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This picture shows Austria’s one and only nuclear power plant, AKW Zwentendorf. It was completed, but never went into operation due to a referendum in 1978. The pho-tovoltaic modules in front were realized on the site with a public participation financing model. Thus, forty years later the nuclear power plant is producing renewable energy.
Renewable Energy 2018Economic and climate relevant figures and aspects of Austria and of the European Union
Imprint
Media owner and publisher: Federal Ministry for Sustainability and TourismStubenring 1, 1010 Vienna, Austriabmnt.gv.at
Overall coordination: Eva MastnyDepartment of sustainable finance and regional economy policy (IV/3)
Author: Peter BiermayrCentre for Energy Economics and Environment, e-think, ViennaTranslation: Evelyne Prem
Picture credits: EVN Moser (cover)Foreword: BMNT/Paul Gruber
Graphic Design: Feinschliff Grafik, Litho und Produktion GmbH, Wien
All rights reserved.Vienna, September 2018
Table of contents
Foreword 4
Introduction 5
Greenhouse gas emissions of the EU 28 6
Air emissions intensity of the EU 28 7
Gross inland energy consumption of the EU 28 countries and energy intensity of the gross domestic product 8
Development of the gross inland energy consumption per economic output and per inhabitant 9
Structure of the gross inland energy consumption of the EU 28 countries and of Austria 10
Structure of the gross inland energy consumption of renewable energy in the EU 28 countries and in Austria 11
Allocation of primary energy in the EU 28 countries and in Austria 12
Allocation of primary energy of renewable energy sources in the EU 28 countries and in Austria 13
Development of the use of renewable energy in the EU 28 countries and in Austria 14
Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption and targets for 2020 15
Productivity of the gross inland energy consumption of the EU 28 countries in 2016 and temporal development 16
Turnover and jobs in the economic sector technologies for the use of renewable energy in Austria 17
Development of net energy import in relation to gross inland consumption 18
Share of renewable energy in electricity supply 19
Electricity prices 20
Prices for natural gas 21
Fuel prices 22
Country codes of the EU 28 member states 23
4 Foreword
Foreword
Climate change is the biggest challenge of the 21st century. Austria has set itself am-
bitious goals for climate and environment protection. The Climate and Energy Strategy
of the Austrian Government #mission2030 shall be the end of the fossil era. The key to
success is decarbonizing the economy and energy systems. Austria intends to reduce
its greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 by 36% compared to 2005 and to produce 100%
of electricity from renewable sources. These goals will be achieved by a combination of
efficient use of all energies, a rising share of renewable energy production and targeted
support of innovative technologies.
It is crucial that politics, economy and society work closely together. The energy transi-
tion is not only a moral liability but also a chance for companies to create future-proof
jobs and new export opportunities. Both public and private investment have to support
the energy transition. Public funding should encourage private investment. All public
incentives and grants should be tested to ensure they will not run counter to climate
and energy targets. Increased awareness-raising and information campaigns should
boost demand for climate-friendly, energy-efficient products, services and technologies
and encourage the necessary investments. With initial and continuing training, highly
qualified staff will be able to support the necessary transformation.
It is not about de-industrialization, but transition. Energy transition is much more than
change of technologies; it is also a cultural project – the awareness that we need a new
way to produce, to work, to consume and to live. The underlying structures of energy
supply, of settlements, of transport have to be made fit for the energy transitions and
the new conditions of changed climates. Doing so will not only protect the climate but
will raise economic value and will make Austria future-proof. We cannot postpone the
necessary steps any further. It is high time to act decidedly!
Elisabeth Köstinger Federal Minister for Sustainability and Tourism
5Introduction
Introduction
The energy and climate policy of the European Union aims at the limitation of the global
warming to 2 degrees Celsius compared to the pre-industrial level and it aims at the
transformation of the European economies in sustainable economic systems.
The first climate and energy package was decided by the Heads of State and Government
of the EU member states in 2007. The targets of the package concern the period up
to 2020 and plan a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions by 20% in relation to 1990,
reaching a share of renewable energy in the energy consumption of the EU of 20%, as
well as the improvement of the energy efficiency by 20%.
Based on this first climate and energy package, the frame for a long-term EU climate and
energy policy up to 2030 was decided by the Heads of State and Government of the EU
member states in 2014. This agreement contains a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions
by at least 40% compared to the level of 1990, an increase of the share of renewable
energy sources to at least 27%, and an increase of energy efficiency by at least 27%.
