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What is an invasive plant?
•Weed: plant out of place
•Invasive plants:1. Not native2. Survive and reproduce 3. Spread into undisturbed areas4. Dominates areas it occupies
Is corn a weed or invasive plant?
Is garlic mustard a weed/invasive plant?
Is garlic mustard a weed/invasive plant?
• Weed = yes– Is rarely considered
desirable
• Invasive = yes– Not native– reproduces– spreads – Dominates
Is common buckthorn a weed/invasive plant?
Is common buckthorn a weed/invasive plant?
• Weed = sometimes– Purposely planted on landscape
• Invasive = yes– Not native– reproduces– Spreads– Dominates
Is kentucky blue grass a weed/invasive plant?
Is kentucky blue grass a weed/invasive plant?
• Weed = can be– Purposely planted on landscape– Can be weedy in gardens
• Invasive = ?????– Not native– reproduces– Does it spread on it’s own or by us?– Doesn’t dominate native landscapes
What about native plants?• Sometimes native plants can become overly
abundant and act invasive. – Early successional species = like disturbance
• EXAMPLES:– Box Elder – Prickly Ash– Aspen trees– Staghorn/smooth Sumac
Calling something invasive can be tricky
Impacts of Plant Invasions• Interfere with crop/animal
production– Reduce crop yield, harvesting, poison
cattle
• Societal impacts:– Interfere with recreation
• Ecosystem impacts:– Interfere with native species – Ecosystem processes
Impacts on Ecosystem Function
– Hydrological processes• Flooding frequency• Depth of groundwater• Bank stabilization/channelization
– Biogeochemical cycling• Increased N in soil• Change in C/N ratios (litter deposition)
– Disturbance regimes• Fire frequency/fuel load• Flood frequency
Soil impacts
• Spotted knapweed – Dominated sites had increased water
runoff and soil erosion• Surface water runoff increased 56%• Soil erosion increased 192%
• Garlic mustard– Infested areas had reduced biomass
of sapling hardwood trees • sugar maple, red maple, white ash
When do we know when a plant is invasive?
• Based on observations in the field
• Difficult to predict– Several researchers have attempted, best
predictor has been• Acting invasive elsewhere
– Results tend to be specific to region
Time 0
Time 1
Time 2
Time 3
Time 5
Time 7
Time 10
Time 15
Time 25
Time 35
Time 50
Acr
es In
fest
ed
Absent or off-site few locations
Many locations
At or near biological potential
Weed Increase Over Time and Control Potential
Con
trol
Cos
ts
Public awareness typically begins
Introduction
Time
Detection
Years 0-2 Y >10
Years20- >50Yrs 3-10
Early Detection and Rapid Response
• Best management practice for eradicating invasions– Similar to wildfires
• Example Dyer’s Woad in Montana– Discovered small populations
• $225,000 to eradicate 1994-2005
– If let expand during this time 1 year of control = $1.9 Million
We are asking for your help!www.gledn.org
• Please contribute invasive plant location data for Wisconsin– Focusing on species actively spreading in the
state
• Created a resource for you to add species location: GLEDN– Need
• GPS or able to find GPS location from a map• Access to a computer
Home
Simple Report Form
Expert Verification
• Recruiting verifiers to help verify submissions– Customizable by county and invasive plant
species– An email will be sent to verifiers when a new
species is ready for review• Once verified submission will be on the
distribution map
Signup for email alerts
• Can get alerts for species of concern to specific geographic areas– Currently based on states and counties
What do we do with the data?
• Share it with everyone– Contributing citizens– Other data management providers– Local, state, federal agencies– Researchers
• Create habitat suitability maps– Predict potential spread– Improves survey work– Target high probability species for
education/eradication
Black = Low ProbabilityWhite = High Probability
Wild Parsnip
1 inch : 50 miles
List of data management systems contributing data
To get involved with the Great Lakes Early Detection Network or the Global Invasive Species Information Network, please email
Alycia Crall ([email protected])
Funding and support provided by:
How are invasive plants regulated?
