Renowned Philosopher : Al-Farabi · wewkó `vk©wbK t Avj-dvivex Renowned Philosopher : Al-Farabi Avj-wKw›`i ci wØZxq cÖexY Ges KviI g‡Z me©‡kªô gymwjg `vk©wbK Avey bmi

wewkó `vk©wbK t Avj-dvivex Renowned Philosopher : Al-Farabi

Avj-wKw›ì ci wØZxq cÖexY Ges KviI g‡Z me©‡kªô gymwjg `vk©wbK Avey bmi Avj-dvivex gymwjg `k©‡bi BwZnv‡m wØZxq wk¶K wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| Avj-wKw›ì `vk©wbK aviv eRvq †i‡L wZwb gymwjg `k©b‡K AviI myôz Ges c~Y©iƒc `vb K‡ib| Avj-wKw›ì y‡e©va¨ KZK¸‡jv welq‡K wZwb †evaMg¨ K‡i cÖKvk Kivi d‡j Be‡b wmbvi `k©b AviI cÖvÄj I mgb¦qagx© K‡i †Zvjv Be‡b wmbvi c‡¶ m¤¢e nq| Avj-dvivexi K…wZZ¡ Ges L¨vwZi Av‡iKwU g~j KviY nj G¨vwi÷U‡ji `k©‡bi e¨vL¨v| wZwb G¨vwi÷U‡ji hyw³we`¨v‡K AwZ m~¶èfv‡e e¨vL¨v K‡ib Ges Awawe`¨v‡K cÖvÄj K‡i cÖKvk K‡ib| †cø‡Uvi `k©b‡KI wZwb wewfbœfv‡e e¨vL¨v K‡i gymwjg `k©b‡K mg„× K‡ib| c`v_©we`¨v, Awawe`¨v, ivóª I mgvR `k©‡b Zuvi Ae`vb I cÖMvp Ávb gymwjg `k©b‡K wbtm‡›`‡n mg„× K‡i‡Q| Avgiv GB BDwb‡U Zuvi `k©b m¤ú‡K© msw¶ß Av‡jvPbv Kie| GB BDwb‡U †gvU PviwU cvV i‡q‡Q|

cvV-1: Avj-dvivexi Rxebx I MÖš’vejx (Life and Books of Al-Farabi)

cvV-2: Avj-dvivexi AsKkv ¿, hyw³we`¨v Ges `k©b (Mathematics, Logic and

Philosophy of Al-Farabi) cvV-3: Avj-dvivexi Awawe`¨v (Metaphysics of Al-Farabi)

cvV-4: mvgvwRK I ivóª`k©b m¤ú‡K© Avj-dvivexi aviYv (Social and Political

Philosophy of Al-Farabi)

BDwbU - 8

gymwjg `k©b evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

GmGmGBPGj c„ôv-153

Avj-dvivexi Rxebx I MÖš’vejx Life and Books Al-Farabi

D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

♦ Avj-dvivexi Rxebx m¤ú‡K© AeMZ n‡eb| ♦ Avj-dvivexi MÖš’vejxi cwiPq cv‡eb| ♦ Zuvi Rxebx I MÖš’vejx m¤ú‡K© Avbylw½K wKQy Z_¨ cv‡eb| Rxebx Avey bmi Avj-dvivexi c~Y© bvg †gvnv¤§` Be‡b ZviLvb Be‡b DhjvL Avey bmi Avj-dvivex| ga¨hy‡M wZwb Avey bmi bv‡g cwiwPZ wQ‡jb| Zuvi j¨vwUb bvg wQj Avey bv‡mi|

`vk©wbK Avj-dvivexi Rxeb m¤ú‡K© wKQy Av‡jvPbv Kivi c~‡e© GKwU K_v D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| Avj dvivexi hy‡Mi cÖ_v Abyhvqx wZwb wb‡Ri Rxeb e„ËvšÍ m¤ú‡K© †Kvb RxebxMÖš’ wj‡Lbwb e‡jB Rvbv hvq| Be‡b wmbvi wkl¨ Avj-RyiRvbx †hgb Zuvi wk¶K wmbv m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ RxebxMÖš’ wj‡Lb, Avj-dvivexi †Kvb wkl¨ †mfv‡e †Kvb MÖš’ wj‡Lbwb| d‡j Rxebx †jLK‡ì wbKU Zuvi RxebK_v m¤ú‡K© †Zgb †ewk Z_¨ wQj bv| IdvqvZ Avj-Avqvm MÖ‡š’ Zuvi Rxebx m¤ú‡K© †hme Z_¨ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv mgv‡jvPbvi E‡aŸ© bq Ges A‡b‡KB Gi h_v_©Zv wb‡q cÖkœ Zz‡j‡Qb| myZivs Avj-dvivexi Rxeb cÖm‡½ †hme Z_¨ A¯úó Ges †hme Z_¨ GLbI ARvbv i‡q †M‡Q †m¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© e¨vcK AbymÜv‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Aek¨B Av‡Q|

Ebwesk kZvãxi †kl `kK †_‡K Zuvi RxebxMÖš’, `k©b msµvšÍ MÖš’ Ges †hme MÖš’ GLbI cÖKvwkZ nqwb †m m¤ú‡K© †ek cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv n‡q‡Q| 1950 mv‡j Zuvi g„Zzëvwl©Kx cvjb Dcj‡¶ KwZcq ZzwK© M‡elK cvÐzwjwc AvKv‡i iw¶Z Zuvi wKQy MÖš’ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib Ges Avj-dvivex m¤ú‡K© wKQy AmsMwZg~jK Z_¨ wPwýZ K‡ib| wKšÍz GZ`&m‡Z¡I GLbI ejv hv‡e bv †h Zuvi m¤ú‡K© me Z_¨ cvIqv †M‡Q ev RwUjZvi Aemvb n‡q‡Q| Rvbv †M‡Q we‡k¦i wewfbœ BmjvwgK MÖš’vMv‡i Zuvi wjwLZ MÖ‡š’i cvÐzwjwc mxj‡gvni K‡i †i‡L †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| A‡b‡KiB wek¦vm G¸‡jv cÖKvwkZ n‡j Zuvi Rxebx I `k©b m¤ú‡K© AviI we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ Rvbv m¤¢e| hv‡nvK, Avgiv cÖvß Z_¨ Abymv‡i Zuvi msw¶ß Rxebx Av‡jvPbv Kivi †Póv Kie|

Avj-dvivexi RxebKvj‡K †gvUvgywU `y'fv‡M wef³ Kiv hvq| cÖ_gfv‡M Zuvi Rb¥ †_‡K Zuvi cÂvk eQi eqmKvj AšÍfz©³| wØZxq wefv‡M AšÍf©y³ cÂvk eQi eq‡mi ci †_‡K Zuvi g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ| †gvUvgywUfv‡e GUv ¯^xK…Z †h, wZwb Rb¥m~‡Î ZvwK©m ev ZzwK© wQ‡jb| Zuvi wcZvI GKRb ZzwK© wQ‡jb Ges wZwb †mbva¨¶ wQ‡jb| wKšÍz wZwb wb‡R KvRx ev wePviK wn‡m‡e wKQyw`b KvR K‡ib| Z…Zxq wnRix kZvãxi †Mvovi w`‡K Bmjvg dviv‡e †cŠuQvi ci †mLv‡b Bmjvgx mf¨Zv I ms¯‹…wZ `ªæZ cÖmvi jvf K‡i| Avj-dvivex evj¨wk¶v G cwi‡e‡k Avi¤¢ K‡ib| cÖL¨vZ fvlvZË¡we`, Avj-wmnvn&'i msKjK Avj-RvInvix Zuvi mgKvjxb wQ‡jb| Avj-dvivex ˆkk‡e agx©q I fvlvZ‡Ë¡ e¨vcK wk¶vjvf K‡ib| wZwb Bmjvgx AvBb, nvw`m Ges †Kviv‡bi e¨vL¨v I we‡kølY Aa¨qb K‡ib Ges Aviex, ZzwK© I dviwm fvlv‡ZI cvi`wk©Zv jvf K‡ib| GQvov Be‡b gvwjøKv‡bi eY©bv Abyhvqx wZwb ÔmËi'wU fvlvq K_v ej‡Z cvi‡Zb| KviI KviI g‡Z wZwb MÖxK fvlvI AvqË K‡ib| wKšÍz †KD †KD Avevi G e¨vcv‡i m‡›`n †cvlY K‡ib| mvdmvZvn&

cvV-1

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq gymwjg `k©b

BDwbU - 8 c„ôv-154

(mwdw÷ª) kãwUi e¨vL¨v wZwb †hfv‡e K‡ibÑ Zv †_‡K A‡b‡KB Abygvb K‡ib †h, wZwb MÖxK fvlv Rvb‡Zb bv| Zuvi wk¶v RxebKv‡j wZwb Zuvi Ae¯’vb¯’‡j cÖvß †hŠw³K Ávb Avni‡Y †Kvbmgq wØav K‡ibwb| GRb¨ wZwb AsKkv¯¿ I `k©b cvV ïiæ K‡ib A‡bK c~e© †_‡KB| Ab¨vb¨ `vk©wbK we‡klZ Avj-wKw›ì gZ wZwb wPwKrmv kv‡¯¿i cÖwZ †Zgb AvMÖn †`Lvbwb| Zuvi wbR kn‡i `k©b msµvšÍ wk¶vjvf Kivi ci wZwb hLb `k©‡bi cÖwZ AwaK AvKwl©Z n‡q c‡ob, ZLb wZwb hv wk‡LwQ‡jbÑZv‡Z Avi mšÍzó _vK‡Z cv‡ibwb| Mfxi Ávb AR©‡bi ZvMv`vq DÏxß n‡q wZwb Zuvi wbR kni Z¨vM K‡ib Ges Ávb AR©‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ ¯’vb cwiågY K‡ib|

Avj-dvivex `k©bPP©vq m¤ú~Y© g‡bvwb‡ek Kivi c~‡e© wewfbœ welq Aa¨qb K‡ib| Be‡b LvwjøKv‡bi eY©bv Abyhvqx wZwb h_vµ‡g G¨vwi÷U‡ji ÔwW G¨vwbgv' MÖš’wU `y'kZ evi Ges c`v_© welqK MÖš’wU Pwjøkevi Aa¨qb K‡ib| Aa¨q‡bi cÖwZ Zuvi wbôv I cÖ‡Póvi AviI A‡bK weeiY Rvbv hvq|

Avj-dvivexi wØZxq ch©v‡qi Rxeb ïiæ nqÑ Zuvi cÂvk ermi eq‡mi ci †_‡K| G mgq mviv we‡k¦ evM`v` bMix wk¶vi GK Abb¨ †K›`ª wQj| wZwb GRb¨ evM`v` Mgb K‡ib Ges `xN©w`b hver we`¨v PP©vq wb‡qvwRZ _v‡Kb| wZwb evM`v‡` Mgb Kivi ci †mLv‡b A‡bK `vk©wbK Ges Abyev`‡Ki mv¶vr jvf K‡ib| Gu‡ì g‡a¨ Be‡b gvËv, KzqvBix Ges Bqy¨nvbœv web nvBjvm AZ¨šÍ L¨vwZgvb hyw³we` wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ wQ‡jb| Gu‡ì Ae¯’v‡bi Kvi‡YB Lye m¤¢eZ evM`v` Gmgq hyw³we`¨vi cÖavb †K‡› ª cwiYZ nq| hv‡nvK, Be‡b Avex Imvqweqvn&i g‡Z, Avj-dvivex Bqy¨nvbœv web nvBjv‡mi Kv‡Q hyw³we`¨v Aa¨qb ïiæ K‡ib Ges wKQyw`b Zuvi wbKU †_‡K hyw³we`¨v wk¶vjvf K‡ib| GK mgq wZwb Zuvi wk¶K Bqy¨nvbœv‡K hyw³we`¨vi Áv‡bi w`K w`‡q Qvwo‡q hvb| †m mg‡qi me‡P‡q cÖL¨vZ hyw³we`¨vwekvi` Be‡b BDbym‡KI wZwb Qvwo‡q hvb| G mg‡q G¨vwi÷U‡ji hyw³we`¨vq cy‡ivcywi `¶Zv I Ávbjvf Kivq wZwb ÒwØZxq wk¶KÓ ev gyqvwjøgym mv_x wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ I L¨vZ nb| Zuvi wkl¨‡ì g‡a¨ weL¨vZ hyw³we` BqvBqv Be‡b Av`x Ab¨Zg|

Avj-dvivex evM`v‡` wek ermi AwZevwnZ K‡ib| Lye m¤¢eZ ivR‰bwZK †Mvj‡hv‡Mi Kvi‡YB wZwb evM`v` Z¨vM K‡ib| Rvbv hvq, evM`v‡` Ae¯’vbKv‡j wZwb A¼kv‡¯¿ wk¶vjvf K‡ib| wZwb wgDwR‡Ki IciI `y'GKwU cy¯ÍK iPbv K‡ib| evM`v` †_‡K wZwb Av‡j‡bœv Mgb K‡ib| GB mgq Av‡j‡bœv Ávb-weÁv‡bi GKwU weL¨vZ †K›`ª wQj| Avj-dvivex nvgv`vmx ivRKygvi mvBd-Av`-†`Šjvi m‡½ cwiwPZ nb| Rvbv hvq, ivRKzgvi †`Šjv Avj-dvivex‡K AZ¨šÍ kª×vi †Pv‡L †`L‡Zb| we`¨vbyivMx GB ivRKzgv‡ii ìev‡i G mgq eû Kwe, fvlvZË¡we`, `vk©wbK Ges AviI A‡bK cwÛZ mg‡eZ nb| Avie‡ì cÖwZ we‡kl mnvbyf‚wZ _vKv m‡Ë¡I, †Kvb cÖKvi RvZxq êlg¨ ev Kzms¯‹vi G ìev‡ii ê`» mvs¯‹…wZK cwi‡ek‡K ~wlZ Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| GLv‡b Avie, ZzwK© Ges cvwm©qvb cwÛZMY GK‡Î e‡m wewfbœ welq wb‡q ZK©-weZK© Ki‡Zb| †Kvb †Kvb wel‡q Zuviv GKgZ n‡Zb Avevi †Kvb †Kvb wel‡q wØgZ †cvlY Ki‡Zb| GB ìev‡i Avj-dvivex GKRb ¯‹jvi Ges mZ¨-AbymÜvbx wn‡m‡e Ae¯’vb Ki‡Zb| ivRìev‡ii RvKRgKc~Y© Rxeb I L¨vwZ Zuvi Pwi‡Îi Ici †Kvb cÖfve †dj‡Z cv‡iwb| wZwb eis GLv‡b GKRb mydxi Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Zb| Rvbv hvq, miKvix †KvlvMvi †_‡K Zuv‡K †h fvZv †Ìqv n‡Zv Zv †_‡K wZwb cÖwZw`‡bi Rb¨ gvÎ Pvi wìnvg MÖnY Ki‡Zb| wZwb cÖL¨vZ wPšÍvwe` Ges wk¶K wn‡m‡e Zuvi K‡g© wegy» _vK‡Zb| G mgq wZwb Zuvi weL¨vZ MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ †ek K‡qKwU MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib|

Avj-dvivex Rxe‡bi G ch©v‡q wKQy †QvULvU ågY Qvov †Zgb e¨vcKfv‡e Avi †Kv_vI ågY K‡ibwb| Be‡b Avwe DmvBweqvn&i g‡Z, Avj-dvivex wgki mdi K‡ib Zuvi Rxe‡bi †klw`‡K|



G mgq wgki Ges wmwiqvi g‡a¨ AZ¨šÍ mym¤úK© wQj| Avj-dvivex Gici 331/950 wLª÷v‡ãi wW‡m¤i gv‡m 81 ermi eq‡m `v‡g‡¯‹ B‡šÍKvj K‡ib| Avwgi mvBd-D`-†`Šjvi ìev‡i wZwb Ggb m¤§vwbZ I L¨vwZgvb e¨w³ wQ‡jb †h, Zuvi g„Zzï ci ¯^qs Avwgi mvBd Zuvi †jvKRbmn Avj-dvivexi `vdb-Kvdb Abyôv‡b Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb| Zuv‡K DgvBqv KeiMv‡n Lwjdv gvweqvi cv‡k¦© mgvwnZ Kiv nq|

Avj-dvivexi MÖš’vejx Avj-wKdZx Ges Be‡b Avex DmvBweqvi g‡Z Avj-dvivex mËiLvbv MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| Zuvi mgKvjxb `vk©wbK Avj-wKw›` Ges Avj-ivRxi Zzjbvq Zuvi MÖ‡š’i msL¨v Kg g‡b nq| Z‡e GK_v g‡b ivLv fvj †h, Rxebx †jLK‡ì g‡Z Zuvi GKB MÖ‡š’i wk‡ivbvg y'evi ev ZviI AwaKevi †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨ fvl¨ Abyhvqx Zuvi MÖ‡š’i msL¨v GKk‡Zi AwaK|

Avj-dvivexi MÖš’vejx‡K `y'fv‡M fvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| cÖ_g fv‡M †Kej hyw³we`¨vi Av‡jvPbv AšÍfz©³ Ges wØZxq wefv‡M Ab¨ me wel‡qi Ici wjwLZ MÖš’ AšÍfz©³| hyw³we`¨v msµvšÍ MÖš’¸wj G¨vwi÷U‡ji AM©vbb MÖ‡š’i wewfbœ Ask m¤úKx©q| Gme MÖš’ GLbI cvÐzwjwc AvKv‡i iw¶Z Av‡Q| wØZxq wefv‡Mi MÖš’¸‡jv Ab¨vb¨ wewfbœ wel‡qi Ici wjwLZ| Gme wel‡qi g‡a¨ Av‡Q `k©‡bi wewfbœ kvLv, c`v_©we`¨v, AsKkv¯¿, Awawe`¨v, bxwZwe`¨v Ges ivRˆbwZK `k©b| wØZxq wefv‡Mi AšÍfz©³ wel‡q A‡bK MÖš’ cvIqv hvq| Gi d‡j Avj-dvivexi `k©‡bi wewfbœ w`‡Ki ¯úó aviYv cvIqv m¤¢e|

Be‡b LvwjøKv‡bi g‡Z Avj-dvivexi cÖvq mg¯Í MÖš’ evM`v` Ges `v‡g‡¯‹ wjLv nq| KviY Zuvi cÂvk eQi eq‡mi c~‡e© wZwb †KvbI MÖš’ wj‡L‡Qb e‡j Rvbv hvq bv| Rxebx †jLKiv G e¨vcv‡i GKgZ| †Kvb †Kvb cwÐZe¨w³ Zuvi MÖ‡š’i µgvbyhvqx ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kivi †Póv K‡ib| Z‡e GLv‡b D‡jøL‡hvM¨ welq njÑ wZwb Zuvi Rxe‡bi †kl wÎk eQ‡i Zuvi mg¯Í MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib Ges hLb wZwb MÖš’ iPbv ïiæ K‡ib ZLb wZwb cy‡ivcywi cwic° GKRb wPšÍvwe`| G Kvi‡Y Zuvi wPšÍvi g‡a¨ cybive„wË ev †Zgb †Kvb cwieZ©b j¶‡hvM¨ bq|

