism brought a social message as well and stirred social unrest among well and stirred social unrest among peasantspeasantsWanted to end serfdomWanted to end serfdomLuther feared chaos when peasant revolt Luther feared chaos when peasant revolt

occurred in 1525, and he backed the princes occurred in 1525, and he backed the princes against the peasantsagainst the peasants

The princes cruelly put down the uprising, The princes cruelly put down the uprising, killing thousandskilling thousands

04/19/2304/19/23 8585John3:16John3:16

Lutheranism (cont)Lutheranism (cont)

Became a more conservative movementBecame a more conservative movementHad sown the seeds of more radical Had sown the seeds of more radical

Protestant movements that would Protestant movements that would transform Europe’s religious landscapetransform Europe’s religious landscape

04/19/2304/19/23 8686John3:16John3:16

The Spread of The Spread of ProtestantismProtestantism


Section 4Section 4

04/19/2304/19/23 8787John3:16John3:16

Main IdeaMain Idea

Different forms of Protestantism emerged Different forms of Protestantism emerged in Europe as the Reformation spreadin Europe as the Reformation spread

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TheocracyTheocracyPredestinationPredestination

04/19/2304/19/23 8989John3:16John3:16


Huldrych ZwingliHuldrych Zwingli John CalvinJohn Calvin The AnabaptistsThe Anabaptists Henry IIIHenry III Catherine of AragonCatherine of Aragon Anne BoleynAnne Boleyn Edward VIEdward VI MaryMary Elizabeth IElizabeth I

04/19/2304/19/23 9090John3:16John3:16

OverviewOverview

Within the Protestant movement, there Within the Protestant movement, there were differences that were brewingwere differences that were brewing

04/19/2304/19/23 9191John3:16John3:16

Swiss ReformersSwiss Reformers

Neighboring Switzerland, separating from Neighboring Switzerland, separating from Rome, set up reform churches known as Rome, set up reform churches known as “Reformed”“Reformed”

Huldrych Zwingli, Swiss priest, led the Huldrych Zwingli, Swiss priest, led the movementmovementStressed salvation by faith alone Stressed salvation by faith alone Denounced Catholic Church practices of Denounced Catholic Church practices of

indulgences and belief in purgatory indulgences and belief in purgatory

04/19/2304/19/23 9292John3:16John3:16

Swiss Reformers (cont)Swiss Reformers (cont)

Zwingli (cont)Zwingli (cont)Wanted to break completely with Catholic Wanted to break completely with Catholic

ChurchChurchWanted to establish “theocracy,” or church Wanted to establish “theocracy,” or church

run state, in Zurich, Switzerlandrun state, in Zurich, SwitzerlandAchieved his goal by 1531Achieved his goal by 1531War broke out over missionary activity and Zwingli War broke out over missionary activity and Zwingli

was defeatedwas defeated

04/19/2304/19/23 9393John3:16John3:16


John Calvin, another reformer, set up a John Calvin, another reformer, set up a theocracy in genevatheocracy in geneva

Educated in law, theology, and humanismEducated in law, theology, and humanismFormulated his own type of ProtestantismFormulated his own type of Protestantism

Published Published The Institutes of the Christian The Institutes of the Christian ReligionReligionGod possessed all encompassing knowledge and God possessed all encompassing knowledge and

powerpowerGod determines past, present and futureGod determines past, present and future

04/19/2304/19/23 9494John3:16John3:16


Calvin (cont)Calvin (cont)God determines the fate of every personGod determines the fate of every person

A doctrine called “predestination”A doctrine called “predestination”Tried to turn Geneva into model religious cityTried to turn Geneva into model religious city

All actions of people were controlledAll actions of people were controlledEstablished the Consistory, the 12-man council Established the Consistory, the 12-man council

(elders) to control people’s lives(elders) to control people’s livesControlled church attendanceControlled church attendanceHome inspections required, no fighting, no Home inspections required, no fighting, no

swearing, no gambling, no drunkenness, no card swearing, no gambling, no drunkenness, no card playing, no dancing, etc. playing, no dancing, etc.