The long-term plans of the EU by 2050 aim at an extensive decarbonization of the
European economy whereby a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions by 80% compared
to the level of 1990 is planned. In order to reach this ambitious goal all sectors within the
frame of their technical and economic potential have to make significant contributions.
Thereby continuous progress along the target path is of key importance.
The cornerstones of the Austrian climate and energy strategy for 2030 include a 36%
decrease in greenhouse gas emissions compared to 2005 emissions, an increase to 45%
of the share of renewable energy, and a 25 – 30% improvement of the primary energy
intensity of the gross domestic product compared the intensity of 2015. Furthermore,
by 2030, 100% of electricity consumption shall come from renewable sources.
In 2016, Austria reached a share of renewables of the total energy consumption of 33.5%
and a share of renewables of the electricity consumption of 71.7%. The national goal
for renewables for 2020 with 34% is therefore close. The share of renewable energy in
Austria is high in comparison to most of the EU member states whereas especially the
areas hydro power and solid biomass make major contributions to this share.
The present brochure presents selected indicators which make the progress on the path
into a sustainable future quantifiable. Its aim is to show structural developments of the
use and production of energy in the EU. The documented figures thereby refer to the
latest available figures of 2016. Section diagrams show the structural variety of the EU
member states, and the time series diagrams for chosen countries make the evaluation
of essential trends possible.
Energy in Figures 20186
Greenhouse gas emissions of the EU 28
Regarding the greenhouse gas emissions two areas are distinguished in the EU:
The EU emissions trading system (ETS) is the EU’s key tool for cutting greenhouse gas
emissions from large-scale facilities in the power and industry sectors, as well as the
aviation sector. The ETS covers around 45% of the EU’s greenhouse gas emissions. In
2020 the emissions from these sectors should be 21% lower than in 2005.
The non ETS sectors – accounting for roughly 55% of the total EU emissions –
consist of e. g. housing, agriculture, waste and transport. EU countries have agreed upon
binding annual targets until 2020 for cutting emissions in these sectors compared to
2005 under the “Effort-sharing decision”. The targets differ according to national wealth.
In 2016, greenhouse gas emissions in Austria amounted to 79.7 million tons of
CO2eq. Emissions were thus 1.0% above the level of 2015 and 1.2% above the level of
1990. The greenhouse gas emissions of the EU 28 were 24% lower in 2016 than in 1990
which is within the EU target for 2020.
Figure 2: Development of the greenhouse gas emissions of selected countries in relation to the level of 1990 [%]
60%
80%
100%
120%
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
200
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Source: Eurostat
Figure 1: Greenhouse gas emissions of the EU 28 countries in relation to the level of 1990 [%]
Lith
uani
a
Latv
ia
Rom
ania
Esto
nia
Slov
akia
Bulg
aria
Uni
ted
King
dom
Hun
gary
Cze
chia
Den
mar
k
Ger
man
y
Swed
en
EU 2
8
Cro
atia
Luxe
mbo
urg
Belg
ium
Italy
Finl
and
Fran
ce
Pola
nd
Net
herla
nds
Gre
ece
Mal
ta
Slov
enia
Aus
tria
Irela
nd
Spai
n
Port
ugal
Cypr
us
-60%
-40%
-20%
0%
40%
20%
60%
Source: Eurostat
EU28 AT DE IT FR SE
7Energy in Figures 2018
Air emissions intensity of the EU 28
The air emissions intensity per gross value added varies in the EU 28 countries over a wide
range. In 2016 the lowest intensity could be observed in Sweden with 128 grams CO2eq
per euro whereas the intensity in Bulgaria was 1147 grams CO2eq per euro. The intensity
was therefore by a factor 9 higher in Bulgaria than in Sweden. In the same year Austria
had an air emissions intensity of 190 grams CO2eq per euro. Austria was thereby among
the EU countries with the lowest intensities.
The development of the air emissions intensities has a constantly decreasing trend
in most of the EU countries. Overall this has also led to a significant reduction of the air
emissions intensity of the EU 28 in the past few years. In 2016 the air emissions intensity
per gross value added was 265 grams CO2eq per euro in the EU 28.
