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8/9/2019 Repair-reconstruction Fingertip Injruies - Tang - Clinics Plastic 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/repair-reconstruction-fingertip-injruies-tang-clinics-plastic-2014 1/35
\ n p d c r d e `\ n a m e st r u a t c m e m i P b u g ld e ` I c e k n r P c p C e h u r c n s
D Komldo YcnwHce Lm Pdek, G@
d,*, @dvc` Noocmt, GD, I\AQl,
\mlnrtm D`dec, G@a, Gcabno Qdcet-Ayr, G@
`,Inocx Qtdek, G@
n
@NICECPCMEQ
Pbn `cstdo pdrt mi tbn tbugl mr tbn iceknr cs adoon`
tbn iceknr mr tbugl tcp. Ce tbcs drtcaon, wn `csauss
trndtgnet mi tbn struaturns `cstdo tm tbn cesnrtcme
mi tbn ionxmr `ckctmrug supnricacdocs tne`me (I@Q)ce tbn iceknr, mr tbn cetnrpbdodekndo hmcet mi tbn
tbugl. Irmg tbn vcnwpmcet mi rnpdcr, dey struaturns
drmue` mr `cstdo tm tbn `cstdo cetnrpbdodekndo (@CV)
hmcet mi tbn iceknr, nspnacdooy tbmsn `cstdo tm tbn gc`-
`on mi tbn `cstdo pbdodex, drn amesc`nrn` ds
iceknrtcp. Pbn tbugl tcp, tbdt cs, tbn pdrt mi tbn
tbugl `cstdo tm tbn cetnrpbdodekndo hmcet, cs usudooy
`csaussn` snpdrdtnoy irmg tbn iceknrtcp, ds tbntbugl de` iceknrs drn amesc`nrn` `cstceat dedtmg-
cadooy. Vuop `ninats drn amggme de` drn `csaussn`.
Edco de`edco ln`cehurcns drnamesc`nrn` tm ln d spn-
acica adtnkmry mi trdugd, wbcab cs emt amvnrn` bnrn.
d @npdrtgnet mi Bde` Qurknry, Pbn Bde` Qurknry \nsndrab Anetnr, Diicocdtn` Bmspctdo mi Edetmek ^ecvnrscty,Edetmek ^ecvnrscty, <6 [nst Pngpon \md`, Edetmek, Hcdeksu <<9664, Abced: l Bde` Qurknry @npdrtgnet,Qt De`rnw–s Anetrn imr Vodstca Qurknry, Lrmmgicno` Bmspctdo, Abnogsimr`, Nssnx AG4 ;NP, ^J: a @npdrtgnetmi Bde` Qurknry de` Gcarmsurknry, ^ecvnrscty Bmspctdo mi Ynrmed Vmocaocecam KL \mssc, Vcdzzdon OD Qaurm 46,Ynrmed 1;4<9, Ctdoy: ` @cvcscme mi Vodstca Qurknry, @npdrtgnet mi Qurknry, Gdym Aoceca, <66 Icrst Qtrnnt
Qmutbwnst, \mabnstnr, GE >>36>, ^QD: n
Vodstca Qurknry, Bde` Qurknry, de` Lures ^ect, ^ecvnrscty BmspctdoQabonswck-Bmostnce, Adgpus Ounlnaj, \dtznlurknr Doonn 496, Ounlnaj <1>12, Knrgdey* Amrrnspme`cek dutbmr.N-gdco d``rnss8 hcelmtdekFydbmm.amg
JNS[M\@Q
Pbugl tcp Iceknrtcp @ckctdo dgputdtcme Bmgm`ckctdo pn`caon iodp Ceenrvdtn` iodp Irnn vdsauodrczn` iodp Iceknrtcp rnknenrdtcme Qnesclcocty
JNS VMCEPQ
Pbn puop `ninat, mr `cstdo tbugl mr iceknr dgputdtcme, mitne rnqucrns amvnr wctb iodps irmg tbn sdgn
`ckct, mr irmg mtbnr pdrts mi tbn bde` mr lm`y.
Qnesdtn, bmgm`ckctdo iodps pn`caon` detnrmkrd`noy me d `ckctdo drtnry drn usn` mitne imr iceknrtcp.
Pbn Gmlnrk de` Y-S d`vdeangnet iodps drn amggmeoy usn` imr `cstdo smit tcssun omss wctb lmen
nxpmsurn. Gm`cicadtcme mi tbn Gmlnrk iodps de` de nxtne`n` vnrscme mi tbn Qnkgu ¨ oonr iodp bnop iodps
tm rndab tbn tcp mi tbn `ckct.
\nvnrsn bmgm`ckctdo iodps imr iceknr puop mr tcp `ninat drn usn` onss irnqunetoy tbde d `nad`n dkm.
Irnn vdsauodrczn` tmn puops, wrdp-drmue` lck tmn iodps de` pdrtcdo tmn trdesinrs drn ce amggme usn.
Icrst-ocen surkcado mptcmes de` surknmes– prninrneans vdry komldooy. Dscde surknmes `m abdoonekcekrnpodetdtcmes mi tbn tbugl de` iceknrtcps. Nurmpnde surknmes `m gmrn gm`cicadtcmes de` ceemvd-
tcmes mi tbn bmgm`ckctdo iodps. Qurknmes usn tbn aodsscado armss-iceknr iodp onss de` onss.
Aoce Vodstca Qurk 04 (<640) 1<>‑1>3bttp8//`x.`mc.mrk/46.4649/h.aps.<640.60.6606630-4<32/40/$ ‑ snn irmet gdttnr <640 Nosnvcnr Cea. Doo rckbts rnsnrvn`. p
o d s t c a s u r k n r y . t b n a o c e c a s . a
m g
8/9/2019 Repair-reconstruction Fingertip Injruies - Tang - Clinics Plastic 2014
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DEDPMGS DE@ AODQQCICADPCMEQ
Pbn `cstdo pbdodex cs tbn ldaj lmen mi tbn tbugl
tcp de` iceknrtcp. Bmwnvnr, tbn vnry `cstdo tcp
ceaou`ns meoy tbn smit tcssuns mi tbn puop de` tbn
edco n`kn. Pbn drtnrcdo suppoy mi tbn tbugl mr
iceknrtcp amescsts mi guotcpon sgdoo lrdeabns mi
tbn `ckctdo drtnrcns de` tbn entwmrj mi tbncr tnrgcedo
lrdeabns ( Ick. 4 ). Pbn tnrgcedo pdrts mi tbn `ckctdo
drtnrcns drn omadtn` drmue` tbn @CV hmcet onvno de`
tbn prmxcgdo bdoi mi tbn `cstdo pbdodekns. Pbn `ck-
ctdo drtnrcns rue domek tbn sc`ns mi tbn `ckct, tbny
Ick. 4. Drtnrcdosuppoymi tbn struaturns `cstdo tm tbngc`pdrt mi tbngc``on pbdodex.Pbn `mrsdo drtnrcns drn sgdoo. Ymodrdrtnrcns drn odrknr. Pbnrn drn 1 snts mi pdogdr drtnrcdo drabns ce iceknrtcp8 < drn dt tbn `cstdo pbdodex de` men prmxcgdotm tbn @CV hmcet. Pbn imurtb vmodr drtnry drab mi tbn iceknr omadtns prmxcgdo tm tbn prmxcgdo cetnrpbdodekndo hmcet.
Ick. <. Enrvn suppocns mi tbn pdogdr de` `mrsdo dspnat mi tbn iceknr de` tbncr rnodtcme wctb tbn drtnrcns (D). Emtn tbnamgguecadtcek lrdeabns lntwnne tbn`mrsdo de`vmodr`ckctdo enrvnsgmstoy drn dt tbnprmxcgdo pbdodex onvno. D tm I
sbmw tbn vdrcdtcmes de` ceac`nean (%) mi `ciinrnet ameenatcmes lntwnne tbn pdogdr de` vmodr `ckctdo enrvns ce tbnbde`.
Pdek nt do1<9
8/9/2019 Repair-reconstruction Fingertip Injruies - Tang - Clinics Plastic 2014
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bdvn d `cdgntnr mi 4 tm 4.> gg, wbcab cs suiicacnet
imr gcarmsurkcado dedstmgmscs. Pbn drtnrcdo ent-
wmrj lnyme` tbn gc``on mi tbn `cstdo pbdodex cs
sgdoo de` `ciicauot tm suturn. Pbn gdce `rdcecek
vnces mi tbn tcp rue ds d entwmrj me tbn `mrsug
mi tbn `ckct. Pbn `ckctdo drtnrcns `m emt bdvn vnedn
amgctdetns lut tbnrn cs d vnemus ponxus ce tbn sul-autdenmus tcssun surrmue`cek ndab drtnry. Pbnrn-
imrn, dey iodp ldsn` me d `ckctdo drtnry gust
ceaou`n < tm 0 gg mi sulautdenmus tcssuns drmue`
tbn drtnry de` vnemus rnture cs tbrmukb tbn vnemus
ponxus drmue` tbn drtnry. Pbn ionxmr tne`mes tnrgc-
edtn me tbn pdogdr dspnat mi tbn `cstdo pbdodex,
de` tbn `ckctdo enrvns snet mii tnrgcedo lrdeabns
tm imrg tbn trdesvnrsn drab ce tbn pdogdr sulau-
tdenmus tcssun mi tbn puop ( Ick. < ). Pbn lrdeabns
mi tbn `ckctdo enrvns `cstdo tm tbn @CV hmcet drn guo-
tcpon de` drn `ciicauot, mr cgpmssclon, tm rnpdcr
surkcadooy.
Pbugl de` iceknrtcp cehurcns ade ln trdesvnrsn
mr mlocqun. Pbn rnsuotdet `ninats mi tbn odttnr ade
sompn detnrmpmstnrcmroy mr odtnrdooy ( Ick. 1 ). Pbn
cehury ade ln aodsscicn` ce tnrgs mi snvnrcty, ds
‟aonde aut‗ mr ‟arusb‗ cehurcns, mr ly tbn tcssuns
cevmovn`: tbdt cs, tbn cehury ade ceaou`n d puop tcs-
sun `ninat, d amgpontn dgputdtcme, irdaturn mi
tbn `cstdo pbdodex, de`/mr edco de` edco ln` `dg-
dkn. Pbn dutbmrs prmpmsn d uecicn` zmen `cvcscme
de` aodsscicadtcme mi iceknrtcp cehury (snn Ick. 1 ).
Aocecadooy, wbne wn trndt tbugl mr iceknrtcp ce- hurcns, tbn sczn mi tbn puop tcssun `ninat, tbn mlocq-
ucty mi tbn dgputdtcme, de` wbntbnr tbn cehury cs
d aonde-aut mr d arusb cehury drn tbn gdhmr ame-
anres. Bnean, tbnsn drn tbn imaus mi `csausscme
ce `nac`cek trndtgnet.
LDQCA \NT^C\NGNEPQ8 PB^GL DE@ICEKN\PCV \NVDC\
Pbn nssnetcdo kmdos mi rnpdcr mi tbugl de` iceknr-
tcps drn tbn imoomwcek8
4. Gdcetdcecek onektb
<. \nstmrcek snesdtcme1. Dppndrdean
De d``ctcmedo kmdo cs tm rnstmrn datcvn rdekn mi
gmtcme dt tbn `cstdo hmcet. Pbn onektb de` dppndr-
dean mi tbn `ckcts cs d ldsca ameanre, amestctutcek
dlmut >6% mi tbn kmdo mi rnpdcr mr rnamestruatcme.
[ctb rnspnat tm dppndrdean, prnsnrvcek tbn edco
amgponx cs vnry cgpmrtdet. Qnesclcocty amestctutns
demtbnr 06% de` cs tbn gmst cgpmrtdet scekon ida-
tmr ce tbugl mr iceknrtcp rnpdcr de` rnamestruatcme.
Ly ametrdst, datcvn rdekn mi gmtcme mi tbn iceknr
@CV hmcet de` tbn tbugl cetnrpbdodekndo (CV) hmcet
drn, rnodtcvnoy, onss cgpmrtdet, amestctutcek tbn
mtbnr 46% mi tbn kmdo mi rnpdcr de` rnamestruatcme.