04/19/2304/19/23 9595John3:16John3:16


Calvin (cont)Calvin (cont)Harsh punishments to those who disobeyedHarsh punishments to those who disobeyedGeneva called, “City of God”Geneva called, “City of God”

Attracted reformers from all over EuropeAttracted reformers from all over EuropeChurch easy to spread because it was led by Church easy to spread because it was led by

local councils of ministers and elected church local councils of ministers and elected church membersmembers

Democratic structure in churchDemocratic structure in churchNetherlands and Scotland were ardent Netherlands and Scotland were ardent

supporterssupporters

04/19/2304/19/23 9696John3:16John3:16


Calvin (cont)Calvin (cont)Calvinism became a dynamic force in western Calvinism became a dynamic force in western

Europe in the 1500s and contributed to the Europe in the 1500s and contributed to the rise of revolutionary movements later in the rise of revolutionary movements later in the 1600s and 1700s1600s and 1700s

04/19/2304/19/23 9797John3:16John3:16

Radical ReformersRadical Reformers

The Anabaptists were a group fostering The Anabaptists were a group fostering another reform movementanother reform movementStarted the practice of baptizingStarted the practice of baptizingAdmitted only adult membersAdmitted only adult members

Catholics and Protestants baptized infantsCatholics and Protestants baptized infantsAnabaptists believed people needed to be old Anabaptists believed people needed to be old

enough to make an informed choiceenough to make an informed choice

04/19/2304/19/23 9898John3:16John3:16

Radical Reformers (cont)Radical Reformers (cont)

Many Anabaptists denied local Many Anabaptists denied local governments to direct their livesgovernments to direct their livesRefused to hold office, bear arms, or swear Refused to hold office, bear arms, or swear

oathsoathsSaw society as sinfulSaw society as sinfulPersecuted by governmentsPersecuted by governmentsMoved from country to country Moved from country to country

04/19/2304/19/23 9999John3:16John3:16


Most Anabaptists were peaceful, but…Most Anabaptists were peaceful, but…Others were fanaticalOthers were fanaticalBrought downfall of the restBrought downfall of the restSeized control of Munster, Germany, 1534Seized control of Munster, Germany, 1534

Burned booksBurned booksSeized propertySeized propertyPracticed polygamyPracticed polygamy

Lutherans and Catholics joined forces to Lutherans and Catholics joined forces to crush themcrush themKilled the leaders and persecuted the survivors Killed the leaders and persecuted the survivors

04/19/2304/19/23 100100John3:16John3:16


Anabaptist groups left Europe for North Anabaptist groups left Europe for North America in 1600sAmerica in 1600s

In America, they are credited with two In America, they are credited with two crucial ideas crucial ideas Religious libertyReligious libertyNo state religionNo state religion

Protestant groups that trace their ancestry Protestant groups that trace their ancestry to the Anabaptists: Baptists, Mennonites, to the Anabaptists: Baptists, Mennonites, and Amishand Amish

04/19/2304/19/23 101101John3:16John3:16

England’s ChurchEngland’s Church

Reformation ideas reach England in 1500s Reformation ideas reach England in 1500s and cause breach between Henry VIII and and cause breach between Henry VIII and the popethe pope

Of Henry’s six children with Catherine of Of Henry’s six children with Catherine of Aragon, only Mary survivedAragon, only Mary survivedHenry wanted male heir to avoid civil warHenry wanted male heir to avoid civil warCatherine too old, so Henry decides to marry Catherine too old, so Henry decides to marry

Anne BoleynAnne BoleynHenry asked pope for divorce from CatherineHenry asked pope for divorce from Catherine

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England’s Church (cont)England’s Church (cont)

Henry VIII (cont)Henry VIII (cont)Catherine’s nephew was the powerful Holy Catherine’s nephew was the powerful Holy

