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7/24/2019 Repair and Rehabilitaytion of Coastal Structures
1/44
US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
Monitoring and Maintenance of
Coastal Infrastructure
Steven A. Hughes, Ph, PE
Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory
US Army Engineer Research and Develoment Center
!ater"ays E#eriment Station
$%&% Halls 'erry Road(ic)sburg, *ississii $%+&-.+%%
Email! Steven.A.Hughes"erdc.usace.army.mil
#epair and #eha$ilitation of
Coastal Structures
7/24/2019 Repair and Rehabilitaytion of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
Contents
/ 0eneral Asects o1 Reair and Rehabilitation
/ Rubble-*ound Structures
/ 2ther 3yes o1 Coastal Structures
%ased on! CE* Chater (4- 5Author: Steven A6 Hughes7
#epair and #eha$ilitation
of Coastal Structures
7/24/2019 Repair and Rehabilitaytion of Coastal Structures
3/44
US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
efinitions
#epair! 'i#ing ortions o1 a structure that have beendamaged by "aves, "inds, currents, surges, imacts,
or seimic activity.
#eha$ilitation! Renovation o1 deteriorated structurecomonents to original condition or upgrading thestructure to "ithstand greater design loads6
&eneral Aspects of
#epair and #eha$ilitation
7/24/2019 Repair and Rehabilitaytion of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
'hen is #epair (eeded)
&eneral Aspects of
#epair and #eha$ilitation
/A1ter damaging storms or other damagingevents
/ !hen eriodic condition insections indicaterogressive deterioration
/ 41 er1ormance monitoring indicates the ro8ect isnot 1unctioning as lanned
/ !hen there is chronic damage 1romunderestimating design loads
/ !hen structure 1unction is modi1ied
7/24/2019 Repair and Rehabilitaytion of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
Should Pro*ect $e #epaired)
&eneral Aspects of
#epair and #eha$ilitation
/ !hat 1unctions are served by the ro8ect/Are other commerce activities a11ected9
/ Has ris) o1 in8ury increased9
/ Ho" critical is the ro8ect relative to otherro8ects in need o1 reair
/ Economic Considerations
/ Possibility o1 imminent 1ailure or collase
epends Upon...
7/24/2019 Repair and Rehabilitaytion of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
ifferences +rom (e esign
esign Enviroment Considerations!
&eneral Aspects of
#epair and #eha$ilitation
/ 4n general, no di11erence in actual designarameters 5"aves, "ater levels, etc67
/ *ay have better estimates o1 designarameters
/ Regulatoryenvironmental restrictionsrobably changed
/ Can dra" on ast er1ormance andmonitoring data
7/24/2019 Repair and Rehabilitaytion of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
Components for Preparing esign
-6 Revie" original design criteria
6 Determine the cause o1 the roblems
/6 4nvestigate the resent structure relative to the as-built lans
06 Devise a solution to the roblem
16 Design a reair that 1i#es roblem "ithout e#tensive modi1ications
&eneral esign Steps
It helps if you have: 2riginal lans and secs/As-built lans/ Cororate memory
&eneral Aspects of#epair and #eha$ilitation
7/24/2019 Repair and Rehabilitaytion of Coastal Structures
8/44
US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
Contents
/ 0eneral Asects o1 Reair and Rehabilitation
/ Rubble-*ound Structures
/ 2ther 3yes o1 Coastal Structures
%ased on! CE* Chater (4- 5Author: Steven A6 Hughes7
#epair and #eha$ilitation
of Coastal Structures
7/24/2019 Repair and Rehabilitaytion of Coastal Structures
9/44
US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
#u$$le2Mound Structures
#epair and #eha$ilitation of
#u$$le2Mound Structures
/ Relatively 1le#ible "ith tolerance to slightmovement o1 armor
/ Damage is usually/Armor unit brea)age
/ Dislocation o1 armor
/ Removal o1 a section o1 armor
7/24/2019 Repair and Rehabilitaytion of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
#u$$le2Mound Structures
#epair and #eha$ilitation of
#u$$le2Mound Structures
7/24/2019 Repair and Rehabilitaytion of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
3ptions for #u$$le2Mound Structures
#eplace 3riginal Structure
Slope and Crest #epair
Chin)ing, resur1acing/Addition o1 dissimilar armor/ Layer reconstruction/ Crest raising/ ;urial
4oe and +oundation #epair
/ 3oe reconstruction/ Scour aron/Addition o1 a berm
Core #epair or 5oid Sealing/ Precast concrete bloc)s/ 'ilter cloth/ 0rout
#epair and #eha$ilitation of
#u$$le2Mound Structures
7/24/2019 Repair and Rehabilitaytion of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
#epair Considerations!