[ctb emrgdooy iueatcmecek prmxcgdo cetnrpbdode-
kndo (VCV) de` gntdadrpmpbdodekndo (GAV) hmcets,
datcvn gmtcme mi tbn @CV hmcet ametrclutns meoy 4>%
mi iceknr gmtcme ( Pdlon 4 ).
Pbn dutbmrs amesc`nr tbn `ciinrnet cgpmrtdean mi
ndab struaturn mr iueatcme mi tbn tbugl mr iceknr tcp
( Pdlon < ). Qgdoo `narndsns ce nctbnr tbn onektb mr
snesdtcme gdy emt ln d krndt ameanre imr tbn pd-
tcnets. D sbmrtnecek mi onss tbde 6.> ag, d gco``narndsn ce snesdtcme rdtbnr tbde omss mi tbn
snesdtcme, de` d omss mi @CV hmcet gmtcme mi dlmut
<6, usudooy adusn octton iueatcmedo mr amsgntca
cgpdcrgnet. Pbn mptcgdo rnpdcrs drn (4) tm gdcetdce
ds guab onektb ds pmssclon, wctb tbn cetnetcme mi
Ick. 1. Pbn `cvcscmes imr tbn `ckctdo tcp cehury drn sbmwe me tbn onit, prmpmsn` ly tbn ond` dutbmr (H.L.P.), tm ueciytbmsn usn` ce `ckctdo tcp rnpdcr, rnpodetdtcme, de` tne`me cehury. Pbn zmens 4D, L, de` A drn ldsn` me nxcstcekionxmr tne`me zmecek. Pbn tcp `cstdo tm tbn `ckctdo ionxmr tne`me cesnrtcme cs tnrgn` zmen 6, wbcab cs iurtbnr`cvc`n` cetm zmen 6D (edco rmmt cetdat), de` 6L (edco rmmt dlsnet). Pbn rckbt pdeno sbmws mur prmpmsn` aodssc-icadtcme mi `ckctdo tcp cehury ly struaturns de` mlocqucty. Imr nxdgpon, d `ckctdo tcp cehury ade ln rnamr`n` ds‟zmen 6L-A cehury‗ wbne ct rnsuots ce edco rmmt omss de` cs trdesvnrsn.
\namestruatcme mi Pbugl de` Iceknr Pcp Cehurcns 1<;
8/9/2019 Repair-reconstruction Fingertip Injruies - Tang - Clinics Plastic 2014
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ocgctcek sbmrtnecek tm onss tbde 6.> tm 4 ag: (<) tm
rnamvnr snesdtcme tm krd`n 14 (Q14 ) mr gmrn,
lnst wctb stdtca twm-pmcet `csarcgcedtcme (<V@)
onss tbde > mr 9 gg: de` (1) tm rnstmrn de datcvnrdekn mi @CV hmcet gmtcme mr tbugl CV hmcet gmtcme
mi 06 tm >6, mr krndtnr.
\NVODEPDPCME M\ QCGVON Q^P^\N MI PBNDGV^PDPN@ @CQPDO VD\P
D aonde de` tc`y dgputdtn` tcp ade ln rnpodetn`
mr suturn` ldaj `crnatoy ds d amgpmsctn krdit. D
pmsctcvn `nacscme sbmuo ln gd`n tm `m men mr
tbn mtbnr. Pnabecadooy, rnpodetdtcme mi d aonde-aut
`ckctdo tcp dgputdtcme cs pmssclon, de` rnpodetdtcme
drmue` tbn @CV hmcet cs d rmutcen ce gdey nstdl-ocsbn` bde` uects ( Ick. 0 ). Bmwnvnr, suab rnpodetd-
tcme lndrs d krndtnr rcsj mi idcourn de` d rnpodetn`
`ckct gdy lnamgn pdrtcdooy, mr netcrnoy, enarmtca.
Pbn suaanss rdtn vdrcns, `npne`cek me tbn mpnr-
dtcek tbndtnr sntup, tbn surkcado tndg, de` tbn
nxpnrcnean mi tbn ce`cvc`udo surknmes.
\npodetcek tbn snvnrn` iceknr drmue` mr lnyme`
tbn @CV hmcet onvno sbmuo` ln dttngptn` rmutcenoy
wbne tbn aut cs aonde de` tc`y lut emt enanssdrcoy
ditnr arusb cehurcns tm tbn `ckct. Ci tbn dgputdtcme
sctn cs emt aonde, uetc`y, mr ce abco`rne (wbmsn vns-snos drn tcey), tbcs cs usudooy emt ce`cadtn` tbmukb
bckboy nxpnrcnean` tndg gdy dttngpt tm rnpodet
tbnsn adsns. Qnvnrn arusbcek mr ametdgcedtcme mi
tbn dgputdtn` pdrt cs d ametrdce`cadtcme tm rnpode-
tdtcme surknry. Pbn `ckct tcp dgputdtn` tbrmukb tbn
`cstdo pbdodekndo sbdit gdy ln suturn` ldaj
`crnatoy de` gdy survcvn, lut usudooy ce onss tbde16% mi tbn adsns. Ditnr `crnat suturcek ldaj tm
tbn stugp, suaanss cs gmrn ocjnoy ce abco`rne de`
ci tbn tcp cs rnpodan` wctbce > bmurs: tbus, ct cs
gmrn neamurdkn`.
Pbn surknme sbmuo` nxpodce tm tbn pdtcnet tbn
lnenicts de` rcsjs mi suturcek ldaj tbn snvnrn`
`cstdo pdrt mr, dotnredtcvnoy, trdesinrrcek d iodp tm
amvnr tbn tcp. Pbn imrgnr cs rcsjy mi enarmscs, lut
miinrs smgn abdean mi tcp survcvdo, ceaou`cek tbn
edco amgponx, wbcab cs vctdo tm tbn dppndrdean mi
tbn `ckct de , dosm, tm icen pceab iueatcme. Iodp
rnamestruatcme kcvns gmrn cggn`cdtn de` rnocdlon
smit tcssun amvnrdkn lut usudooy dt tbn nxpnesn
mi omss mi tbn edco amgponx.
\NKNEN\DPCME VMPNEPCDOQ MI @CKCP PCVQQulautdenmus Qmit Pcssuns dt tbn Pcp
Lnimrn `csausscek amgponx surkcado rnpdcrs de`
rnamestruatcme, men pbnemgneme cs wmrtby mi ame-
sc`nrdtcme8 d `ckct tcp dgputdtcme wctb omss mi onektb
mi onss tbde, mr dpprmxcgdtnoy, 4 ag gdy rnkne-
nrdtn wctbmut dey surknry. Amvnr mi tbn dgputdtcmewmue` wctb gmcst `rnssceks imr 4 tm < gmetbs (mr
gmrn) doomws smit tcssun rnknenrdtcme de` cekrmwtb
tm amvnr tbn nxpmsn` pbdodex, tbne rnnpctbnocdoczd-
tcme. Ci tbn pdtcnet cs wcoocek tm wdct imr < gmetbs,
snoi-rnknenrdtcme cs de daanptdlon mptcme mi trndt-
gnet de` smgn pdtcnets `m abmmsn tm wdct.
Daanptdlon dppndrdean ade ln nxpnatn` mi suab
`ckct tcp rnknenrdtcme ( Ick. > ). Quab rnknenrdtcme
ade maaur mvnr d sgdoo drnd mi sulautdenmus tcs-
sun `ninat mvnr nxpmsn` tne`me ce tbn `ckct ds
wnoo ( Ick. 9 ). D sgdoo wmue` wctb nxpmsn` tne`mes
ade ln amvnrn` ce tbcs wdy. Ci tbn `cstdo pbdodex csnxpmsn`, tbn omst lmen `mns emt rnknenrdtn, meoy
krmwtb mi tbn smit tcssun mvnr tbn ne` mi tbn
lmen. Quab rnknenrdtcme `mns emt wmrj ds wnoo
imr odrkn `ninats, gdy emt wmrj wnoo ce doo pdtcnets,
Pdlon 4Mur amesc`nrdtcme me pnranetdkn kmdo mi tbn rnpdcr de` rnamestruatcme mi tbn tbugl mr iceknr tcps
Qtruaturns Vnranet Kmdo (%) \ndsmes
Onektb de` dppndrdean >6 Onektb cs tbn ldscs mi bde` datcme Dppndrdean mi tbn tcp diinats mvnrdoo pnranptcme
mi tbn bde`
Qnesclcocty/Qnesdtcme 06 Qnesdtcme cs pdrtcauodroy cgpmrtdet de` enanssdryimr tbn iceknrtcp drnd
@CV hmcet gmtcme (iceknr) mrCV hmcet gmtcme (tbugl)
46 Onss cgpmrtdet amgpdrn` wctb snesdtcme de`onektb/dppndrdean
\nspmesclon imr 4>% iceknr/tbugl gmtcme
Pdlon <\nodtcvn cgpmrtdean mi ndab struaturn mriueatcme tm d tbugl mr iceknr tcp
Qtruaturns/iueatcme Cgpmrtdean (%)
Vuop snesdtcme 06
Vuop de` edco amsgntcas 16
Onektb <6
@CV (mr tbugl CV) hmcetgmtcme
46
Pdek nt do1<2
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de` snesmry rnamvnry cs vnry ocgctn` ce smgn
adsns. Ce rndocty, gmst pdtcnets de` surknmes
abmmsn emt tm wdct, de` prninr surkcado cetnrvne-
tcmes imr d qucaj de` pmsscloy gmrn prn`catdlon rn-
amvnry. Ce smgn amuetrcns, surknmes mitne usn tbcs
trndtgnet lnimrn prmann`cek wctb dey iodp surknry.
Qjce
Dey omadoczn` omss mi sjce domen mi 4.6 tm 4.> ag
ade ln amvnrn` wctb gmcst `rnssceks de` wcoo
bndo ly `nrgdo rnknenrdtcme, mr rnnpctbnocdoczdtcme,
mvnr < tm 1 wnnjs. Dey `rnssceks tbdt drn emt d
`nscaadet ade wmrj wnoo, ds ct cs tbn rnknenrdtcvn
pmtnetcdo mi tbn `ckct tcp tbdt wmrjs tm amvnr tbn
`ninat, rdtbnr tbde dey pdrtcauodr `rnsscek cectcdtcek
tbcs prmanss. Pbcs trndtgnet doomws ndroy de` rdpc`
gmlcoczdtcme mi tbn `ckct wctb tbn pdtcnet adrrycekmut d scgpon `rnsscek rnkcgn mean mr twcan `dcoy
dt bmgn.
[n rmutcenoy usn `rnssceks imr trndtcek tcp sjce
omss. Ct wmrjs imr odrknr drnds mi sjce tbde hust tbn
tcp mi tbn `ckct. Ce trdesinr mi iodps, suab ds d
bmgm`ckctdo iodp, wn amvnr tbn lmen dt tbn tcp mi
tbn iceknr wctb sulautdenmus tcssun, wbcab cs
tbne amvnrn` ly sjce rnknenrdtcme ue`nr gmcst
detcsnptca `rnssceks. Pbcs wdy mi uscek iodps wctb
tbn `cstdo ne` emt amvnrn` ly sjce cs amggme imrdey mlocqun puop `ninats.
PB^GL PCV \NVDC\ DE@ \NAMEQP\^APCMEGmlnrk D`vdeangnet Iodp
Pbn Gmlnrk d`vdeangnet iodp cs tbn gmst usniuo
iodp imr tbugl tcp rnamestruatcme. Pbn d`vdetdkns
ceaou`n rnstmrdtcme mi dogmst emrgdo snesdtcme
de` gdcetnedean mi onektb mi tbn tbugl. Pbcs cs
d aodsscado iodp, de` ct amvnrs d `ninat mi de dxcdo
onektb mi dpprmxcgdtnoy 4.6 tm 4.> ag mr onss.4
Pbn `csd`vdetdkn mi tbn iodp, ds mrckcedooy `ns-arcln` ly Gmlnrk, cs cts ocjnocbmm` mi pnrgdenet
ionxcme ametrdaturn mi tbn CV hmcet, ocgctcek tbugl
nxtnescme. Pbcs CV ionxcme ametrdaturn adeemt ln
rnocnvn` ly tbnrdpy de` spocetcek dt d odtnr `dtn,
Ick. 0. Pbugl de` iceknr tcp rnpodetdtcmes. ( D‑A ) Pbugl tcp rnpodetdtcme de` pmstmpnrdtcvn rnamvnry. (@‑I )\npodetdtcme mi tbn octton iceknr tcp. (Amurtnsy mi @r Lce [dek de` @r Hcde Buc Ku, @npdrtgnet mi Bde` Qurknry,Diicocdtn` Bmspctdo mi Edetmek ^ecvnrscty, Edetmek, Abced). (K) Vrnmpnrdtcvn vcnw mi tbn dgputdtn` iceknrtcp,lnimrn rnpodetdtcme dt @CV hmcet onvno mi d iceknr ditnr arusb dvuoscme cehury, de` ( B, C ) pmstmpnrdtcvn rnamvnry.(Amurtnsy mi @npdrtgnet mi Bde` Qurknry, Edetmek ^ecvnrscty, Edetmek, Abced, de` Vodstca Qurknry, Pbn DopnrtGn`cado Qabmmo mi Lrmwe ^ecvnrscty, Vrmvc`nean, \C, ^QD.)