Roman emperor, Charles VRoman emperor, Charles VThe pope depended on Charles for protectionThe pope depended on Charles for protectionCharles wanted Catherine to remain queenCharles wanted Catherine to remain queenThe pope refused Henry’s requestThe pope refused Henry’s requestHenry had a series of laws passed by Henry had a series of laws passed by

parliament that separated the English Church parliament that separated the English Church from the popefrom the pope

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Henry VIII (cont)Henry VIII (cont)Most important law, the Act of Supremacy, Most important law, the Act of Supremacy,

made Henry the head of the English Churchmade Henry the head of the English ChurchHenry permitted Catholics to worship—not a Henry permitted Catholics to worship—not a

reformerreformerThomas More had criticized Henry and was Thomas More had criticized Henry and was

beheaded beheaded Henry seized Church lands, monasteries, etc., Henry seized Church lands, monasteries, etc.,

shared the gains with nobles/other officials shared the gains with nobles/other officials

04/19/2304/19/23 104104John3:16John3:16


Henry was divorced from Catherine and Henry was divorced from Catherine and wed Anne Boleyn who bore him a wed Anne Boleyn who bore him a daughter, Elizabethdaughter, Elizabeth

He married four more times producing only He married four more times producing only one son, Edwardone son, EdwardEdward inherited the throne at age 9Edward inherited the throne at age 9He was dominated by devout ProtestantsHe was dominated by devout ProtestantsEdward died in his teens, succeeded by Mary Edward died in his teens, succeeded by Mary

04/19/2304/19/23 105105John3:16John3:16


Mary (cont)Mary (cont) Half sister to EdwardHalf sister to Edward Tried to restore Catholicism to EnglandTried to restore Catholicism to England Burned hundreds of Protestants at the stakeBurned hundreds of Protestants at the stake

Earned her nickname of “Bloody Mary”Earned her nickname of “Bloody Mary” Only strengthened support for ProtestantismOnly strengthened support for Protestantism

After Mary’s death, Elizabeth I, Protestant half After Mary’s death, Elizabeth I, Protestant half sister, became queen sister, became queen Followed a moderate courseFollowed a moderate course Made the English church Protestant with some Made the English church Protestant with some

Catholic featuresCatholic features

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Elizabeth I (cont)Elizabeth I (cont)Blend of the religions was called AnglicanismBlend of the religions was called AnglicanismRadical Protestants, called Puritans, wanted Radical Protestants, called Puritans, wanted

to “purify” the church of Catholic ritualsto “purify” the church of Catholic ritualsPuritans became influential in Parliament and Puritans became influential in Parliament and

the Church of Englandthe Church of England

04/19/2304/19/23 107107John3:16John3:16

The Catholic The Catholic ReformationReformation


Section 5Section 5

04/19/2304/19/23 108108John3:16John3:16

Main IdeaMain Idea

The Catholic Church attempted to halt the The Catholic Church attempted to halt the spread of Protestantismspread of Protestantism

04/19/2304/19/23 109109John3:16John3:16


Seminary: A theological school; school to Seminary: A theological school; school to educate clergy educate clergy

Baroque: Art that stresses emotion, Baroque: Art that stresses emotion, complexity, and exaggeration in dramatic complexity, and exaggeration in dramatic effecteffect

04/19/2304/19/23 110110John3:16John3:16


Pope Paul IIIPope Paul IIIThe JesuitsThe Jesuits Ignatius of LoyolaIgnatius of Loyola

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TrentTrent

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OverviewOverview Most people in Spain, France, Italy, Portugal, Most people in Spain, France, Italy, Portugal,

Hungary, Poland, and southern Germany Hungary, Poland, and southern Germany remained Catholicremained Catholic

Protestants making inroads into northern EuropeProtestants making inroads into northern Europe Catholic leadership saw a need for reformation, Catholic leadership saw a need for reformation,

called the “Counter-Reformation”called the “Counter-Reformation” The Church eliminated many abuses, clarified its The Church eliminated many abuses, clarified its

theology, and reestablished the pope’s authority theology, and reestablished the pope’s authority over church members over church members