Avj-dvivexi †jLvi aib we‡klfv‡e j¶Yxq| Zuvi MÖš’ msw¶ß Ges cwi”Qbœ| wZwb Zuvi †jLvq cÖwZwU kã mÁv‡b †e‡Q wb‡q Zuvi aviYv Ges wPšÍv‡K cÖKvk K‡ib| GRb¨ Zuvi †jLv Mfxi Zvrch©c~Y©| wZwb GKB wel‡qi cybive„wË Ges Avo¤îc~Y© kãvejx cwinvi K‡ib| Zuvi †jLvi c×wZI Zuvi ÷vB‡ji m‡½ msMwZc~Y©| wZwb Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i †m¸‡jv‡K me©Rbxb iƒc †`b| wZwb Z_¨ mvRvb, mgb¦q mvab K‡ib Ges we‡kølY K‡ib| Zuvi MÖ‡š’ wefvM, Dc-wefvM Ges †kªYxKiYÑ Zuvi †jLvi êwk‡óï cwiPq enb K‡i| Zuvi †Kvb †Kvb MÖ‡š’ wefvM Ges †kªYxKiY KivB gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨ e‡j g‡b nq| wZwb cÖavbZ G¨vwi÷U‡ji MÖ‡š’i D‡Ïk¨ Ges ÷vB‡ji wel‡q we‡klfv‡e wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb| gymwjg `k©‡bi BwZnv‡m me©cÖ_g weÁv‡bi †kªYxKiY K‡ib Avj-dvivex| Avj-dvivexi †jLvi Av‡iKwU êwkó¨ nj c‡ì wecixZ c` Luy‡R †ei Kiv| †hgb bT_©K-Gi wecixZ m`_©K Ges mËvi wecixZ A-mËv BZ¨vw`|

Avj-dvivexi MÖš’vejx `kg Ges GKv`k kZvãx‡Z cÖv‡P¨ Qwo‡q c‡o| NUbvµ‡g G¸‡jv cvðv‡ZÏ †cŠu‡Q hvq| d‡j Zuvi Av›`jymxq wKQy wkl¨ I f³ n‡q c‡ob| Zuvi wKQy MÖš’ wneª“ Ges j¨vwUb fvlvq Ab~w`Z nq Ges wLªóvb I Bû`x ¯‹jvkwUwmR‡ì Ici cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| G MÖš’¸‡jv Ebwesk kZvãxi †klfv‡M cÖKvwkZ nq| Gme MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ †ek wKQy MÖš’ BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ fvlvq Ab~w`Z nq Ges Zuvi Áv‡bi cwiPq †mme †`‡k Qwo‡q c‡o|

Avj-dvivex G¨vwi÷U‡ji `k©bPP©vq AZ¨šÍ AvMÖnx wQ‡jb| Zuvi AvMÖ‡ni cwiPq cvIqv hvqÑ G¨vwi÷U‡ji MÖš’vejxi Ici Zuvi fvl¨ iPbvq| Zuvi UxKv-fvl¨¸‡jv D”P Í‡ii ê`»gq fvl¨|



†KvbiKg hwZweiwZ QvovB G fvl¨¸‡jv cieZx©Kv‡ji MÖxK `vk©wbK gZev`mg~‡ni aviv eRvq iv‡L| Gme UxKv-fvl¨¸‡jvi GKwU msKjb mv¤úªwZKKv‡j g~jëvb I wekvj K‡je‡i wbN©Èmn m¤úvw`Z n‡q‡Q| G¨vwi÷U‡ji AM©vbb, wdwR· Ges wb‡Kvg¨vwKqvgb Gw_K&m-Gi Ici Zuvi Zvrch©c~Y© UxKvfvl¨ Av‡Q| Ic‡iv³ MÖš’ QvovI Avj-dvivexi welqwfwËK MÖš’vejxi GKwU msw¶ß cwiPq †Ìqv nj| hyw³we`¨vi Ici Zuvi MÖš’¸‡jv nj:

(1) AvZ-ZvIwZ ÔAv wdj-gvbwZK (2) K‡g›Uvix Ab A¨vbvjvBwUKv †cv‡÷wiqv (3) K‡g›Uvix Ab-A¨vbvjvBwUKv wcÖIqv (4) K‡g›Uvix Ab w` Bmv‡MvM (5) K‡g›Uvix Ab UwcKv (BK II Ges VIII) (6) K‡g›Uvix Ab mwdw÷Kv (7) K‡g›Uvix Ab w` B›Uvi‡cÖ‡Ukvb (8) K‡g›Uvix Ab w` K¨v‡UMwiq Ges (9) Avk&‡ki|

G MÖš’¸‡jv QvovI hyw³we`¨vi Ici Zuvi AviI fvl¨ Av‡Q e‡j Rvbv hvq|

c`v_©we`¨vi Ici wjwLZ MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ †hme MÖ‡š’i cwiPq cvIqv hvq †m¸‡jv njÑ Ab fvKz¨qvg Ges wdj AvKj ev wW Bb‡U‡j±| G¸‡jv ZzKx©, j¨vwUb Ges Rvg©vb fvlvq Ab~w`Z n‡q‡Q|

Awawe`¨vi Ici Zuvi cÖavb MÖš’ njÑ wdj Iqvwn` Iqvj Iqvnv` ev Ab w` Iqvb Ges A¨vevDU w` B¯‹c Ae G¨vwi÷Uj †gUvwdwRK&m| Rvg©vb Ges Bs‡iRx fvlvq G¸‡jv Ab~w`Z n‡q‡Q|

bxwZkv‡¯¿i Ici Zuvi cÖavb MÖš’ njÑ AvZ Zvbexn Avjv mvwewjm mv'Av`v ev wigvBbWvi Ae w` I‡q Ae n¨vwc‡bm| GwU ga¨hy‡M j¨vwUb fvlvq Ab~w`Z n‡q‡Q| dzmjyj gv`vbx ev A¨v‡dvwiRgm Ae w` †÷Umg¨vb Av‡iKwU MÖš’| GwU j¨vwUb fvlvq UxKvmn Ab~w`Z n‡q‡Q| wdj wgjøv Avj dvw`jv ev Ab w` †e÷ wiwjwRIqb Zuvi Av‡iKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© MÖš’|

ivóª`k©‡bi Ici Zuvi MÖ‡š’i msL¨vI Kg bq| Zuvi wjwLZ †hme MÖ‡š’i mÜvb cvIqv †M‡Q †m¸‡jv njÑ (1) Avj-gw`bvZzj dvwhjvn (Av`k© ivóª), (2) wmqvmvZzj gv`vwbqv (bMi iv‡óªi kvmb eë¯’v), (3) AvivDqvj Avn&wjj, (4) RvIqvwgbym wmqvmZ, (5) BRwZgvD gv`vwbqvZ| ivóª`k©‡bi Ici Dc‡iv³ MÖš’¸‡jv QvovI †cø‡Uvi wicvewjK Ges G¨vwi÷U‡ji w` cwjwUKm MÖ‡š’i Abyev` I fvl¨ wZwb iPbv K‡ib|

Avj-dvivex wewfbœ wel‡qi Ici Zuvi wPšÍvaviv cÖKvk K‡i MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi Ici †hme MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib †m¸‡jv njÑ

(1) Avj-Rvg evqvbvi ivqvwq Avj-nvwKg AvdjvZzb Avj-Bjvwn Iqv AvwimZzZvwjmÑ Rvg©vb fvlvq Ab~w`Z|

(2) Dqy¨byj gvmvBj (cÖavb cÖkœmg~n)| (3) dymym Avj-wnKvg| (4) RIqve gvmvB myBjv Avmnv (cÖ‡kœi DËi)Ñ Rvg©vb fvlvq Ab~w`Z| (5) wKZve BnmvBj Djyg (weÁvb mg~‡ni Rwic)Ñj¨vwUb fvlvq Ab~w`Z| (6) wd Zvnwmwjm mv'Av`vÑBs‡iRx fvlvq Ab~w`Z| (7) Ab w` wd‡jvmwd Ae †cø‡Uv (†cø‡Uvi `k©‡bi Ici)| (8) Ab w` wdjmwd Ae G¨vwi÷Uj (G¨vwi÷U‡ji `k©‡bi Ici)|



(9) wd gvmvw` Aviv Avn&wjj gvw`bv Avj-dvwmjvÑBs‡iwR fvlvq Ab~w`Z| (10) B‡›UªvWvKkb Uz jwRK (hyw³we`¨vi f‚wgKv)| (11) A¨vmvBb‡g›U Ae jwRK|

Dc‡ivwjøwLZ MÖš’ QvovI Avj-dvivexi AviI A‡bK MÖ‡š’i cwiPq j¨vwUb fvlvq Abyev‡ì gva¨‡g cvIqv hvq| Gme MÖ‡š’ Avj-dvivexi M‡elYv I mgx¶vi djvdj I Zuvi my`~icÖmvix g‡bvfv‡ei mvivsk I mvigg© wbwnZ Av‡Q| GB MÖš’¸‡jv iPbvi gva¨‡g Zuvi j¶¨ wQj wPšÍvRM‡Z I wbLuyZ mgvR MV‡b `k©b‡K mve©‡fŠg Ae¯’vb `vb Kiv| Gm‡ei mwVK DcjwäB Avj-dvivexi wPšÍvaviv‡K mg¨K Dcjwä nj Kivi g~j PvweKvwV| Abykxjbx 1| Avj-dvivexi Rxebxi msw¶ß weeiY w`b Ges wPšÍv Kiæb wZwb †Kvb ai‡bi mvaK wQ‡jb? 2| Avj-dvivexi Rxebx Av‡jvPbv Kiæb Ges Zuvi MÖš’vejxi GKwU weeiY w`b| Zuvi MÖš’vejx

m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi gšÍe¨ _vK‡j wjLyb| cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb mZ¨/wg_¨v 1| Avj-dvivex GKRb cvwm©qvb wQ‡jb| mZ¨/wg_¨v 2| Avj-dvivexi eqm wQjÑ GKvbeŸB ermi| mZ¨/wg_¨v 3| Avj-dvivex‡K Z…Zxq wk¶K ejv nq| mZ¨/wg_¨v 4| Avj-dvivex G¨vwi÷U‡ji MÖ‡š’i cÖavb fvl¨Kvi| mZ¨/wg_¨v 5| ivóª`k©‡bi Ici Avj-dvivexi †Kvb MÖš’ wQj bv| mZ¨/wg_¨v| ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ 1| Avj-dvivexi Rxeb‡K fvM Kiv hvq (K) cuvP fv‡M (L) `y'fv‡M (M) wZb fv‡M| (N) Ic‡ii †KvbwUB bq| 2| Avj-dvivexi wcZv wQ‡jb GKRb (K) eëmvqx (L) †jLK (M) †mbva¨¶ (N) bvweK 3| ivóªwPšÍvq Avj-dvivex wQ‡jb (K) †cø‡Uvi fvewkl¨ (L) G¨vwi÷U‡ji fvewkl¨ (M) Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii fvewkl¨ (N) †cvidvBwii fvewkl¨| 4| Avj-dvivex‡K ejv nq (K) mydxmvaK (L) eëmvqx (M) wØZxq wk¶K (N) feNy‡i| 5| Avj-dvivex MÖš’ iPbv ïiæ K‡ib (K) wÎk eQi eq‡m (L) cÂvk eQi eq‡m (M) lvU eQi eq‡m (N) Av‡j‡bœvq Mg‡bi ci|



iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1| Avj-dvivexi Rxe‡bi cÖ_g fv‡Mi weeiY w`b| 2| Avj-dvivex †Kvb mg‡q MÖš’ iPbv ïiæ K‡ib? MÖš’ iPbv ïiæ Kivi ci †_‡K Zuvi Rxebx

Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| 3| Avj-dvivexi MÖš’vejxi cwiPq I msw¶ß ZvwjKv w`b| DËigvjv mZ¨/wg_¨v 1| wg_¨v 2| wg_¨v 3| wg_¨v 4| mZ¨ 5| wg_¨v| ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ 1| L 2| M 3| K 4| M 5| L|



Avj-dvivexi AsKkv ¿, hyw³we`¨v Ges `k©b Mathematics, Logic and Philosophy

D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV‡k‡l Avcwb

♦ Avj-dvivexi AsKkv‡¯¿i cwiPq cv‡eb| ♦ Zuvi hyw³we`¨v m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡eb| ♦ Zuvi `k©‡bi cwiPq cv‡eb| f‚wgKv Avey bmi Avj-dvivex wewPÎ cÖwZfvi AwaKvix wQ‡jb| wZwb wQ‡jb GKw`‡K MwYZwe` Ges Ab¨w`‡K c`v_©we`| Avevi wZwb hyw³we` Ges `vk©wbK wn‡m‡e mvgwaK cwiwPZ| †mKv‡ji cÖPwjZ fveaviv Abyhvqx wZwb wPwKrmvkv¯¿ Aa¨qb K‡ib| wKšÍz wPwKrmv‡K KLbI †ckv wn‡m‡e MÖnY bv K‡i wZwb Áv‡bi wewfbœ kvLvq Zuvi `xN©Kv‡ji cÖ‡Póv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q AsKkv‡¯¿i gZ `yiƒn wel‡q Zuvi wbR¯^ a¨vb-aviYv cÖ`vb K‡ib| ga¨hy‡Mi hyw³we`‡ì g‡a¨ wZwb wbtm‡›`‡n Ab¨‡ì †P‡q †kªô| mvgwMÖKfv‡e Zuvi `k©‡bi g‡a¨ hyw³we`¨v GK weivU f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| wZwb cwiYZ eq‡m `vk©wbK wPšÍvavivq g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib e‡j Zuvi `k©‡bi g‡a¨ Zuvi wbR¯^ fve ¯úó| GB cv‡V Avgiv AsKkv¯¿, hyw³we`¨v Ges `k©‡bi msw¶ß Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g Zuvi m¤ú‡K© D³ w`K¸‡jvi mZ¨Zv A‡b¦lY Kie|

AsKkv¯¿ Ab¨vb¨ kv‡¯¿i b¨vq Avj-dvivex AsKkv‡¯¿I GKRb cwÐZ wQ‡jb| MvwYwZK wbq‡g wPšÍvaviv cÖKv‡ki cÖwZ Zuvi we‡kl AvMÖ‡ni cwiPq cvIqv hvq Zuvi wPšÍvavivi me©ÎB| wZwb weÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLvi Av‡jvPbvq, GgbwK eënvwiK `k©‡bI As‡Ki D`vniY w`‡q wPšÍvaviv cÖKv‡ki †¶‡Î êÁvwbK c×wZi m~Pbv K‡ib| Avj-dvivex AsKkv¯¿‡K wewfbœ wefv‡M fvM K‡ib| wefvM¸‡jv njÑ

(1) MwYZwe`¨v (arithmatic) (2) R¨vwgwZ (geometry) (3) mgm¨vi wewfbœ w`‡Ki AvcvZms‡hvM we`¨v (perspective) (4) †R¨vwZ:kv¯¿ ev †R¨vwZwe©Ávb (astronomy) (5) wgDwRK (music) (6) MwZwe`¨v (dynamics) (7) ejwe`¨v (mechanics)|

Zuvi g‡Z Dc‡iv³ weÁvbmg~‡ni `y'wU Ask Av‡Q| Gi GKwU ZvwË¡K Ges Av‡iKwU eënvwiK| cÖwZwU weÁv‡bi †¶‡Î G y'wU wefvM Aek¨ wbf©i K‡iÑ weÁv‡bi weg~Z© aviYv ev bxwZi ms‡M mswkøó _vKvi Ici| Avevi Kjv ev evwY‡Rï †¶‡Î G `y'wU Ask wbf©i K‡i G‡ì cÖ‡qv‡Mi Ici| wZwb D`vniY¯îƒc ZvwË¡K †R¨vwZwe©Áv‡bi K_v e‡jb| GB we`¨v cvw_©e Ges ¯^Mx©q (heavenly) `ªe¨‡K wZbwU †cÖw¶‡Z Av‡jvPbv K‡i| G †cÖw¶Z¸‡jv njÑ (1) AvKvi (figure), fi (masses) Ges Av‡cw¶K `~iZ¡ (relative distance) (2) G‡ì mvaviY I we‡kl MwZ ms‡hvM Ges (3) c„w_ex Gi cÖavb As‡ki m¤ú‡K© G‡ì Ae¯’vb|

cvV-2



Ab¨w`‡K eënvwiK †R¨vwZwe©Ávb Ggb c×wZi m‡½ mswkøó †hLv‡b MÖn¸‡jvi MwZ cwifvl‡Yi (prognosis) m~PK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Gi Ab¨ KvRwU n‡”Q c„w_ex‡Z NUbvejx‡K eySvi Bw½Z wb‡ ©k Kiv|

Avj-dvivex †R¨vwZwe©Ávbx Avey BmnvK Beªvwng web Avãyjøvn Avj-evM`v`xi Aby‡iv‡a †R¨vwZwe©Ávb m¤ú‡K© GKwU MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| GB MÖ‡š’ wZwb â‡h©i m‡½ †R¨vwZwe©Ávb‡K GKwU êa kvLv e‡j cÖgvY K‡ib| Zuvi ch©‡e¶Y Abymv‡i c„w_exi NUbvejx nq we‡kl KZK¸‡jv KviY Øviv wbqwš¿Z hv‡K wbwðZ e‡j aiv hvq, bv nq G¸‡jv ˆèvr ev AvKw¯§K Ges G‡ì‡K wbwðZ e‡j a‡i †bIqvi †Kvb KviY †bB| ¯^Mx©q `ªe¨ (heavenly bodies) cvw_©e NUbvejxi Ici GK cÖKv‡ii KviwYK (causal) cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| G cÖfve `y' K¨v‡UMwii (cÖKv‡ii); Gi cÖ_g K¨v‡UMwi‡Z Hme cÖfve AšÍfz©³ †h¸‡jv‡K †R¨vwZ:kv¯¿xq MYbvi gva¨‡g wba©viY Kiv hvq| D`vniY¯îƒc wZwb e‡jbÑ †hgb c„w_exi †Kvb †Kvb AÂ‡ji m~‡h©i Zzjbvg~jK wbKUeZx© Ae¯’v‡b nIqvq A‡c¶vK…Z Dò AÂ‡j cwiYZ nIqv| Ab¨ K¨v‡UMwi‡K wba©viY Kiv hvq bv| wØZxq cÖKvi cÖfv‡ei †¶‡Î †R¨vwZwe©ÁvbxMY c~e©j¶Y (auguries) Ges KíbvcÖm~Z MYbv wb‡q mšÍzó nb wKšÍz GwU wek¦vmRbK bq| Avj-dvivex AviI g‡b K‡ib †h, †R¨vwZwe©Ávbx‡ì g‡a¨ hviv weL¨vZ Zuviv wb‡R‡ì †R¨vwZ:kv¯¿xq Avwe®‹vi Abymv‡i Zuv‡ì wbR¯^ Kg©KvÊ mgvav Ki‡Z †Zgb cÖeYZv †`Lvb bv| d‡j Avgiv aviYv Ki‡Z cvwi †h, Zuv‡ì cwifvlY (prognosis) gybvdv jv‡fi Rb¨B Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