\namestruatcme mi Pbugl de` Iceknr Pcp Cehurcns 1<3
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imr wbcab rndsme tbn mrckcedo iodp cs emt rnamggne-
`n` ly smgn surknmes.
Pbcs prmlong ade ln dvmc`n` ci tbn iodp cs gd`n
ds de csode` d`vdeangnet iodp ( Ick. ; ), ly
`cvc`cek ct prmxcgdooy wctb d trdesvnrsn sjce ceac-
scme dt tbn tbugl ldsn, lut prnsnrvcek tbn enurm-
vdsauodr lue`ons.< Pbcs gm`cicadtcme, `nsarcln`
ly M–Lrcne,< doomws iodp d`vdeangnet ds d lc-
pn`caon` csode`. Pbn `ninat arndtn` prmxcgdo tm
tbn iodp cs amvnrn` ly d iuoo-tbcajenss sjce krdit.
Dotnredtcvnoy, tbcs iodp ade ln `nscken` wctb d
‟Y‗ tdco nxtne`cek metm tbn tbnedr ngcenean ds
idr ds d ocen `rdwe prmxcgdooy irmg tbn gc`ocen
mi tbn gc``on iceknr (snn Ick. ; ).1
Y-S D`vdeangnet Iodps8 Prdqucooc-Ondoc
(Dtdsmy), Qnkgu oonr, de` Ynejdtdswdgc IodpsPbrnn typns mi Y-S d`vdeangnet iodps, Prdqucooc-
Ondoc (Dtdsmy), Qnkgu ¨ oonr, de` Ynejdtdswdgc
iodps, de` tbncr rnanet vdrcdets0‑41 drn usn` imr
tbugl tcp rnamestruatcme. Pbny ade ln usn` imr
tbugls, lut tbny drn usn` gmrn mitne ce iceknrtcps.
Pbnrnimrn, `ntdcon` `nsarcptcmes drn kcvne ue`nr
tbn snatcme me iceknrtcps odtnr.
Pbn vdrcdets mi tbn Gmlnrk d`vdeangnet iodp
drn gmrn pmpuodr ce rnamestruatcme mi tbn tbugl.
Ly ametrdst, tbn Gmlnrk iodp cs rdrnoy usn` ce
iceknrtcp rnpdcr. Amevnrsnoy, tbn mtbnr Y-S iodpsgnetcmen` odtnr ce tbcs drtcaon drn onss niinatcvn ce
tbugl tcp rnamestruatcme, pdrtoy lnadusn tbn
gmrn iclrmus edturn mi tbn sulautdenmus tcssun
mi tbn tbugl, ds amgpdrn` wctb tbn pdogdr smit
tcssuns mi tbn iceknr, gdjns gmlcoczdtcme onss,
de` pdrtoy lnadusn tbn krndtnr detnrmpmstnrcmr
`cdgntnr mi tbn tbugl daanetudtns tbcs `ciicauoty
ce rndabcek tbn edco `cstdooy.
Iodk Iodp irmg tbn @mrsug mi tbn Gc``onVbdodex mi tbn Ce`nx Iceknr
Dotbmukb tbn ‟iodk‗ iodp (wctb tbn iodp lncek tbn
‟iodk‗ de` tbn vdsauodr pn`caon wctb sjce lncek
tbn ‟iodkpmon‗) wds mrckcedooy `nsarcln` imr rname-
struatcmes wctbce tbn sdgn iceknr ly Csnoce de`
Ick. >. \nknenrdtcme mi iceknrtcp ditnr gmcst `rnsscek amvnrdkn de` `rnsscek abdekns. ( D‑A ) D iceknr tcp wmue`wctb lmen nxpmsurn. (@‑I ) \namvnry ly snoi-rnknenrdtcme. C`ndo rnamvnry ade ln nxpnatn` ce d amesc nrdlon pnr-anetdkn mi tbn pdtcnet wctb tcp trdugd nvne wctb lmen nxpmsurn. Pbcs trndtgnet cs pmpuodr ce smgn amuetrcns.(Amurtnsy mi @r Inocx Qtdek, ^ecvnrscty Bmspctdo Qabonswck-Bmostnce, Ounlnaj, Knrgdey.)
Ick. 9. D smit tcssun `ninat ce d iceknr wctb nxpmsn`ionxmr tne`me mi d 96-yndr-mo` gde. Bn wds trndtn`wctb twcan `dcoy detcsnptca `rnssceks. Pbn wmue` wdsiuooy bndon` dt 9 wnnjs wctb iuoo iceknr ionxcme de`nxtnescme. (Amurtnsy mi @r @dvc` Noomct, Qt De`rnw–sAnetnr imr Vodstca Qurknry, Abnogsimr`, ^J.)
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Kmssn ce Irdean gdey yndrs dkm,40 wctb lmtb tbn
iodk de` tbn iodkpmon netcrnoy wctbce tbn `mrsug mi
tbn iceknr ( Ick. 2 ), tbnsn iodps drn emw rdrnoy usn`.
Pbn gmst usniuo vdrcdet mi tbnsn iodk iodps ce aur-
rnet usn wds `nsarcln` ly Bmonvcab ce 4391,4> d
prmtmtypn mi odtnr edgn` jctn iodps, tm prmvc`n
smit tcssun amvnr tm tbn tbugl tcp de` puop ly us-cek d iodk pmrtcme mi tbn iodp, wbcab cs rdcsn` irmg
tbn `cstdo `mrsug mr tbn `mrsdo rd`cdo suridan mi
tbn prmxcgdo pbdodex mi tbn ce`nx iceknr wctb tbn
iodk pmon lncek rdcsn` mvnr tbn sname`
gntdadrpdo. Lnadusn tbn iodp cs ldsn` me d omek
pn`caon, mr iodkpmon, tbcs iodp ade amvnr `ninats
mi tbn tbugl tcp de` sbdit mi vdrycek sczns de` om-
adtcmes. Pbn inn`cek drtnrcns drn tbn `mrsdo `ckctdo
drtnrcns, wbcab drn lrdeabns mi tbn icrst `mrsdo
gntdadrpdo drtnry (I@GD), drn bdrvnstn` ue`nr
tbn sjce mi tbn ‟iodkpmon,‗ wctb d wc`n surrmue`mi sulautdenmus tcssun tm doomw vnemus rnture.
Bmwnvnr, tbcs iodp rnstmrns snesdtcme meoy ci tbn
dpprmprcdtn lrdeabns mi tbn supnricacdo rd`cdo
enrvn drn ceaou`n` ce tbn iodkpmon de` iodk. Pbn
Ick. ;. ( D) D typcado vmodr sompcek omss mi tbn tbugl tcp ditnr d arusb dvuoscme cehury. Pbn lmen wds nxpmsn` meoy cetbn `cstdo tbcr` mi tbn `ninat. Gmrn prmxcgdooy, tbn lmen wds amvnrn` wctb sulautdenmus tcssun. Pbn `cstdo n`kn mitbn sulautdenmus tcssun lnamgns tbn ond`cek n`kn mi tbn iodp. ( L) Pbn iodp ceacscmes gust ocn domek tbn gc`ocens mitbn tbugl tm dvmc` sadr ametrdaturn de` tbn Y prmxcgdooy cs tdjne mut metm tbn tbnedr ngcenean sm tbn tcp mi tbnY ocns ce ocen wctb tbn gc``on iceknr. (A ) Pbn iodp wds rdcsn` amgpontnoy irmg tbn sjnontme mi tbn tbugl me tbnenurmvdsauodr lue`ons de` d`vdean` tm amvnr tbn lmen mi tbn tbugl tcp wctb smit tcssun, rn`uacek tbn tcp `ninat
tm d sjce omss, wbcab ade ln rnnpctbnocdoczn` ue`nr gmcst detcsnptca `rnssceks mvnr d pnrcm` mi < tm 1 wnnjs. Pbnprmxcgdo ‟Y‗ wds aomsn` ds d ‟S.‗ (@) D wnnj ditnr surknry. (N ) Imur gmetbs ditnr surknry, kmm` sjce amvnr mi tbntbugl tcp, wctb tbn typcado tdpnrcek mi tbn `ckctdo tcp, wbcab wds dabcnvn` tbrmukb rnnpctbnocdoczdtcme. (Amurtnsy
mi @r @dvc` Noocmt, Qt De`rnw–s Anetnr imr Vodstca Qurknry, Abnogsimr`, ^J.)
\namestruatcme mi Pbugl de` Iceknr Pcp Cehurcns 114
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`memr sctn cs aomsn` `crnatoy mr wctb d sjce krdit.
Pbn iodp ade ln trdesinrrn` tm tbn tbugl ce 4
stdkn, lut ade ln trdesinrrn` ce < stdkns ds de cs-
ode`, wctb tbn pn caon lncek snvnrn` < wnnjs
odtnr. Pwm-stdkn trdesinr cs dogmst emt usn` emw.
Pbn Icrst @mrsdo Gntdadrpdo Drtnry Iodp (tbnJctn Iodp)
Pbn jctn iodp wds pmpuodrczn` ly Imuabnr de`
Lrdue ce 43;349 ds de csode` pn`caon iodp ldsn`
me tbn I@GD. Pbnsn cevnstckdtmrs icrst usn` ct tm
rnamestruat tbn `mrsug mi tbn tbugl CV hmcet, imr
wbcab ct cs c`ndooy suctn`. Pbn lrdeabns mi tbn rd`cdo
snesmry enrvn ade ln ceaou`n` tm arndtn d snesdtn
iodp. Ct cs emt pdrtcauodroy suctdlon imr smit tcssun `n-
inats ditnr trdesvnrsn `cstdo dgputdtcmes mi tbn
tbugl (imr wbcab tbn vdrcdets mi tbn Gmlnrk iodp
drn lnst suctn ), pdrtoy lnadusn tbn iodps bdvn
tbn pmmr snesdtcme mi tbn `mrsug mi tbn iceknrs
de` pdrtoy lnadusn ct rndabns tbn tcp mi tbugl
meoy ci bdrvnstn` irmg tbn `mrsug mi tbn `cstdopdrt mi tbn prmxcgdo pbdodex. Ct cs de mptcme imr
odrknr smit tcssun `ninats, suab ds d pdogdr `ninat
nxtne`cek irmg tbn tcp tm tbn ldsn mi tbn tbugl.
Pbn sczn mi tbcs iodp ade ln odrkn lut ct cs d edrrmw
iodp de` dt tbn `memr sctn tbn `ninat enn`s sjce
krdit, ondvcek de mlvcmus amsgntca `ninat.
4. De Q-sbdpn` mr d omekctu cedo ceacscme cs gd`n
mvnr tbn icrst `mrsdo wnl spdan ( Ick. 3 ). De ceac-
scme cs gd`n mutocecek tbn iodp mvnr tbn `mrsug
mi tbn prmxcgdo pbdodex mi tbn ce`nx iceknr.
<. Pbn iodp cs rdcsn` supnricacdo tm tbn nxtnesmrpdrdtneme ce d `cstdo tm prmxcgdo de` de uoedr
tm rd`cdo `crnatcme. Pbn iodp cs rdcsn` me tbn uoedr
lrdeab mi tbn I@GD de` I@GD (snn Ick. 3 ).
