Renaisssance

Miguel de Cervantes

Demetrios Chalkokondyles

Manuel Chrysoloras

Francesco Colonna

Pietro Candido Decembrio

Andreas Divus

Petrus Haedus

Justus de Harduwijn

Robert Henryson

Pierre de Jarric

Hadrianus Junius

Jan Kochanowski

Juan López de Hoyos

Pedro Mexía

Nicolaus Olahus

Alonso Ortiz

Leonardos Philaras

Leontius Pilatus

Joan Roís de Corella

Diego Sánchez de Badajoz

Mary Sidney

Johann Sommer

Gérard Thibault d'Anvers

Robert Whittington

Lady Mary Wroth

Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra

(Spanish: [mi ˈɣ el de θer ̍ βantes saa ̍ βed ɾ a] ; 29 September 1547 (assumed) – 22 April 1616)

[1] was a Spanish novelist , poet, and playwright. His magnum opus, Don Quixote, considered to

be the first modern European novel,[2] is a classic of Western literature, and is regarded

amongst the best works of fiction ever written.[3] His influence on the Spanish language has

been so great that the language is often called la lengua de Cervantes ("the language of

Cervantes").[4] He was dubbed El Príncipe de los Ingenios ("The Prince of Wits").[5]

In 1569, Cervantes moved to Rome where he worked as chamber assistant of Giulio Acquaviva,

a wealthy priest who became a cardinal during the following year. By then, Cervantes had

enlisted as a soldier in a Spanish Navy infantry regiment and continued his military life until

1575, when he was captured by Algerian corsairs. After five years of slavery he was released

on ransom from his captors by his parents and the Trinitarians, a Catholic religious order . He

subsequently returned to his family in Madrid.

In 1585, Cervantes published a pastoral novel named La Galatea. Because of financial problems,

Cervantes worked as a purveyor for the Spanish Armada, and later as a tax collector. In 1597,

discrepancies in his accounts of three years previous landed him in the Crown Jail of Seville. In

1605, he was in Valladolid, just when the immediate success of the first part of his Don Quixote,

published in Madrid, signaled his return to the literary world. In 1607, he settled in Madrid,

where he lived and worked until his death. During the last nine years of his life, Cervantes

solidified his reputation as a writer; he published the Novelas ejemplares (Exemplary Novels) in

1613, the Journey to Parnassus (Viaje al Parnaso) in 1614, and in 1615, the Ocho comedias y

ocho entremeses and the second part of Don Quixote. Carlos Fuentes noted that, "Cervantes

leaves open the pages of a book where the reader knows himself to be written."[6]

Works

"La Gitanilla" ("The Gypsy Girl")

"El Amante Liberal" ("The Generous Lover")

"Rinconete y Cortadillo" ("Rinconete & Cortadillo")

"La Española Inglesa" ("The English Spanish Lady")

"El Licenciado Vidriera" ("The Lawyer of Glass")

"La Fuerza de la Sangre" ("The Power of Blood")

"El Celoso Extremeño" ("The Jealous Man From Extremadura")

"La Ilustre Fregona" ("The Illustrious Kitchen-Maid")

"Novela de las Dos Doncellas" ("The Novel of the Two Damsels")

"Novela de la Señora Cornelia" ("The Novel of Lady Cornelia")

"Novela del Casamiento Engañoso" ("The Novel of the Deceitful Marriage")

"El Coloquio de los Perros" ("The Dialogue of the Dogs")

Demetrios Chalkokondyles

Demetrios Chalkokondyles, was a Greek [9] humanist, scholar and Professor who taught

theGreek language in Italy for over forty years; at Padua,[10] Perugia,[11] Milan and Florence.

[12] Among his pupils were Janus Lascaris, Poliziano, Leo X,Castiglione, Giglio Gregorio

Giraldi, Stefano Negri, and Giovanni Maria Cattaneo,[13] he was associated with Marsilius

Ficinus, Angelus Politianus, and Theodorus Gaza in the revival of letters in the Western world.