Figure 3: Air emissions intensity of the EU 28 countries in 2016 [grams CO2eq per euro]
Figure 4: Development of the air emissions intensity for selected countries [grams CO2eq per euro]
Swed
en
Fran
ce
Luxe
mbo
urg
Uni
ted
King
dom
Aus
tria
Irela
nd
Italy
Belg
ium
Spai
n
EU 2
8
Ger
man
y
Finl
and
Net
herla
nds
Mal
ta
Den
mar
k
Port
ugal
Slov
enia
Cypr
us
Cro
atia
Gre
ece
Latv
ia
Hun
gary
Slov
akia
Lith
uani
a
Cze
ch R
epub
lic
Rom
ania
Pola
nd
Esto
nia
Bulg
aria
0
200
400
600
1000
800
1200
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 100
150
200
400
250
300
350
Source: Eurostat
Source: Eurostat
EU28 AT DE IT FR SE
Energy in Figures 20188
Gross inland energy consumption of the EU 28 countries and energy intensity of the gross domestic product
The five member states with the highest absolute energy consumption (Germany, France,
Great Britain, Italy and Spain) are commonly responsible for 62.9% of the gross inland
energy consumption of the EU 28. The gross inland energy consumption of Germany is
thereby 9.4-times higher than the Austrian. The energy intensity of the gross domes-
tic product of Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy and Spain is comparably low and
amounts to 4420 GJ/million € on average. The energy intensity in Austria corresponds
with 4471 GJ/million €, precisely the average of the great European industrial nations.
Figure 5: Gross inland energy consumption of the EU 28 countries in 2016 [PJ]
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
DE FR GB IT ES PL NL BE SE CZ FI AT RO HU GR PT BG DK SK IE HR LT SI EE LV LU CY MT Source: Eurostat
Figure 6: Gross inland energy consumption per GDP of the EU 28 countries in 2016 [GJ/million €]
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
DE FR GB IT ES PL NL BE SE CZ FI AT RO HU GR PT BG DK SK IE HR LT SI EE LV LU CY MT
Source: Eurostat
9Energy in Figures 2018
Development of the gross inland energy consumption per economic output and per inhabitant
The gross inland energy consumption per economic output has successively decreased in
the European Union in the period from 2000 to 2016. This also applies to the particular
national states whereby not only the intensity itself has decreased but also the range
of fluctuation among the particular national states. The reduction of the gross inland
consumption of the EU 28 amounted to 23.4% in the period from 2000 to 2016, and the
reduction in Austria amounted to 6.5%, although starting from an already significantly
lower value. With regard to the energy consumption per capita, a similar trend can be
observed; however, this trend is not so well-marked. In this case, the reduction in the
EU 28 states amounted to 9.4% in the period from 2000 to 2016, whereas in Austria in
the same period an increase of 7.3% was recorded.
Figure 7: Development of gross inland energy consumption per GDP of selected EU countries [GJ/million €]
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
30002000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Source: Eurostat
Figure 8: Development of gross inland energy consumption per capita of selected EU countries [GJ/capita]
100
150
200
250
300
502000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Source: Eurostat
EU28 AT DE IT FR SE
EU28 AT DE IT FR SE
Energy in Figures 201810
Structure of the gross inland energy consumption of the EU 28 countries and of Austria
The gross inland energy consumption in the EU 28 is dominated by fossil oil (34.6%) and
natural gas (23.3%), as well as coal and coal products (14.7%). Combined with nuclear
power (13.2%) and a small amount of non-renewable wastes (0.9%), the gross inland
energy consumption of the EU 28 amounts, therefore, to 86.8% of fossil or nuclear energy
and to 13.2% of renewable energy. The gross inland energy consumption of Austria has
a significantly different structure, containing a much higher percentage of renewable
energy (29.7%) and no nuclear energy. The percentage of fossil oil and natural gas are
comparable with the EU 28 average and the percentage of coal and coal products is
comparatively lower. The high percentage of renewable energy in Austria is primarily
due to the intensive use of hydro power and solid biomass.