• Federally– Federally listed noxious weeds– Q-37 plant import screening
• Wisconsin– Noxious – Nuisance law– NR40
• Locally– Noxious
Federal programs/laws
• Federal noxious weed act (1974)– Non-native plants– prevent the introduction into US– prevent the spread
• Q-37 plant import screening (2011)– Non-native plants imported for nursery industry– Lists potentially invasive plants that can’t be
introduced until risk assessment is done
Usage breakdown for the sixty-six plants on the IPAW working list of Wisconsin invasives (2003)
30
214
2
2
13
2Landscaping/ornamentalgardeningHuman food
Forage/turf/and or erosioncontrolForestry
Cut flowers
Accidental
Other
Wisconsin Noxious Weed Law1975
• Requires action for:– Canada thistle– Leafy spurge– Field bindweed
Wisconsin Noxious Weed Law1975
• Allows for local municipalities to add weeds to the noxious weed law
• Problems with the law, no clear authority on who to enforce– Left to local police/sheriff
• Result: rarely enforced!
Wisconsin nuisance weed law1987
• Prohibits sale, distribution and cultivation of:
– multiflora rose– purple loosestrife
• DATCP has authority to enforce and has done a good job!
NR40: Wisconsin’s invasive species rule (2009)
New law created in 2009 by WI DNR
Prohibited species– are not yet in the state or only exist as small
populations
Restricted species– are invasive species that are already too widespread to
expect statewide eradicated.
http://dnr.wi.gov/invasives/classification/
NR40 Wisconsin’s invasive species rule (2009)
Prohibited species– It is illegal for people to transport, import, possess,
transfer, sell and introduce these species without a permit.
– Landowners will be expected to control prohibited species found on their property.
Restricted species– it is illegal for people to transport, import, transfer,
sell and introduce these species, but people may possess plants.
http://dnr.wi.gov/invasives/classification/
Prohibited SpeciesCommon name
Australian swamp cropBrazilian waterweedBrittle waternymphChinese yamEuropean frog-bitFanwort, Carolina FanwortGiant hogweedGiant knotweedHydrillaJapanese honeysuckleJapanese stilt grassKudzuMile-a-minute vineOxygen-weed
Common nameOxygen-weed, African elodeaPale swallow-wortParrot featherPerennial pepperweedPorcelain berryPrincess treeSawtooth oakScotch broomSericea lespedezaSpreading hedge parsleyWater chestnutWineberryYellow floating heartYellow star thistle
Restricted SpeciesCommon name
Autumn oliveBells honeysuckleCanada thistleCattail hybridCommon buckthornCommon teaselCreeping bellflowerCurly-leaf pondweedCut-leaved teaselCypress spurgeDame's rocketEurasian water milfoil
Common nameFlowering rushGarlic mustardGlossy buckthorn (CV)Helleborine orchidHemp nettle, brittlestem
hemp nettleHound's tongueJapanese knotweedLeafy spurgeMorrow's honeysuckleMultiflora roseMusk thistle
Common nameNarrow-leaf cattailOriental bittersweetPhragmites, Common reedPlumeless thistlePurple loosestrifeRussian oliveSpotted knapweedTansy (CV)Tartarian honeysuckleTree-of-heavenWild parnsip