One of his pupils at Florence was the famous Johann Reuchlin.[14] Chalkokondyles published the

first printed publications of Homer (in 1488), of Isocrates (in 1493), and of the Suda lexicon (in

1499).[15] In 1463 Chalkokondyles delivered an exhortation for crusade and the recovery and

liberation of his homeland Greece [16] from the invading Ottoman Turks.[17] He was one of the

most eminent Greek scholars in the West and also contributed to Italian Renaissance

literature and was the last of the Greek humanists who taught Greek literature at the great

universities of the Italian Renaissance (Padua, Florence, Milan).

Works

He wrote in Ancient Greek the grammar handbook "Summarized Questions on the Eight Parts

of Speech With Some Rules" (Ἐρωτήματα συνοπτικὰ τῶν ὀκτὼ τοῦ λόγου μερῶν μετὰ τινῶν

κανόνων). He translated Galen's Anatomy into Latin.As a scholar, Chalkokondyles published

the editio princeps of Homer (Ὁμήρου τὰ σωζόμενα, Florence 1488), Isocrates (Milan 1493)

and the Byzantine Suda lexicon (Σοῦδα, 1499).Greek Grammar, edited 1546 by Melchior

Volmar in Basel. Latin translation of the Anatomical Procedures of Galen, edited and published

in 1529 by Jacopo Berengario da Carpi 1488, editio princeps of

Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, Poiesis Hapasa, edited by Bernardus Nerlius and Chalkokondyles,

appeared in Florence, not before 13 January 1489, in two folio volumes. It was the first Greek

book to be printed in Florence. The Greek type used to print the 1488–1489 Homer is believed

to have been cast by the Cretan Demetrius Damilas from the type that he had used to

print Constantine Lascaris’ Erotemata (Milan 1476), the first book to be printed entirely in

Greek, based upon the hand of Damilas’s fellow scribe Michael Apostolis.

Manuel (or Emmanuel) Chrysoloras (Greek: Μανουὴλ Χρυσολωρᾶς; c. 1355 – 15 April 1415)

was a pioneer in the introduction of Greek literature to Western Europe during the late middle

ages.

He was born in Constantinople to a distinguished family. In 1390, he led an embassy sent to

Venice by the emperor Manuel II Palaeologus to implore the aid of the Christian princes against

the Muslim Turks. Roberto de' Rossi of Florence met him in Venice, and, in 1395, Rossi's

acquaintanceGiacomo da Scarperia set off for Constantinople to study Greek with Chrysoloras.

In 1396, Coluccio Salutati, the chancellor of the University of Florence, invited him to come and

teach Greek grammar and literature, quoting Cicero:

"The verdict of our own Cicero confirms that we Romans either made wiser innovations than

theirs by ourselves or improved on what we took from them, but of course, as he himself says

elsewhere with reference to his own day: "Italy is invincible in war, Greece in culture." For our

part, and we mean no offence, we firmly believe that both Greeks and Latins have always taken

learning to a higher level by extending it to each other's literature."

Chrysoloras arrived in the winter of 1397, an event remembered by one his most famous pupils,

the humanist scholar Leonardo Bruni, as a great new opportunity: there were many teachers of

law, but no one had studied Greek in Italy for 700 years. Another very famous pupil of

Chrysoloras wasAmbrogio Traversari, who became general of the Camaldolese order.

Chrysoloras remained only a few years in Florence, from 1397 to 1400, teaching Greek, starting

with the rudiments. He moved on to teach in Bologna and later in Venice and Rome. Though he

taught widely, a handful of his chosen students remained a close-knit group, among the first

humanists of the Renaissance. Among his pupils were numbered some of the foremost figures

of the revival of Greek studies in Renaissance Italy. Aside from Bruni and Ambrogio Traversari,

they included Guarino da Verona and Pallas Strozzi.

Having visited Milan and Pavia, and having resided for several years at Venice, he went to Rome

on the invitation of Bruni, who was then secretary to Pope Gregory XII. In 1408, he was sent to

Paris on an important mission from the emperor Manuel Palaeologus. In 1413, he went to

Germany on an embassy to the emperor Sigismund, the object of which was to fix a place for

the church council that later assembled at Constance. Chrysoloras was on his way there, having

been chosen to represent the Greek Church, when he died suddenly. His death gave rise to

commemorative essays of which Guarino da Verona made a collection in Chrysolorina.