Availability o1 construction materials
/ E
7/24/2019 Repair and Rehabilitaytion of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
Construction
E6uipmentfor #u$$le2
MoundStructure#epairs
#epair and #eha$ilitation of
#u$$le2Mound Structures
7/24/2019 Repair and Rehabilitaytion of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
#epair and #eha$ilitation of
#u$$le2Mound Structures
#epair of Armor and Underlayers
&eneral Categories of Armor 7ayer #epair/ Sot relacement o1 bro)en or dislodged
units
/ 2verlaying e#isting armor layers
/ Relacing armor layers/ Rebuilding the structure
esign guidance is sparse8mostly common sense rules2of2thum$
7/24/2019 Repair and Rehabilitaytion of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
#epair of Armor and Underlayers
Spot #eplacement of Units
/ Damage consists o1 individual dislacedarmor units
/ >o large sections o1 armor dislaced/ >o evidence o1 general sloe 1ailure/ Percentage o1 dislaced units is ?@ or less
'hen to Use Spot #eplacement #epair
7/24/2019 Repair and Rehabilitaytion of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
#epair of Armor and Underlayers
Spot #eplacement of Units
/ Relace dislodged armor units "ith units o1similar tye and si=e
/ Reuse dislaced units I+ sound and notbro)en into smaller ieces
/ Sulement "ith ne" units
#epair Method
7/24/2019 Repair and Rehabilitaytion of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
#epair of Armor and Underlayers
Spot #eplacement of Units
/ Reair underlayer i1 necessary/Achieve good interloc)ing o1 armor units
/ 41 undamaged armor interloc)ing is good, relace
dislodged units "ith good contact "ith neighbors
/ 41 undamaged matri# is loose, rehandle armor as
necessary so reair section has interloc)ing
#oc9 Armor #epair 4echni6ue
7/24/2019 Repair and Rehabilitaytion of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
#epair of Armor and Underlayers
Spot #eplacement of Units
0ood interloc)ing is essential 1or stability
/ Remove and relace undamaged armor layer 1rom
the damage location all the "ay u the sloe
/ Reair section should resemble a (B
/Assure good interloc)ing "ith undisturbed ortions
Concrete Armor #epair 4echni6ue
7/24/2019 Repair and Rehabilitaytion of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
#epair of Armor and Underlayers
Spot #eplacement of Units
/ Least e#ensive/ Shorter time on site/ Less ne" material costs
/ Less rehandling o1 e#isting armor
Advantages
Caveat
4mortant to establish damage caused by design
event and not by a lesser storm event
7/24/2019 Repair and Rehabilitaytion of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
#epair of Armor and Underlayers
3verlaying amaged Armor 7ayers
'hen to Use Armor 3verlays
/Armor layer damage is "ide-sread
/ Large sections are dislaced or slumed
/ Damage "as caused by the design storm ora more severe condition 5but not al"ays7
21ten damaged structure has lo"er crest and
milder sloes than originally built
7/24/2019 Repair and Rehabilitaytion of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
#epair of Armor and Underlayers
3verlaying amaged Armor 7ayers
/ Single-layer stone overlays/ Uses less material
/ >o design guidance, must test in hysical model
/ 3"o-layer stone overlays/ Use ne" construction guidance
/ *odel test large ro8ects
/ 2verlays using dissimilar armor units/ Usually concrete armor units over stone
/ Design guidance available
/ *odel test large ro8ects
#epair Methods
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
#epair of Armor and Underlayers
Sta$ilityCoefficients
for issimilar
Armor 7ayer3verlays