Avj-dvivexi AsK ev MwYZ kv‡¯¿i Áv‡bi GKwU kvLv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i Avgiv Abyaveb Ki‡Z cviwQ †h, wZwb MwYZ kv‡¯¿i mvZwU wefvM wb‡qB M‡elYv K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi MwYZkv‡ ¿i Áv‡bi cwiPq enb K‡i Zuvi c`v_©we`¨vi ÁvbÑKviY G `y'wU weÁvb IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ| AvswkK wbq‡g wPšÍvaviv cÖKvk Kivi mv‡_ Zuvi mvgwMÖK wPšÍvavivI AZ¨šÍ mvgÄm¨c~Y© Ges ¯^”Q|

Avj-dvivexi AsKkv‡¯¿i m‡½ Zuvi hyw³we`¨viI Nwbô m¤úK© we`¨gvb| Avgiv GLb Zuvi hyw³we`¨v Av‡jvPbv K‡i Gi mZ¨Zv Abyave‡bi †Póv Kie|

Avj-dvivexi hyw³we`¨v gymwjg `vk©wbK‡ì g‡a¨ Avj-dvivex‡K †kªôZg hyw³we` ej‡j AZz¨w³ Kiv n‡e bv| Zuv‡K we‡k¦i hyw³we`‡ì g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg †kªô hyw³we` ejv nq| hyw³we`¨vq Zuvi Áv‡bi MfxiZvi cwigvc Kiv †h‡Z cv‡iÑ hyw³we`¨vi Ici wjwLZ Zuvi MÖ‡š’i msL¨v †_‡K| wZwb G¨vwi÷U‡ji hyw³we`¨vi Ici eû fvl¨ Ges UxKv iPbv K‡ib| hyw³we`¨v m¤úwK©Z Zuvi MÖš’¸‡jv njÑ (1) K‡g›Uvix Ab A¨vbjvBwUKv †cv‡÷wiqv (Commentary on Analytica Posteria) (2) K‡g›Uvix Ab A¨vbvjvBwUKv cÖv‡qvwiqv (Commentary on Analytica prioria) (3) K‡g›Uvix Ab w` Bmv‡MvM (Commentary on the Isagoge) (4) K‡g›Uvix Ab UwcKv eyKm-II Ges VIII (Commentary on Topica) (5) K‡g›Uvix Ab mwdw÷Kv (Commentary on Sophistica) (6) K‡g›Uvix Ab w` B›Uvi‡cÖ‡Ukb (Interpretatione) (7) K‡g›Uvix Ab w` K¨v‡UMwi (Commentary on De Categorie) (8) b¨v‡kmvix A¨vÛ GKwRm‡Ubwmqvj †cÖwg‡Rm (Necessary and Existential Premises) (9) cÖ‡cvwRkbm A¨vÛ †m‡jvwRgm& -Ggc ‡qW Bb Aj mv‡q‡Ým (Propositions and

Syllogisms Employed in all Sciences)

Avj-dvivexi g‡Z hyw³we`¨v fvlvweÁvb Ges we‡klfv‡e e¨vKiY †_‡K c„_K| hyw³we`¨v cÖZ¨q Ges cÖZ¨q‡K AbykvmbKvix wbqgmg~n (rules governing them) wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| åvwšÍ



†_‡K ~‡i _vKvi Dcvqmg~nI Gi AšÍfz©³| wZwb g‡b K‡ib, G mg¯Í wbq‡gi m‡½ cwiwPZ nIqv Ges G¸‡jv‡K †g‡b Pjv Acwinvh©| wZwb AviI e‡jb †h, hyw³we`¨v Òevwn¨KÓ I ÒAf¨šÍixYÓ e³‡eï wbq‡gi (rules) m‡½I mswkøó| KviY Gme wbqg gvbeRvwZi mg¯Í fvlvi e¨vcv‡i me©Rbxbfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨ Ges G¸‡jv e¨vKi‡Yi gZ MZvbyMwZK bq| wZwb ¯úó I êÁvwbKfv‡e cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ hyw³we`¨v‡K †gvU AvUwU fv‡M fvM K‡ib| G fvM¸‡jv wbæiƒcÑ

1| w` K¨v‡UMwiR t G¸‡jv cÖZ¨‡qi wbqg Ges GKK c‡ì eënvi m¤úwK©Z| 2| †cix nvi‡gwbqvm t G¸‡jv y' ev Z‡ZvwaK c‡ì mgb¦‡q MwVZ evK¨ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv

K‡i| 3| A¨vbvjvBwUKv cÖv‡qvwiqv t cuvP cÖKv‡ii hyw³‡Z eëüZ b¨vq-Abygv‡bi wbqg m¤úwK©Z

Av‡jvPbv| hyw³¸‡jv n‡”QÑ (1) cÖwZcvw`Z (2) Øvw› ¡K (3) mwdmwUK¨vj (4) †i‡UvwiK¨vj Ges (5) Kvwe¨K|

4| A¨vbvjvBwUKv †cv‡÷wiqvt cÖwZcvw`Z cÖgv‡Yi wbqg Ges êÁvwbK Ávb cÖK…wZi m‡½ mswkøó|

5| UwcKv t Øvw›`¡K cÖkœ I DË‡ii m‡½ RwoZ| 6| mwdmwUKv ev ÔåvšÍ Ávb' t åvšÍ Ávb Ges G Ávb †_‡K ~‡i _vKvi Dcvq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv

K‡i| 7| †i‡UvwiKv t cÖ‡ivPbvi wewfbœ cÖKvi m¤úKx©q Av‡jvPbvi m‡½ hy³| 8| †cv‡qwUKv t Kve¨ iPbvi wbqg Ges wewfbœ ai‡bi Kvwe¨K e³‡eï m‡½ m¤úwK©Z|

Avj-dvivexi hyw³we`¨vi Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi ci Zuvi hyw³we`¨vq Av‡jvwPZ welqe¯Íz m¤ú‡K© AewnZ nIqv ìKvi| Avmyb, Gevi Avgiv Gw`‡K bRi †`B|

hyw³we`¨vi welqe¯Íz Avj-dvivexi g‡Z, hyw³we`¨v †KejgvÎ êÁvwbK wPšÍ‡bi we‡kølYB bq, GwU ÁvbZ‡Ë¡iI Av‡jvPbv K‡i| Zuvi g‡Z, hyw³we`¨v e¨vKiY †_‡K ¯^Zš¿| KviY e¨vKiY †KejgvÎ †Kvb GK †kªYxi †jv‡Ki fvlvi g‡a¨ mxgve×, wKšÍz hyw³we`¨v gvbeRvwZi mvgwMÖK wPšÍvavivq fvlvi cÖKvk‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i| e³‡eï mijZg Dcv`vb †_‡K GUv RwUjZg AvKv‡ii w`‡K Ges kã †_‡K ev‡K¨ Ges hyw³web¨v‡mi w`‡K AMÖmi nq|

Avj-dvivex hyw³we`¨v‡K ev¯ÍeZvi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z welqe¯Íz Abyhvqx y'fv‡M wef³ K‡ib| Gi cÖ_g fv‡M cÖZ¨q ev aviYv Ges msÁv (ZvmveŸyi) msµvšÍ gZev` AšÍfz©³| wØZxq fv‡M AeaviY, Abygvb Ges cÖgvY (Zvmw`K) msµvšÍ gZev` AšÍfz©³| msÁvi m‡½ aviYv evwn¨K mvwbœ‡aï (cvkvcvwk Ae¯’vb) gva¨‡g †kªYxfz³ n‡jI, ev¯ÍeZvi m‡½ aviYv¸‡jvi †Kvb m¤úK© †bB| A_©vr G aviYv¸‡jv mZÏ bq Avevi wg_¨vI bq| Avj-dvivex Gme ÔaviYvi' ga¨ †_‡K mijZg gvbwmK AvKv‡ii aviYvmg~n‡K ¯^xKvi K‡ib| G aviYvmg~‡ni g‡a¨ cÖ_g cÖKvi njÑ ms‡e`xq cÖZ¨¶Y †_‡K D™¢~Z ev ÁvZ GKK e¯Ízmg~‡ni cÖwZ‡e`b| wØZxq cÖKvi aviYv nj Hme aviYv hv cÖ_gwU †_‡K (A_©vr cÖwZ‡e`b †_‡K) g‡bi Ici gyw ªZ nq| G ai‡bi aviYvi D`vniY nj Avewk¨K, ev¯Íe Ges m¤¢v‡eï aviYv| Giƒc cÖwZ‡e`b I aviYvmg~n Zvr¶wYKfv‡e wbwðZ| †Kvb gvby‡li gb G¸‡jvi w`‡K cwiPvwjZ n‡Z cv‡i Ges Zvi AvZ¥v G¸‡jvi e¨vcv‡i m‡PZb n‡q IV‡Z cv‡i; wKšÍz G¸‡jv Zvi wbKU cÖwZcvw`Z n‡Z cv‡i bv; wKsev hv ÁvZ Zv †_‡K AvniY K‡i G¸‡jv‡K e¨vL¨vI Kiv hvq bv| KviY G aviYv¸‡jv wb‡RivB m‡e©v”P gvÎvi wbðqZvmn ¯úó| Avj-dvivexi g‡Z, AeaviY n‡”Q cÖwZ‡e`b ev aviYvi ms‡hvMKi‡Yi dj| Gme AeaviY mZ¨ ev wg_¨v n‡Z cv‡i| G RvZxq Aeavi‡Yi wfwËi Rb¨ Abygvb I cÖgv‡Yi cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g Ggb



†Kvb hyw³ev‡K¨ DcbxZ n‡Z n‡e hv Avw`‡Z †ev‡ai g‡a¨ wbwnZ, Zvr¶wYKfv‡e ¯úó Ges ¯^Z:mgw_©Z| dvivexi g‡Z mg¯Í weÁv‡bi gZ Giƒc †gŠwjK hyw³evK¨ ev ¯^Z:wm×, Awawe`¨v, MwYZkv¯¿ Ges bxwZkv‡¯¿i Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨K| Avj-dvivex e‡jb, cÖgvYZ‡Ë¡i mvnv‡h¨ cÖvi‡¤¢ ÁvZ I mycÖwZwôZ †Kvb wKQy †_‡K c~†e© AÁvZ †Kvb e¯Ízi Áv‡b DËiY Kiv hvq| Zuvi g‡Z, GB cÖgvY ZË¡B n‡”Q h_v_© hyw³we`¨v| cÖZ¨‡qi m‡½ cwiwPwZ, Aeavi‡Y G‡ì mgb¦q Ges Abygv‡b mgb¦q hyw³we`¨vi †KejgvÎ f‚wgKvi m~Pbv K‡i| G¸‡jv K¨v‡UMwiR, nvi‡gwbDwUKm Ges dv÷© A¨vbvjvBwU‡mi KvR| wKšÍz cÖgvY Z‡Ë¡i cÖavb j¶¨ nj me©Rbxbfv‡e êa Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq weÁv‡bi gvb`Û (Norms) A_ev bxwZmg~n wbwðZ Kiv| Zuvi g‡Z, `k©‡biI Giƒc gvb`Û I bxwZi Avek¨KZv Av‡Q| Avj-dvivexi g‡Z GiKg Ae¯’vq GLv‡b we‡ivaevaK bxwZ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ges Gme bxwZ‡K wZwb m‡e©v”P bxwZ e‡j g‡b K‡ib| GKwU GKK Ávbxq wµqvi Øviv Avgiv mZ¨ Ges †hŠw³K ev‡Kï Awbevh©Zvi wel‡q AewnZ n‡Z cvwi Ges Gi weiæ× ev‡Kï wg_¨v I Am¤¢ve¨Zv m¤^‡ÜI G wbq‡gi mvnv‡h¨ AewnZ nIqv hvq| GK_v †_‡K eySv hvq, Avj-dvivex êÁvwbK c×wZ wn‡m‡e G¨vwi÷Ujxq ÒcwjUwgÓ (politomy) c×wZi †P‡q †cø‡Uvi ÒwW‡KvUwgÓ c×wZ‡K AwaKZi †kªq g‡b K‡ib| †m hv‡nvK, Avj-dvivex cÖgvY Z‡Ë¡i AvKviMZ ev cÖvwZôvwbK w`K wb‡q mšÍzó bb| G ZË¡ c×wZ-weÁv‡bi (methodology) †P‡qI AviI wKQy D”P¯Í‡ii| c×wZ-weÁvb †KejgvÎ mZ¨ c‡_i Bw½Z †`q| G ZË¡ mnvbygv‡bi Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e †KejgvÎ AeaviY wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i bv, GwU we‡kl weÁv‡bi †cÖw¶‡Z m‡ZïI AbymÜvb K‡i| d‡j G ZË¡ †KejgvÎ `k©‡bi cwic~iKB bq, eis `k©‡bi Acwinvh© Ask| Gme Kvi‡Y Avj-dvivex hyw³we`¨v‡K `k©‡bi A½ e‡jb; wKšÍz Zuvi g‡Z, hyw³we`¨v ¯^qs `k©b bq| Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgiv j¶¨ KiwQ †h, cÖgvYZË¡ †klvewa wbðqvZ¥K m‡Zï m‡½ msMwZ †i‡L wbðqvZ¥K Áv‡b cwiYZ nq| wKšÍz dvivexi g‡Z m¤¢ve¨Zvi ga¨ †_‡K Avgiv Avevi m¤¢ve¨ ÁvbI jvf Ki‡Z cvwi| m¤¢ve¨Zvi wewfbœ gvÎv¸‡jvi ev KiYcÖYvjxi (mode) (hv †_‡K m¤¢ve¨ Ávbjvf Kiv hvq) Av‡jvPbv UwcKv, mwdw÷Kv, †i‡UvwiKv Ges †cv‡qwUKvq Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K †k‡lv³ wZbwU welq †KejgvÎ eënvwiK j‡¶ï m‡½ mshy³| wKšÍz dvivex UwcKv‡KI G‡ì m‡½ hy³ K‡ib Ges Øvw›`¡K c×wZ‡Z cÖ‡kœvË‡ii welqwU‡K RwoZ K‡ib| dvivexi g‡Z, mZ¨weÁvb wØZxq A¨vbvjvBwUKvi wbðqvZ¥K hyw³evK¨ †_‡K M‡o I‡V; wKšÍz H m¤¢ve¨Zv m‡Zï AjxK g~wZ©i g‡a¨ ¤øvb n‡q hvq| A_©vr m¤¢ve¨Zvi ev m‡Zï mÜvb cÖvq mgq bvI wgj‡Z cv‡i| m¤¢ve¨Zvi G e¨vcviwU Øvw›`¡K AeaviY †_‡K ïiæ K‡i Kvwe¨K AeaviY ch©šÍ we¯Í„Z| Gfv‡e dvivexi g‡Z Kve¨ †¯‹‡ji G‡Kev‡i Zjvq Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges GwU wg_¨v I A‰bwZK A‡hŠw³KZv Qvov Avi wKQy bq| Kve¨ m¤ú‡K© Avj-dvivexi G ai‡bi gšÍe¨ †cø‡Uvi Kv‡eï cÖwZ Abxnvi K_v ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`q| Avj-dvivex cvidvBixq Bmv‡MvM MÖ‡š’i Ici gšÍe¨ Ki‡Z wM‡q Ômvwe©K' (Universal) m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| wZwb e‡jb, we‡kl‡K (Particular) †KejgvÎ e¯Ízmg~‡n Ges Bw›`ªq cÖZ¨¶‡YB cvIqv hvq bv, wPšÍ‡bI cvIqv hvq| GKBfv‡e mvwe©K (Universal) GKK e¯Ízmg~‡n †KejgvÎ AevšÍi j¶Y (accident) wn‡m‡e Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj bq; Ô`ªe¨' wn‡m‡e g‡bI Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj| gvbegb e¯Ízmg~n †_‡K Ômvwe©K'‡K weg~Z©b K‡i A_©vr e¯Ízmg~n †_‡K ev we‡kl †_‡K mvwe©‡Ki aviYvq DcbxZ nq| wKšÍz Gi A_© GB bq †h, mvwe©‡Ki Aw¯ÍZ¡ Gm‡ei c~‡e© wQj bv| Zuvi g‡Z mvwe©K c~e© †_‡KB Aw ÍZ¡kxj wQj| gvbegb †KejgvÎ G¸‡jv‡K cieZx©‡Z Dcjwä K‡i| hyw³we`¨vq Avj-dvivexi m~¶è `„wófw½i cwiPq cvIqv hvq Ab¨ GK †cÖw¶‡Z| KZK¸‡jv cÖkœ †h A‡nZzK `k©‡bi A‡bK ¶wZi KviY n‡q uvovq GwU dvivexi `„wó Govqwb| cÖkœ¸‡jv nj



gvgyjx mËv (mere being) wK mvwe©‡Ki m‡½ RwoZ? ev Aw¯ÍZ¡ wK djkÖæwZ‡Z we‡aq? Gme åvwšÍKi cÖ‡kœi †Kvb DËi wQj bv| dvivex c~Y©fv‡e Ges weï×iƒ‡c Gme cÖ‡kœi DËi †`b| Zuvi g‡Z Aw¯ÍZ¡ e¨vKiYMZ ev †hŠw³K m¤úwK©Z| GwU ev¯ÍeZvi †Kvb cÖKvi (category) bq, KviY G cÖKvi e¯Ízmg~n m¤ú‡K© `„‡pvw³gvÎ| †Kvb e¯Ízi Aw¯ÍZ¡ ¯^qs †mB e¯Íz Qvov Ab¨ wKQy bq| Avj-dvivexi G gZ AvaywbK Kv‡ji `vk©wbK Kv‡›Ui †`k-Kvj m¤úwK©Z gZev‡ì Bw½Z evnK| Avgiv GZ¶Y Avj-dvivexi hyw³we`¨v m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| G‡Z GKwU welq j¶¨ K‡i‡Qb †h, Avj-dvivexi g‡Z hyw³we`¨v `k©‡bi m‡½ Nwbôfv‡e hy³| hyw³we`¨vi D”P¯Í‡i hyw³we`¨v `k©‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| myZivs Avj-dvivexi hyw³we`¨vi Av‡jvPbvi ci Zuvi `k©b Av‡jvPbvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv cÖvmw½K| GRb¨ GLb Avgiv Zuvi `k©b m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kie|

Avj-dvivexi `k©b Avj-dvivexi `k©‡bi ¯úó êwkó¨ I j¶¨ mn‡RB †Pv‡L c‡o| wZwb c~e©eZx© `vk©wbK‡ì †Kvb †Kvb gZev` MÖnY K‡ib Ges gymwjg RM‡Z MÖnY‡hvM¨ K‡i G¸‡jv‡K cyb:iƒc `vb K‡ib| Zuvi `k©b Ggb mymse× †h, cÖvq mK‡ji g‡Z G `k©b AZ¨šÍ mvgÄm¨c~Y© I myk„´Lj| Zuvi `k©b wPšÍv, cÖKvk, hyw³ Ges Av‡jvPbvi w`K w`‡q kvjxb I †hŠw³K|