04/19/2304/19/23 113113John3:16John3:16

Reaffirming CatholicismReaffirming Catholicism

Pope Paul III called a council of bishops at Pope Paul III called a council of bishops at Trent, Italy, 1545. Trent, Italy, 1545. The Council of TrentThe Council of TrentTo set goals for the Counter-ReformationTo set goals for the Counter-ReformationReaffirmed challenged Catholic teachingsReaffirmed challenged Catholic teachingsSalvation through Salvation through faithfaith and and good worksgood works Church Church traditiontradition is equal to is equal to BibleBible as source of as source of

religious religious truthtruthLatin Vulgate Bible translation made only Latin Vulgate Bible translation made only

acceptable versionacceptable version04/19/2304/19/23 114114John3:16John3:16

Reaffirming Catholicism (cont)Reaffirming Catholicism (cont)The Council of Trent (cont)The Council of Trent (cont)

Ended Church abusesEnded Church abusesForbade indulgencesForbade indulgencesEach diocese had to establish a seminary to Each diocese had to establish a seminary to

ensure better educated clergyensure better educated clergyThe InquisitionThe Inquisition

Pope Paul strengthened the InquisitionPope Paul strengthened the InquisitionChurch court to stop heresyChurch court to stop heresyCensorship to stop humanist and Protestant Censorship to stop humanist and Protestant

thinkingthinkingIndex of Forbidden Books: Works too anti-religious Index of Forbidden Books: Works too anti-religious

to readto read04/19/2304/19/23 115115John3:16John3:16

The ArtsThe Arts The arts furthered Catholic Reformation as The arts furthered Catholic Reformation as

sources of education and inspiration sources of education and inspiration Council of Trent maintained Church’s art and ritualCouncil of Trent maintained Church’s art and ritual Mass would be only in LatinMass would be only in Latin Domenikos Theotokopoulos or Domenikos Theotokopoulos or El GrecoEl Greco (the Greek), (the Greek),

Greek painter who painted saints in distorted figures Greek painter who painted saints in distorted figures showing strong religious feelingsshowing strong religious feelings

BaroqueBaroque architecture stressed emotion, complexity, architecture stressed emotion, complexity, and exaggeration for dramatic effect and exaggeration for dramatic effect

Peter Paul Rubens was a master of the baroque stylePeter Paul Rubens was a master of the baroque style Painter Diego Valazquez and architect Gian Lorenzo Bernini Painter Diego Valazquez and architect Gian Lorenzo Bernini

performed their crafts in baroqueperformed their crafts in baroque

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Spreading CatholicismSpreading Catholicism

Many religious orders and individuals Many religious orders and individuals became involved in spreading Catholicismbecame involved in spreading Catholicism

04/19/2304/19/23 117117John3:16John3:16

Ignatius of LoyolaIgnatius of Loyola

Ignatius was a military man whose career Ignatius was a military man whose career ended after being wounded in battle. He ended after being wounded in battle. He founded the founded the Society of Jesus or JesuitsSociety of Jesus or JesuitsHad a long recovery and found comfort in the Had a long recovery and found comfort in the

lives of the saints and vowed to serve Godlives of the saints and vowed to serve GodWorked to spread Catholicism, combat heresyWorked to spread Catholicism, combat heresySpiritual discipline and obedience to the popeSpiritual discipline and obedience to the popeWore black robes of monks but didn’t Wore black robes of monks but didn’t

withdraw from world withdraw from world 04/19/2304/19/23 118118John3:16John3:16

Ignatius of Loyola (cont)Ignatius of Loyola (cont)

Jesuits (cont)Jesuits (cont)Preached, helped poor, set up schoolsPreached, helped poor, set up schoolsAdvised royal courtsAdvised royal courtsFounded universities, Jesuit learning centersFounded universities, Jesuit learning centersTaught theology, physics, astronomy, Taught theology, physics, astronomy,

mathematics, archeology, etc.mathematics, archeology, etc.Strengthened Catholicism in southern Strengthened Catholicism in southern