Bmwnvnr, tbnrn cs em enn` tm `cssnat mut tbn
drtnrcdo suppoy de` pnrcvdsauodr idt. D pn`caon
ceaou`cek pnrcvdsauodr idt cs rnamggne`n`.
1. Mitne tbn iodp gdy tdjn dlmut <6 gceutns tm
pcaj up ditnr rnondsn mi tbn tmurecqunt. De ceirn-
qunet amgpocadtcme cs iodp csabngcd.
0. Pbn iodp cs trdesinrrn` tm tbn tbugl. Pbn `memr
sctn cs aomsn` `crnatoy mr wctb d sjce krdit.
Qurkcado Emtns8 Pbn icrst `mrsdo cetnrmssnmus ids-
acd gust ln rdcsn` tm dvmc` vcmodtcek tbn inn`cek
vnssnos, wbcab emrgdooy ocn me tbn idsacd d`hdanet
tm tbn rd`cdo lmr`nr mi tbn ce`nx, mr sname ,
Ick. 2. Iodk iodp.
Ick. 3. ( D) @nscke mi tbn sjce tnrrctmry mi tbn I@GD iodp. (L) Ydsauodr dedtmgy de` omadtcme mi tbn I@GD. Pbnuoedr lrdeab mi tbn I@GD cs tbn eutrcnet drtnry mi tbcs iodp.
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gntdadrpdo. Maadscmedooy, tbn vnssno ocns dt d
`nnpnr onvno wctbce ce tbn gusaon de` sbmuo` ln
imue` de` `cssnatn`. Pbn vnces rngdce ce tbn idt
supnricacdo tm tbn idsacd. Pbn vnssnos drn smgntcgns
tmm sgdoo tm prmvc`n suiicacnet lomm` suppoy.
Lmtb d iodk iodp de` d jctn iodp usn tbn lrdeabns
mi tbn I@GD ds tbn inn cek vnssno: smgn surknmesusn iodk de` jctn iodps cetnrabdekndloy. Pbn iodk
iodp bdrvnsts d edrrmwnr de` gmrn `cstdo iodp `cstdo
tm tbn VCV hmcet onvno wctb d sjce pn`caon, wbnrnds
tbn jctn iodp cs usudooy rdcsn` gmrn prmxcgdooy de`
odrknr, mvnr tbn prmxcgdo pbdodex mitne wctbmut
sjce ce tbn pn`caon. Pbn jctn iodp ade ln bdrvnstn`
ds d irnn iodp4;,42 de` ds d rnvnrsn-iomw pn`caon
iodp.43
Irnn Ydsauodrczn` Pmn Vuop Iodp
D irnn vdsauodrczn` iodp irmg tbn tmn prmvc`nsnxanoonet tcssun amvnr tm rnpodan tbn tbugl puop.
Gdey gcarmsurknmes idvmr tbcs iodp de , ams-
gntcadooy, tbcs iodp cs c`ndo imr tbn tbugl puop
( Ick. 46 ).<6 Qnesmry rnstmrdtcme cs pmssclon tbrmukb
d enrvn rnpdcr tm tbn `ckctdo enrvn, lut tbn enn` imr
enrvn suturn gdjns tbcs rnamestruatcme onss niina-
tcvn amgpdrn` wctb d Gmlnrk iodp irmg d snesmry
pmcet mi vcnw. Ct dosm tdjns omeknr tm trdesinr de`
adrrcns de cebnrnet rcsj mi idcourn mi tbn vnssno
dedstmgmsns. Imr tbnsn vdrcmus rndsmes, de`
lnadusn mi tbn dvdcodlcocty mi omado iodps, gdey sur-knmes tne` tm abmmsn d omado iodp cestnd` mi d irnn
tmn iodp.
Irnn Ydsauodrczn` Vdrtcdo Pmn Prdesinr
Pbcs cs d amggme mptcme imr surknmes wbm ocjn,
de` drn sjcooiuo ce, gcarmsurkcado tcssun trdesinr.
Pbcs surknry rnstmrns d kmm` dppndrdean tm tbn
tbugl mr iceknrs, lut dt tbn amst mi pdrtcdo omss mi
d tmn.<4 Pbn pdrtcdo tmn cs bdrvnstn` wctb d vdsauodr
pn`caon nxtne`cek prmxcgdooy tm tbn ldsn mi tbn tmn
wnl. Nxanptcmedooy ameic`net gcarmsurknmes gdybdrvnst tbn enn`n` pdrt irmg d tmn ds d prcgdry
prman`urn de` ameenat ct tm tbn dgputdtn` tbugl
mr iceknr ce tbn idsbcme mi d `ckctdo rnpodetdtcme
( Ick. 44 ). Pbcs surknry cs emt d`vcsdlon ce mo`nr
Ick. 46. Irnn tmn puop iodp imr tbugl puop rnpdcr.
\namestruatcme mi Pbugl de` Iceknr Pcp Cehurcns 111
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pdtcnets de` cs lnttnr ue`nrtdjne ce abco`rne dt de
mo`nr dkn.
Enurmvdsauodr Vn`caon Iodps irmg tbn Iceknrs
Imr tbugl rnamestruatcmes, wn `m emt neamurdkn
tbn usn mi iodps irmg tbn tcp mr tbn pdogdr suridan
mi tbn iceknrs. Quab prman`urns enn` nxtnescvn
ceacscmes, ondvn sadrrcek mi tbn `memr iceknr
de`, cenvctdloy, `dgdkn tbn snesdtcme. Pbn Octtonr
iodp<< cs suab d aodsscado gntbm` `nsarcln` ce
gdey tnxtlmmjs. Pbcs iodp cs maadscmedooy usniuo
imr tbugl rnamestruatcmes de` dosm imr bntnrm`ckc-
tdo trdesinr lntwnne iceknrs, lut ct cs usudooy adrrcn`
mut spdrcek tbn tcssun mi tbn tcp mi tbn `memr iceknr,
mr nvne uscek d sjce pd``on irmg tbn `mrsmodtnrdo
suridan mi tbn `memr iceknr ceenrvdtn` ly tbn `mr-sdo lrdeab mi tbn `ckctdo enrvn. Bmwnvnr, tbnrn
drn mtbnr lnttnr rnamestruatcmes mi tbn tbugl tcp
wctb rnspnat tm tbn snesclcocty dabcnvn`, tbn ceac-
scmes rnqucrn , de` `memr sctn gmrlc cty. Pbn
Gmlnrk de` mtbnr Y-S iodps drn gmrn dpprmprcdtn
de` gcarmvdsauodr irnn iodp trdesinrs drn demtbnr
kmm` dotnredtcvn, pdrtcauodroy ce tbn ymuek.
Pbn imoomwcek drn snvnrdo iodps tbdt wn `m emt
usn amggmeoy, de` `m emt rnamggne` tm knenrdo
podstca surknmes, imr rnamestruatcme mi tbn tcp mi
tbn tbugl8
4. Enurmvdsauodr pn caon iodps irmg tbn iceknrs8 imr
rndsmes stdtn` prnvcmusoy, ct cs usn` meoy maad-
scmedooy. Pwm mi tbn dutbmrs (@.N. de` \.D.) usn
ct maadscmedooy imr `ninats tbdt drn tmm lck tm
amvnr wctb Y-S Gmlnrk d`vdeangnet iodp de`
ce pdtcnets wbm drn tmm mo` tm knt kmm` snesd-
tcme irmg d tmn puop trdesinr wctb `ckctdo enrvn
suturns. Pbny dosm ade ln usniuo tm rnamestruat
gmrn nxtnescvn iceknr pdogdr suridan omssns.<. Ynemus iodps8 Vodstca surknmes turen` tbncr
ldaj me tbn mrckcedo prnsnetdtcmes mi tbn
vnemus iodp <6 yndrs dkm, ds tbn rcsj mi omss
wds bckbnr tbde wctb iodps vdsauodrczn` ly de
drtnry. Gmrn rnanetoy, imoomwcek rndssnssgnet
mi tbn gntbm` mi vnssno ameenatcmes wctbce
tbn vnemus iodp, tbcs iodp bds lnamgn sdinr. Ce
tbn mpcecme mi men mi us (@.N.), tbcs iodp, bdr-
vnstn` irmg tbn tbce sjce de` sulautdenmus
tcssuns mi tbn vmodr dspnat mi tbn wrcst,<1 bds
lnamgn d sdin de` nxanoonet gcarmsurkcado
rnamestruatcvn mptcme imr `ckctdo tcp de` pdogdr
suridan rnamestruatcme tbdt ade ln ceenrvdtn`
de` dvmc`s bdrvnstcek irmg tbn immt.
1. Iodps tbdt drn tnabecadooy pmssclon lut `ciicauot
mr onss rnocdlon, imr nxdgpon, tbn irnn vdsauodr-
czn` tbnedr iodp8 Pbn vdsauodr dedtmgy mi tbcs
iodp cs onss amggmeoy jemwe de` gmst sur-
knmes drn emt idgcocdr wctb ct. [ctb eugnrmus
jemwe de` gmrn rnocdlon iodps dvdcodlon, de`
wctbmut gmrn pnrsmedo nxpnrcnean mi tbnsn
onss wnoo-jemwe iodps, wn adeemt rnamggne`
tbng ynt, dotbmukb surknmes nxpnrcnean` wctbtbnsn pdrtcauodr iodps gdy prninr tbng. Pbnsn
gntbm`s drn usn` maadscmedooy ly us, mr mur
amoondkuns, wctb sdtcsidatmry mutamgns, lut
tbny drn emt d rmutcen mr icrst-ocen abmcan.
Ick. 44. Vdrtcdo tmn trdesinr ade rnamestruat tbn omst iceknrtcp. D pdrtcdo tmn bdrvnstn` imr tbcs purpmsn cs sbmwebnrn.
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Icoont Iodps
[bnrn d rnamkeczn` iodp ade ln bdrvnstn` irmg d
iceknr tbdt adeemt ln sdovdkn`, tbcs ade ln usn`
tm d`vdetdkn wctbmut `memr sctn gmrlc`cty. Pbcs cs
adoon` d ‟icoont iodp,‗ de` cs mitne dvdcodlon ce guotc-
pon `ckctdo cehurcns.
ICEKN\PCV \NVDC\ DE@ \NAMEQP\^APCMEY-S D`vdeangnet Iodps
Pbn enwnr knenrdtcme mi odrknr Y-S iodps drn gmrn
ndscoy gmlcoczn` ce tbn iceknrs de`, sm, lnttnr
suctn` imr usn bnrn tbde ce tbn tbugl. Qnonatcme
`npne`s me tbn sczn de` `crnatcme mi tbn tcp omss.
Pbn pdogdr Y-S d`vdeangnet iodp (cn, Prdqucooc-Ondoc mr Dtdsmy iodp)Pbcs iodp wds icrst `nsarcln` ly Prdequcooc-Ondoc0 ce
431> de` Dtdsmy de` amoondkuns> ce 43;6. Ct cs
usn` imr `cstdo iceknrtcp puop `ninats lnyme` tbn
gc` pdrt mi tbn edco ln`. D trcdekuodr iodp cs `n-
scken` wctb tbn ldsn dt tbn n`kn mi tbn dgputdtcme
de` tbn dpnx dt tbn @CV hmcet arndsn mi tbn iceknr
( Ick. 4< ). Cts lomm` suppoy rnocns me tbn sgdoo drtn-
rcdo lrdeabns mi tbn `ckctdo drtnrcns lnyme` tbn
trciuradtcme mi tbn `ckctdo enrvns, wctb tbn enurmvds-
auodr lue`ons lncek prnsnrvn` de` emt `cssnatn`.
Pbn iclrmus snptd tbdt deabmr tbn sjce tm `nnpnr
struaturns, ceaou`cek tbn pdogdr suridan mi tbn
`cstdo pbdodex, drn knetoy `cvc`n`.Pbn sjce iodp cs tbne d`vdean` mvnr tbn nxpmsn`
lmen. Pbn ldsn mi tbn trcdekon cs suturn` tm tbn edco
ln`, de` tbn Y-sbdpn` `memr sctn `ninat cs aomsn`
dsdS(snn Ick. 4< ). Pbn d`vdeangnet mi tbcs iodp cs
ocgctn` ly cts `cstdo lomm` suppoy de` tbn sgdoo sczn
mi tbn iodp de` cts snesdtcme gdy ln rn`uan`, ds
d`vdeangnet cs dabcnvn` meoy wctb smgn tnescme
me tbn iodp.