Avj-dvivexi `k©b‡K mgb¦qagx© `k©b ejv hvq, KviY wZwb †cwic¨v‡UwUK `k©b‡K †cø‡UvwbK AvKvi w`‡q‡Qb| Gi cðv‡Z Zuvi j¶¨ wQj Bmjv‡gi g~jbxwZi m‡½ H `k©b‡K mymgwb¦Z K‡i †Zvjv Ges agx©q mZ¨‡K †hŠw³K e¨vL¨vi Ici cÖwZwôZ Kiv| Avm‡j dvivex `k©b‡K agx©q Avei‡Y cÖKvk K‡ib Ges ag©‡K `vk©wbK iƒc `vb K‡ib| G j¶¨ nvwm‡ji D‡Ï‡k¨ wZwb †cwic¨v‡UwUK `k©‡b †h ms‡kvab Avbqb K‡ib, Zuvi m‡½ wZwb wek¦ZvwË¡K Ges g‡bv‰eÁvwbK Z‡Ë¡i ms‡hvRb K‡ib| G `y'wU Z‡Ë¡i cÖKvk cvqÑ Zuvi Ô`kg PvwjKvkw³ Z‡Ë¡' Ges Ôeyw×e„wË Z‡Ë¡'| Zuvi †hŠw³K e¨vL¨v Avevi Ab¨ `yy'wU Z‡Ë¡i m‡½ mswkøó| Gi GKwU n‡”Q Ôbey¨qZ ZË¡' Ges Ab¨wU Ô†Kviv‡bi e¨vL¨v ZË'¡| Avj-dvivexi mgMÖ `k©b‡K G PviwU Z‡Ë¡ mvi-ms‡¶wcZ Kiv n‡q‡Q KviY Gme ZË¡ GKwU AciwUi m‡½ IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ| Zuvi G ZË¡¸‡jvi msw¶ß Av‡jvPbvB n‡e Zuvi `k©b Av‡jvPbv|

gymwjg `k©‡b Zuvi ÔPvwjKvkw³ ZË¡' ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Av‡Q| G ZË¡wU RMr-Avmgvb, c„w_exi e¨vL¨v Ges MwZ I cwieZ©‡bi NUbvejx e¨vL¨v K‡i| G e¨vL¨vB dvivexi g‡Z, c`v_©we`¨v Ges †R¨vwZwe©Áv‡bi wfwË| †m hv‡nvK, G Z‡Ë¡i cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ njÑ ÔGK' Ges Ôeû'i g‡a¨ wbwnZ mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv Ges cwieZ©bkxj I AcwieZ©bkx‡ji g‡a¨ Zzjbv Kiv| Avj-dvivex e‡jb Avjøvn GK Ges ¯^qs AZ¨vek¨K (necessary by Himself)| myZivs Zuvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ I ¯’vwq‡Z¡i Rb¨ Ab¨ KviI cÖ‡qvRb †bB| wZwb Ggb PvwjKv kw³ whwb ¯^qs wb‡R‡K Rvb‡Z m¶g| wZwb eyw×gvb Ges myMg¨; Zuvi mvimËvq wZwb Abb¨| Zuvi †Kvb Zzjbv ev Zuvi mgK¶ Avi †KD †bB|

wZwb hw` GgbB nb, Z‡e we‡k¦i Ici Zuvi cÖfve wK Ges Zuvi I Ôeû'i g‡a¨ m¤úK© wK? Avj-dvivex G cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ wbM©gb Z‡Ë¡i mvnvh¨ MÖnY K‡ib| Avj-dvivex e‡jb, GKK wbðqvZ¥K mËvi wbR¯^ Ávb I mw`”Qv ev g½‡ji Øviv cÖ_‡g GK kw³i wbM©gb nq| GB wbM©Z kw³B cÖ_g PvwjKvkw³ (first intelligence)| GLv‡b ÁvbB m„wói mgv_©K| KviY †Kvb e¯Ízi aviYv †cvlY Kivi A_©B nj Gi Aw¯ÍZ¡| cÖ_g PvwjKvkw³ ¯^qs m¤¢ve¨, wKšÍz A‡bï wbM©g‡bi †cÖw¶‡Z wbðqvZ¥K| G kw³ cig GK‡Ki Ges wb‡Ri wPšÍv K‡i| GwU wb‡Ri mËvq GK Ges Gm‡ei we‡ePbvq eû| Avj-dvivex G m~Î †_‡KB eû‡Z¡i D™¢‡ei c‡_ AMÖmi nb| cÖ_g PvwjKvkw³i cig GK‡Z¡i wPšÍv †_‡KB Av‡iKwU PvwjKvkw³ wbM©gb nq| wb‡R‡K m¤¢ve¨ fvevi



d‡j G PvwjKvkw³ †_‡K cÖ_g ÒAvMg‡biÓ Dcv`vb I AvKv‡ii wbM©gb nq, KviY cÖwZwU ej‡qi wbR¯^ wewkó AvKvi Av‡Q Ges G AvKviwU Gi AvZ¥v| Gfv‡e PvwjKvkw³i G‡Ki ci GK wbM©gb n‡Z _v‡K `kg PvwjKvkw³ ch©šÍ| Gi mv‡_ bqwU ejq Ges G‡ì bqwU AvZ¥viI wbM©gb nq| wbhy³K ev cÖwZwbwa PvwjKvkw³ ev `kg I †kl PvwjKvkw³ cvw_©e RMZ‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i| GB PvwjKvkw³ †_‡KB gvby‡li AvZ¥vi Ges PviwU Dcv`v‡bi wbM©gb nq| G PviwU Dcv`vb nj LwbR c`v_©, Dw™¢`, cÖvYx Ges me©‡k‡l gvbyl|

cÖ_g PvwjKvkw³mn Gme kw³i msL¨v `kwU| bqwU PvwjKvkw³i m‡½ MÖn b¶Î Ges ejqmg~n RwoZ Ges G¸‡jv I AvZ¥vmg~n MwZi D™¢veK| cÖwZwU ej‡qi wbR¯^ PvwjKvkw³ Ges AvZ¥v Av‡Q| `kg PvwjKvkw³ cvw_©e RM‡Zi hveZxq welqvwì eë¯’v K‡i| AvZ¥v ej‡qi wbKUeZx© PvjK Ges AvZ¥v PvwjKvkw³ †_‡K ¶gZv AR©b K‡i| AvZ¥v Gi Kvgbvi gva¨‡g PvwjKvkw³i Rb¨ MwZkxj nq| myZivs Gi KvgbvB Gi MwZi Drm| Ab¨w`‡K PvwjKvkw³ me©`vB Kvgbvi RM‡Z _v‡K| wbæZi D”PZ‡ii Kvgbv K‡i Ges Gfv‡e mK‡jB cig GKK‡K Kvgbv K‡i| GB cig GKKB cÖvBg gyfvi ev ÔcÖavb PvjK', hwÌ wb‡R APvwjZ|

Avj-dvivex Gfv‡e PvwjKvkw³ Z‡Ë¡i gva¨‡g MwZ I cwieZ©‡bi mgm¨vwUi mgvavb K‡ib| wZwb GK Ges eûi mgm¨vwU mgvav‡bi RbÏ GB ZË¡wU eënvi K‡ib| Dcv`vb `kwU PvwjKvkw³i gZB cyivZb; wKšÍz Dcv`vb m„ó, KviY Dcv`vb `k PvwjKvkw³ †_‡K wbM©Z| Avjøvn&i GKKZ¡ cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨ wZwb GB `k PvwjKvkw³i ga¨¯’Zv MÖnY K‡ib|

eyw×e„wË ZË¡ Avj-dvivexi `k©‡b eyw×e„wËi Av‡jvPbv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©; KviY eyw×e„wË PvwjKvkw³i m‡½ RwoZ| GRb¨ Avgiv GLb Zuvi eyw×e„wË Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jvPbv Kie| Avj-dvivex Zuvi “On the Different Meanings of the Intellect” MÖ‡š’ eyw×e„wË m¤ú‡K© Zvrch©c~Y© Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| wZwb ÁvbZ‡Ë¡i m‡½ m¤úwK©Z eyw×e„wË Z‡Ë¡i ¸iæZ¡ Dcjwä K‡i Zuvi MÖš’mg~‡ni †ek wKQy As‡k G Z‡Ë¡i D‡jøL K‡ib| wZwb eyw×e„wË m¤úKx©q G mgm¨v‡K Zuvi `k©‡bi m‡½ hy³ K‡ib; KviY wZwb Abyfe K‡ib †h, G ZË¡ Ò`k PvwjKvkw³ ZË¡Ó Ges Òbey¨qZ Z‡Ë¡iÓ m‡½ Nwbôfv‡e m¤úwK©Z|

Avj-dvivex eyw×e„wË‡K ÔeënvwiK eyw×e„wË' Ges ÔZvwË¡K eyw×e„wË'†Z wef³ K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z, eënvwiK eyw×e„wË Abygvb K‡i ÔwK Kiv DwPZ'| Aciw`‡K ZvwË¡K eyw×e„wË AvZ¥vi c~Y©Zv AR©‡b mnvqZv K‡i| ZvwË¡K eyw×e„wË‡K wZwb ÔRoxq' ev ÔDcv`vbMZ', Ô¯^fveRvZ', Ges ÔAwR©Z' (Material, habitual and acquired) G wZbfv‡M wef³ K‡ib| Dcv`vbMZ ev m¤¢ve¨ eyw×e„wË nj AvZ¥v ev AvZ¥vi Ask ev Ggb GKwU kw³ hv e¯Ízi mvivsk‡K eySvq Ges hvi weg~Z©b Kivi ¶gZv Av‡Q| GwU‡K Ggb Dcv`v‡bi m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv hvq hvi Ici e¯Ízi AvKv‡ii Qvc Aw¼Z; †hgb Mvjvi Ici mxj‡gvni A¼b Kiv hvq| G¸‡jv‡K AwfwjLb ejv nq| GB AwfwjLb¸‡jv cÖZ¨¶Y I my‡eva¨ (intelligibles) e¨ZxZ Avi wKQy bq| myZivs my‡eva¨-m¤¢ve¨Zvq e¯Ízi g‡a¨ Aw¯ÍZ¡evb nq Ges Bw›`ªq †_‡K G¸‡jv‡K hLb weg~Z©b Kiv nq ZLb G¸‡jv ev¯ÍeZvq g‡bi g‡a¨ Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj nq| GwUB nj cÖZ¨¶Y Ges weg~Z©b (abstraction)| G¸‡jv g‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kg© hvi d‡j gb m¤¢ve¨Zv †_‡K ev¯ÍeZvq my‡eva¨‡K (intelligibles) Avbqb K‡i| GB my‡eva¨¸‡jv g‡b evwnZ n‡j eyw×e„wË myß Ae¯’v †_‡K mwµq Ae¯’vq iƒcvšÍwiZ nq|

myß I mwµq eyw×e„wË GB Ae¯’vq mwµq eyw×e„wË ev ¯^fveRvZ eyw×e„wË KZK¸‡jv my‡eva¨‡K AR©‡bi e¨vcv‡i g‡bi GKwU Avbyf‚wg‡K ev mgZ‡j Av‡ivnY KZ| gb †h‡nZz me my‡eva¨‡K GKB m‡½ †ev‡a Avb‡Z m¶g bq ev Ab¨K_vq ü`q½g Ki‡Z m¶g bq, †m‡nZz GwU mwµq eyw×e„wË hv cÖZ¨¶Y K‡i



Zuvi †cÖw¶‡Z Ges hv cÖZ¨w¶Z nqwb Zvi †cÖw¶‡Z| d‡j GwU myß eyw×| my‡eva¨¸‡jv ¯qs myß Ae¯’vq Bw›`ª‡qi g‡a¨ Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj _v‡K|

my‡eva¨¸‡jv‡K (Bw› ªq †_‡K) D‡b¥vwPZ Kiv n‡jB †m¸‡jv mwµq eyw×e„wË‡Z cwiYZ nq Ges gvbyl GB Avbyf‚wg‡Ki ev mgch©v‡qi mwµq eyw×e„wË jvf Ki‡j, †m wb‡R‡K eyS‡Z m¶g nq| GB ai‡bi †ev‡ai m‡½ evwn¨K RM‡Zi †Kvb m¤úK© †bB| GwU gvbwmK weg~Z© †eva|

eyw×e„wË GKevi Gfv‡e weg~Z©b‡K ü`q½g Ki‡Z ev eyS‡Z m¶g n‡j GwU AviI D”P ch©v‡q DbœxZ n‡q AwR©Z eyw×e„wË‡Z cwiYZ nq| GwU Amg‡q Ggb ¯Í‡i †cŠu‡Q, †h ¯Í‡i †cŠuQ‡j gvbexq eyw×e„wË Ggb weg~Z©‡K aviY K‡i hvi m‡½ R‡oi †Kvb ms‡hvM _v‡K bv| d‡j GwU †hŠw³K aviYvi iƒc jvf K‡i|

GB †hŠw³K aviYv Ges Bw› ªq-cÖZ¨¶‡Yi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ n‡”Q †h, †hŠw³K aviYv G ch©v‡q GK cÖKvi msÁv Ges Aby‡cÖiYvq cwiYZ nq ev Ab¨K_vq GK cÖKvi Zvr¶wYK †ev‡a cwiYZ nq| GwUB nj gvbexq †ev‡ai gnËg ch©vq| GB AwR©Z‡ev‡a (Level) KwZcq Ges wbw ©ó msL¨K gvbyl †cŠuQ‡Z cv‡i| G ¯Í‡i †KD †cŠuQ‡j Zuvi wbKU †Mvcb inm¨ D‡b¥vwPZ nq Ges wZwb ¯^Zš¿ PvwjKvkw³i (separate intelligence) m‡½ mivmwi †hvMv‡hvM ’vc‡b m¶g nb|

Gfv‡e µgvb¦‡q eyw×e„wË Ômyß' †_‡K Ômwµq' Ges Ômwµq' †_‡K ÔAwR©Z' eyw×e„wË‡Z DbœxZ nq| myß eyw×e„wË †KejgvÎ Bw› ªqRvZ AvKvi MÖnYKvix, Avi mwµq eyw×e„wË my‡eva¨‡K (intelligibles) msi¶Y K‡i Ges aviYv‡K ey‡S| AwR©Z eyw×e„wË †hvMv‡hvM, Ava¨vwZ¥K wmw×jv‡fi Abyf‚wZ Ges †cÖiYvi ch©v‡q DbœxZ nq|

µgvb¦‡q G ai‡bi GK ¯Íi †_‡K Av‡iK ¯Í‡i DËiY ¯Z:ù‚Z© bq| KviY Gi cÖviw¤¢K ¯Í‡i my‡eva¨ Ges eyw×e„wË myß Ae¯’vq _v‡K| Gi m¤¢ve¨Zv †_‡K ev¯ÍeZvq DËiY †KejgvÎ cÖwZwbwa PvwjKvkw³ ev me©‡kl PvwjKvkw³i cÖfv‡ei d‡jB N‡U| gvbexq Ávb ¯^Zš¿ PvwjKvkw³i we”Qzi‡Yi (radiation) Ici wbf©i K‡i Ges cÖwZwbwa PvwjKvkw³ (agent intelligence) Avgv‡ì P¶zi m‡½ m~‡h©i m¤ú‡K©i gZ gvbexq eyw×e„wËi mv‡_ GKB iKgfv‡e m¤úwK©Z nq| Avgv‡ì P¶z `„wói Rb¨ wèv‡jv‡Ki Ici wbf©ikxj Ges GKBfv‡e gvby‡li eyw×e„wË †Kej ZLbB †ev‡ai RM‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i hLb cÖwZwbwa PvwjKvkw³ H eyw×e„wË‡K D‡b¥vwPZ K‡i (A_©vr Gi mvg‡b †_‡K c ©v mwi‡q †bq)| GB PvwjKvkw³ eyw×e„wËi c_ Av‡jvwKZ K‡i| GLv‡bB Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB †h, gigxev` `k©‡bi m‡½ GKxf‚Z n‡q hvq| Z‡e G Z‡Ë¡ gvby‡li gb‡K wKQy Aeg~j¨vwqZ Kiv nq| KviY cÖwZwbwa PvwjKvkw³i cÖfve Qvov gb Avi EaŸ©‡jv‡Ki w`‡K AMÖmi n‡Z cv‡i bv| G Kvi‡YB nq‡Zv mydxiv Avj-dvivexi G ZË¡‡K g‡bcÖv‡Y MÖnY K‡i †bbwb| wKšÍz GZ`&m‡Z¡I Avj-dvivexi G ZË¡ gymwjg `k©‡b AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I Zvrch©c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| GgbwK wLªó `k©‡bI Gi ¸iæZ¡ Kg wQj bv|

bey¨qZ ZË¡ `k©‡b bey¨qZ ZË¡ eyw×e„wË Z‡Ë¡i m‡½ RwoZ Ges G ZË¡ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i Avj-dvivexi| wZwb bey¨q‡Zi agx©q e¨vL¨v‡K `vk©wbK wfwË cÖ`v‡bi †Póv K‡ib| eyw×e„wËi Av‡jvPbvq Avgiv j¶¨ K‡iwQ †h, cÖwZwbwa PvwjKvkw³i cÖfv‡e AwR©Z eyw×e„wË Av‡jvKcÖvß n‡q AbšÍ in‡mï mÜvbcÖvß nq| G Ae¯’vq AwR©Z eyw×e„wË cÖwZwbwa PvwjKvkw³i m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM ’vcb K‡i Ges AbycÖvwYZ nq| Avj-dvivex bey¨q‡Zi welqwU‡K mivmwi AvjøvncÖ`Ë bv e‡j Dc‡iv³ eyw×e„wËi Av‡jvPbvi m‡½ mshy³ K‡ib Ges GwU‡K `vk©wbK iƒc †`b| G Z‡Ë¡ HwZnëv‡ì (traditionalism) m‡½ †hŠw³KZvi mgb¦q mva‡bi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Zuvi



g‡bvweÁv‡b I Awawe`¨vq GB Z‡Ë¡i wfwË j¶Yxq| Avj-dvivexi ivóª`k©b I bxwZkv‡¯¿i m‡½ G ZË¡ m¤úwK©Z|