Prohibited/Restricted SpeciesCommon name
Amur honeysuckle
Black swallow-wort
Celandine
European marsh thistle
Hairy willow herb
Hill mustard
Japanese hedge-parsley
Japanese hops
Lyme grass or sand ryegrass
Poison hemlock
Tall or Reed manna grass
Wild chervil
1. Pest identification = WHAT IS IT?
2. Population size = HOW MUCH?
3. Select appropriate control tactic = WHAT CAN I DO?
4. Monitor and adapt management over time = WHAT CAN I DO BETTER?
What can we do?Pest management steps
Lots of resources to aid in identification
• Books• Field guides• Websites• Videos• Ask an expert• Interactive tools
– CDs– Websites
http://weedid.wisc.edu
• 300+ of the most common weeds of Wisconsin entered
• Allows for selection of known traits to reduce the potential weeds that fit this criteria
Invasive plant ID videos
http://fyi.uwex.edu/weedsci– Black swallow-wort– Bull thistle– Bush honeysuckles– Canada thistle– Creeping bellflower– Dame’s rocket– Garlic mustard– Hill mustard– Japanese hedge parsley
– Japanese hop– Leafy spurge– Perennial pepperweed– Poison hemlock– Plumeless thistle– Spotted knapweed– Teasels– Wild chervil– Wild parsnip
Step 2: Determine population size
Important for determining best management Small infestations
– Choose options that are effective
Large infestations– Choose options that are
• Fit management objectives, effective, affordable• Minimize injury to other plants/environment• Can repeat for many years to accomplish goal
Step 3: Select appropriate control tactics
• Consider site specific issues– Location to surface/ground water– Access to site– Is it legal?
• Limited information available– Timing/stage of growth specific
• Major effort to create/summarize information
Methods availableRemember effectiveness is
species specific!!!!!!
• Manipulation of the environment• Physical management • Herbicide• Prevention• Burning• Biological control• Grazing
http://fyi.uwex.edu/weedsci/
Control information for WIFACTSHEETS AVAILABLE1. Wild parsnip2. Japanese knotweed3. Japanese honeysuckle4. Bush honeysuckle5. Dame’s rocket6. Creeping bellflower7. Buckthorn8. Garlic mustard 9. Spotted knapweed10.Black Swallow-wort11.Teasels12.Hedge-parsley13.Canada thistle14.Perennial pepperweed15.Poison hemlock16.Hill mustard
OTHER MANAGEMENT INFO1. Brush management in WI2. Thistles in pastures and beyond3. Herbicide effectiveness table4. Multi-flora rose
mipncontroldatabase.wisc.edu
What this website doesn’t do
• Determine if control measure is suitable for the area– Is herbicide labeled for use in the area?– Give general areas registered, but need to read
the label for specifics
• Obtain appropriate permits/licenses
What is coming this spring?
• 21 more factsheets– Annuals: Japanese stiltgrass, Japanese hop– Biennials: biennial thistles, sweet clovers– Perennials: Common tansy, crown vetch, leafy spurge– Woody: Privets, black locust
• On database – Now available
How to read a label
• Active ingredient
• Environmental restrictions/hazards:
• Directions for use
• Specific information for site
Review control methods
• Prevention• Manipulation of the environment• Physical management • Burning• Biological control• Grazing• Herbicide
Understand the biology of weeds!
• How do they reproduce and spread?– Annuals– Biennials – Creeping Perennials– Simple Perennials
Field bindweedresults 1 month after treatment
Mowing Sprayed with glyphosate
Annual plant lifecycle
Biennial lifecycle
Perennial lifecycle
Prevention
• Washing equipment to remove soil and plant parts from infested areas
• Use of weed free inputs:– hay and straw– free gravel, fill, top soil– compost
• Keep adjacent areas weed free
Manipulation of the environment
• Competition/prevention in establishment– Desirable plants compete
with weeds• Changing management can
reduce invasives– See example
Manipulation of the environmentan example
• Increasing grass cover in fall can reduce germination invasives (burdock, thistle seedlings)
• Mowed in October, compared– Mow 4” = 10 weeds/10 ft2
– Mow 8” inches = 3 weeds/10 ft2
75% light interception
20% lightinterception
Mowing
• Can effectively reduce production of seeds
• Specific to weed species– Annuals and Biennial:
• reduce population sizes if timed correctly and conducted for multiple years
– Perennials: • typically need additional management to
reduce populations
Grazing• Can suppress growth of weeds if
timed correctly– Same timing and effectiveness as
mowing except for palatability– Palatability is dependent on stage of
growth, animal• BUT ANIMALS CAN BE TRAINED
• Promotes grasses to be more competitive
Biological control of weeds• Definition: the use of natural enemies to reduce the
damage caused by a pest population • GOAL: Reduce the populations (not eliminate)• Introduced agents: Not native to area
(REGULATED)• Natural agents: native to area (NOT
REGULATED)
Applications of herbicides
• Broadcast applications
• Directed methods/ Individual plant treatments (IPT)– Spot treatment– Basal bark applications– Cut stump
Using Herbicides
• One of many tools• Many aspects to safe and effective use• Consider location, site characteristics,
environmental setting, etc.• May be cheapest method but may not be the
appropriate choice in some cases
Herbicide Use Tips• Read and follow label directions on all chemicals.