Figure 9: Structure of gross inland energy consumption of the EU 28 countries in 2016 [%], in total 68689 PJ
Fossil solid fuels (incl. coal) 14.7%
Fossil oil 34.6%
Fossil gas 23.3%
Renewables 13.2%
Non renewable wastes 0.9%
Nuclear heat 13.2%
Electricity 0.1%Source: Eurostat
Figure 10: Structure of gross inland energy consumption of Austria in 2016 [%], in total 1418 PJ
Fossil solid fuels (incl. coal) 8.7%
Fossil oil 36.2%
Fossil gas 21.2%
Renewables 29.7%
Non renewable wastes 2.4%
Electricity 1.8%Source: Eurostat
11Energy in Figures 2018
Figure 11: Structure of renewable gross inland energy consumption of the EU 28 countries in 2016 [%], in total 9069 PJ
Hydro power 13.9%
Wind power 12.0%
Solarthermics 2.0%
Solar PV 4.2%
Solid biomass 45.3%
Charcoal 0.1%
Biogas 7.6%
Municipal waste (renewable) 4.8%
Liquid biofuels 7.0%
Geothermics 3.1%
Structure of the gross inland energy consumption of renewable energy in the EU 28 countries and in Austria
The gross inland energy consumption of renewable energy in the EU 28 countries is dom-
inated by the use of solid biomass with a percentage of 45.4%. This contains firewood,
wood chips, wood pellets and bark. Further great sectors are hydro power (13.9%), wind
power (12.0%) and biogas (7.7%). Combining the mentioned sectors, this amounts to a
percentage of 79.0% of all renewable energy sources at the EU level. Biodiesel, renewable
wastes, photovoltaics, geothermics, solarthermics and a few others have a combined
percentage of 21%. Conditions in Austria partly differ considerably from this structure.
The percentage of solid biomass (47.7%) and of hydro power (34.1%) combined already
amount to 81.8%, whereas, in particular, a fairly higher percentage of hydro power than
in the EU 28 can be observed.
Source: Eurostat
Figure 12: Structure of renewable gross inland energy consumption of Austria in 2016 [%], in total 421 PJ
Hydro power 34.1%
Wind power 4.5%
Solarthermics 1.9%
Solar PV 0.9%
Solid biomass 47.7%
Charcoal 0.1%
Biogas 3.1%
Municipal waste (renewable) 1.7%
Liquid biofuels 5.7%
Geothermics 0.3% Source: Eurostat
Energy in Figures 201812
Allocation of primary energy in the EU 28 countries and in Austria
The allocated primary energy within the state borders in the EU 28 countries is for the
most part fossil energy consisting of mineral oil, natural gas, coal and non-renewable
wastes (combined 43.4%) as well as an approximately equal share of nuclear energy
(28.7%) and renewable energy (27.9%).
The situation in Austria differs widely from this structure. Primary energy from
renewable sources dominates with 79.1%. Furthermore, mineral oil and natural gas are
obtained and non-renewable wastes are used (overall 20.9%). Coal has not been produced
in Austria since 1996.
Figure 14: Structure of primary energy production of Austria in 2016 [%], in total 517 PJ
Fossil oil 6.4%
Fossil gas 7.9%
Renewables 79.1%
Non renewable wastes 6.6%
Figure 13: Structure of primary energy production of the EU 28 countries in 2016 [%], in total 31627 PJ
Fossil solid fuels (incl. coal) 17.5%
Fossil oil 9.8%
Fossil gas 14.2%
Renewables 27.9%
Non renewable wastes 1.9%
Nuclear heat 28.7%Source: Eurostat
Source: Eurostat
13Energy in Figures 2018
Figure 15: Structure of renewable primary energy production of the EU 28 countries in 2016 [%], in total 8822 PJ
Hydro power 14.3%
Wind power 12.4%
Solarthermics 2.0%
Solar PV 4.3%
Solid biomass 44.7%
Biogas 7.9%
Municipal waste (renewable) 4.7%
Liquid biofuels 6.5%
Geothermics 3.2%
Figure 16: Structure of renewable primary energy production of Austria in 2016 [%], in total 409 PJ
Hydro power 35.1%
Wind power 4.6%
Solarthermics 1.9%
Solar PV 1.0%
Solid biomass 48.1%
Biogas 3.2%
Municipal waste (renewable) 1.8%
Liquid biofuels 4.0%
Geothermics 0.3%
Allocation of primary energy of renewable energy sources in the EU 28 countries and in Austria
The allocation of renewable primary energy in the EU 28 countries is similarly struc-
tured to the gross inland energy consumption because there is no structure distorting
exchange over the system limits. The allocated renewable primary energy is based at
a high percentage on the use of solid biomass (44.7%). The other large parts are in the
area of hydro power (14.3%) wind power (12.4%) and biogas (7.9%).