Avj-dvivex mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK cwi‡e‡ki cÖfv‡ei ¸iæZ¡ Abyaveb K‡i mgvR I Av`k© iv‡óªi wPšÍv K‡ib| wZwb mgvR I Av`k© iv‡óªi cÖavb †bZvi †h ¸iæZ¡ I ¸Yvejxi D‡jøL K‡ib Zv cÖvq †cø‡Uvi `vk©wbK ivRvi K_v ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`q| wKšÍz `vk©wbK ivRvi †h ¸YwUi K_v †cø‡Uv wPšÍv K‡ibwb, Avj-dvivex Zv wPšÍv K‡i cÖavb †bZvi ¸Yvejxi m‡½ hy³ K‡ib| G ¸YwU n‡”Q mvabv e‡j GB cÖavb‡K cÖwZwbwa PvwjKvkw³i Avbyf‚wg‡K ev †j‡f‡j †cŠuQ‡Z n‡e Ges wZwb †m Í‡i †cŠuQ‡j cÖZ¨v‡`k I Aby‡cÖiYv (revelation and inspiration) jvf Ki‡eb| cÖZ¨v‡`k I Aby‡cÖiYv cÖvß n‡j cÖavb †bZv ïay RvMwZK bq, cvi‡jŠwKK wel‡qI †bZ…Z¡ `vb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| KviY wZwb ZLb ¯Mx©q Av‡jvKcÖvß| dvivexi g‡Z †KejgvÎ `vk©wbK Ges gnvb mvaKMY GB Av‡jvKcÖvß n‡q ¸ß in‡mï Af¨šÍ‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i Av‡jvi RMZ‡K cÖZ¨¶Y Ki‡Z m¶g nb| ÒGB cweÎ AvZ¥v' EaŸ©‡jv‡Ki cÖwZ wbweówPË _vKvq Aa:†jv‡Ki cÖwZ KY©cvZ Ki‡e bv Ges Gi evwn¨K ms‡e`b Af¨šÍixY ms‡e`b‡K Av”Qbœ Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| GB AvZ¥vi cÖfve Ab¨vb¨‡ì‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡e Ges ¯^xq †`‡ni E‡aŸ© Av‡ivnY K‡i GB c„w_exi mg¯Í e¯Íz‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡e| “High Spirit” Ges †d‡i¯Ív‡ì wbKU †_‡K G AvZ¥v Ávb jvf Ki‡e| Avj-dvivex Zuvi Avm-kvgvivZ Avj-gvivw`q¨vn MÖ‡š’ gnvb AvZ¥v m¤ú‡K© Dc‡iv³ Dw³i gva¨‡g Gme ¸Yvejxi D‡jøL K‡ib Ges e‡jb †h, wbiew”Qbœ aviYvg~jK Aa¨qb ev Abykxj‡bi mvnv‡h¨ H AvZ¥v cÖwZwbwa PvwjKvkw³i m‡½ ms‡hvM ’vcb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Zuvi g‡Z G iKg AvZ¥vi AwaKvix n‡eb gnvb bex|

Avj-dvivex AviI e‡jb †h, cÖwZwbwa PvwjKvkw³i m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb Kíbv (imagination), ¯^cœ Ges wè¨ „wói (vision) gva¨‡gI m¤¢e| Kíbvkw³i gva¨‡g Ava¨vwZ¥K RM‡Zi Av`‡j gvbwmK cÖwZiƒc m„wó Kiv hvq| G Ae¯’vq wb`ªvgMœ e¨w³ ¯^M© Ges Gi Awaevmx‡ì‡K Ae‡jvKb Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges Acvi Avb›` Abyfe K‡ib| Kíbv ¯^Mx©q Kj¨vYgq RM‡Z Av‡ivnY Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges cÖwZwbwa PvwjKvkw³i m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM ’vcb K‡i †Kvb we‡kl‡¶‡Î ¯Mx©q ivq I e¨w³MZ NUbvejxi welq AeMZ n‡Z cv‡i| w`‡b ev iv‡Î msNwUZ G †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g bey¨qZ †K (Prophesy) e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq KviY GwUB mZ¨¯^cœ Ges cÖZ¨v‡`‡ki Drm| GLv‡b D‡jøL¨ †h, GB Kíbvkw³ mvaviY Kíbv bq, GwU AwR©Z m„Rbkxj Kíbv|

Avj-dvivexi g‡Z whwb Gfv‡e bey¨qZcÖvß nb wZwb bex| G bexi cÖavb êwkó¨ njÑ¯úó Kíbv AR©b hvi gva¨‡g wZwb RvMÖZ ev wbw`ªZ Ae¯’vq cÖwZwbwa PvwjKvkw³i m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges wè¨`„wó I Aby‡cÖiYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Zuvi g‡Z cÖZ¨v‡`k cÖwZwbwa PvwjKvkw³i gva¨‡g Avjøvni Zid †_‡K wbM©gb Qvov Avi wKQy bq| wKQy †jv‡Ki A‡c¶vK…Z Kg kw³kvjx Kíbvi gva¨‡g A‡c¶vK…Z Kg gvÎvi wè¨ „wó Ges Aby‡cÖiYv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Avj-dvivex Gu‡ì‡K bexi †P‡q Kg gvÎvi gnvcyiæl e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib| mvaviY †jv‡Ki Kíbv AZ¨šÍ ye©j nIqvq w`‡b ev iv‡Î Zv‡ì c‡¶ cÖwZwbwa PvwjKv kw³i m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM ’vcb Kiv m¤¢e bq| ms‡¶‡c GwUB nj Zuvi bey¨qZ ZË¡|

dvivexi GB bey¨qZ ZË¡ wb:m‡›`‡n bey¨q‡Zi e¨vcv‡i cÖZ¨v‡`k Ges hyw³i ev ag© Ges `k©‡bi myôz mgb¦‡qi cÖqvm| Zuvi G Z‡Ë¡ G¨vwi÷U‡ji cÖfve my¯úó| wKšÍz G¨vwi÷U‡ji m‡½ dvivexi cv_©K¨ †ek ¯úó| G Z‡Ë¡i cÖfve ga¨hyM Ges AvaywbK hy‡M cÖvP¨ Ges cvðv‡Z¨ j¶Yxq| Be‡b wmbv G Z‡Ë¡i AbyKiY K‡ib| Be‡b iæk&` G Z‡Ë¡i êaZv ¯^xKvi K‡ib Ges G e¨vcv‡i Avj-Mvhvjxi mgv‡jvPbvq wew¯§Z nb| Bû`x gvB‡gvbxIj G Z‡Ë¡i AbymiY K‡ib Ges w¯ú‡bvRvi UªvK‡UUvj †_IjwR‡KvÑcwjwUKv‡mI G ai‡bi ZË¡ j¶Yxq|



Avj-dvivexi †Kviv‡bi welqe¯Ízi e¨vL¨vZË¡ cweÎ †Kviv‡bi wKQy agx©q bxwZ HwZn¨MZ (traditional)| G¸‡jv‡K hyw³i mvnv‡h¨ cÖwZcv`b Kiv hvq bv †hgb †gv‡RRv (miracle), wePvi wèm, †klwèm, cyj‡mivZ, wePvi Ges kvw¯Í| Gme mvwgqvZ‡K MÖnY K‡i †bIqv a‡g©i wfwË¯îƒc| wek¦vmx‡ì‡K G¸‡jv MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Z`vbymv‡i KvR Ki‡Z n‡e| wKšÍz wKQy wPšÍvwe` G¸‡jvi wfbœ e¨vL¨v ev †hŠw³K e¨vL¨v †`b ev G¸‡jv‡K cÖvK…wZK AvB‡bi AvIZvq Avbvi †Póv K‡ib| gyZvwRjviv G `jfz³| GQvov AviI wKQy wPšÍvwe` Av‡Qb †hgb Be‡b ivIqvw›` Ges Avj-ivRx|

Avj-dvivex G e¨vcv‡i wfbœgZ †cvlY K‡ib| wZwb †gv‡RRvi (miracle) êaZv ¯^xKvi K‡i e‡jb, G¸‡jv bey¨q‡Zi cÖgv‡Yi Dcvq| wZwb g‡b K‡ib †gv‡RRv AwZcÖvK…wZK n‡jI cÖvK…wZK AvB‡bi we‡ivax bqÑ KviY G¸‡jvi Drm ej‡qi RM‡Z Ges PvwjKvkw³‡Z †`Lv hvq| GivB ¯^Mx©q gÛ‡ji eë¯’vcbvi `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ| Kv‡RB H RM‡Zi m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM ’vwcZ n‡jB ¯^fveMZ wel‡qi evB‡ii Gme NUbv N‡U| GKRb bex Zuvi Ava¨vwZ¥K ¶gZve‡j cÖwZwbwa PvwjKvkw³i m‡½ mshy³ n‡q hvq| GB ms‡hv‡Mi d‡j wZwb e„wócvZ NUvb, P›`ª‡K y'L‡Û wef³ K‡ib, jvwV‡K mv‡c cwiYZ K‡ib ev AÜ Ges Amy¯’ †ivMx‡K my¯’ K‡i †Zv‡jb| Gfv‡e Avj-dvivex Kvh©KviY‡K ¯^fveMZ wel‡qi E‡aŸ©i wel‡q cwiYZ K‡ib| wZwb jI‡n gvndzR Ges Kvj‡K kvwãK A‡_© bv ey‡S ms‡¶wcZKiY I msi¶‡Yi A‡_© eySvi K_v e‡jb| Zuvi g‡Z †Kv‡bv wek¦vmxB G¸‡jvi Aeg~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

Avj-dvivexi GB g‡bvfve wb:m‡›`‡n Ava¨vwZ¥KZvi g‡bvfve| Be‡b wmbv G ZË¡‡K MÖnY K‡i AviI we¯ÍvwiZ e¨vL¨v †`b| Avj-Mvhvjx G Z‡Ë¡i mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib| wKšÍz Be‡b i“k&` e‡jb, Gme wel‡qi wbivcËvi Kvi‡Y GLv‡b `k©b I ag©‡K Avjv`v ivLv DwPZ| Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g Avj-dvivexi `k©‡bi †gvUvgywU GKwU wPÎ Avgv‡ì mvg‡b dz‡U I‡V|

Abykxjbx 1| Avj-dvivexi hyw³we`¨vi msw¶ß e¨vL¨v w`b| Zuvi `k©‡bi m‡½ hyw³we`¨vi m¤úK© wK? 2| Avj-dvivexi PvwjKvkw³ ZË¡ Ges eyw×e„wË Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| PvwjKvkw³ Z‡Ë¡i

m‡½ bey¨qZ Z‡Ë¡i wK †Kvb m¤úK© Av‡Q? wPšÍv K‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|



cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb mZ¨/wg_¨v 1| AsKkv‡¯¿ Avj-dvivexi †Kvb Ae`vb †bB| mZ¨/wg_¨v 2| Avi-dvivex hyw³we`¨v‡K AvUfv‡M fvM K‡ib| mZ¨/wg_¨v 3| Avj-dvivexi g‡Z cÖgvY ZË¡B h_v_© hyw³we`¨v bq| mZ¨/wg_¨v 4| Avj-dvivexi `k©b‡K mgb¦qagx© `k©b ejv hvq| mZ¨/wg_¨v 5| Avj-dvivex eyw×e„wË‡K wZbfv‡M fvM K‡ib| mZ¨/wg_¨v|

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ 1| Avj-dvivexi AsKkv¯¿ I hyw³we`¨vi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ (K) †bB (L) Av‡Q (M) mvgvb¨ (N) Ic‡ii †KvbwUB bq|

2| Avj-dvivexi g‡Z AeaviY n‡”Q (K) cÖwZ‡e`b (L) cÖwZcv`b (M) aviYv (N) †KvbwUB bq|

3| Avj-dvivexi g‡Z PvwjKvkw³ (K) eviwU (L) `kwU (M) †lvjwU (N) Ic‡ii †KvbwUB bq|

4| Avj-dvivexi eyw×e„wË (K) Pvi cÖKvi (L) bq cÖKvi (M) †Kvb cÖKvi‡f` †bB (N) Ic‡ii †KvbwUB bq|

5| Avj-dvivexi g‡Z cÖZ¨v‡`k nj PvwjKvkw³i gva¨‡g (K) †cÖwiZ (L) wbM©gb (M) cÖwZcv`b (N) †KvbwUB bq|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1| Avj-dvivexi hyw³we`¨v Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| Zuvi g‡Z hyw³we`¨v wK `k©‡bi nvwZqvi? 2| Avj-dvivexi Ô`k PvwjKvkw³ ZË¡' e¨vL¨v Kiæb Ges Avcbvi gšÍe¨ wjLyb| 3| Avj-dvivexi Ôeyw×e„wËZË¡' ms‡¶‡c e¨vL¨v Kiæb Ges Avj-wKw›ì G Z‡Ë¡i m‡½ cv_©K¨

†Kv_vq Zv wbY©q Kiæb| DËigvjv mZ¨/wg_¨v 1| wg_¨v 2| mZ¨ 3| wg_¨v 4| mZ¨ 5| wg_¨v ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ 1| L 2| K 3| L 4| K 5| L



Avj-dvivexi Awawe`¨v Metaphysics of Al-Farabi

D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

♦ Avj-dvivexi mËvi aviYvi cwiPq cv‡eb| ♦ cig mËv m¤ú‡K© dvivexi aviYv ÁvZ n‡eb| ♦ Avj-dvivexi Awawe`¨vi c~Y© cwiPq cv‡eb| f‚wgKv Avj-dvivexi wPšÍvavivi MfxiZvi ¯úó cwiPq cvIqv hvq Zuvi Awawe`¨vq| hyw³we`¨vi gZ Awawe`¨vq Zuvi †gŠwjK Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ wZwb L¨vZ| dvivexi weÁv‡bi Av‡jvPbvi †K› ªwe›`y `Lj K‡i Av‡Q c`v_©we`¨v Ges Awawe`¨vq| Zuvi Awawe`¨v Avevi Zuvi ivóªZË¡ I bxwZkv‡¯¿i m‡½ Nwbôfv‡e RwoZ| Gw`K w`‡q we‡ePbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq Avj-dvivexi Awawe`¨K Av‡jvPbv Zuvi mvgwMÖK `k©‡bi g~j we›`y‡Z cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| gymwjg `k©‡b mËv, cigmËv Ges wek¦RM‡Zi Av‡jvPbvB gyL¨ Av‡jvPbv| G wn‡m‡e dvivexi myk„´Lj `k©‡bi w`‡K „wócvZ Ki‡j Avgiv †`Le Zuvi Awawe`¨vi Av‡jvPbv G `k©‡bi ga¨¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z| Gevi Avgiv Zuvi Awawe`¨v Av‡jvPbv K‡i †`wL Zuvi Awawe`¨v m¤ú‡K© Dc‡iv³ e³e¨ KZUzKz mZ¨|

mËv, cigmËv Ges we‡kl weÁv‡bi wfwË¯îƒc cÖwZcv`‡bi gyL¨ bxwZmg~‡ni Av‡jvPbvi bvg, dvivexi g‡Z, Awawe`¨v| Awawe`¨vi GB msÁv †_‡K wZbwU gyL¨ welq cvIqv hvq| Gi cÖ_gwU nj mËv, wØZxqwU cigmËv ev Avjøvn Ges Avjøvni aviYvq †cŠuQv‡bvi Rb¨ Avbylw½K welqvw` Ges Z…ZxqwU nj we‡klmg~‡ni cÖwZcv`‡bi g~jbxwZmg~n|

Awawe`¨vi Dc‡iv³ msÁv Ges Gi g‡a¨ wbwnZ welqvejxi w`‡K j¶¨ †i‡L Avj-dvivex Awawe`¨v‡K wZbfv‡M fvM K‡ib| wefvM¸‡jv wb¤œiƒcÑ

1| mËvi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Av‡jvPbv ev mËvZË¡ (ontology) 2| ARoxq `ªe¨mg~n, Zv‡ì cÖK…wZ, msL¨v Ges Zv‡ì DrK‡l©i gvÎvi Av‡jvPbv| GB

Av‡jvPbv cwi‡k‡l cigmËvq, hvi †P‡q Avi e„nËg †Kvb wKQyi aviYv Kiv hvq bv Ggb GK cig mËvi Av‡jvPbvq cwiYZ nq| G mËv mgy`q e¯Ízmg~‡ni m‡e©v”P ev P~ovšÍ bxwZ hv †_‡K cÖwZwU e¯Íz Gi mËv jvf K‡i| GB wefvMwU‡K ejv nq ag©ZË¡|

3| Z…Zxq wefvMwU we‡kl weÁv‡bi wfwË¯îƒc cÖwZcv`‡bi gyL¨ bxwZmg~‡ni Av‡jvPbv|

Avj-dvivexi g‡Z, G wZbwU As‡ki welqe¯Ízi mgwb¦Z Av‡jvPbvi bvgB Awawe`¨v| wZwb Zuvi Awawe`¨v Av‡jvPbvq G¨vwi÷U‡ji Z_vKw_Z ag©Z‡Ë¡i (Theologica) mvnvh¨ MÖnY K‡ib|

Gevi Avgiv cÖ_‡g cÖ_g wefv‡Mi AšÍfz©³ welqe¯Íz ÔmËvZË¡' wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie|

`k©‡bi †h kvLvq Aw Í‡Z¡i ¯îƒc wel‡q mywbw ©ó Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jvPbv Kiv nqÑ †mB kvLvwU nj Ab‡UvjwR ev mËvi (being) Av‡jvPbv welqK kvLv| Avj-dvivex G kvLvq mËv m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z PigZg Ges wek¦Rbxb aviYv nj mËvi aviYv| mËv‡K msÁvwqZ Kiv hvq bv, KviY mËv mKj aviYvi c~e©eZx© Ges mijZg aviYv| †Kvb aviYv ev

cvV-3



cÖZ¨‡qi msÁvwqZ Kivi A_© nj Gi Av‡aq ev welqe¯Íz‡K we‡kølY Kiv| wKšÍz mËvi †Kvb Av‡aq bv _vKvq, mËv‡K wPšÍbg~jK Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ Avbqb Kiv KwVb; KviY mËv wb‡RB G K‡g© euvav †`q| mËv‡K k‡ãi mvnv‡h¨ msÁvwqZ Kivi cÖ‡Póv †KejgvÎ Avgv‡ì gb‡K Gi w`‡K g‡bv‡hvMx K‡i wb‡ ©wkZ K‡i, wKšÍz Gi aviYvi e¨vL¨v K‡i bvÑ KviY †hme k‡ãi Øviv aviYv‡K msÁvwqZ Kiv nqÑ mËvi aviYv Zvi †P‡qI cwi®‹vi| GK mgq Avj-dvivex, G mËv‡K (being) ev¯Íevq‡bi (reality) m‡½ GKxf‚Z K‡ib A‡bKUv cviwgbvBwW‡mi c×wZ‡Z|

Avj-dvivex mËv‡K `y'fv‡M fvM K‡ib| Gi GKwU nj Awbevh© mËv, Ab¨wU m¤¢ve¨ mËv| Awbevh© mËv ¯^qs Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj ev GB mËv Ggb hv Aw ÍZ¡kxj bv n‡q cv‡i bv| Gi Abw Í‡Z¡i K_v AwPšÍbxq, †hgb cigmËv †Lv`vi Aw¯ÍZ¡ c~Y©fv‡e wbwðZ| Zuvi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i KviY wZwb wb‡RB| wb‡RB whwb Zuvi wbR Aw¯Í‡Z¡i KviYÑ GwUB Zuvi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i cÖgvY| GB Awbevh© mËv Ab¨ me e¯Ízi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ Acwinvh©| GB cig mËvi g‡a¨ mZ¨ I ev¯ÍeZv GKxf‚Z n‡q Av‡Q| GB Awbevh© mËv GK Ges GKvav‡i evn¨ I AšÍi, AšÍie¨vcx Ges AšÍe©Zx©| Zuvi g‡Z GB GKK cig Awbevh© mËvB Avjøvn|

Avj-dvivexi g‡Z, m¤¢ve¨ mËv (contingent being) nj †mB mËv hv A‡bï wbKU †_‡K Gi Aw¯ÍZ¡ MÖnY K‡i ev A‡bï Øviv Aw¯ÍZ¡evb nq| Gi Abw¯ÍZ¡ wPšÍbxq ev m¤¢ve¨| D`vniY¯îƒc ejv hvqÑ GB c„w_ex Ges Gi Af¨šÍixY e¯Ízmg~n m¤¢ve¨ mËv KviY Giv cig mËvi ØvivB Aw¯ÍZ¡evb|