– Use correct rates– Calibrate your sprayer
• Be sure that chemicals are mixed thoroughly • Never spray when it is windy• Spray only the targeted area• Be aware of properties of herbicides
– Some volatize when air temperatures are > 80F.– Some persist in the soil for extended periods– Some are selective herbicides others are not– Some may leach into the water table
Contact Herbicides
• Are not translocated• Kill only what is
treated• Give no residual
control = chemical mowers
• Examples:– Herbicidal soaps
(salts+fatty acids)– Vinegar (acetic acid)
Roundup 2,4-D
Systemic herbicides
Herbicide typesSelectivity
• Nonselective (Example glyphosate/Roundup)– Will injure any plant it contacts
• Selective (2,4-D)– Won’t harm grasses– Won’t harm broadleaved species– Random selectivity
Herbicide typesResidual activity
• No residual (hours- 1 day)• Example: Roundup (glyphosate)
• Short residual (days to weeks)• Example: 2,4-D, Banvel, Garlon, Weedmaster
• Long lasting=soil sterilant (months – years)• Example: Tordon (Picloram), Arsenal (Imazapyr)
Methods of Herbicide Application
• Soil applications• Foliar applications
– spot or broadcasted• To stems
– basal bark, cut stump, hack and squirt
FOR ANY HERBICIDE TO WORK MUST BE TAKEN UP INTO THE PLANT
Methods of Applicationfoliar treatments
• Can be applied to individual plants– Apply to foliage, but NOT so it “runs off” leaves/stems
• Can be broadcasted– most cost effective for large populations
• Use lower rates on smaller plants and less dense populations
• KEY POINTS:• Weeds must be actively growing• Rainfall may reduce effect (1/4-1/2 day) • Higher rates can reduce control (read label)• Surfactants can help (read label)
Methods of ApplicationBasal bark
• Apply herbicide in a ring around lower 6-18” of stem
• Practical on woody species 5” or less in diameter
• Solutions have high concentration of herbicide– Most use basal bark oil as a carrier
• Apply so bark shines/glistens• Do not apply when excessive
Snow present!
Methods of Applicationcut surface/stump
• Solutions have high concentration of herbicide
• Cut a stem near the base, treat soon after cutting
• Water-based formulations ASAP• Oil-based formulations within the
a day of cutting
• Treat entire surface if small, outer part of cut surface and root collar
• Do not apply when excessive snow present or heavy sap flow in spring!
Check out resources for further descriptions
• Brush management in Wisconsin– http://fyi.uwex.edu/weedsci/2007/08/30/brush-
weeds/
• Video on application methods by Dow Agrosciences– cut stump, basal bark, foliar, hack-and-
squirt– http://www.dowagro.com/vm/application/
applications.htm
Timing the ApplicationANNUALS, BIENNIALS & NONWOODY
PERENNIALS
• Annuals and biennials most sensitive when young and small
• Biennials easily killed as seedlings and anytime while in rosette stage
• Perennials often best treated in bud to early flower stage or in fall prior to frost– Varies considerably with plant species
Timing the ApplicationWOODY PERENNIALS
Woody plant control– Foliar applications best in late spring - early
summer• Leaves fully expanded• Plants actively growing
– Cut stump and basal bark treatments effective throughout the year
Summary• Invasive plant management is species specific
• Develop a plan to manage invasive plants
• Consult an expert or factsheets about selecting an appropriate control option
• No one option will work under all situations, and often an integrated approach works the best.
Thanks and happy weeding!