Ct ade ln gd`n guab gmrn usniuo ly neodrkcek
tbn iodp, sm tbn prmxcgdo ‟Y‗ nxtne`s ldaj tm tbn
gc``on mi tbn gc``on pbdodex, de` gmlcoczcek ct
me tbn < enurmvdsauodr lue`ons. Pbcs ‟enurmvds-
auodr‗ Prdequcooc-Ondoc iodp wcoo amvnr `cstdo tcp `n-inats ds idr prmxcgdooy ds tbn edco imo` de` wctb d
16 pdogdr sompn mi tbn dgputdtcme dekon. Pbcs
iodp dosm ade ln usn` dt dey onvno mi dgputdtcme
mi tbn iceknr ds idr prmxcgdooy ds tbn prmxcgdo pbd-
odex ( Ick. 41 ).9
Odtnrdo Y-S iodpsPbnsn drn `cvc`n` cetm uecodtnrdo Y-S iodps, lcodtnrdo
Y-S iodps, de` odtnrdo pn`caon` Y-S iodps. Pbn uec-
odtnrdo Y-S iodp, ldsn` me tbn sdgn sgdoo vnssnos
ds tbn Prdequcooc-Ondoc iodp wds icrst `nsarcln` ly
Kncssne`mri ce 4301; lut usn` imr d rdtbnr sgdoo
`ninat, ds ct bds octton amvnr pmtnetcdo. Lcodtnrdo
Y-S iodps, `nsarcln` smme ditnr ly Jutonr ce
430;,2 drn dosm bdrvnstn` wctbmut `cssnatcme mi
tbn vdsauodr pn caons. Dotbmukb tbn < iodps ade
ln puoon` tmwdr` tbn gc ocen mi tbn tcp `ninat
wctb sockbtoy krndtnr ndsn, tbcs rnamestruatcme cs
ocgctn` ce cts usn ly tbn sgdoo sczn mi tbn iodps
de` tbn ocgctn` d`vdeangnet pmssclon. Ct bds
odrknoy lnne supnran`n` ly tbn gmrn sulstdetcdo
odtnrdo pn`caon` Y-S iodps, `nsarcln` ly Qnkguoonr
ce 43;93
de` ly Lc``uopb ce 43;3,46
wbcab drn bdr-vnstn` irmg tbn odtnrdo sc`ns mi tbn `ckct prmxcgdooy
tm tbn @CV hmcet arndsn wctb `cssnatcme mi tbncr enu-
rmvdsauodr pn`caons tm bnop iodp d`vdeangnet tm
amvnr tbn tcp `ninat. Odeznttd de` amoondkuns44
de` Qgctb de` Noocmt4< nxtne`n` tbn pn`caon` iodp
prmxcgdooy tm tbn VCV hmcet arndsn mi tbn iceknr tm
Ick. 4<. ( D) Dtdsmy iodp. Quctdlon imr vmodr sompcek `ninats up tm d sompn mi 16 . Pypcadooy, tbnsn mlocqun tcssun omssnsondvn meoy tbn `cstdo pmrtcme mi tbn `cstdo pbdodex nxpmsn`, wctb tbn gmrn prmxcgdo omss mi tbn sulautdenmus tcs-sun lncek onss tbde iuoo-tbcajenss. Pbn sulautdenmus tcssun wctbmut sjce lnamgns tbn ond`cek n`kn mi tbn iodp de`tbcs, emt sjce, cs suturn` tm tbn `cstdo n`kn mi tbn edco. ( L) Pbn enurmvdsauodr Dtdsmy iodp cs guab odrknr tbde tbnmrckcedo Prdequcooc-Ondoc iodp, wctb tbn ‟Y‗ nxtne`cek darmss tbn arndsn mi tbn @CV hmcet (dolnct wctb lmtb ceacscmesarmsscek tbcs arndsn dt de dekon sm emt arndtcek tbn pmtnetcdo tm adusn sadr ametrdaturn). Pbcs iodp cs rdcsn` ce tbnsdgn wdy ds tbn mrckcedo iodp, lut cs ldsn` me tbn `ckctdo lue`ons, emt tbncr tnrgcedo lrdeabns.
\namestruatcme mi Pbugl de` Iceknr Pcp Cehurcns 11>
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iurtbnr cearndsn cts sczn de` tbn ndsn mi d`vdean-
gnet, sm cgprmvcek cts usniuoenss iurtbnr ( Ick. 40
).
Mlocqun Y-S iodp (Ynejdtdswdgc iodp) D omek mlocqun Y-S iodp cs bdrvnstn` wctb tbn dpnx
prmxcgdo tm tbn VCV hmcet mvnr men enurmvdsauodr
lue`on mi tbn `ckct.41 Pbn netcrn iodp cs d`vdean`
tm amvnr tbn `ninat mi tbn iceknrtcp mr tbugl tcp,
tbn prmxcgdo ceacscme cs aomsn` ce d S sbdpn
( Ick. 4> ).
Pbn d`vdetdkns mi Y-S d`vdeangnet iodps drn
tbn prnsnrvdtcme mi snesdtcme de` `urdlon smit tcs-
sun amvnrdkn. Pnescme cs tbn prcgdry prmlong
neamuetnrn` wctb tbn sgdoonr vnrscmes mi tbcsiodp, suab ds tbn mrckcedo Prdequcooc-Ondoc de` Jutonr
iodps, nspnacdooy ci nxpnatn` tm amvnr odrknr `n-
inats. Ci d tnescme-irnn aomsurn cs emt dabcnvn`,
tbn iodp cs dt rcsj imr enarmscs de` ocjnoy tm bdvn
pmmr snesdtcme irmg tnescme me tbn sgdoo enrvns.
Ce d``ctcme, tbn `cstdo edco ln` gdy ln puoon` ce dvmodr `crnatcme, arndtcek d bmmj edco `nimrgcty. Pm
doomw imr d tnescme-irnn aomsurn, tbn prmxcgdo ceac-
scme ade ln onit ueaomsn`, mr aomsn` vnry ommsnoy
(de` wcoo bndo ly `nrgdo rnknenrdtcme). Pbnsn
prmlongs drn emt snne rmutcenoy wctb tbn enwnr
knenrdtcme mi odrknr Y-S iodps (nk, M–Lrcne de`
Y-S Gmlnrk, enurmvdsauodr Prdequcooc-Ondoc, Yne-
jdtdswdgc,41 de` nxtne`n` Qnkgu ¨ oonr iodps).4<
Pbn Gmlnrk d`vdeangnet iodp cs usn` onss
mitne ce tbn iceknrs, ds rdcscek tbcs iodp mvnr tbn
netcrn iceknr rcsjs ionxcme ametrdaturn de` rcsjs
omss mi tbn sjce mi tbn `mrsug mi tbn iceknr.<0
Pbn lcpn`caon` ‟enurmvdsauodr Prdequcooc-Ondoc‗
iodp ade ln amesc`nrn` ds d Y-S iodp rdcsn` meoy
mvnr tbn `cstdo pdrt mi tbn iceknr imr iceknrtcp
rnamestruatcme.
Ick. 41. ( D‑@) De nxdgpon mi d trun Prdequcooc-Ondoc iodp mr Dtdsmy iodp suctdlon imr trdesvnrsn mr `cstdo sompcek`ninats mi tbn iceknrtcp dt tbn onvno mi tbn gc`-edco de` lnyme`. ( D) Prdugdtca iceknrtcp `ninat. (L) Iodp `nsckede` sjce ceacscme. Pbn iodp cs gmvcek `cstdooy tm amvnr tbn `ninat. ( A ) Pbn sjce `ninat prmxcgdo tm tbn iodp cs onitimr rnnpctbnocdoczdtcme tm icoo. (@) Vmstmpnrdtcvn rnsuot. (N‑B ) De nxdgpon mi tbn enurmvdsauodr Dtdsmy iodp. (N )Iodp `nscke. (I ) Iodp ocitcek. (K) @ninat amvnrdkn. (B ) Vmstmpnrdtcvn rnsuot.
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Ick. 40. Pbn nxtne`n` Qnkguoonr iodp. Pbcs iodp cs suctn` imr vmodr sompcek tcp `ninats krndtnr tbde 16. ( D) Pbn Y cstdjne tm tbn VCV hmcet arndsn, wctb tbn pmstnrcmr ceacscme rueecek `mwe tbn gc`-odtnrdo ocen de` tbn sompcek vmodrceacscme rndabcek tbn gc`ocen mi tbn iceknr. (L) Ymodr vcnw mi iodp `nscke. (A ) Pbn iodp cs rdcsn` irmg `cstdo tm prmx-cgdo, wctb tbn drtnry lncek ndscoy imoomwn` `mwe tbn `nnp suridan mi tbn iodp. ( @) Pbn ceacscme cs tdjne `mwe tbngc`-odtnrdo ocen prmxcgdo tm tbn Y mi tbn iodp sm tbn enurmvdsauodr lue`on ade ln vcsudoczn` prmxcgdooy tm gdjn
`cssnatcme. (N ) Ce tbcs adsn, < iodps bdvn lnne `rdwe lut meoy men wds enn`n` tm amvnr tbn nxpmsn` lmen mi tbniceknrtcp wctb sulautdenmus tcssun. Pbn tcp cs tbne rnnpctbnocdoczn` ue`nr gmcst detcsnptca `rnssceks. (I ) Vmstmpnr-dtcvn mutamgns. (K) Lcodtnrdo iodps drn rdcsn` ce demtbnr adsn. (B ) Amvnrdkn mi tbn tcp wctb < iodps. Emtn tbn tcp csamvnrn` wctb sulautdenmus tcssun de` cs tbne rnnpctbnocdoczn` ue`nr gmcst detcsnptca `rnssceks. ( C ) Vmstmpnrdtcvnmutamgns.
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Odtnrdo Qwctab Iodp
Pbcs cs de ndsy de` niinatcvn gntbm` mi rname-
struatcek d iceknr mr tbugl bngc-puop `ninat,
wbnrn tbn gcsscek puop bds sckecicadean tm pceab.
Pbn mppmsctn puop mi tbn sdgn `ckct ade ln trdes-
inrrn`, mr ‟swctabn`,‗ darmss irmg men sc`n mi tbn
`ckct tm tbn mtbnr ds de csode`,<>,<9 mr ds d pn`caon
iodp.<;,<2 Pbn `ninat me tbn mtbnr sc`n mi tbn `ckct
cs tbne amvnrn` wctb d iuoo-tbcajenss sjce krdit
( Ick. 49 ). Pbcs iodp swctabns tbn `ninat irmg tbn
pdogdr dspnat tm cts odtnrdo dspnat, wbcab cs tbus
adoon` d ‟ swctab iodp‗ ( Ick. 4; ).
Ymodr mr @mrsdo \mtdtcmedo Iodps (Ycsmr Iodp,Gm`cicn` Qmuqunt Iodp de` Vcvmt Iodp)
Pbn vmodr mr `mrsdo rmtdtcmedo iodps ade ln bdr-
vnstn` aomsn tm tbn iceknrtcp dgputdtcme sctn tm
amvnr tbn tcp `ninat. Ycsmr iodp de` Gm`cicn`
Ick. 4>. ( D) Cehury tm tbn tcp mi tbn ce`nx iceknr. D Ynejdtdswdgc iodp, ldsn` me tbn uoedr `ckctdo drtnry, wdsrdcsn`. Pbcs iodp cs rdcsn` ds tbn Qnkguoonr, tbn meoy `ciinrnean lncek tbdt tbn iodp cs tdjne rckbt darmss tbn vmodrdspnat mi tbn iceknr, emt tm tbn gc`ocen. Pbn iodp cs `cssnatn` gmrn prmxcgdooy tm kdce gmrn d`vdeangnet lyiurtbnr irnncek tbn enurmvdsauodr lue`on prmxcgdooy ce tbn iceknr de` pdog. (L) Ymodr vcnw mi tbn iodp. (A )Amgpontcme mi tbn iodp trdesinr. Pbn vnry `cstdo pdrt wds onit ueamvnrn` wctb sjce, wbcab bndon` odtnr tbrmukbrnnpctbnocdoczdtcme prmanss. Pbn sckbt amrenr cesnrt cs tbn vmodr vcnw mi tbn sjce `ninat me tbn tcp.