Avj-dvivex G¨vwi÷Ujxq `k©‡bi AbymiY K‡i e‡jb †h, m¤¢ve¨Zv (potentiality) n‡”Q Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj nIqvi ¶gZv| cÖ‡Z¨KwU m„wRZ e¯Íz cÖK…Z A‡_© Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj nIqvi c~‡e© Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj nIqvi m¤¢vebvi g‡a¨ wQj| A_©vr H e¯Íz myß Ae¯’vq ev m¤¢ve¨Zvq (potentiality) wbwnZ wQj| ev¯ÍeZv (actuality) nj ev¯Í‡eB hv Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj| Avj-dvivexi g‡Z, hv ev¯ÍeZvq Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj Zv c~Y© Ges hv m¤¢ve¨Zvq Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj nIqvi Rb¨ A‡c¶gvb Zv m¤¢ve¨ e‡j Ac~Y© Ges G mËvB feb (becoming)| Zuvi g‡Z, †KejgvÎ Avjøvn-B Kvh© ev KviY Gm‡e Zv Bw½Z K‡i bv| KviY †Kvb e¯Íz Avm‡jB Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj wKbv Zv bv †R‡bB, Gi mviag© m¤ú‡K© wPšÍv Kiv hvq| wKšÍz Awbevh© mËv m¤ú‡K© Zv Kiv hvq bv| ZvB GKgvÎ GK cig mËvB n‡jb Avjøvn hvi mviag©B n‡”Q Zuvi Aw¯ÍZ¡|

Avj-dvivex, Avjøvn Ges Zuvi m„ó e¯Ízi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wb‡`©k Kivi Rb¨ mviag© Ges Aw¯Í‡Z¡i g‡a¨ †hŠw³K c„_KxKi‡Yi Ici †Rvi †`b| Zuvi g‡Z, Avjøvn ¯^qs Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj Ges Awbevh© mËv whwb c~Y© ev¯ÍeZv e‡j c~Y©Zg| mviag© Ges Aw¯Í‡Z¡i g‡a¨ ˆØZZv †bB e‡j GUvB cÖgvwYZ nq †h, wZwb Aw ÍZ¡evb Ges m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c GKK mËv|

Avj-dvivexi g‡Z m„óe¯Íz `ywU wbq‡gi mgb¦‡q MwVZ| wbqg ywU n‡”Q Ro I AvKvi (matter and form)| Ro ev we¯Í„wZ `ªe¨Z¡ (substratum) Qvov Avi wKQy bq| G ªe¨Z¡ Awba©vwiZ| AvKvi Abyhvqx †Kvb e¯Íz‡Z cwiYZ nIqvB Gi GKgvÎ ag©| AvKviB g~jbxwZ| GB AvKvi Ro †Kvb& e¯Íz‡Z cwiYZ n‡e Zv wba©viY K‡i| Ro AvKvi Qvov Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj n‡Z cv‡i bv; Avevi AvKvi Ro QvovI cwiùzwUZ nq bv| G¨vwi÷U‡ji gZ Avj-dvivexI e‡jb, G y'wUi GKwU‡K mwi‡q wb‡j †Kvb e Ízi Aw¯ÍZ¡ _v‡K bv|

Avj-dvivex mËvi Av‡jvPbvq ªe¨ (substance) Ges AevšÍi j¶Y‡K (accident) †U‡b Av‡bb| Zuvi g‡Z, ªe¨ wb‡RB Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj Ab¨ wKQy‡Z bq| AevšÍi j¶Y nj Ggb hvi Rb¨ ªe¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq, KviY G ª‡e¨ Ges Gi Øviv G j¶Y Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj nq|



Avj-dvivex wØZxq As‡k Awawe`¨K ag©Z‡Ë¡i welqe¯Íz wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| Avgiv mËvi Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †R‡bwQ †h, Zuvi g‡Z cig mËv ev Awbevh© mËvB Avjøvn| wZwb ¯^q¤¢~, ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© Ges me©ÁvZv| wZwb me wKQyB m„wó K‡i‡Qb, wKšÍz wZwb ¯^qs m„wRZ bb| wZwb Zuvi m„wRZ me wKQy m¤ú‡K© ÁvZ| wKšÍz m„wRZ gvbyl wK Zuvi m¤ú‡K© †Kvb Ávbjvf Ki‡Z cv‡i? ev AviI mnR K‡i cÖkœ DÌvcb Ki‡j cÖkœwU ùvovqÑ wZwb me wKQy m¤ú‡K© ÁvZ, wKšÍz Zuv‡K wK Rvbv hvq?

Avj-dvivex G cÖ‡kœi m¤§yLxb n‡q Gi DËi w`‡Z BZ ÍZ‡eva K‡ib| wZwb e‡jbÑ Avjøvn ÁvZe¨ (knowable) Ges AÁvZe¨ (unknowable), cÖKvk¨ Ges †Mvcbxq| wZwb dzmyg Avj-wnmvg MÖ‡š’ e‡jb Zuvi m¤ú‡K© m‡e©vËg Ávb nj GUzKz Rvbv †h, wZwb Ggb huv‡K Avgv‡ì gb we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e Rvb‡Z cv‡i bv| Zuvi g‡Z, Avjøvn wK Zv Rvbv AZ¨šÍ KwVb| Gi KviY nj Avgv‡ì eyw×e„wËi mxgve×Zv| Av‡jvi mvnv‡h¨ is „k¨gvb nq| Zvn‡j GLv‡b †hŠw³K wm×všÍ njÑ D¾¡j Av‡jv D¾¡j `„wókw³ Drcv`b Ki‡e| wKšÍz GLv‡b Avjøvni e¨vcv‡i welqwU Abïƒc| D¾¡jZg Av‡jv „wókw³‡K auvwa‡q †`q| Avjøvni †¶‡Î welqwU Giƒc| wZwb Ggb AKíbxqfv‡e D¾¡j †h, Zuvi `k©b gvbe P¶zi mn¨¶gZvi E‡aŸ©| wZwb AšÍnxbfv‡e c~Y© (perfect)| Zuvi Amxg c~Y©Zv Avgv‡ì gb‡K nZf¤' K‡i †Zv‡j| Giƒc AšÍnxb c~Y©Zg‡K mxwgZ kw³m¤úbœ Ges Ac~Y© gvbe gb wKfv‡e eyS‡Z m¶g n‡e?

Avjøvn‡K Rvbvi e¨vcv‡i Avj-dvivexi BZ¯ÍZ‡eva m‡Ë¡I wZwb e‡jb †h, mgMÖ `k©‡bi cÖavb j¶¨ nj Avjøvni Ávbjvf Kiv; Avi gvby‡li DwPZ Ggb Í‡i wb‡R‡K DbœxZ Kiv †h ¯Í‡i †cŠuQ‡j gvbyl wb‡R‡K gnvmZ¨ Avjøvni g‡a¨ wejxb K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i| Avj-dvivex GLv‡b gigxev‡ì Bw½Z K‡ib| Avjøvn‡K Rvbv hv‡e wKbv G e¨vcv‡i wZwb BZ ÍZ †eva Ki‡jI Avjøvni Aw¯ÍZ¡ wb‡q wZwb †Kvbfv‡eB BZ¯ÍZ‡eva K‡ibwb| Avjøvni Aw¯ÍZ¡ cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨ wZwb wbæwjwLZ hyw³ †ck K‡ibÑ

(K) MwZ †_‡K Avjøvni Aw¯Í‡Z¡i cÖgvY t Avj-dvivex G¨vwi÷Uj‡K AbymiY K‡i e‡jb †h, G c„w_exi e¯Ízmg~n Pjgvb ev e¯Ízmg~n P‡j (move)| j¶¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, cÖwZwU PvwjZ e¯Íz GKRb Pvj‡Ki wbKU †_‡K Pjvi MwZ MÖnY K‡i| GLb Ab¨ wKQy‡K Pvjbv Kivi c~‡e©B ¯qs Pvj‡Ki g‡a¨ †hgb MwZ Av‡Q e‡j a‡i †bIqv hv‡e, †Zgwb G Pvj‡KiI G‡K PvwjZ Kivi Rb¨ Av‡iKRb PvjK Aek¨B _vK‡e e‡j a‡i wb‡Z n‡e| Zvn‡j cieZx© Pvj‡KiI Av‡iKRb PvjK _vK‡e| Gfv‡e Pj‡Z _vK‡e Ges Gi †Kvb AšÍ _vK‡e bv| wKšÍz AšÍnxbfv‡e PvjKP‡µi Ges PvwjZ e¯Ízmg~‡ni †cQ‡b avIqv Kiv Am¤¢e| myZivs Aek¨B GKRb APvwjZ PvjK _vK‡e| GB APvwjZ PvjKB n‡”Qb Avjøvn|

(L) wbwgË KviY †_‡K †Lv`vi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i cÖgvY t Avj-dvivex e‡jb, wbwgË KviY P‡µi ga¨ †_‡K AšÍnxbfv‡e GKwU wbwgË Kvi‡Yi aviYv Kiv Am¤¢e| hv aviYvg~jK bq Zv m¤¢e bq| myZivs wbwgË KviY P‡µi evB‡i Aek¨B GKwU Am„wRZ wbwgË KviY _vK‡e Ges G KviYB n‡jb Avjøvn|

(M) AwbwðZ m¤¢vebv †_‡K Avjøvni Aw¯Í‡Z¡i cÖgvY t GB hyw³wU Awbevh© mËv Ges m¤¢ve¨ mËvi cv_©‡Kï Ici wbf©ikxj| Awbevh© mËv ¯^qs Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj ev Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj bv n‡q cv‡i bv| Awbevh© mËvi Abw¯ÍZ¡ AwPšÍbxq| m¤¢ve¨ mËv ZvB hv Ab¨ mËv †_‡K Gi Aw ÍZ¡ MÖnY K‡i Ges Gi Abw¯ÍZ¡ m¤¢e| D`vniY¯îƒc ejv hvq †h, GB c„w_exi Aw¯ÍZ¡ bvI _vK‡Z cviZ A_ev Gi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj bv| wKšÍz ev¯Í‡e †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, GB c„w_ex Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj| myZivs Gi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Ab¨ †Kvb mËvi Kvi‡Y m¤¢e n‡q‡Q, Gi wbR¯ mËvi Kvi‡Y bq| GB c„w_exi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i KviY H Ab¨ mËvwU m¤¢ve¨ n‡Z cv‡i ev m¤¢ve¨ bvI n‡Z cv‡i| GB mËv hw`



m¤¢ve¨ mËv nq Z‡e Gi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ Ab¨ GKwU mËvi aviYv Kiv hvq| GB Ab¨ mËvwU Avevi m¤¢ve¨ n‡ZI cv‡i Avevi bvI n‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡e m¤¢ve¨ mËvPµ Pj‡Z _vK‡j KLbB †Kvb wm×v‡šÍ †cuŠQv‡bv m¤¢e bq| myZivs Kvh©-KviY P‡µi AšÍ _vKv DwPZ Ges GB A‡šÍ Ggb GKwU mËv _vK‡e †h mËv ¯-Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj| Gfv‡e †klvewa Avgiv Ggb GK Awbevh© mËvi aviYvq †cŠuwQ hvi Abw¯ÍZ¡ AwPšÍbxq Ges hvi aviYvi g‡a¨B Awbevh©fv‡e Zuvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wbwnZ Av‡Q| GB Awbevh© mËvB Avjøvn|

Avjøvni Aw¯ÍZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Dc‡iv³ hyyw³¸‡jv wek¦ZvwË¡K hyw³i wewfbœ e³e¨| †kl hyw³wU Aek¨ ZË¡welqK hyw³iI AvIZvfz³| †m hv‡nvK, Ic‡i cÖ`Ë hyw³¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡Z Avj-dvivex ev¯Íe NUbv †_‡K Avi¤¢ K‡ib, GKwU bxwZ cÖ‡qvM K‡ib Ges wm×v‡šÍ †cŠu‡Qb| ev¯Íe NUbv n‡”Q MwZ, m„wRZ mËv Ges AwbwðZ m¤¢vebv| Gfv‡e bxwZ¸‡jv njÑ Ôhv PvwjZ nq Zv A‡bï Øviv PvwjZ nq; Kvh©-Kvi‡Yi Bw½Z †`q Ges m¤¢ve¨ mËv Awbevh© mËvi Bw½Z enb K‡i| Gi d‡j †h wm×všÍ Av‡m Zv nj Avjøvn Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj'|

Avj-dvivex Gfv‡e Zuvi Awawe`¨K ag©Z‡Ë¡ Avjøvni Aw¯ÍZ¡ cÖgv‡Yi ci Avjøvni ¸Yvejx, GKZ¡ I mijZ¡ wb‡q `xN© Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| Awawe`¨vi wØZxqvs‡ki Av‡jvPbvi ci Avgiv Gevi Gi Z…Zxqvs‡ki msw¶ß Av‡jvPbv Kie|

we‡kl weÁv‡bi wfwË¯îƒc, Avj-dvivex Zuvi Awawe`¨vi Z…Zxqvs‡k gyL¨ bxwZ ev first principles m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| Zuvi G bxwZmg~n mËvi aviYvi m‡½ Nwbôfv‡e m¤úwK©Z| Avj-dvivexi g‡Z, mËvi aviYv hw` mZ¨ nq, Z‡e gyL¨ bxwZ¸‡jv GKBfv‡e mZ¨| mËvi aviYv hw` ev¯ÍeZvi (reality) Ici wbf©ikxj nq, Z‡e GB bxwZ¸‡jvI ev¯ÍeZvi Ici wbf©ikxj| GB bxwZ¸‡jv †Kej wPišÍb K‡g©i wbqg bq, ev¯ÍeZviI wbqg| Zuvi g‡Z, Avm‡j cÖ‡Z¨KwU gyL¨ bxwZ mËvi †gŠwjK aviYvi Bw½Z enb K‡i| GB gyL¨ bxwZ¸‡jv njÑ (1) we‡ivaevaK bxwZ (principle of contradiction) (3) Kvh©-KviY ZË¡ (principle of causality) Ges (3) ga¨c` †jvc bxwZ (principle of excluded middle)|

Avj-dvivex G¨vwi÷U‡ji GKvšÍ f³ wQ‡jb e‡j G bxwZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨B Zuvi cÖfve j¶¨ Kiv hvq| G¨vwi÷U‡ji wbKU hyw³we`¨v nj m‡Z¨ DcbxZ nIqvi c×wZ| wKšÍz Avj-dvivexi wbKU hyw³we`¨v m‡Z¨ DcbxZ nIqvi c×wZ Ges ¯^qs mZÏ e‡U| Avj-dvivex hyyw³we`¨v Ges mËvwelqK we`¨vi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨nxbZvi (inseparability) wPšÍv K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z wPšÍ‡bi e¨vcv‡i hv mZ¨, ev¯ÍeZvi e¨vcv‡iI Zv mZ¨| myZivs G K_vi m~Î a‡i ejv hvqÑ Avj-dvivex G¨vwi÷U‡ji wecixZagx© GKRb c~Y© fveev`x wQ‡jb|

Abykxjbx 1| Avj-dvivexi Awawe`¨vi wZbwU Ask fvjfv‡e cvV Kiæb Ges Gi msw¶ß weeiY wjLyb| 2| mËv m¤ú‡K© Avj-dvivexi aviYvi msw¶ß e¨vL¨v w`b Ges wb‡Ri gZ cÖKvk Kiæb| 3| Awawe`¨K Av‡jvPbvq Avj-dvivex G¨vwi÷Uj‡K wKfv‡e AbymiY K‡ib?



cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb mZ¨/wg_¨v 1| Avj-dvivexi Awawe`¨v wZbwU As‡k wef³| mZ¨/wg_¨v 2| Avj-dvivex mËv‡K wZb fv‡M fvM K‡ib| mZ¨/wg_¨v 3| Avj-dvivexi g‡Z Awbevh© mËvB Avjøvn| mZ¨/wg_¨v 4| Avjøvn&i Aw¯ÍZ¡ cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨ Avj-dvivex cuvPwU hyw³ †`b| mZ¨/wg_¨v 5| Avj-dvivex †gvU cuvPwU gyL¨ bxwZi D‡jøL K‡ib| mZ¨/wg_¨v ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ 1| Avj-dvivexi g‡Z mËv‡K msÁvwqZ (K) Kiv hvq (L) Kiv hvq bv (M) Kiv Am¤¢e (N) Ic‡ii †KvbwUB bq|

2| dvivexi g‡Z mËv (K) `y' cÖKvi (L) cuvP cÖKvi (M) wZb cÖKvi (N) mvZ cÖKvi

3| Avj-dvivexi g‡Z Avjøvn‡K (K) Rvbv hvq bv (L) Rvbv hvq (M) c~Y©fv‡e Rvbv hvq bv (N) Ic‡ii †KvbwUB mZ¨ bq|

4| dvivexi g‡Z APvwjZ PvjK n‡”Qb (K) Avjøvn (L) `ªe¨ (M) Aw¯ÍZ¡ (N) Ic‡ii †KvbwUB bq|

5| Avj-dvivexi g‡Z Awbevh© mËvi Abw¯ÍZ¡ (K) AwPšÍbxq (L) AKíbxq (M) Aev¯Íe (N) Ic‡ii †KvbwUB bq| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1| Avj-dvivexi mËvi aviYv e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 2| Awawe`¨K ag©Z‡Ë¡ Avj-dvivexi Avjøvn m¤úKx©q aviYvi msw¶ß weeiY w`b| 3| Avj-dvivexi gyL¨ bxwZ¸‡jvi cwiPq w`b| DËigvjv mZ¨/wg_¨v 1| mZ¨ 2| wg_¨v 3| mZ¨ 4| wg_¨v 5| wg_¨v ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ 1| L 2| K 3| M 4| K 5| K |



cvV-4 t mvgvwRK I ivóª`k©b m¤ú‡K© Avj-dvivexi aviYv Social and Political Philosophy of Al-Farabi