The allocation of primary energy of renewable sources in Austria is mainly shaped
by the use of solid biomass (48.1%) and the use of hydro power (35.1%). The structure of
the allocation has a clearly lower diversification, as is the case with the EU 28 countries.
Source: Eurostat
Source: Eurostat
Energy in Figures 201814
Development of the use of renewable energy in the EU 28 countries and in Austria
The use of renewable energy has tripled in the EU 28 countries from 1990 to 2016.
However, the percentage of renewable energy of the gross inland energy consumption
has increased from 4.3% to 13.2%. The basis for the use of renewable energy is the use
of hydro power and the use of solid biomass; the use of hydro power has increased only
by a factor of 1.2 over this period whereas the use of solid biomass has increased by a
factor of 2.4. Since the year 2000, on a strong growth of the “new” renewable energy
sources such as wind power, biofuel or biogas can be observed.
Development in Austria follows a similar course to that at the European level,
where the use of renewable energy from 1990 to 2016 has doubled and the percentage of
renewable energy of gross inland energy consumption has increased from 20.1% to 29.7%.
Figure 17: Renewable gross inland energy consumption in the EU 28 countries [ktoe]
Figure 18: Renewable gross inland energy consumption in Austria [ktoe]
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
200
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
0
4,000
2,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
200
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Source: Eurostat
Source: Eurostat
Other renewables
Geothermics
Liquid biofuels
Municipal waste (renewable)
Biogas
Solid biomass
Solar PV
Solarthermics
Wind power
Hydro power
Other renewables
Geothermics
Liquid biofuels
Municipal waste (renewable)
Biogas
Solid biomass
Solar PV
Solarthermics
Wind power
Hydro power
15Energy in Figures 2018
Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption and targets for 2020
The share of renewable energy in the energy consumption of the EU 28 countries
amounted to 17.0% in 2016 and was still 3.0 percentage points less than the target of
20.0% for 2020. Austria has, with 34% of renewable energy in the energy consumption
mix, the fourth highest target for 2020 after Sweden, Finland and Latvia, and, is with
33.5%, only half a percentage point short of this target. Examples of countries that have
already reached their renewable target in 2016 are Sweden (53.8% renewable), Finland
(38.7%), Denmark (32.2%), Estonia (28.8%), Croatia (28.3%) and Lithuania (25.6%). The
temporal progress of the development of the share of renewable energy shows that
great efforts are still necessary if the EU target of 20.0% should be reached in 2020.
Figure 19: Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption; shares 2016 and target 2020
0
10
20
30
40
50
Luxe
mbo
urg
Mal
ta
Net
herla
nds
Belg
ium
Cypr
us
Unite
d Ki
ngdo
m
Irela
nd
Pola
nd
Slov
akia
Hun
gary
Ger
man
y
Czec
h Re
publ
ic
Gre
ece
Fran
ce
EU 2
8
Spai
n
Bulg
aria
Slov
enia
Rom
ania
Lith
uani
a
Croa
tia
Port
ugal
Esto
nia
Denm
ark
Aust
ria
Latv
ia
Finl
and
Swed
en
Italy
1110
1413131516151413
1813
18
232020
1716
25242320
3125
3034
4038
49
Source: Eurostat
Target 2020
Share 2016
Figure 20: Development of shares of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption and targets 2020
10
5
15
20
25
30
35
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016Source: Eurostat
Target 2020 Austria
Development Austria
Target 2020 EU 28
Development EU 28
Energy in Figures 201816
Productivity of the gross inland energy consumption of the EU 28 countries in 2016 and temporal development
The economic productivity of the gross inland energy consumption has a great range
of fluctuation among the EU 28 countries. The minimal productivity with 2.4 € per kg oil
equivalent occurs in Bulgaria and the maximal productivity of 17.0 € per kg oil equivalent
is found in Ireland. For the EU 28 countries the average amounts to 8.4 € per kg oil equiv-
alent. In Austria, the productivity amounts to 9.4 € per kg oil equivalent, and is therefore
above the EU 28 average. The temporal development of the productivity is marked by a
constant increase for the EU 28 countries but also for most of the national states. The
productivity in the EU 28 countries has increased from 2000 to 2016 by 29.2% and in
Austria by 6.8%, whereas the base level in Austria was already comparatively high in 2000.