7/24/2019 Repair and Rehabilitaytion of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
#epair of Armor and Underlayers
Armor 7ayer 3verlay Concerns
/Armor inter1ace "ith e#isting underlying armor
/ E#tra e11ort to achieve interloc)ing bet"een armor layers/ Under"ater ortion is very di11icultuneven sloe
/ Leeside crest armor units/ ey into e#isting structure 5overtoing stability7
/ 2verlay toe
/ *ust be secured and rotected 5may need ne" toe berm7/ Dislodged armor stones may litter the bottom
/ Construction methods/ ;egin at toe and "or) usloe
/ *ay need to build u uneven underlayer
7/24/2019 Repair and Rehabilitaytion of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
#epair of Armor and Underlayers
7/24/2019 Repair and Rehabilitaytion of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
#epair of Armor and Underlayers
3verlaying amaged Armor 7ayers
/ Less e#ensive than relacing armor layer/ Can be used to raise crest and reduce sloe/ Larger armor stones can be used
Advantages
isadvantages/ Large
7/24/2019 Repair and Rehabilitaytion of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
#epair of Armor and Underlayers
#eplacing Armor 7ayers
'hen to #eplace Armor 7ayers
/ 2riginal armor layer is inade23 caused by armor instability
7/24/2019 Repair and Rehabilitaytion of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
#epair of Armor and Underlayers
#eplacing Armor 7ayers
/ Remove e#isting armor layer on a section/ *ay need to ad8ust or relace e#isting 1irst underlayer
/ 4ncrease underlayer si=e to accommodate larger
relacement armor
/Assure roer thic)ness and comaction
/ ;uild 1rom the toe and roceed usloe/ Plan construction se
7/24/2019 Repair and Rehabilitaytion of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
#epair of Armor and Underlayers
#eplacing Armor 7ayers
/ Provides a more stable structure "ith less 1uturemaintenance cost/ Provides intended 5or enhanced7 1unctionality/ Use ne" construction design guidance
Advantages
isadvantages/ (ery e#ensive/ Long construction times "hich may imact activities
at the ro8ect site
/ Site stoc)iling o1 construction materials
7/24/2019 Repair and Rehabilitaytion of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
#epair of Armor and Underlayers
#e$uilding the Structure
'hen to #e$uild
/ Structure sustains catastrohic damage/ Structure integrity has been lost
/ Reair ree" 1unctionality re
7/24/2019 Repair and Rehabilitaytion of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
#epair of Armor and Underlayers
#e$uilding the Structure
#epair Method
/ #e$uild at the same location/ *ay need to bury or comletely remove e#isting structure/ Preare relic structure to serve as base 1or ne" structure
F Remove material 5ma8or e#ense7
F Preare ne" toe
F Lay do"n bedding material
/ Probably "ill result in larger cross section/ Reuse materials or cost "ill be greater than ne" construction
/ #e$uild ad*acent to old a$andoned structure/ Re
7/24/2019 Repair and Rehabilitaytion of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
#epair of Armor and Underlayers
/ *ore robust structure/ Less long-term maintenance costs/ 4mroved 5or ne"7 1unctionality
Advantages
isadvantages/ (ery e#ensive to remove e#isiting structure/ (ery e#ensive to build ne" structure/ Disrution to ro8ect activites
#e$uilding the Structure
7/24/2019 Repair and Rehabilitaytion of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
/ Damage occurs "hen/ Concrete sections are dislodged by "ave action/ Underlying suort stones are lost
/ Di11erential settlement
/ Concrete sections may remain intact or theymay brea) because o1 loading, movement orinade
