Marco Schmidt

Technische Universität Berlin

Institute of Architecture

Phasenwechsel Working Group

19.5.2015 Hotel de ville de Paris

Rendre la ville dense plus vivable et résiliente grace à la végétalisation

Energy Optimized Construction: www.enob.info

Sustainable Infrastructure: www.kuras-projekt.de

first project a few years later

Berlin: first visions 1983

First Projects

Program of careful urban renewal

Block “108 Berlin-Kreuzberg”,

Group “Ökotop” TU Berlin 1983

Water Energy

www.watergy.de www.watergy.eu

Water Energy

700 kWh/ m³ at 45 °C

Water heated from 30 to 90°C = 70 kWh/m³

Phase Change Material (PCM) = 61 kWh/m³

Global Radiation Balance

Data after physicalgeorgaphy.net

Urban Radiation Balance Example: Asphalt roof

Dramatic reduction in evapo-transpiration on land

Daily loss of 800 km² of vegetation worldwide

Daily deforestation rate: 450 km²

Daily reforestation: 100 km²

Net loss of forests daily: 350 km²

Daily ongoing global urbanization: 150 km²

Daily global desertification: 300 km²

Size of Berlin: 800 km²

800 km² daily !

Large and small water cycle

www.waterparadigm.org (Kravcik 2007)

Green Roof Radiation Balance

Surface Temperatures Asphalt Roof – Green Roof (Infrared measurements)

Temperatures 20.6.2001

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[°C]

Surface Black roof

Surface Green roof

Sealing Green roof

Air 0m Green roof

Air 1m Green roof

Institute of Physics, Humboldt-University Berlin-Adlershof

Scientific Monitoring/ Evaluation 2002-2010 Berlin Senate for Urban Development 2011-2013: EnEff Stadt, BMWi via PTJ 2014-2016: INIS, BMBF via PTJ

Institute of Physics, Humboldt- University Berlin

Institute of Physics, Humboldt- University Berlin

Rainwater harvesting for cooling, tank size: 40 m³

450 climbing plants in 150 planter boxes providing shade and evaporative cooling

Evaporative exhaust air cooling in 8 air conditioners

Main Goal: Reduction of operating costs

Heating Consumption: 216 kWh/ m²a

Heat for Cold: 132,7 kWh/ m²a

Production of Cold: 62,6 kWh/ m²a

Primary energy factor for district heating: 0.16 Primary energy factor for electricity: 2.3 (2.6)

Final Energy

Primary Energy Demand according DIN V 18599 (calculated)

compared to consumption (measured)

5843

4747

257

51

23

56

24

43

6

135

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Demand Consumption

kWh

/(m

²a)

CompressionCoolingDistrict-heatingAbsorption Chiller Auxiliary EnergyAbsorption ChillerHumidificationVentilationVentilation

Light

Heating

100%

150%

200%

250%

300%

350%

400%

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

18070

28070

38070

48070

58070

68070

Kt CO2

(EU Total)

Germany (%)

Greece (%)

France (%)

Spain (%)

Italy (%)

EU Total (% and Kt CO2/a)

M.Schmidt 2006 after: EECCAC 4/2003

Goal: Decrease of energy consumption of buildings by 2020: 50% !!

But: Increase of energy consumption for cooling: 260%

Source: Energy Efficiency and Certification of Central Air Conditioners (EECCAC)

Study for the D.G. Transportation-Energy (DGTREN) of the Commission of the E.U.

Reasons for Global Increase in Cooling Demand

1: Increase in use of glass

2: Decrease in Heat Capacity, use of light materials

3: Increase in electricity consumption, heat load inside

4: Increase in Urban Heat Island Effect

5: Global Warming

Never use electricity to cool a building !

680 kWh Cold

310 kWh Electricity (annual COP 2,2)

990 kWh Sensible Heat

Released Outside

Actinidia kolomikta 24 Akebia quintata 70 Akebia trifoliate 48 Aristolochia macrophylla 7 Aristolochia tomentosa 12 Campsis radicans 40 Campsis tagliabuana 'Mme Galen' 14 Clematis orientalis 'Bill Mac Kenzie' 20 Clematis paniculata 14 Clematis tangutica 'Helios' 189 Clematis vitalba 42 Hydrangea petiolaris 54 Hydrangea arborescens 1 Lonicera periclymenum 31 Parthenocissuns inserta 8 Parthenocissus quinquefolia 94 Vitis coignetiae 130 Vitis vinifera `Phönix 22 Wisteria sinensis `alba´ 51 Wisteria sinensis `Prolific´ 76

Sum 947

Used Species (20)

Irrigation System

Mean ETP of a facade greening system, Adlershof Physik 7/15/05-09/14/05

0

5

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25

30

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[mm/d]

0,0

3,4

6,8

10,2

13,6

17,0

20,4

[kWh/m²d]

south facade, 2nd floor

south facade, 3rd floor

south facade, 1st floor

courtyard, 1 st floor

courtyard, 2nd floor

courtyard, 3rd floor

Mean daily evapo-transpiration 7/15/05-09/14/05 corresponding cooling rate: 280 kWh per day