Ick. 49. Pbn odtnrdo swctab iodp adeln usn` tm rnamestruat tbn rd`cdo bdoi mi tbn ce`nx iceknrtcp de`tbn uoedr bdoi mitbn tbugl tcpditnr nctbnr crrnvnrsclon enrvn cehurymr bngc-puop omss de` rnamestctutn tbn snesdtcme de` dpprmprcdtnsulautdenmus de` autdenmus tcssuns mi tbnsn < pdrts, vctdo tm icen pceab. ( D‑A ) D >>-yndr-mo` gde wctb d prnvcmusuoedr `ckctdo enrvn cehury mi tbn onit tbugl, wbm bd` d prcgdry enrvn rnpdcr de`, sulsnqunetoy, d enrvn krdit lutbd` rnamvnrn` em snesdtcme. ( D) Pbn eugl drnd ds sbd`n`. Pbcs drnd mi sjce wds nxacsn`. D iodp ldsn` me tbn rd`cdoenurmvdsauodr lue`on wds `nscken`, nonvdtn`, de` trdespmsn`. Pbn `memr `ninat wds krditn` wctb iuoo-tbcajensssjce. (L, A ) Pbn rnsuots. (Amurtnsy mi @r @dvc` Noocmt., Qt De`rnw–s Anetnr imr Vodstca Qurknry, Abnogsimr`, ^J.)
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Qmuqunt iodp ade ln bdrvnstn` ds sbmwe ceIck. 4;. Ce d``ctcme, d iodp (adoon` d ‟ pcvmt ‗ iodp )
ade ln bdrvnstn` irmg gc`ocen tm gc`ocen mi tbn
vmodr dspnat mi tbn iceknr hust prmxcgdo tm tbn
puop `ninat. Pbn iodp cs nonvdtn` me men `ckctdo
drtnry de` cts trdesvnrsn lrdeabns ( Ick. 4; ), ondv-cek dt ondst < gg mi smit tcssun cetdat mvnr tbn drtn-
rcdo pn`caon imr vnemus `rdcedkn, de` pcvmtn`
tbrmukb 36 me tbn enurmvdsauodr lue`on sm tbdt
men odtnrdo lmr`nr mi tbn iodp cs suturn` tm tbn
Ick. 4;. Qwctab iodp de` rmtdtcmedo iodps8 ( D) Qurkcado prman`urn mi d swctab iodp. Pbn emrgdo bdoi mi tbn puop csbdrvnstn` ldsn` me enurmvdsauodr lue`on mi men sc`n de` cs trdesinrrn` tm tbn mtbnr sc`n. Pbn `ninat ce tbn `memrsctn cs amvnrn` wctb d sjce krdit. (L) Gm`cicn` Qmuqunt iodp, gd`n wctb rmtdtcme mi d iodp ditnr `cssnatcek mut tbnenurmvdsauodr pn`caon mi men sc`n. (A ) Ycsmr iodp, gd`n wctb rmtdtcme mi d `mrsdo mr vmodr iodp ldsn` me de cetdatwc`n sjce pn`caon. (@) Vcvmt iodp cs ldsn` me d `ckctdo enurmvdsauodr pn`caon ditnr cts `cssnatcme de` iodp rmtdtn` imr36 `nkrnns tm amvnr tbn tcp `ninat.
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prmxcgdo gdrkce mi tbn `ninat de` tbn mtbnr odtnrdo
lmr`nr cs suturn` tm tbn edco `cstdooy.<3 Pbn ametrd-
odtnrdo enurmvdsauodr lue`on cs emt ceaou`n` ce tbn
iodp. D sgdoo sjce `ninat cs snne me tbn ametrdodt-
nrdo sc`n, wbcab rnqucrns d iuoo-tbcajenss sjce krdit.
Bmgm`ckctdo \nvnrsn Vn`caon @ckctdo Drtnry Iodp
D rnvnrsn pn`caon iodp, mrckcedooy `nsarcln` ly Koc-
anestnce ce Irdean adrrycek d sjce csode` bdrvnstn`
irmg tbn wnl spdan,16 cs emw gmst mitne bdr-
vnstn` wctb tbn sjce pd``on irmg tbn prmxcgdo
odtnrdo dspnat mi tbn iceknr,14 mr irmg tbn `cstdo
pdog mvnroycek tbn amggme `ckctdo lue`on de` cts
lciuradtcme.1<
4. Pbn iodp cs mutocen` dt tbn ldsn mi tbn iceknr
prmxcgdo tm tbn VCV hmcet. Pbn iodp sczn ade ln
up tm <.6 4.> ag anetnrn` ly tbn `ckctdo
drtnry.
<. Men `ckctdo drtnry cs ockdtn` prmxcgdo tm tbn
prmxcgdo iodp lmr`nr. Pbn pnrcvdsauodr smit tcs-
sun (<‑0 gg ce wc`tb) ametdcecek tbn vnemus
entwmrj gust ln rntdcen` wctb tbn drtnry.
1. Dt tbcs tcgn, tbn `ckctdo enrvn cs usudooy jnpt
cetdat, ly `cssnatcek ct mut irmg tbn iodp sm emt
tm diinat snesdtcme. Pbn vdsauodr pn caon cs
`cssnatn` mut domek tbn amursn mi tbn `ckctdo
drtnry de` nonvdtn` rntrmkrd`noy `cstdo tm tbn
@CV hmcet, wbnrn ct rnancvns drtnrcdo ceput irmgvnssnos pdsscek trdesvnrsnoy darmss tbn pdogdr
dspnat mi tbn hmcet (de` suppoycek lmtb tbn hmcet
de` tbn vceauodn mi tbn ionxmr tne`mes) irmg tbn
mtbnr `ckctdo drtnry mi tbcs iceknr.
0. Pbn iodp cs rnvnrsn` tm rndab tbn iceknrtcp, de` cs
suturn`. Pbn acrauodtcme cs abnajn` tm nesurn
tbn suturn cs emt tmm tckbt tm amgprnss tbn
vdsauodr pn`caon.
>. Pbn `memr sctn cs amvnrn` ly d sjce krdit.
Qurkcado Emtns8 Pbn `ckctdo enrvn, mr cts `mrsdo
lrdeabns, gdy ln rntdcen` wctb tbn iodp de` tbn enrvn ne` ue`nr tbn prmxcgdo pdrt mi tbn sjce pd`-
`on suturn` dt tbn iceknrtcp tm tbn ametrdodtnrdo
`ckctdo enrvn mi tbn iceknr tm ceenrvdtn tbn iodp: bmw-
nvnr, tbcs cevmovns enrvn suturn. Qdarcican mi d `ckc-
tdo drtnry ce de dornd`y trdugdtczn` iceknr cs demtbnr
ameanre.
Aodsscado Pbnedr de` Armss-Iceknr Iodps
Pbnsn twm aodsscado iodps rnqucrn podacek tbn pd-
tcnet–s iceknrs ce ueamgimrtdlon pmsctcmes, maad-
scmedooy rnsuotcek ce pnrgdenet ocgctdtcmes mi hmcetgmtcmes. Pbny dosm suiinr tbn prmlongs mi rmutcenoy
rnqucrcek d sname` mpnrdtcme, lncek cesnesdtn
iodps de` `nodycek gmlcoczdtcme. Pbn pn caon`
tbnedr iodp cs usniuo ce abco`rne de` ce drnds mi
tbn wmro` ce wbcab tbn pmpuodtcme bds gmlcon ice-
knrs de`, tnabecadooy, tbn rnamestruatcme cs onss
`ngde cek. Pbn iodp cs rdcsn` irmg tbn tbnedr
drnd tm amvnr tbn iceknrtcp. Lnadusn mi tbn krndt
nodstcacty mi sjce ce tbn `memr drnd, `crnat aomsurn
cs dowdys pmssclon. Pbn pn`caon cs `cvc`n` < wnnjs
ditnr cectcdo surknry de` gmst iceknrs `m emt`nvnomp ionxcme ametrdaturn. Ce tbn tbcaj iceknrs
mi wmrjcek Emrtb Nurmpnde gne, VCV hmcet ametrda-
turn cs quctn pmssclon ditnr nvne < wnnjs ce tbcs
ionxn` pmsctcme de` tbcs iodp sbmuo` ln dvmc`n` ce
tbcs pmpuodtcme. Pbn tbnedr iodp cs, mtbnrwcsn, d
scgpon, ynt icen, iodp.
Pbn armss-iceknr iodp cs ceaou`n` ce gdey tnxt-
lmmjs. Pbn odaj mi ceenrvdtcme mi tbn iodp, enn`
mi `memr sctn sjce krdit me tbn vcsclon `mrsug mi
tbn `memr iceknr, de` cggmlcoczdtcme mi < iceknrs
(wctb tbn pmtnetcdo mi diinatcek gmtcme mi < iceknrs)
gdjn ct d onss idvmrn` mptcme emw imr gdey sur-
knmes. Pbnrnimrn, tbcs iodp cs aurrnetoy d rdrn
abmcan. Ce idat, smgn surknmes, ceaou cek 1 mi
tbn dutbmrs, em omeknr, mr rdrnoy, usn tbcs iodp
nxanpt wbne tbn `ninat tm ln rnamestruatn`
amvnrs men de` bdoi tm < snkgnets mi tbn vmodr
suridan mi d iceknr, wbne bmgm`ckctdo iodps drn
tmm sgdoo, tbn armss-iceknr iodp cs d scgpon smou-
tcme. [bne tbn `ninat cevmovns tbn prmxcgdo de`
gc``on snkgnets mi tbn iceknr, tbn odaj mi snesc-
lcocty mi tbn armss-iceknr iodp bds em rnonvdean.
Pbnsn iodps drn ly em gndes ‟mut mi `dtn‗.Envnrtbnonss, tbny `m rnqucrn tcssun bdrvnst irmg
mutsc`n tbn cehurn` iceknr(s) de` tbn pdtcnet cs
rnqucrn` tm podan tbn bde` ce ueamgimrtdlon pmsc-
tcmes, imr wbcab rndsme, gdey surknmes snnj tm
dvmc` tbng.
Pnrgcedoczdtcme mr Iceknr Qbmrtnecek
D vdrcnty mi rndsmes ade ond` surknmes tm `nac`n,
dolnct rnouatdetoy, tm sbmrtne iceknrs. Pbn pdtcnet
gdy emt wcsb tm km tbrmukb amgponx surknry, tbn
pdtcnet–s knenrdo ame`ctcme `mns emt doomw suabsurknry, tbn iceknrtcp cs snvnrnoy ceinatn , ame-
tdgcedtn`, mr arusbn`, mr tbn pdtcnet gdy rnhnat
amgponx trndtgnet imr namemgca rndsmes. Pnrgc-
edoczdtcme miinrs d sbmrt mpnrdtcme de` d qucaj rn-
amvnry wctb rndsmedlon iueatcme, lut ct cs emt d
kmm` abmcan ce tnrgs mi amsgntcas mr icenssn mi
iueatcme. Omss mi onektb wcoo ln d pnrgdenet
ameanre de` tbn stugp cs amvnrn` ly sjce irmg
tbn `ckctdo sbdit, sm cs onss snesdtn tbde tbdt mi
tbn mrckcedo tcp.
Arndtcek d Vrmtnatn` Nevcrmegnet tm Idvmr \nknenrdtcme
Ds stdtn` ndrocnr, d prdatcado, lut onss mitne usn`
(de` ce smgn amuetrcns smgntcgns enkonatn )
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mptcme cs tm arndtn de c`ndo tcssun krmwtb nevcrme-
gnet tm tbn tmtdooy dgputdtn` mr arusbn` iceknrtcp
stugp wctb gmcst detcsnptca `rnssceks, wctb em
rnpdrdtcvn surkcado prman`urns, imoomwcek tbmrmukb
wdsbcek de` wmue` `nlrc`ngnet. @rnssceks
abdekn vdry irmg twcan `dcoy tm nvnry 1 tm 0 `dys
mr wnnjoy (snn Icks. > de` 9 ). Quab snoi-rnknenrd-tcme dabcnvns d sbmrtnen` lut wnoo-amvnrn` ice-
knrtcp ditnr dlmut < gmetbs: smgn snesdtcme gdy
dosm rnture.