7/24/2019 Repair and Rehabilitaytion of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
/ Correct minor dislacements "ith hydraulic8ac)s or cranes
/ Remove ca sections and relace missingunderlying armor unitsG relace ca section
/ Relace bro)en sections "ith ne" elements/ Remove damaged cast-in-lace sections and
cast ne" sections
#epairing Caps and Cron 'alls
#epair and #eha$ilitation of
#u$$le2Mound Structures
#epair Methods
7/24/2019 Repair and Rehabilitaytion of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
/ 4oes and %erms
/ 'or minor damage add ne" material o1 same si=eas needed
/ 'or ma8or damage redesign berm
/ Scour holes and $edding/ 'ill and rotect scour areas according to guidance
/ 5oid sealing/ Reduces "ave and sand transmission
/ Cors guidance available
3ther Aspects of #epair
#epair and #eha$ilitation of
#u$$le2Mound Structures
7/24/2019 Repair and Rehabilitaytion of Coastal Structures
35/44
US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
Contents
/ 0eneral Asects o1 Reair and Rehabilitation
/ Rubble-*ound Structures
/2ther 3yes o1 Coastal Structures
%ased on! CE* Chater (4- 5Author: Steven A6 Hughes7
#epair and #eha$ilitation
of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
#epair and #eha$ilitation of
3ther 4ypes of Coastal Structures
/ >ot very tolerant to movement or settlement/ Damage is usually
/ Di11erential settlement
/ Dislocation o1 sections
/ ;rea)age o1 sections or comonents
/ Concrete salling
/ Comonent deterioration
Caissons
7/24/2019 Repair and Rehabilitaytion of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
Caissons
/ islocation! Li1t and reseat sections 1or smallstructures, remove and relace large sections
/ Settlement!Add to to o1 caisson to achieve crestelevation
/ 7ocali:ed damage! Patch, reair and relaceaccording to circumstances
#epair and #eha$ilitation of
3ther 4ypes of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
4ypes of Concrete #epair
/ Concrete #eplacement
/ Relace de1ective concrete "ith machine-mi#ed concrete o1roer tye
/ ;est 1or large reairs "here damage is beyond rein1orcement
/ ry Pac9/ Sti11 mi#ture rammed into lace in thin layers
/ >arro" slots and cavities
/ Shotcrete/ ;onds "ell "ith ne" or old concrete
/ 0ood 1or shallo" reairs and vertical or overhead sur1aces
#epair and #eha$ilitation of
3ther 4ypes of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
Categories of #epair
/ Class -! eterioration %arrier Systems
/Acts as a barrier to revent or delay 1urther deterioration/ Comleted as maintenance item
/ Reair is non-load bearing
/ Class ! Structural #einforcing
/ Strengthens e#isting, "ea)ened load-bear members
/ Part o1 rehabilitation
/ Class /! Structural #eplacement
/ Partial or comlete relacement o1 structural member
#epair and #eha$ilitation of
3ther 4ypes of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
/ Class -! eterioration
%arrier Systems
/ Class /! Structural
#eplacement
/ Class ! Structural
#einforcing
#epair and #eha$ilitation of
3ther 4ypes of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
#epair of
Pilings
#epair and #eha$ilitation of
3ther 4ypes of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
#epair and #eha$ilitation of
3ther 4ypes of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
#epair and #eha$ilitation of
3ther 4ypes of Coastal Structures
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US Army Corps
of Engineers
CHL: Steven Hughes, PhD
Conclusions
#epair and #eha$ilitation
of Coastal Structures
/ 4mortant to )no" "hen reair or rehabilitation is needed
/ Understand di11erences bet"een RR and ne" design
/ ;ase decisions on structure 1unctionality andconse