Figure 21: Energy productivity of EU 28 countries in 2016 [€/kgoe]
0
6
4
2
8
10
12
16
14
18
Bulg
aria
Esto
nia
Czec
h Re
publ
ic
Hun
gary
Pola
nd
Rom
ania
Slov
akia
Latv
ia
Lith
uani
a
Cro
atia
Finl
and
Slov
enia
Belg
ium
Cypr
us
Port
ugal
Gre
ece
EU 2
8
Fran
ce
Net
herla
nds
Swed
en
Ger
man
y
Spai
n
Aust
ria
Italy
Uni
ted
King
dom
Luxe
mbo
urg
Mal
ta
Den
mar
k
Irela
nd Source: Eurostat
Figure 22: Development of energy productivity of selected countries [€/kgoe]
6
8
7
9
10
11
52000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Source: Eurostat
EU28 AT DE IT FR SE
17Energy in Figures 2018
Turnover and jobs in the economic sector technologies for the use of renewable energy in Austria
The effects of the use of renewable energy by far exceed the reduction of climate-
damaging greenhouse gases and an increase of the degree of self-supply of energy
in the European economies. Turnover, added value, and employment in this economic
sector are equally important factors. Economic activity is created thereby through the
production of the technical components, the planning and construction of the installations
and through the operation and maintenance of the installations. The economic effects
can be divided into investment effects and operational effects. They occur along the
value-added chain in the domestic market as well as in the export market. In Austria, in
the economic sector renewable energy, a primary total turnover of 7.2 billion euros and
a primary employment effect of 41.600 full-time equivalents could be achieved in 2016.
Figure 23: Primary turnover of renewables in Austria in 2016 [million euros], in total 7.2 billion euros
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Wind power
Hydro power
Heatpumps
Solarthermics
Solar PV
Geothermics
Biogas (all)
Liquid biofuels
Solid biomass Source: Renewable Energy in Figures, BMNT (2017)
Investment effects
Operation effects
Figure 24: Shares of primary employment of renewables in Austria in 2016 [full time equivalent], in total 41591 full time equivalents
Hydro power 16.3%
Wind power 11.2%
Solarthermics 5.6%
Solar PV 8.2%
Solid biomass 49.7%
Biogas 1.0%
Liquid biofuels 2.8%
Geothermics 0.2%
Heatpumps 5.0%Source: Renewable Energy in Figures, BMNT (2017)
Energy in Figures 201818
Development of net energy import in relation to gross inland consumption
The dependence of the European Union on imported energy from partly unstable parts
of the world is a topic of great strategic importance. The dependence on imports of the
EU 28 countries which is measured by the relation of net imports to the gross inland
energy consumption has increased in the period from 1990 to 2016 from 45.2% to 55.1%.
However, the dependence on imports has thereby remained nearly steady since 2005.
In 1990 Austria had a clearly higher dependence on imports of 68.9% however this
rate has been reduced to 62.2% by 2016. Malta and Cyprus have within the EU 28 the
highest dependence on imports (100%). Estonia and Denmark have with 7.1% and 14.5%,
respectively the lowest dependence on imports. Regarding the energy sources primarily
mineral oil and natural gas are imported by the EU 28 countries.