Pbcs sdgn rnkcgne mi gmcst detcsnptca `rnssceks
wcoo doomw tbn sulautdenmus tcssuns tm krmw mvnr
nxpmsn` lmen dt tbn tcp mr ionxmr tne`mes gmrn
prmxcgdooy. Ci tbn vctdo struaturn nxpmsurn cs gmrn
nxtnescvn, d `nrgdo tngpodtn (suab ds Cetnkrd,
^ppnr Qd` on \cvnr, EH, ^QD) ade ln usn` tm
amvnr tbn nxpmsn` tne`mes ditnr wmue` aondecek
de` `nlrc`ngnet de` tbn tngpodtn gdcetdcen`
imr dlmut < wnnjs ce tbn sdgn gmcst detcsnptca
nevcrmegnet. Pbn sulautdenmus tcssun wcoo rnkne-
nrdtn tm amevnrkn mvnr tbn tne`mes, ne`cek wctb d
guab edrrmwn` sjce `ninat drnd, wbcab wcoo nctbnr
krmw sjce ue`nr tbn sdgn `rnsscek rnkcgne imr d
octton omeknr mr rnqucrn meoy d sname`dry sjce krdit.
Pbcs mptcme cs kmm` imr tbmsn pdtcnets wbm drn
wcoocek tm wdct de` dpprnacdtn tbdt tbnrn gdy ln d
enn` mi sname`dry krditcek. Pbcs rnkcgne bds tbn
d`vdetdkn mi doomwcek tbn pdtcnet tm gmlcoczn
cggn`cdtnoy de` rnkdce d iuoo rdekn mi gmtcme mi
tbn `ckct wbcon adrrycek mut tbn `rnsscek rnkcgne.
V\DAPCAN DA\MQQ PBN [M\O@8 V\NIN\\N@M\ ^ECT^N GNPBM@Q
Ce tbcs snatcme wn suggdrczn aurrnet komldo vcnws
mi prninrrn`, smgntcgns uecqun, gntbm`s mi
tbugl de` iceknrtcp rnpdcr de` rnamestruatcme.
Pbn ceimrgdtcme prnsnetn` bnrn cs miinrn` ly tbn
dutbmrs ce tbncr rnspnatcvn amuetrcns/rnkcmes.
Abced de` Dscd
Ce Edetmek ^ecvnrscty, Abced, tbn bde` de` uppnr
nxtrngcty surknry tndg cs amgpmsn` mi 40 sur-
knmes wctb 466 bmspctdo ln`s wctb de deeudo mpnr-
dtcek omd` mi dpprmxcgdtnoy 0666 adsns. Pbn tndg
rnkuodroy rnvcnws de` up`dtns tbn anetnr–s trndt-
gnet kuc`nocens. [n rnamkeczn tbn snoi-rnpdcrcek
adpdlcocty mi tbn sjce ue`nr gmcst detcsnptca `rnss-
ceks de` usn tbcs imr `ninats sgdoonr tbde 4 ag.
Kuc`nocens imr trndtgnet mi gmrn nxtnescvn cehurcns
bdvn nvmovn` ametceumusoy.
Pbn Gmlnrk-typn de` Y-S iodps8 nssnetcdo mptcmes imr d sgdoo tm gm`nrdtn tcp `ninat Ce tbcs uect, tbn Gmlnrk-typn d`vdeangnet ce tbn
tbugl de` tbn pdogdr mr odtnrdo Y-S d`vdeangnet
iodps ce tbn iceknr drn amggmeoy usn` imr tbmsn
`ninats tbdt adeemt ln aomsn` `crnatoy lut `m emt
nxann` >6% tm 96% mi tbn puop drnd.
Bmgm`ckctdo `ckctdo drtnry `mrsdo lrdeab iodpsmr detnrmkrd`n `ckctdo drtnry pn`caon iodps8 imr dgm`nrdtn iceknrtcp mr puop `ninat Ci tbn omss mi iceknr puop cs tbn gdhmr ameanre de` cs
odrkn (cevmovcek 596%‑;6% drnd mi tbn puop `cstdo
tm tbn @CV hmcet), d iodp ldsn` me tbn `mrsdo
lrdeabns mi tbn `ckctdo drtnry (ametdcecek tbn
lrdeabns mi tbn `ckctdo enrvn tbdt ceenrvdtn d sgdoo
drnd mi tbn iodp aomsn tm tbn pn`caon) cs mitne usn`
( Ick. 42 ). Dotnredtcvnoy, d bmgm`ckctdo detnrmkrd`n
`ckctdo drtnry pn`caon iodp tbdt ametdces tbn `ckctdo
enrvn cs usn . D rnvnrsn pn`caon `ckctdo drtnry
iodp, dotbmukb rnocdlon, wds usn` mitne > tm 46 yndrs
dkm ( Ick. 43 ): bmwnvnr, tbcs iodp cs lncek usn` onss
irnqunetoy emw, gdceoy lnadusn ct sdarcicans d `ck-ctdo drtnry de` tbn `memr sctn arndtns d pnrgdenet
amsgntca ameanre me tbn prmxcgdo pdrt mi tbn
iceknr.
Ce ametrdst, tbn `ckctdo drtnry `mrsdo lrdeab iodp
bdrvnstn` irmg tbn `mrsdo dspnat mi tbn gc``on
pbdodex mi d sczn uptm 4.> < ag ade ln trdes-
inrrn` gmrn ndscoy wctb d sbmrtnr ceacscme de`
`cssnatcme. Pbcs cs d qucaj de` ndsy wdy tm rnpdcr
tbn tcp mr tbn puop. Pbcs cs dttrdatcvn tm tbn pdtcnet
ce tbdt lmtb tbn cehury de` `memr sctns drn ameicen`
tm tbn `cstdo pdrt mi tbn iceknr. Pbcs dabcnvns bckb
pdtcnet sdtcsidatcme. Pbn `rdwldaj cs tbn enn` tm
sjce krdit tbn `memr `ninat. Pbcs `rdwldaj cs mut-
wnckbn` ly tbn ndsn mi tbn surknry de` tbn idat
tbdt tbn cehury de` `memr sctn drn aomsn. [n rn-
amr n` smgn rnamvnry mi snesclcocty mi tbcs iodp
9 gmetbs ditnr surknry, lut wbntbnr krndtnr sne-
smry rnamvnry cs pmssclon enn`s omeknr imoomw-up.
Pbn bmgm`ckctdo detnrmkrd`n `ckctdo drtnry
pn caon iodp rnstmrns nxanoonet snesdtcme tm tbn
iceknrtcp, de` iceknr ionxcme ametrdaturn cs rdrn.
Bmwnvnr, ct enn`s ceacscme de` `cssnatcme tm, mr
endroy tm, tbn ldsn mi tbn iceknr: tbnsn omek ceac-scmes smgntcgns adusn sadrrcek prmlongs, suab
ds hmcet, mr wnl spdan, ametrdaturns.
@mrsdo rd`cdo mr uoedr drtnry iodps mi tbn tbugl8imr d gm`nrdtn tbugl tcp mr puop `ninat Pbcs tndg mitne usns rnvnrsn `mrsdo rd`cdo mr uoedr
drtnry iodps mi tbn tbugl, lnadusn tbnsn iodps drn
bdrvnstn` omadooy de` `m emt rcsj ionxcme ametrda-
turn mi tbn tbugl, de` tbn `memr sctn `mns emt
enn` d sjce krdit ( Ick. <6 ). Pbn uoedr amoodtnrdo dr-
tnry iodp mi tbn tbugl wds bdrvnstn` ds Lruenoocde` amoondkuns11 `nsarcln` ce 4333. Pbn surknry
cs ndscnr tbde tbn iodk, mr jctn, iodps: bmwnvnr, ds
wctb tbn iodk de` jctn iodps, pmmr snesmry rnamvnry
cs d ameanre.
\namestruatcme mi Pbugl de` Iceknr Pcp Cehurcns 104
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Ick. 42. @ckctdo drtnry `mrsdo lrdeab iodp. ( D) Pbcs iodp cs rdcsn` ldsn` me tbn `mrsdo lrdeabns mi tbn `ckctdo drtnrywctb d lrmd` pn`caon. (L) \nondsn mi tbn tmurecqunt tm ameicrg kmm` lomm` suppoy. (A ) Ct ade ln rmtdtn` tm rndab
tbn pdogdr puop `ninat, mr (@) amvnr tbn puop omss mi men sc`n ( sgdoo drrmw ). (A, @) Pbn pcaturns sbmw pmstmpnrdtcvnvcnws dt 1 gmetbs. (@) Ycnws mi tbn `memr sctn me tbn `mrsug mi tbn gc``on pbdodex drn sbmwe ly lck drrmws.
Ick. 43. Bmgm`ckctdo rnvnrsn `ckctdo drtnry iodp. ( D) Iceknrtcp `ninat de` `nscke mi tbn iodp me tbn prmxcgdo odtnrdodspnat mi tbn iceknr. (L) Ockdtcme mi tbn `ckctdo drtnry prmxcgdo tm tbn iodp gdrkce. ( A ) Bdrvnstcek tbn iodp, ondvcektbn `ckctdo drtnry cetdat. (@) Nxtnescme mi tbn ceacscme `cstdooy de` `cssnatcme mut tbn pn`caon. Jnnp d wc`nr pn`caontm nesurn vnemus rnture. Pbn vdsauodr pn`caon sbmuo` emt ln `cssnatn` dt mr lnyme` tbn @CV hmcet onvno. Pbcs cs tbnpmcet wbnrn tbcs iodp mltdces lomm` suppoy tbrmukb trdesvnrsn vdsauodr entwmrj. (N ) \mtdtcme mi tbn iodp tm rndabtbn iceknrtcp `ninat. (I ) Qjce krdit tm tbn `memr sctn.
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Armss-iceknr `ckctdo drtnry iodps, pnrimrgn` ly
men (\.K. Rcn) ce tbn tndg, drn maadscmedooy usn`
imr rnpdcr mi enckblmrcek iceknrs wbne em bmgm`c-
kctdo iodps drn indsclon ( Ick. <4 ).
D I@GD pn`caon iodp mr d irnn iodp trdesinr drnusn` imr nxtnescvn `ninat cevmovcek tbn tbugl tcp.
Gntbm` snonatcme
Gmlnrk-typn de` gm`cicn` Y-S iodps imr
ymuek, datcvn pdtcnets wbmsn `ninat cs rnod-
tcvnoy sgdoo, wbm wcsb tm rnstmrn tcp snesdtcme
de` ade km tbrmukb pbyscado tbnrdpy tm rnkdce
tbugl hmcet gmtcme. Pbn `mrsdo rd`cdo mr uoedr
drtnry iodp mi tbn tbugl drn usn` mitne imr
tbugl tcp `ninat. Pbn I@GD iodp (cn, tbn jctn
iodp) cs usn` imr gmrn nxtnescvn vmodr mr `mrsdotcssun `ninats.
Em surknmes ce tbn tndg aurrnetoy pnrimrg
vdsauodrczn` bntnrm`ckctdo pn`caon iodps (Octtonr
iodp) imr d tbugl puop `ninat.
Pwm iodps (nk, < enurmvdsauodr iodps, irmg
gc``on de` rcek iceknrs ldsn` me men amg-
gme `ckctdo drtnry), mr d wrdp-drmue` lck tmn
iodp, mr d jctn iodp mr d irnn vdsauodrczn` iodp,
drn usn` imr `nkomvcek cehurcns mi tbn tbugl. Aodsscado armss-iceknr de` tbnedr iodps drn
usn` rdrnoy, de` drn emt d icrst-ocen trndtgnet
mi tbcs tndg.
Irnn vdsauodrczn` iodp trdesinr irmg vdrcmus
sctns cs mitne usn` imr gmrn nxtnescvn `ninats.
Irnn vdsauodrczn` tmn puops rnstmrn d ecan
dppndrdean tm tbn tbugl, lut bdvn lnne
usn` ce meoy d sgdoo euglnr mi pdtcnets tm
`dtn, lnadusn gmst pdtcnets wdet d scgponr
prman`urn de`, ce de ngnrkneay snttcek,
gmst surknmes drn emt nqucppn` imr ngnr-
kneay gcarmsurkcado trdesinr. Pbn surknmesdosm inno tbny bdvn ponety mi omado mptcmes, sm
prninr tm amvnr tbn `ninat ly mtbnr gndes.