Comparison conv.blinds with green facade on energy demand and solar yield

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3

12:0

3

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3

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3

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3

20:0

3

22:0

30:

032:

034:

036:

088:

08

10:1

3

12:1

3

14:1

3

16:1

3

18:1

3

20:1

3

22:1

30:

132:

134:

136:

138:

13

10:1

3

12:1

3

14:1

4

16:1

4

18:1

4

20:1

4

22:1

4

G4

V4

G5

V5

Primary Energy needed for Heating and Cooling

1618 18 18

20

64

47

37 38

21

80

65

56 56

41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

without Sunblinds Sunblinds (conv.,

manual, standard)

Sunblinds (conv.,

automat., standard)

Sunblinds (conv.,

Measured Data)

Green Façade

(Measured Data)

kWh

/(m

²a)

Heating kWh/(m²a) Cooling kWh/(m²a) Total kWh/(m²a)

Investment 3M membrane: 38.000 €

Maintenance: 16.525 €/a

Maintanance: 1.300 €/a

Identified Problems

Pesticides (such as „Preventol B2“) leaching from building materials caused a die back of 80% of most species in the first 5 years.

Most of the pesticides in our surface waters are leaching out of building materials.

3.9 million tons of pesticides are annually sold in Europe for use in building materials (EAWAG, CH).

Evaporative Exhaust Air Cooling (rainwater based)

Difference in conv. energy consumption with and without evaporative cooling

hottest day: 38°C => savings 70% expected annual savings => 90%

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20.7.06

0:02

20.7.06

4:07

20.7.06

8:07

20.7.06

12:07

20.7.06

16:12

20.7.06

20:27

21.7.06

0:27

21.7.06

4:27

21.7.06

8:27

21.7.06

12:32

21.7.06

16:32

21.7.06

20:37

[°C]

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

[kW]Aussentemperatur [°C]

Anlage 4 [kW]

Conductivity max

Rainwater 30 µS 1600 µS

Tap water 700 µS 1600 µS

Costs for Cooling 1 g H2O: 2450 J = 2450 Ws a 100 °C

1 m³ = 2720 MJ = 700 kWh a 45 °C

Adiabatic: 1,06 € (0,185 €/kWh)

Compression: 90,24 € (0,185 €/kWh COP 2,05)

Absorption: 161,04 € (0,0376 €/kWh WZ 0,47)

Use rainwater instead of tap water: no treatment for lime necessary !

21,25 €

6,18 €

60,05 €

90,24 €

1,06 €

79,75 €

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Absorption Compression Adiabatic

Costs for Cooling - 1000 kWh -

Heat

Electricity

Water

€

Böll Foundation, Berlin

Potsdamer Platz, Berlin City Center

Requirements by city administration and water supplyer

in the planning process:

Maximum drainage into the combined sewer system

of less than 1% !

Currently common: less than 30%

Background: 20-30 times per year overload of the

combined sewer in Berlin

Potsdamer Platz, Berlin

40,000 m² of greened roofs

2550 m³ in 4 tanks for toilet flush and fire fighting

12.000 m² urban lake, 1200 m² constructed wetland

3500 m³ stormwater retention in lake (30 cm)

Overall stormwater retention: 125 mm

Architekten: Renzo Piano, Kohlbecker u.a.

Landschaftsarchitektur: Krüger/ Möhrle, Daniel Roehr, Berlin

Urbanes Gewässer: Atelier Dreiseitl, Überlingen

Influential a) Demand by city water administration

b) Landscape plan/ “Biotope Area Factor” BAF (as part of the building permit requirements)

c) Berlins “Climate Change Adaptation Plan”

d) Split in wastewater fee (but: not yet used as an instrument !)

Prices Berlin 2012: Water 2,17 €/m³ Wastewater 2,46 €/m³ Rainwater 1,90 €/m²a (=3,80 €/m³)

Egypt 2009

Agadir, Morocco 5/2008

Agadir, Morocco 5/2008

Agadir, Morocco today compared to descriptions by ancient Greek geographer Strabo: "all of the [land] between Carthage and the Pillars of Hercules [from Tunis to the Atlantic ocean] is of an extreme fertility." Morocco was often singled out as "one of the most beautiful and fertile countries of the earth" and was frequently described as "one of the granaries of Rome"

Brandenburg, Germany, 2011 after Harvesting

Precipitation Rates Germany

Palaeogeography: we dry out the planet

We are turning the

planet into a desert !

Why does CO2 correlate with the global temperature ?

Photosynthesis process is responsible for the stock of CO2 in the atmosphere, not anthropogenic emissions !

0,04% CO2

20,9% O2

Respiration 60 Gt/a

Emissions 5 Gt/a

Renewable Biomass ?

http://www.gebaeudekuehlung.de

http://www.watergy.de

http://www.waterparadigm.org

http://www.phasenwechsel.com

http://www.enob.info

http://www.kuras-projekt.de

Thank you for your attention !