Figure 25: Net energy import in relation to gross inland consumption [%]
Esto
nia
Den
mar
k
Rom
ania
Pola
nd
Cze
ch R
epub
lic
Swed
en
Uni
ted
King
dom
Bulg
aria
Finl
and
Fran
ce
Cro
atia
Slov
enia
Latv
ia
Net
herla
nds
EU28
Hun
gary
Slov
akia
Aust
ria
Ger
man
y
Irela
nd
Port
ugal
Spai
n
Italy
Gre
ece
Lith
uani
a
Belg
ium
Luxe
mbo
urg
Cypr
us
Mal
ta 0%
20%
40%
80%
60%
100%
Source: Eurostat
Figure 26: Development of net energy import in relation to gross inland consumption [%]
30%
40%
70%
50%
60%
80%
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
200
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Source: Eurostat, Statistik Austria
Austria
EU 28
19Energy in Figures 2018
Figure 27: Share of renewable energy in electricity in 2016 [%]
Figure 28: Development of the share of renewable energy in electricity [%]
0%
20%
10%
30%
40%
50%
70%
60%
80%
Mal
ta
Luxe
mbo
urg
Hun
gary
Cypr
us
Net
herla
nds
Pola
nd
Cze
ch R
epub
lic
Esto
nia
Belg
ium
Lith
uani
a
Bulg
aria
Fran
ce
Slov
akia
Gre
ece
Uni
ted
King
dom
Irela
nd
EU 2
8
Slov
enia
Ger
man
y
Finl
and
Italy
Spai
n
Rom
ania
Cro
atia
Latv
ia
Den
mar
k
Port
ugal
Swed
en
Aus
tria
0%
20%
10%
30%
40%
70%
50%
60%
80%
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Share of renewable energy in electricity supply
The share of renewable energy in electricity supply varies greatly in the EU 28 member
states. Thereby Austria has EU-wide the highest share with 72.6% and Malta the lowest
share with 5.6%. Further countries with a predominant share of renewable energy in
electricity supply are Sweden (64.9%), Portugal (54.1%), Denmark (53.7%), Latvia (51.3%).
The share of renewable energy in electricity supply is in most member states clearly
increasing whereby the expansion of hydro power, wind power and photovoltaics play
an important role. Country-specific, the conversion into electricity of wood fuels and
of biogas also plays a role.
Source: Eurostat
Source: Eurostat
EU28 AT DE IT FR SE
Energy in Figures 201820
Electricity prices
In 2016 the electricity prices for households varied within the EU 28 member states
between 9.6 euro cent/kWh in Bulgaria and 30.9 euro cent/kWh in Denmark which
corresponds to a factor of 3.2. Austria lies in the upper middle of the scale with an
electricity price for households of 20.3 euro cent/kWh. The electricity price for the
industry varied in the same year in a clearly lower range of fluctuation between 6.0 euro
cent/kWh in Denmark and 14.2 euro cent/kWh in Malta which corresponds to a factor
of 2.4. In this scale Austria took, with 7.0 euro cent/kWh, a place among the countries
with the cheapest electricity for the industry. Thereby it is noticeable that Denmark has
within the EU 28 countries the highest electricity price for households and at the same
time the lowest electricity price for the industry. A direct and obvious link between the
electricity price and the national electricity production mix is not the case.
Figure 29: Electricity price for medium size households in 2016 [€/kWh]
0
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.30
0.25
0.35
Bulg
aria
Hun
gary
Esto
nia
Lith
uani
a
Mal
ta
Rom
ania
Cro
atia
Pola
nd
Cze
ch R
epub
lic
Slov
akia
Cypr
us
Finl
and
Slov
enia
Net
herla
nds
Latv
ia
Fran
ce
Luxe
mbo
urg
Gre
ece
Swed
en
Uni
ted
King
dom
Aus
tria
EU 2
8
Spai
n
Irela
nd
Port
ugal
Italy
Belg
ium
Ger
man
y
Den
mar
k
Source: Eurostat
Figure 30: Electricity price for medium size industry in 2016 [€/kWh]
0
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
Den
mar
k
Swed
en
Finl
and
Rom
ania
Net
herla
nds
Slov
enia
Aus
tria
Fran
ce
Cze
ch R
epub
lic
Hun
gary
Esto
nia
Pola
nd
Lith
uani
a
Luxe
mbo
urg
Ger
man
y
EU 2
8
Italy
Belg
ium
Cro
atia
Latv
ia
Gre
ece
Port
ugal
Cypr
us
Bulg
aria
Uni
ted
King
dom
Slov
akia
Spai
n
Irela
nd
Mal
ta Source: Eurostat
21Energy in Figures 2018
Figure 31: Gas price for medium size households in 2016 [€/GJ]
Figure 32: Gas price for medium size industry in 2016 [€/GJ]
0
5
10
15
20
30
25
35
Rom
ania
Hun
gary
Esto
nia
Bulg
aria
Pola
nd
Lith
uani
a
Latv
ia
Cro
atia
Luxe
mbo
urg
Slov
akia
Belg
ium
Uni
ted
King
dom
Gre
ece
Cze
ch R
epub
lic
Slov
enia
EU 2
8
Fran
ce
Irela
nd
Ger
man
y
Spai
n
Aus
tria
Den
mar
k
Italy
Net
herla
nds
Port
ugal
Swed
en
Prices for natural gas
The prices for natural gas for households varied in 2016 within the EU 28 countries
between 9.22 euro/GJ in Rumania and 31.35 euro/GJ in Sweden, which corresponds to
a factor of 3.4. Austria was in the upper midrange of the scale with its gas price for
households of 19.17 euro/GJ. The price for natural gas for the industry varied in the
same year in a clearly lower range of fluctuation between 5.37 euro/GJ in Rumania and
9.49 euro/GJ in Malta, which corresponds to a factor of 1.8. In this scale Austria took a
mid-field position with 7.45 euro/GJ for the gas price of the industry.