D‡Ïk¨ G cvV †k‡l Avcwb

♦ Avj-dvivexi mvgvwRK `k©b m¤ú‡K© aviYv cv‡eb| ♦ Zuvi ivóª `k©‡bi weeiY cv‡eb| ♦ Zuvi g‡Z Av`k© ivóª I G iv‡óªi †bZvi cwiPq cv‡eb| ♦ Av`k© iv‡óªi cZ‡bi KviY m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡eb| f‚wgKv Avj-dvivexi gyL¨ wPšÍvaviv g~jZ `y'wU cÖavb fv‡M wef³| Gi GKwU Awawe`¨v Ges Ab¨wU ivóª ev ivRbxwZi `k©b| wZwb wbIc�vUwbK Ges ÷wqK wPšÍvavivi cÖwZ AZ¨šÍ mnvbyf‚wZkxj wQ‡jb e‡j Zuvi wPšÍvavivq Awawe`¨v Ges ivóª `k©b‡K GKB weÁv‡bi `ywU w`K e‡j we‡ePbv Kiv hvq| GB GKB weÁv‡bi GB `ywU kvLvi ev w`‡Ki j¶¨ wQj m‡Zï wfwË‡Z myL A‡b¦lY Kiv| †cø‡Uv Zuvi wicvewjK MÖ‡š’ ivóª Ges e¨w³i g‡a¨ GK mgvšÍivj †iLv Uv‡bb Ges GKw`‡K e¨w³ wn‡m‡e I Ab¨w`‡K mvgvwRK Rxe wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i H †iLvi eënvi K‡ib| Abyiƒcfv‡e Avj-dvivex gvbyl Ges mgMÖ we‡k¦i g‡a¨ m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î AviI RxešÍ mgvšÍivj †iLv A¼b K‡ib| GLv‡b wZwb Gi g‡a¨ gvbyl‡K †Kej Ask wn‡m‡e bq, eis Zvi cÖK…wZ‡K AviI wekvj †¯‹‡j ev †¶‡Î cwiùzU K‡i †Zv‡jb| wZwb Zuvi mvgvwRK I ivóª wPšÍvavivq †cø‡Uvi Øviv cÖfvweZ _vKv m‡Ë¡I wb‡Ri e¨w³MZ AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K ivóª`k©‡bi GK b~Zb e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡ib| Zuvi G e¨vL¨v †cø‡Uvi we‡kølY †_‡K m¤ú~Y© c„_K| G K_vi mg_©b †g‡j hLb †iv‡Rš’vj e‡jb, Ògvbyl myLjvf Ki‡Z cv‡i GB iK‡gi ¶z ªZg ivR‰bwZK BDwbU wn‡m‡e| Avj-dvivexi Ôgv`xbv' †cø‡Uvi fveavivi Abyiƒc| wKšÍz mgMÖ mf¨ RMZ‡K wb‡q e„nr ms¯’v Ges ga¨vK…wZi RvwZ m¤ú‡K© Avj-dvivex hv e‡j‡Qb Zv m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c ¯^Zš¿ BmjvwgK cwi‡ek †_‡KB DrmvwiZ|Ó Dc‡iv³ f‚wgKv KZUzKz mZ¨, Zv Avgiv GLb GB cv‡V LwZ‡q †`Le| Av‡jvPbvi myweav‡_© Ges Avj-dvivexi Av‡jvPbvi aviv Abyhvqx Zuvi mvgvwRK Ges ivóª`k©b Avjv`vfv‡e Av‡jvPbv bv K‡i Avgiv cÖvq mgq GKB m‡½ Av‡jvPbv Kie|

Avj-dvivexi mvgvwRK I ivóª`k©b Avj-dvivexi mvgvwRK I ivóª`k©b msµvšÍ Av‡jvPbv wekvj AvKv‡ii| wZwb mvgvwRK I ivóª`k©b m¤ú‡K© †gvU cuvPwU MÖ‡š’ Zuvi ZË¡ e¨vL¨v K‡ib| MÖš’¸‡jv njÑ (1) wmqvmvZzj gv`vbxqv (2) AvivDqvj Avnwjj (3) gv`xbv Avj-dvwRjv (4) RvIqv wgbym wmqvmvZ Ges (5) BRwZgvD gv`vbxqvZ| †cø‡Uvi ÔjR' MÖš’wUi AbyevÌ Zuvi G Kv‡Ri mnvqZvq Av‡m|

Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡mi cÖ_g ch©v‡q Bmjvg `ªæZMwZ‡Z Gwkqv, Avwd«Kv Ges BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ †`‡k Qwo‡q c‡o| d‡j ¯íKv‡ji g‡a¨ GK wekvj gymwjg mvgªvR¨ cÖwZwôZ nq| GB mvgªv‡Rï wewPÎ Pwi‡Îi †jvKR‡bi mvgvwRK cUf‚wg ch©‡e¶Y Ges mvgvwRK HK¨ M‡o †Zvjvi GKwU `„wó‡Kv‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv †`q| gymwjg wPšÍvwe` Ges `vk©wbK‡ì g‡a¨ Avj-dvivexB me©cÖ_g GB cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi K_v mg¨K Dcjwä K‡ib| G Kvi‡Y wZwb Avj-wKw›ì gZ

cvV-4



me©‡Zvfv‡e cÖÁvb PP©vi †P‡q gvbe cÖK…wZ we‡kølY Ges mgvRwPšÍv I ivóªwPšÍvi w`‡K g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib|

Avj-dvivex †cø‡Uv I wbI-†cø‡UvwbK wPšÍvavivq DØy× n‡q gvby‡li eyw×gËv I Kvh©¶gZv‡K gvbe cÖK…wZi wfwË MY¨ K‡ib| wZwb G¨vwi÷U‡ji iv‡óªi DrcwËi g~jK_v Ôgvbe mgv‡R ci¯úi mn‡hvwMZvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi' w`‡K `„wócvZ K‡ib Ges Zuvi mvgvwRK ZË¡ we‡kølY K‡ib| wZwb e‡jb gvby‡li Kíbv, evmbv, Pvwn`v Ges cÖ‡qvRb msL¨vZxZ n‡Z cv‡i| wKšÍz G¸‡jv c~i‡Yi ¶gZv mxwgZ| myZivs gvby‡li GKvi c‡¶ cÖ‡qvRbxq mvgMÖxi mieivn Kiv Zvi mv‡aï g‡a¨ mxgve× bq e‡j gvbyl GKvKx emevm Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Zvi †gŠwjK Ges mvgvwRK Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ Zv‡K Aek¨B A‡bï mn‡hvwMZv Kvgbv Ki‡Z nq| †h‡nZz gvbyl GKvKx Zvi cÖ‡qvRb wgUv‡Z m¶g bq, †m‡nZz Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ i¶vi I Rxe‡bi DbœwZi Rb¨ cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvi cÖ‡qvR‡b Zv‡ì‡K GKwÎZ n‡Z nq| wZwb g‡b K‡ibÑ G Ae¯’vi †cÖ¶vc‡U gvbyl msNe× I m¤úª`vqfz³ nq Ges mgvR M‡o †Zv‡j| Gfv‡e we‡kølY K‡i wZwb G wm×v‡šÍ †cuŠ‡Qb †h, ci¯úi mn‡hvwMZv Kiv, msNe× nIqv Ges m¤úª`vqfz³ nIqv gvby‡li Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ Acwinvh©|

Avj-dvivexi g‡Z mgv‡R emevmiZ gvby‡li ci¯úi mn‡hvwMZv GKwÎZ nIqv ev mgvRe× nIqvi Drm| Avevi ci¯úi mn‡hvwMZvi e¨vwß, MfxiZv I g~j D‡Ïk¨, msNe×Zvi iƒc we¯Í„wZi AvKvi I Av`k©MZ Pwi‡Îi cwigvY wba©viY K‡i| D”PZv, cwigvc I iƒ‡ci wÎwea gvb`‡Ûi cÖ‡qvM K‡i wZwb êÁvwbK Dcv‡q gvbe mgv‡Ri g~j¨vqb K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z, me©cÖKvi msNe×Zv GKiKg bq| wZwb GwU‡K c~Y© Ges Ac~Y© GB `y'fv‡M fvM K‡ib Ges e‡jb †h, Ac~Y© msN¸wj Ac~Y© e‡j A‡bï Ici wbf©ikxj, wKšÍz c~Y© msN¸‡jv wb‡R‡ì wbivcËv weavb I cÖ‡qvRb wgUv‡Z m¶g e‡j Ac‡ii Ici †Zgb wbf©ikxj bq|

wKšÍz Gi c‡iI, Avj-dvivexi g‡Z, K_v †_‡K hvq| mKj gvby‡li cÖvK…wZK êwkó¨ GK iKg bq e‡j c~Y© msN _vKv m‡Ë¡I †Kvb †Kvb mgq Ac~Y©Zv G‡m hvq| †m Kvi‡Y AviI gReyZfv‡e gvby‡li mgvRe× nIqv Avek¨K| GB Avek¨KZvI AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq| KviY mgvR ev †Mvôx msNe× n‡jI gvby‡li g‡a¨ AviI Ggb mgm¨v †`Lv †`qÑ †m¸‡jv c~i‡Yi Rb¨ e„nËi cwigv‡c msNe× nIqvi cª‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv †`q| Avj-dvivex G wPšÍv †_‡KB mgvRe× gvby‡li ivóªxqfv‡e HKë× nIqvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi K_v e‡jb| KviY ivóªB †Kej gvby‡li g‡a¨ kvwšÍ, k„´Ljv I mywePvi cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cv‡i|

Avj-dvivex e‡jb, cÖ‡Z¨K mgv‡R mvaviYZ wewfbœ cÖK…wZi gvbyl emevm K‡i| G‡ì g‡a¨ mij, †evKv, a~Z©, m`q, `qvjy, wb`©q, KwVb, †jvfx, cÖK…Z eyw×gvb wewfbœ cÖK…wZi gvbyl Av‡Q| G‡ì g‡a¨ ci¯úi m¤úK© Ges `ªe¨ mvgMÖxi Av`vb cÖ`vbRwbZ Kvi‡Y mgv‡R AmvgÄm¨Zvi m„wó nq| d‡j mgv‡R bvbvb msKU I mgm¨vi D™¢e nq| G RvZxq mgm¨v I msKU gvby‡li Rxeb‡K AwZô K‡i †Zv‡j| d‡j Rxebhvcb e¨vnZ nq Ges µgvb¦‡q emevm Kiv `y:mva¨ n‡q I‡V| mgm¨v I msK‡Ui Øviv RR©wiZ n‡q †klvewa RbMY Dcjwä K‡i †h, mKj gvbyl‡K Zv‡ì wbR¯^ cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx ¯^vaxbfv‡e Pj‡Z w`‡j mgvR‡K myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbv Kiv Ges wUwK‡q ivLv AZ¨šÍ KwVb I Am¤¢e n‡q uvovq| GB Dcjwäi wfwË‡Z RbMY mw¤§wjZ n‡q Zv‡ì Rxe‡bi RwUjZv, mgm¨v I msKU m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i| d‡j ci¯úi mn‡hvwMZv I m¤§wZi wfwË‡Z cÖ‡Z¨‡K wbR wbR ¶gZv cwinvi Kivi msKí MÖnY K‡i| cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³ ¯^xq ¶gZv ev AwaKvi cwinvi K‡i G k‡Z© †h mK‡ji mw¤§wjZ m¤§wZ I cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g kvwšÍ, k„´Ljv I wbivcËv wbwðZ Ki‡e Ges mK‡ji Aby‡gv`b Qvov †KD KviI e¨vcv‡i n¯Í‡¶c Ki‡e bv| Avj-dvivex g‡b K‡ib, Giƒ‡c gvbyl ¯^xq ¶gZv ev AwaKvi cwiZ¨vM K‡i GKwU



mvgvwRK Pyw³‡Z DcbxZ nq| d‡j Zviv Zv‡ì Rxe‡bi kvwšÍ I ivóªxq Rxe‡bi wfwË ¯’vcb K‡i| G Pyw³i e¨wZµg n‡j bvMwiKiv mw¤§wjZfv‡e Gi †gvKv‡ejv K‡i| G Pyw³i d‡jB iv‡óªi D™¢e Ges myk„´Lj iv‡óªi wfwË ¯’vwcZ nq|

Avj-dvivex Zuvi mgqKv‡ji Ávb weÁv‡bi aviv j¶¨ K‡ib| Gi mv‡_ mv‡_ †m mg‡qi evM`v‡ì †K› ªxq ivR‰bwZK `ye©jZvi d‡j D™¢~Z wek„´Ljv I AivRKZv Ges mgv‡R Aw¯’wZkxjZv j¶¨ K‡iB AvB‡bi kvm‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe K‡ib I G RvZxq mvgvwRK Pyw³i AeZviYv K‡ib| GLv‡b D‡jøL¨ †h, Avj-dvivex ewY©Z Ae¯’v Abyaveb K‡i Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z nem, jK Ges iæ‡kv mvgvwRK Pyw³Z‡Ë¡i D‡b¥l NUvb|

†m hv‡nvK, Avj-dvivex ivóªxq Rxe‡bi cË‡bi K_v e‡j ¶všÍ nbwb| wZwb Gici AviI Mfxifv‡e wPšÍv K‡i iv‡óªi iƒc‡iLv, †bZ…‡Z¡i êwkó¨ Ges Aa:cwZZ iv‡óªi KviY m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| Zuvi Dc‡iv³ mgvR `k©‡bi †cÖ¶vc‡U GLb Zuvi ivóª`k©b m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|

iv‡óªi DrcwËi e¨vcv‡i Avj-dvivex †h ai‡bi Pyw³ev‡ì K_v e‡jb, Zv mß`k Ges Aóv`k kZvãxi BD‡ivcxq Pyw³ev‡ì gZ bq| wZwb BD‡ivcxq Pyw³ev‡ì b¨vq cÖvK…wZK AvB‡b ev †Kvb KvíwbK iv‡R¨ wek¦vmx wQ‡jb bv| Pyw³i d‡j iv‡óªi DrcwË n‡q‡QÑ †mK_vI Zuvi gyL¨K_v bq| wZwb Zuvi e³‡e¨ cwiKwíZfv‡e e‡jb, iv‡óªi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Av‡M †_‡KB we`¨gvb| wKšÍz G iv‡óª wewfbœ ai‡bi Awbqg, wek„´Ljv, wbivcËvnxbZv I AkvwšÍ `~i Kivi j‡¶¨ b¨vqwePvi ev Bbmvd cÖwZôv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G cÖ‡qvR‡bi ZvwM‡`B gvbyl Pyw³e× nq Ges myL-kvwšÍ I Bbmvd Kv‡qg K‡i| †Kvb iv‡óª Bbmvd ev b¨vqwePvi cÖwZwôZ n‡jB †m iv‡óªi PvwiwÎK êwkó¨ wfbœ n‡q hvq, wZwb GLv‡b †cø‡Uvi Av`k© ivóª cÖwZwôZ Kivi msK‡íi gZB Bbmvdm¤úbœ Av`k© iv‡óªi K_v e‡jb|

Avj-dvivex e‡jb, †h msN ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© †m¸‡jv‡K bMi ivóª ejv hvq| Avi †h¸‡jv Am¤ú~Y© †m¸‡jv ivóªxq ch©v‡qi bq| Zuvi g‡Z bMi ivóª ¶z ª msN¸‡jvi Zzjbvq e„nËi Avevi G ai‡bi e„nËi bMi ivóª ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© ivóª msN¸‡jvi Zzjbvq ¶z ªZi| Gfv‡e ¶z`ªZi I e„nË‡ii mgxKi‡Yi †cÖw¶‡Z ejv hvq †h, me©‡k‡l wek¦e¨vcx GKwU wek¦ivóªI cÖwZwôZ n‡Z cv‡i| KviY ci¯úi mn‡hvwMZvi m~Î †_‡K gvbe Rxe‡bi i¶Yv‡e¶Y I Dbœq‡bi e„nËi myweav AR©‡bi ZvwM‡` iv‡óªi DrcwË nq| µ‡g e„nËi myweav, my‡hvM Ges ¯^v”Q›`¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ gvbe †Mvôxi ci¯úi mn‡hvwMZv G ch©v‡q †cŠu‡Q †h, †hme Kvi‡Y ¶z ªZg iv‡óªi DrcwË nq, †mme Kvi‡Y wek¦iv‡óªiI DrcwË n‡Z cv‡i| Avj-dvivex G m¤ú‡K© mZK© wQ‡jb e‡j wZwb g‡b K‡ib †h, G ai‡bi wek¦ivóª cÖwZwôZ nq bv wewfbœ Kvi‡Y| G‡ì cÖavb `y'wU KviY njÑ †fŠ‡MvwjK I K…wÎg| Kv‡RB wek¦iv‡óªi aviYvi cwie‡Z© wZwb RvZxq ivóª I bMi iv‡óªi cÖwZ bRi †`b| wZwb e‡jb †h, GKwU iv‡óªi ivR‰bwZK my‡hvM myweavi cwigvc I cwigvY mvaviYfv‡e Gi AvqZ‡bi Ici wbf©ikxj| wKšÍz AvqZ‡b e„nËi n‡jI †Kvb ivóª ¸YMZ w`K w`‡q m‡e©vËg bvI n‡Z cv‡i| Zuvi g‡Z, †h iv‡óªi bvMwiKMY ci¯úi Nwbô mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g G‡K Ac‡ii myL AR©‡b mnvqZv K‡i Ges Gfv‡e cig myL AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i, †mB ivóªB ÔAv`k© ivóª'| Bmjvg I ciKv‡ji cig myL AR©‡bi Rb¨ g~j Av`k©B n‡e H iv‡óªi wfwË hv Av`k© ivóª cÖwZwôZ K‡i| Avi Av`k©wfwËK G ivóª‡KB h_v_© A‡_© Av`k© ivóª ejv hvq| GRb¨ Avj-dvivex Zuvi MÖ‡š’ e‡jb, †h iv‡óªi bvMwiKMY H wRwbm AR©b Ki‡Z G‡K Aci‡K ci¯úi mvnvh¨ K‡i, hvi gva¨‡g cig myL jvf Kiv hvq, ZvB Av`k© ivóª|

†cø‡Uv Zuvi wicvewjK MÖ‡š’ Av`k© iv‡óªi Kíbv Ki‡Z wM‡q AZ¨šÍ ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ †h welqwU we‡ePbv K‡ibÑ Zvnj †bZ…‡Z¡i K_v| iv‡óªi †bZ…Z¡ hw` mwVK I Av`k©m¤§Z bv nq Z‡e †m



ivóªI Av`k© n‡Z cv‡i bv| †cø‡Uvi G wPšÍvavivi m~Î a‡i Avj-dvivexI Av`k© iv‡óªi †bZv I †bZ…‡Z¡i welqwU ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ Zuvi MÖ‡š’ Zz‡j a‡ib| wZwb e‡jb, mgvR Ges iv‡óª HK¨ I kvwšÍ eRvq ivL‡Z n‡j h_v_© †bZ…‡Z¡i cÖ‡qvRb| Zuvi g‡Z, hviv hyw³c~Y© I cÖÁvgq wPšÍvi gva¨‡g h_v_© wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y m¶g, ZuvivB †bZ…‡Z¡i Dchy³|

Avj-dvivex e‡jb, me gvbylB GKB iKg †hvM¨Zvi AwaKvix n‡Z cv‡i bv| wKQy †jvK hyw³ I Ávb cÖ‡qvM K‡i wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y AwaKZi `¶| hviv Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z hyw³c~Y© wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z, wb‡R‡ì fve e¨³ Ki‡Z Ges Ab¨‡ì‡K wb‡R‡ì g‡bvfve eySv‡Z `¶, ZvivB †bZ…‡Z¡i Dchy³| Ab¨w`‡K hviv wb‡Riv eyS‡Z cv‡i wKšÍz Ab¨‡ì eySv‡Z A¶g, Zviv †bZ…‡Z¡i ¸Y weewR©Z| myZivs hviv †bZ…‡Z¡i ¸‡Y ¸Yvwb¦Z I Áv‡b mg„×, Zviv Ab¨‡ì‡K †bZ…Z¡ w`‡e| Avj-dvivex gvby‡li g‡a¨ wbwnZ wewfbœ iKg ¸‡Yi K_v wPšÍv K‡i e‡jb †h, GKB †bZvi c‡¶ mKj‡K me©‡¶‡Î †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb Am¤¢e| †m‡nZz AwaKZi `¶Zvm¤úbœ †jvK, A‡c¶vK…Z Kg `¶Zv m¤úbœ †jvK‡K †bZ…Z¡ w`‡Z cv‡i| Avevi Ab¨fv‡e wZwb e‡jbÑ GKRb †bZvi c‡¶ ïay Hme †¶‡Î †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb Kiv evÃbxq, †h‡¶‡Î wZwb Ab¨‡ì †P‡q †kªqZi| Gfv‡e cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i GKB †¶‡Î GKRb cÖavb †bZv GKRb wØZxq †bZv Ges `¶Zv Abyhvqx AviI †bZv _vK‡Z cv‡i| G Ae¯’vq cÖavb †bZv wØZxq †bZv‡K Ges wØZxq †bZv, Z…Zxq †bZv‡K Ges ch©vqµ‡g Ab¨vb¨ †bZv‡ì‡K †bZ…Z¡ w`‡Z cv‡i| DbœZ ¯^fve-PwiÎ, wk¶v-`x¶v I Ab¨vb¨ ¸Yvejxi Rb¨ whwb me mgm¨v ch©‡e¶Y Ges ü`q½g K‡ib Ges A‡bï gyLv‡c¶x bv n‡q wb‡RB mgm¨vi mgvavb w`‡Z cv‡ib wZwbB cÖavb †bZv| Avj-dvivex G ai‡bi †bZv‡K iBm-Avj-AvIqvj e‡j‡Qb|