Germany, Bohemia, Poland, and HungaryGermany, Bohemia, Poland, and HungaryTook message to Americas, Africa, Asia Took message to Americas, Africa, Asia

04/19/2304/19/23 119119John3:16John3:16

Ignatius of Loyola Ignatius of Loyola

Jesuits (cont)Jesuits (cont)Matteo Ricci preached Christianity at the court Matteo Ricci preached Christianity at the court

of the Ming emperorof the Ming emperorLearned to speak Chinese to make it relevantLearned to speak Chinese to make it relevantDressed in Chinese clothingDressed in Chinese clothingShared with Chinese scholars his knowledge of Shared with Chinese scholars his knowledge of

European arts and sciences European arts and sciences

04/19/2304/19/23 120120John3:16John3:16

Teresa of AvilaTeresa of Avila

Teresa of Avila, Spanish nun born to a Teresa of Avila, Spanish nun born to a noble familynoble familyEntered Carmelite convent, but found it not Entered Carmelite convent, but found it not

strict enoughstrict enoughSet up her own order of Carmelite nunsSet up her own order of Carmelite nunsOpened many convents in SpainOpened many convents in SpainMade a saint after deathMade a saint after deathSpiritual writings are classics of ChristianitySpiritual writings are classics of Christianity

04/19/2304/19/23 121121John3:16John3:16

A Divided EuropeA Divided Europe

Catholic Holy Roman Emperor Charles V Catholic Holy Roman Emperor Charles V attempted to stop spread of Protestantismattempted to stop spread of ProtestantismNot successfulNot successfulPeace of AugsburgPeace of Augsburg, 1555, permitted princes , 1555, permitted princes

to choose the religion of their subjects to choose the religion of their subjects Divided Europe into Protestant north and Divided Europe into Protestant north and

Catholic south—remains so todayCatholic south—remains so today

04/19/2304/19/23 122122John3:16John3:16

A Divided Europe A Divided Europe

Germany and Scandinavia were LutheranGermany and Scandinavia were LutheranSouthern Germany, Switzerland, the Southern Germany, Switzerland, the

Netherlands, and Scotland were CalvinistNetherlands, and Scotland were CalvinistEngland set up Anglican church, blend of England set up Anglican church, blend of

Catholicism and Protestantism under royal Catholicism and Protestantism under royal controlcontrol

04/19/2304/19/23 123123John3:16John3:16

A Divided Europe A Divided Europe

Protestantism was popular in EuropeProtestantism was popular in EuropeReligious and non-religious factorsReligious and non-religious factorsGerman princes made Protestantism the German princes made Protestantism the

official religion, seizing the interests of the official religion, seizing the interests of the people and the lands of the Catholicspeople and the lands of the Catholics

Townspeople believed the new faith better Townspeople believed the new faith better supported their business practicessupported their business practices

Northern Europeans saw Protestantism as a Northern Europeans saw Protestantism as a way to defy Italian-controlled Catholic Church way to defy Italian-controlled Catholic Church that that drew so much money from their drew so much money from their homelandshomelands

04/19/2304/19/23 124124John3:16John3:16

A Divided Europe (cont)A Divided Europe (cont)

During the 1500s and early 1600s, During the 1500s and early 1600s, religious wars engulfed Europe, bringing religious wars engulfed Europe, bringing widespread killing and destructionwidespread killing and destructionFrance: fighting between French Protestants France: fighting between French Protestants

(Huguenots) and the Catholic majority(Huguenots) and the Catholic majoritySaint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre—violence Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre—violence

erupted that led to killing of 3000 Huguenotserupted that led to killing of 3000 HuguenotsReligious bigotry also brought hard times to Religious bigotry also brought hard times to

Europe’s Jews, caught in the middle of Christian Europe’s Jews, caught in the middle of Christian feuding. The Netherlands took in Jews feuding. The Netherlands took in Jews

04/19/2304/19/23 125125John3:16John3:16

Documents

Renaissance and Reformation World History Chapter 16 Section 1 8/25/20151John3:16