0
5
10
15
20
Rom
ania
Den
mar
k
Esto
nia
Bulg
aria
Net
herla
nds
Belg
ium
Gre
ece
Latv
ia
Cze
ch R
epub
lic
Finl
and
Pola
nd
Lith
uani
a
Aus
tria
EU 2
8
Uni
ted
King
dom
Spai
n
Fran
ce
Swed
en
Italy
Irela
nd
Slov
akia
Slov
enia
Ger
man
y
Hun
gary
Cro
atia
Port
ugal
Luxe
mbo
urg
Source: Eurostat
Source: Eurostat
Energy in Figures 201822
Fuel prices
The prices for Euro-super 95 fuel varied in the EU 28 member states mid 2018 by a
factor of 1.5. The cheapest Euro-super 95 fuel was thereby available in Bulgaria for
1138 euros/1000 liter, and the most expensive in the Netherlands for 1682 euros/1000
liter. The range of fluctuation is exclusively due to the various taxation of the fuel. The
tax rate allocated to the pure fuel price amounted to 94% in Bulgaria and 179% in the
Netherlands. The conditions are similar with diesel fuel, although the tax rate is generally
set at a clearly lower level. The tax rate for diesel fuel in Luxembourg, with 80%, is the
lowest and in Great Britain, with 152%, the highest. The specific prices for diesel fuels are
therefore always lower than the prices for Euro-super 95 fuels. Austria takes a position
in the lower mid-field of the EU 28 states for fuel prices, in both cases.
Figure 34: Structure of the price of 1000 liter diesel fuel in August 2018 [€/1000L]
0
600
400
200
800
1,000
1,200
1,600
1,400
Luxe
mbo
urg
Bulg
aria
Pola
nd
Lith
uani
a
Latv
ia
Spai
n
Mal
ta
Aust
ria
Rom
ania
Czec
h Re
publ
ic
Hun
gary
Slov
akia
Slov
enia
Ger
man
y
Cypr
us
Croa
tia
Esto
nia
Irela
nd
Wei
ghte
d av
erag
e
Port
ugal
Net
herla
nds
Denm
ark
Gre
ece
Finl
and
Fran
ce
Belg
ium
Unite
d Ki
ngdo
m
Italy
Swed
en
Figure 33: Structure of the price of 1000 liter Euro-super 95 fuel in August 2018 [€/1000L]
0
600
400
200
800
1,000
1,200
1,600
1,400
Bulg
aria
Pola
nd
Rom
ania
Hun
gary
Lith
uani
a
Luxe
mbo
urg
Czec
h Re
publ
ic
Latv
ia
Aust
ria
Cypr
us
Spai
n
Slov
enia
Mal
ta
Esto
nia
Croa
tia
Slov
akia
Belg
ium
Unite
d Ki
ngdo
m
Irela
nd
Wei
ghte
d av
erag
e
Ger
man
y
Swed
en
Fran
ce
Finl
and
Port
ugal
Italy
Gre
ece
Denm
ark
Net
herla
nds
Source: oil bulletin of the European Commission
Source: oil bulletin of the European Commission
fuel price
tax
fuel price
tax
23Energy in Figures 2018
Country codes of the EU 28 member states
Country Country code
Austria AT
Belgium BE
Bulgaria BG
Cyprus CY
Czech Republic CZ
Germany DE
Denmark DK
Estonia EE
Greece GR
Spain ES
Finland FI
France FR
Croatia HR
Hungary HU
Ireland IE
Italy IT
Lithuania LT
Luxembourg LU
Latvia LV
Malta MT
Netherlands NL
Poland PL
Portugal PT
Romania RO
Sweden SE
Slovenia SI
Slovakia SK
United Kingdom UK
ISBN 978-3-903129-87-0