Chrysoloras translated the works of Homer and Plato's Republic into Latin. His own works,

which circulated in manuscript in his lifetime, include brief works on the Procession of the Holy

Ghost, and letters to his brothers, to L. Bruni, Guauni, Traversari, and to Pallas Strozzi, as well as

two which were eventually printed, his Erotemata Civas Questiones which was the first basic

Greek grammar in use in Western Europe, first published in 1484 and widely reprinted, and

which enjoyed considerable success not only among his pupils in Florence, but also among later

leading humanists, being immediately studied by Thomas Linacre at Oxford and by Desiderius

Erasmus at Cambridge; and Epistolæ tres de comparatione veteris et novæ Romæ (Three Letters

on the Comparison of Old and New Rome, i.e. a comparison of Rome and Constantinople).

Many of his treatises on morals and ethics and other philosophical subjects came into print in

the 17th and 18th centuries, because of their antiquarian interest.

Introduction

William Shakespeare

April 1564 (baptised) – 23 April 1616)[nb 1] was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded

as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist.[1] He is

often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon".[2][nb 2] His extant works, including

some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays,[nb 3] 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and

a few other verses, the authorship of some of which is uncertain. His plays have been translated

into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other

playwright.[3]

Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon. At the age of 18, he

married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children:Susanna, and

twins Hamnet and Judith. Between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as

an actor, writer, and part-owner of aplaying company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later

known as the King's Men. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613 at age 49, where

he died three years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive, and there has been

considerable speculation about such matters as his physical appearance, sexuality, religious

beliefs, and whether the works attributed to him were written by others.[4]

Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613.[5][nb 4] His early plays

were mainly comedies and histories, genres he raised to the peak of sophistication and artistry

by the end of the 16th century. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608,

including Hamlet,King Lear, Othello, and Macbeth, considered some of the finest works in the

English language. In his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and

collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and accuracy during his lifetime.

In 1623, John Heminges and Henry Condell, two friends and fellow actors of Shakespeare,

published the First Folio, a collected edition of his dramatic works that included all but two of

the plays now recognised as Shakespeare's. It was prefaced with a poem by Ben Jonson, in

which Shakespeare is hailed, presciently, as "not of an age, but for all time."[6]

Shakespeare was a respected poet and playwright in his own day, but his reputation did not rise

to its present heights until the 19th century. TheRomantics, in particular, acclaimed

Shakespeare's genius, and the Victorians worshipped Shakespeare with a reverence

that George Bernard Shaw called "bardolatry".[7] In the 20th century, his work was repeatedly

adopted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship and performance. His plays

remain highly popular today and are constantly studied, performed, and reinterpreted in

diverse cultural and political contexts throughout the world.

William Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover

originally from Snitterfield, and Mary Arden, the daughter of an affluent landowning farmer.

[8] He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon and baptised there on 26 April 1564. His actual date of

birth remains unknown, but is traditionally observed on 23 April, Saint George's Day.[9] This

date, which can be traced back to an 18th-century scholar's mistake, has proved appealing to

biographers, since Shakespeare died 23 April 1616.[10] He was the third child of eight and the

eldest surviving son.[11]

Although no attendance records for the period survive, most biographers agree that

Shakespeare was probably educated at the King's New School in Stratford,[12] a free school

chartered in 1553,[13] about a quarter-mile from his home. Grammar schools varied in quality

during the Elizabethan era, but grammar school curricula were largely similar, the

basic Latin text was standardised by royal decree,[14] and the school would have provided an

intensive education in grammar based upon Latin classical authors.[15]

At the age of 18, Shakespeare married the 26-year-old Anne Hathaway. The consistory court of

the Diocese of Worcester issued a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next day, two of

Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing that no lawful claims impeded the

marriage.[16] The ceremony may have been arranged in some haste, since the

Worcester chancellor allowed the marriage banns to be read once instead of the usual three

times,[17] and six months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a daughter, Susanna, baptised 26

May 1583.[18] Twins, son Hamnet and daughterJudith, followed almost two years later and were

baptised 2 February 1585.[19] Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried

11 August 1596.[20]

After the birth of the twins, Shakespeare left few historical traces until he is mentioned as part

of the London theatre scene in 1592. The exception is the appearance of his name in the

'complaints bill' of a law case before the Queen's Bench court at Westminster dated

Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 October 1589.[21] Scholars refer to the years between 1585 and

1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years".[22] Biographers attempting to account for this period have

reported many apocryphal stories. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare’s first biographer, recounted a

Stratford legend that Shakespeare fled the town for London to escape prosecution for

deer poaching in the estate of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed to have

taken his revenge on Lucy by writing a scurrilous ballad about him.[23] Another 18th-century

story has Shakespeare starting his theatrical career minding the horses of theatre patrons in

London.[24] John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had been a country schoolmaster.[25] Some

20th-century scholars have suggested that Shakespeare may have been employed as a

schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain

"William Shakeshafte" in his will.[26] Little evidence substantiates such stories other

than hearsay collected after his death, and Shakeshafte was a common name in the Lancashire

area.

Works

Comedies

Main article: Shakespearean comedy

Histories

Main article: Shakespearean history

All's Well That Ends Well ‡

As You Like It

The Comedy of Errors

Love's Labour's Lost

Measure for Measure ‡

The Merchant of Venice *

The Merry Wives of Windsor

A Midsummer Night's Dream

Much Ado About Nothing

Pericles, Prince of Tyre *†

The Taming of the Shrew

The Tempest *

Twelfth Night

The Two Gentlemen of Verona

The Two Noble Kinsmen *†

The Winter's Tale *

King John

Richard II

Henry IV, Part 1

Henry IV, Part 2

Henry V

Henry VI, Part 1 †

Henry VI, Part 2

Henry VI, Part 3

Richard III

Henry VIII †

Poems

Shakespeare's sonnets

Venus and Adonis

Lost plays

Love's Labour's Won

The History of Cardenio †

The Rape of Lucrece

The Passionate Pilgrim [nb 5]

The Phoenix and the Turtle

A Lover's Complaint

Macbeth

was written by William Shakespeare. It is considered one of his darkest and

most powerful tragedies. Set in Scotland, the play dramatizes the corrosive

psychological and political effects produced when evil is chosen as a way to

fulfil the ambition for power.

The play is believed to have been written between 1603 and 1607, and is

most commonly dated 1606. The earliest account of a performance of what

was probably Shakespeare's play is April 1611, when Simon

Forman recorded seeing such a play at the Globe Theatre. It was first

published in the Folio of 1623, possibly from a prompt book. It was most

likely written during the reign of James I, who had been James VI of Scotland

before he succeeded to the English throne in 1603. James was a patron of

Shakespeare’s acting company, and of all the plays Shakespeare wrote

during James’s reign, Macbeth most clearly reflects the playwright’s

relationship with the sovereign.

Macbeth is Shakespeare’s shortest tragedy, and tells the story of a brave

Scottish general named Macbeth who receives a prophecy from a trio of

witches that one day he will become King of Scotland. Consumed by

ambition and spurred to action by his wife, Macbeth murders King Duncan

and takes the throne for himself. He is then wracked with guilt and

paranoia, and he soon becomes a tyrannical ruler as he is forced to commit

more and more murders to protect himself from enmity and suspicion. The

bloodbath and consequent civil war swiftly take Macbeth and Lady Macbeth

into the realms of arrogance, madness, and death.

Macbeth is a 2006 Australian adaptation of William Shakespeare's Macbeth.

It was directed by Geoffrey Wright and features an ensemble cast

including Sam Worthington, Victoria Hill and Lachy Hulme. Macbeth, filmed

in Melbourne and Victoria, was released in Australia on 21 September 2006.

Wright and Hill wrote the script, which — although it uses a modern-day

Melbourne gangster setting, and the actors deliver the dialogue in

Australian accents — largely maintains the language of the original play.[1]

Macbeth was selected to screen at the Toronto International Film Festival in

September 2006.[2]

Submitted by:

Nor-ain Talambungan

Maeyda Dayadtog

Submitted to:

Mrs. Celestina Consomo