Avj-dvivexi g‡Z G ai‡bi iBm Avj-AvIqvj †Kej GKRbB n‡eb, hvi Ici Avi †Kvb †bZv _vK‡e bv| G cÖavb †bZv wb‡R †kªôZg †bZ…‡Z¡i Øviv iv‡óªi mg¯Í Kvh© I Kj¨vY wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z m¶g| Av`k© iv‡óª wewfbœ ch©v‡qi Kvh©µ‡gi Rb¨ †h wewfbœ Kg©Pvix †kªYx _vK‡e, Zv‡ì cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡I G cÖavb †bZvi| d‡j wZwb n‡eb Kg©Pvix evwnbxi Ôme©vwabvqK'| G †bZv Av‡`k cÖ`vb Ki‡eb wKšÍz Av‡`k MÖnY Ki‡eb bv| Giƒc mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi gvwjK cÖavb †bZv me©kw³gvb Avjøvni cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e wb‡R‡K Abyfe K‡ib Ges gnvcÖfzi ¸Yvejxi AbymiY K‡i iv‡óª emevmKvix bvMwiK‡ì cÖ‡Z¨K‡K Dchy³Zv I gh©v`v Abyhvqx h_v¯’v‡b wb‡qvM †`‡eb Ges G e¨vcv‡i b¨vqbxwZ eRvq ivL‡eb|

†cø‡Uvi gZ Avj-dvivexI Av`k© iv‡óªi Av`k© kvm‡Ki Rb¨ Dchy³ wk¶vi K_v e‡jb; hwÌ †cø‡Uvi wk¶v Kg©m~wP wZwb MÖnY K‡ibwb| Z‡e G wk¶vi †cQ‡b Zuvi j¶¨ wQj cÖK…Z LuvwU Ges Dchy³ Bgvg ev †bZv ˆZwi Kiv| wZwb g‡b K‡ib †h, wk¶v †kl K‡i Ges hyw³weÁv‡bi cvi`kx© n‡q IVvi ci Gme wkw¶Z e¨w³‡ì‡K bMi iv‡óªi †bZv wn‡m‡e wbhy³ Kiv n‡e| Gici Ávb I AwfÁZvi wfwË‡Z µ‡g µ‡g Zuviv AMÖmi n‡eb Ges †klch©šÍ e„nËi iv‡óªi ¯Í‡i DbœxZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ Zuv‡ì c‡`vbœwZ †Ìqv n‡e| Avj-dvivexi †bZv ˆZwi Kivi c×wZ A‡bKUv †cø‡Uvi gZB, Z‡e cvi‡jŠwKK Ávb I myL AR©‡bi Áv‡bi cÖm½ Avj-dvivexi wbR¯^|

Avj-dvivex Av`k© iv‡óªi cÖavb †bZv Ges cieZx© ¯Í‡ii †bZv‡ì Rb¨ Zuvi dzmym Avj-gv`vbx Ges gvw`bvZzj dvwRjv MÖ‡š’ A‡bKMy‡jv ¸‡Yi K_v e‡jb| †Kvb e¨w³i g‡a¨ G ¸Y¸‡jvi mgv‡ek NU‡jB Zuvi †bZ…‡Z¡i Dchy³Zv AwR©Z n‡e| Av`k© iv‡óªi ÒcÖ_g kvm‡KiÓ Rb¨ †hme ¸Y cÖ‡qvRbxq, Avj-dvivex †mme ¸‡Yi g‡a¨ Zuvi dymym Avj-gv`vbx MÖ‡š’ †gvU QqwU ¸‡Yi K_v D‡jøL K‡ib| ¸Y¸‡jv GiƒcÑ

1| kvmbKv‡h© `¶ nIqv| 2| mr PwiÎ, `vk©wbK I imyj ev cÖZ¨vw`ó nIqv|



3| mZ¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ fvlvMZ ey¨rcwËm¤úbœ nIqv| 4| bvMwiKMY‡K Bn I ciKv‡ji cig my‡Li w`‡K cwiPvwjZ Kivi †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ nIqv| 5| †h †Kvb ivóªxq Kg© m¤úv`b Kivi mvg_©m¤úbœ nIqv| 6| wRnv` cwiPvjbv Kivi e¨vcv‡i e¨w³MZ †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ nIqv|

GQvov wZwb Zuvi MÖš’ gvw`bvZzj dvwRjvq cÖavb kvm‡Ki Rb¨ AviI eviwU ¸‡Yi D‡jøL K‡ib| Av`k© iv‡óªi Bgvg ev cÖavb kvm‡Ki wbæwjwLZ ¸Y _vK‡j wZwb wek¦iv‡óªi †bZ…Z¡ `vb KiviI ¶gZv m¤úbœ n‡Z cv‡ib| ¸Y¸‡jv njÑ 1| my-¯^v¯’¨ I kvixwiK A½ cÖZ¨‡½i w`K w`‡q wbLuyZ nIqv| 2| †gav I cÖZz¨rcbœgwZZ¡ nIqv hv‡Z †h †Kvb cwi‡ek I cwiw ’wZ‡Z KviI K_v ï‡b AwZ

mn‡R eyS‡Z cv‡ib| 3| cÖLi ¯§„wZm¤úbœ nIqv hv‡Z wZwb hv ï‡bb, †`‡Lb Ges cÖZ¨¶Y K‡ib Zv g‡b ivL‡Z

cv‡ib| 4| `~i`wk©Zv I eyw×gvb nIqv hv‡Z Zuvi m¤§y‡L Dc¯’vwcZ †h †Kvb mgm¨vi †cÖw¶Z ey‡S KvR

Ki‡Z cv‡ib| 5| evwM¥Zv hv‡Z Zuvi g‡bi K_v wZwb †hfv‡e g‡b K‡ib †mfv‡e cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡ib| 6| wk¶v Ges ÁvbvR©‡b cÖej AvMÖn Ges RvbvR©‡b †Kvb weiw³ cÖKvk bv Kivi e¨vcv‡i

mshgx nIqv| 7| Lv`¨, cvbxq I msM‡gi cÖwZ wb‡j©vf nIqv, †Ljvayjv cwinvi Kiv Ges G¸‡jvi cÖwZ

weZ…ò nIqv| 8| mZ¨ Ges mZëv`xi cÖwZ eÜzZ¡m¤úbœ nIqv Ges wg_¨vi cÖwZ N„Yv‡eva _vKv| 9| ü`‡qi cÖk¯ÍZv, gnZ¡ _vKv Ges bxPZv †eva †_‡K ~‡i _vKv| 10| †h †Kvb cÖKvi abm¤ú‡ì cÖwZ wb‡j©vf I Ag‡bv‡hvMx nIqv| 11| cÖK…wZMZfv‡e b¨vqwePvi I b¨vqev‡bi cÖwZ kª×v‡eva _vKv Ges Ab¨vq I AwePv‡ii cÖwZ

N„Yv‡eva _vKv| 12| `„p‡PZv, mvnmx Ges `ªæZMwZm¤úbœ nIqv Ges G e¨vcv‡i †Kvb cÖKvi ye©jZvi wPý

cÖ`k©b bv Kiv| GLv‡b j¶Yxq †h, †Kvb e¨w³i c‡¶ Dc‡iv³ ¸Ym¤úbœ nIqv AZ¨šÍ KwVb I Aev¯Íe| Av`k© iv‡óª †Kvb e¨w³i g‡a¨ Giƒc ¸‡Yi Afve †`Lv †M‡j c~e©eZx© cÖavb kvm‡Ki AvBb A_ev Zuvi DËim~wi kvmb Kvh© cwiPvjbv Ki‡eb| Z‡e Giƒc ¸‡Y whwb ¸Yvwb¦Z n‡eb wZwb n‡eb ÒcÖavb kvmKÓ, hvi D`vniY nhiZ †gvnv¤§` (m.)-Gi Øviv kvwmZ gw`bvi ivóª|

ÔcÖavb kvm‡Ki' ci whwb wØZxq ch©v‡qi kvmK n‡eb, Avj-dvivexi g‡Z Zuv‡K wbæwjwLZ ¸Yvejxi AwaKvix n‡Z n‡eÑ

1| Zuv‡K cÖÁvm¤úbœ Ges `vk©wbK n‡Z n‡e| 2| Ávbx Ges cÖ_g Av`k© kvm‡Ki cÖ`Ë AvBb, ixwZ-bxwZ I Abykvmb¸‡jv h_v_© Ávb I

G¸‡jv Zuvi wb‡Ri Rxe‡b Ges ivóª cwiPvjbvq K_vq I Kv‡R cÖ‡qvM Kivi ¶gZv m¤úbœ nIqv|

3| †Kvb AvBb Zuvi mvg‡b bv _vK‡j bZzb bxwZ wbqg Luy‡R †ei Kivi e¨vcv‡i wZwb AZ¨šÍ `¶ n‡eb|

4| `~i „wóm¤úbœ Ges AšÍ`„©wói AwaKvix wZwb cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’vi †cÖw¶‡Z bZzb wbqg-Kvbyb cÖYq‡b m¶g|

5| cÖf‚Z AwfÁZvm¤úbœ Ges evwM¥Zv hv‡Z Zuv‡K kixqvn& Abymv‡i RbMY AbymiY K‡i †m e¨vcv‡i RbMY‡K DØy× K‡i, cwiPvjbvi c_ cÖ`k©‡b mnvqZv K‡i|



6| kvixwiKfv‡e m¶g I hyw³we`¨vq cvi`kx© nIqv|

Ab¨K_vq, G kvm‡Ki _vK‡e Mfxi AšÍ`©„wó hvi Øviv wZwb Zuvi c~e©m~wii wbKU cÖvß ixwZ-bxwZ †_‡K Abygv‡bi wfwË‡Z NUbvejxi Z¡wir mgvavb w`‡Z cv‡ib Ges iv‡óªi mg„w× mvab Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Ab¨‡K wek¦vmx K‡i †Zvjvi ¶gZv Zuvi _vK‡e Ges wZwb n‡eb AZ¨šÍ K‡Vvi cwikªgx| GB mve©‡fŠg kvmK‡K HwZ‡nï ivRv ejv n‡e Ges ivóª‡K Avj-g~jK Avj-mybœvn ejv n‡e|

Ic‡i ewY©Z ¸Yvejx hw` GK e¨w³i g‡a¨ Dcw¯’Z bv _v‡K Ges hw` Ggb y'Rb e¨w³ hv‡ì GKRb Ávbx Ges Ab¨Rb Ab¨vb¨ ¸Yvejxi AwaKvix nb Z‡e GB `yB e¨w³B GK‡Î iv‡óªi kvmK n‡eb| Giv Z…Zxq ch©v‡qi kvmK e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡eb|

Av`k© kvmK nIqvi gZ Dchy³ GKRb †bZv cvIqv bv †M‡j hw` yB-Gi AwaK e¨w³i g‡a¨ ev Ggb ai‡bi GK`j †jv‡Ki g‡a¨ Hme ¸Yvejx eZ©gvb _v‡K hviv GK‡Î KvR Ki‡Z m¤§Z, Z‡e Av`k© kvm‡Ki `vwqZ¡ Zv‡ì g‡a¨ eÈb K‡i †Ìqv n‡e| Zuviv GK‡hv‡M cÖ_g Av`k© kvm‡Ki Av`k© Abyyhvqx mg‡eZfv‡e ivóª cwiPvjbv Ki‡eb| G ch©v‡qi kvmKMY‡K Avj-dvivex PZz_© ch©v‡qi kvmK e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib|

Avj-dvivex e‡jb, Ávb hw` iv‡óªi Ask MVb bv K‡i Ges Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v c~Y© _v‡K, Z‡e ivóª mve©‡fŠg Qvov DËg ivóª n‡e, Z‡e G ivóª aŸs‡mi m¤§yLxb n‡Z cv‡i| `vk©wbK Qvov †h †Kvb ivóª AwZ kxNªB aŸsmcÖvß n‡e|

Avj-dvivex †cø‡Uvi b¨vq Aa:cwZZ iv‡óªi wel‡qI mg¨K ÁvZ wQ‡jb| wZwb Zuvi mgKvjxb aviYv I D`vniY¸‡jv cix¶v wbix¶v K‡i bq cÖKvi Aa:cwZZ iv‡óªi D‡jøL K‡ib| G¸‡jv njÑ

1| cÖ‡qvRbwfwËK (Riæwiqv) ivóª †hLv‡b ms‡e`bkxj Kg©KvÐB gyL¨; 2| abZš¿ev`x (bmvjv) ivóª †hLv‡b ab AR©bB gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨; 3| Bw›`ªq‡mex (Lw`lv) ivóª †hLv‡b RbMY Bw› ªqcivqY n‡q I‡V; 4| †MŠieev`x (Kivev) iv‡óª †MŠie AR©b KivB gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨; 5| ekxf‚Z Kivi AvKv•¶v (ZMjye) ivóª †hLvb ci¯úi‡K ekxf‚Z Kiv gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨; 6| MYZš¿Kvgx (†RevBqv) ivóª †hLv‡b mevB wb‡R‡ì‡K ¯vaxb I mgvb g‡b K‡i; 7| åó (dv‡mK) ivóª †hLv‡b RbMY Ab¨vq I wg_¨vi Abymvix nq; 8| cwieZ©bev`x (gyZevw`jv) ivóª hv Ôfvj' g‡Zi cwie‡Z© Ôg›`' RbgZ Øviv weZvwoZ| 9| Av`k©Py¨Z (`jøv) ivóª, †hLv‡b RbMY åvšÍavivq wek¦vmx|

Avj-dvivexi g‡Z Ic‡ii ivóª¸‡jv ¯^vaxb I Av`k© ivóªiƒ‡c wU‡K _v‡K bv|

Dc‡iv³ msw¶ß Av‡jvPbv †_‡K mn‡RB Abyaveb Kiv hvq †h, Avj-dvivex wb:m‡›`‡n GKRb eo gv‡ci mgvR I ivóª `vk©wbK wQ‡jb|



Abykxjbx 1| Avj-dvivexi mgvR `k©‡bi msw¶ß cwiPq w`b| 2| Avj-dvivexi mvgvwRK Pyw³ gZev` e¨vL¨v Kiæb| Zuvi ivóª `k©‡bi GKwU msw¶ß weeiY

w`b Ges G e¨vcv‡i Avcbvi wPšÍvcÖm~Z gZvgZ w`b| cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb mZ¨/wg_¨v 1| iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© dvivexi gZev` G¨vwi÷U‡ji gZB| mZ¨/wg_¨v 2| nem, jK, iæ‡kv I Avj-dvivexi mvgvwRK Pyw³ gZev` GKB iKg| mZ¨/wg_¨v 3| Avj-dvivex wek¦ iv‡óªi aviYv †cvlY Ki‡Zb| mZ¨/wg_¨v 4| Avj-dvivex e‡jb iBm Avj-AvIqvj GKRbB n‡eb| mZ¨/wg_¨v 5| dvivexi g‡Z cÖavb kvm‡Ki ewÎkwU ¸Y _vK‡Z n‡e| mZ¨/wg_¨v ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ 1| Avj-dvivexi wPšÍvaviv‡K wef³ Kiv hvq (K) wZbfv‡M (L) `y'fv‡M (M) bq fv‡M (N) †Kvbfv‡MB bq|

2| Avj-dvivexi mvgvwRK Pyw³ gZev‡ì wfwË nj (K) ci¯úi mn‡hvwMZv (L) Ø›`¡ Kjn (M) mvgvwRK AvPiY (N) ¯^v_© msi¶Y

3| Av`k© iv‡óªi cÖavb kvm‡Ki ¸Y _vK‡e †gvU (K) cuvPwU (L) eviwU (M) wekwU (N) Ic‡ii †KvbwUB bq|

4| Avj dvivex g‡Z wØZxq cÖavb kvm‡Ki ¸Y _vK‡e (K) QqwU (L) AvVviwU (M) GKwU (N) Ic‡ii †KvbwUB bq|

5| Avj-dvivexi Aa:cwZZ iv‡óªi msL¨v nj (K) `kwU (L) wZbwU (M) bqwU (N) cuwPkwU (O) Ic‡ii †KvbwUB bq| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1| iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© Avj-dvivexi gZev` e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 2| Avj-dvivex wKfv‡e Av`k© iv‡óªi aviYvq DcbxZ nb Zv e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 3| Av`k© iv‡óªi cÖavb kvm‡Ki ¸Yvejx D‡jøL Kiæb| 4| Avj-dvivexi Av`k© iv‡óªi wØZxq, Z…Zxq I PZz_© cÖKvi kvm‡Ki ¸Yvejx e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 5| Avj-dvivexi g‡Z Aa:cwZZ iv‡óªi KviY¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiæb|



mgm¨v K. Avj-dvivex wek¦ivóª ¯’vc‡bi K_v e‡jb| wKšÍz wZwb wb‡RB e‡jbÑ G ai‡bi ivóª cÖwZôv

Kiv m¤¢e bq| GLv‡b G ai‡bi ivóª cÖwZôvq mgm¨v †Kv_vq?

L. wZwb †cø‡Uv I G¨vwi÷U‡ji ivóª`k©‡bi AbymiY K‡i Zuvi Av`k© iv‡óªi aviYv †`b| wKšÍz Zuvi aviYv I †cø‡Uv Ges G¨vwi÷U‡ji aviYvi g‡a¨ we‡kl cv_©K¨ ¯úó| †Kvb mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y wZwb G cv_©K¨ Avbqb Ki‡Z eva¨ nb? wjLyb|

DËigvjv mZ¨/wg_¨v 1| wg_¨v 2| wg_¨v 3| mZ¨ 4| mZ¨, 5| wg_¨v ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ 1| L 2| K 3| L 4| K 5| M

Documents

Renowned Philosopher : Al-Farabi · wewkó `vk©wbK t Avj-dvivex Renowned Philosopher : Al-Farabi Avj-wKw›`i ci wØZxq cÖexY Ges KviI g‡Z me©‡kªô gymwjg `vk©wbK Avey bmi