Amesnqunetoy, inw pdtcnets nonat tm bdvn
irnn vdsauodrczn` tmn puop iodp trdesinrs.
Ick. <6. @mrsdo rd`cdo mr uoedr drtnry iodps mi tbn tbugl. ( D, L) D iodp ldsn` me `mrsdo rd`cdo drtnry mi tbn tbugl.(A ) Pbn iodp bds lnne trdesinrrn` tm tbn tbugl tcp de` puop. Pbn `memr sctn ade ln aomsnoy `crnatoy. ( @) D iodpldsn` me `mrsdo uoedr drtnry mi tbn tbugl. ( N, I ) Pbn vdsauodr pn`caon mi tbcs iodp. Pbn pn`caon usudooy cs jnpt wc`nr,ds sbmwe ce (N ). Ct cs `cssnatn` tbceenr ci lomm` suppoy cs ameicrgn`. @cssnatcme dt tbcs pmcet sbmuo` ln wctbmut tmur-ecqunt. (K) Pbn iodp cs trdesinrrn` tm tbn tbugl tcp. (B ) Dedtmgy mi tbn `mrsdo rd`cdo drtnry. Pbn iodp cs bdrvnstn`ldsn` me tbcs drtnry wctb tbn rmtdtcme pmcet prmxcgdo tm tbn ameenatcme wctb tbn pdogdr drtnry. (C ) Dedtmgy mi tbn`mrsdo uoedr drtnry de` tbn rmtdtcme pmcet cs d octton `cstdo tm tbn tbugl GAV hmcet. D8 drtnry.
\namestruatcme mi Pbugl de` Iceknr Pcp Cehurcns 101
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Gdey gm`cicadtcmes de` vdrcdets ade ln gd`n. Nx-
dgpons drn sbmwe ce Ick. <<.
Mpcecmes me tbn abmcans mi iodps `ciinr amesc`nr-
dloy dgmek surknmes tbrmukbmut Abced. Qmgn sur-
knmes `m emt ocjn iodps ldsn` me tbn `mrsdo dspnat
mi tbn bde` (ceaou`cek tbn iodk de` jctn iodps), de`
smgn prninr tm usn trdesinrs de` iodps irmg tbn
immt. Qmgn amesc`nr irnn vdsauodrczn` iodps ds tbn
lnst mptcmes imr tbugl mr iceknr puop rnpdcrs.
Gcarmsurkcado irnn iodp trdesinrs drn irnqunet
de` guab gmrn amggme ce tbcs amuetry tbde ce
gdey [nstnre amuetrcns. Ynemus iodps wnrn rn-
pmrtn` ly smgn krmups, lut tbny drn emt d pmpuodrmptcme ce knenrdo. Amgpmue , mr `nkomvcek,
iceknrtcp `ninats drn rnamestruatn` wctb amg-
pmue` iodp `nsckes: imr nxdgpon, d armss-iceknr
iodp wctb d amgpmsctn tcssun iodp irmg tbn `mrsdo
dspnat mi tbn sname` tmn, mr trdesinr mi ‟twce
iodps‗.10
Hdpdensn de` Jmrnde bde` surknmes usn
gcarmsurkcado tcssun trdesinr tm tbn iceknr mr tbugl
tcp mitne ds wnoo. D inw Jmrnde tndgs idvmr vnemus
iodps. Hdpdensn surknmes wctb d strmek gcarm-
surkcado ldajkrmue` usn irnn tcssun trdesinrsgmrn mitne, wbnrnds aodsscadooy trdcen`, mitne
mo`nr, bde` surknmes tne` tm usn gmrn aodsscado
gntbm`s. Icen mutamgn stu`cns drn dosm rnpmrtn`
irmg tbnsn amuetrcns. ^sdgc de` amoondkuns1> rn-
pmrtn` imoomw-up mi mlocqun trcdekuodr enurmvdsau-
odr d`vdeangnet iodps ce 4; `ckcts de` cesnesdtn
rnvnrsn `ckctdo drtnry csode` iodps ce 40 `ckcts. Qne-
smry rnamvnry bd` nqucoclrdtn` dt 4< gmetbs ditnr
surknry, wctb em sckecicadet `ciinrnean ce stdtca mr
gmvcek <V@ lntwnne tbn twm prman`urns. Mi
emtn, cesnesdtn sgdoo iodps tm tbn `ckctdo puop drn
rnceenrvdtn`. Pbcs gcrrmrs tbn ice`cek tbdt sne-sdtcme ce iceknrtcp rnpodetdtcmes rnamvnrs wctbmut
`ckctdo enrvn rnpdcr,19 ce`cadtcek dt ondst smgn rn-
amvnry mi snesclcocty dt tbn iceknrtcp wctbmut sur-
kcado enrvn rnpdcr. \nceenrvdtcme mi cesnesdtn
sgdoo iodps nxpodces wby surknmes usn tbng ce
iceknrtcp rnpdcr.
[n gust iurtbnr pmcet mut tbdt ce doo rnkcmes,
suab ds gdceode` Abced, Pdcwde, Hdpde, Jmrnd,
de` Qcekdpmrn, iceknrtcp mr tbugl tcp rnpodetdtcme
cs irnqunetoy rnpmrtn` de` `csaussn`. Pbnsn sur-
knmes abdoonekn tbngsnovns tm sdovdkn tbmsn usu-
dooy amesc`nrn` cgpmssclon, mr ueenanssdry, ly
mtbnrs de` nosnwbnrn komldooy.1; \npodetdtcme dt
drmue` tbn @CV hmcet onvno cs emt amesc`nrn` d
ametrdce cadtcme lut d amevnetcmedo de` wnoo-
daanptn` surkcado rmutcen, wctb d idcroy bckb survcvdo
rdtn. Pbcs prdatcan bds krndtoy abdekn` `ckctdo tcptrndtgnet8 adsns wctb d aonde, tc`y (mr nvne uetc`y)
dgputdtcme dt tbn @CV hmcet onvno mr `cstdo tm ct drn
icrst amesc`nrn` imr rnpodetdtcme, rdtbnr tbde
amvnrn` wctb d iodp.
Ctdoy, Knrgdey, de` Gdceode` Nurmpn
Pbn imoomwcek drn tbn trndtgnet gntbm`s de`
kuc`nocens ce ^ecvnrscty Bmspctdo mi Ynrmed, Ctdoy.
Iceknrtcp omssns
Ce gmst adsns, tbn puop cs rnamestruatn` uscekscgpon d`vdeangnet iodps, suab ds Jutonr mr
Prdequcooc-Ondoc iodps: bmwnvnr, wbne d krndtnr
pdrt mi tbn puop cs cevmovn` (54 ag), tbn surknmes
prninr tm usn d odrknr de` gmrn gmlcon iodp. Detnr-
mkrd`n bmgm`ckctdo enurmvdsauodr csode` iodps drn
mur icrst abmcan. Pbcs ameanpt wds cectcdooy pmpuodr-
czn` ly Ynejdtdswdgc de` Qulrdgdecde41 wctb
tbn cetrm`uatcme mi de mlocqun trcdekuodr iodp tm
trndt puop `ninats. Cts `rdwldaj ocns ce tbn sbmrt
prmxcgdo ceacscme ocgctcek tbn `cssnatcme mi tbn
pn`caon de` tbnrnimrn cts d`vdeangnet. Imr tbnsn
rndsmes, wn gm`cicn` tbn mrckcedo tnabecqun ly us-cek d gmrn prmxcgdo ceacscme tm mltdce sckecicadet
d`vdeangnet ( Ick. <1 ).12
Pbn iodp rnpmrtn` ly Gmuabnt de` Kcolnrt13
imr puop rnamestruatcme cs d vdrcdet mi tbn
Ick. <4. @ckctdo drtnry armss-iceknr iodp wbne em bmgm`ckctdo iodps drn indsclon. ( D) @ninats ce tbn ce`nx de` gc`-`on iceknrtcps. Iodps wnrn mutocen` me tbn odtnrdo dspnats mi tbn gc``on de` rcek iceknrs. (L) Iodps nonvdtn` tmamvnr tbn tcps mi tbn ce`nx de` gc``on iceknrs. (A ) Imoomw up rnsuots. (Amurtnsy mi @r \ne Kum Rcn, @npdrtgnetmi Bde` Qurknry, Diicocdtn` Bmspctdo mi Edetmek ^ecvnrscty, Edetmek, Abced.)
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Ynejdtdswdgc iodp. Pbn c`ndo ce`cadtcme imr cts usncs d tdeknetcdo omss mi tbn puop wctb lmen nxpmsurn.
[n bdvn lnne uscek tbcs tnabecqun scean 4334,06
cgpongnetcek smgn tnabecado tcps ( Ick. <0 )8
4. Pbn iodp cs `nscken` ds de mvdo csode` prmxcgdo
tm tbn sjce `ninat, ceaou`cek pdrt mi tbn `mrsdo
sjce.
<. D bngc-Lruenr ceacscme cs usn` cestnd` mi d ome-
kctu`cedo gc`odtnrdo ceacscme tm dvmc` tbn rcsj mi
sadr ametrdaturn.
1. Pbn enurmvdsauodr lue`on mi tbn iodp cs prm-tnatn` ue`nr tbn sjce iodps sm tbdt tbn sjce krdit
cs emt podan` `crnatoy me tbn pn`caon.
0. Kneton trdatcme me tbn pn`caon cs usn` tm
d`vdean tbn iodp ly 4.> tm <.< ag.
>. Pbn dpnx mi tbn iodp sbmuo` ln icxn` cetm tbn`cstdo pbdodex ly uscek d enn`on tm dvmc` trda-
tcme me tbn edco.
Pbn gdce `csd`vdetdkns mi tbcs prman`urn drn
gco amo snesctcvcty de , maadscmedooy, ionxcme
ametrdaturn mi tbn VCV hmcet. Pm prnvnet tbn odttnr
amgpocadtcme, ct cs d`vcsdlon tm usn tbn detnrm-
krd`n bmgm`ckctdo csode` iodp imr `ckctdo puop omss
up tm < < ag. Ce tbcs wdy, ionxcme mi tbn GAV
mr VCV hmcet cs ueenanssdry: tbn iodp `cssnatn`
ldaj tm tbn GAV hmcet ade ndscoy rndab tbn puop
`ninat. Pbn rnamvnry mi stdtca <V@ mi 1 tm 3 ggde` kmm` sjce qudocty mi tbnsn bmgm`ckctdo iodps
on` us tm amesc`nr tbcs typn mi iodp06 ds tbn icrst
abmcan ce pdtcnets wctb puop `ninats sgdoonr tbde
< ag (snn Ick. <0 ).
Ick. <<. D inw gntbm`s tbdt drn usn` ly bde` surknmes. ( D) Pwm iodps bdrvnstn` irmg tbn `mrsdo dspnat mi diceknr, ldsn` me `mrsdo lrdeabns mi tbn `ckctdo drtnry, imr amvnrdkn mi d iceknrtcp. (L) Pwm iodps, men irmg tbn`cstdo `mrsdo dspnat de` tbn mtbnr irmg tbn odtnrdo dspnat mi tbn iceknr, amvnr d iceknrtcp. ( A ) \mtdtcme mi d iodpade amvnr d `cstdo odtnrdo tcp `ninat. (@) D `ckctdo drtnry iodp cs d`vdean` tm amvnr d iceknrtcp.
\namestruatcme mi Pbugl de` Iceknr Pcp Cehurcns 10>
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\nvnrsn bmgm`ckctdo pn caon iodps, wctb mr
wctbmut ceaouscme mi tbn `ckctdo enrvn,04 rnqucrn
tbn cetnkrcty mi tbn gc``on trdesvnrsn pdogdr drab
mi tbn iceknr, wbcab gdy ln `dgdkn` ce nxtnescvn
puop cehurcns. [n lnocnvn tbdt tbcs tnabecqun sbmuo`
ln usn` meoy wbne tbn sjce omss cs gmrn tbde <
< ag. Qnesmry rnamvnry mltdcen` bds lnne onss
tbde mur nxpnatdtcmes (stdtca <V@8 3‑4> gg),0<
de` tbn rnsuots ce tnrgs mi tbn dppndrdean de` mi
tbn `memr sctn bdvn emt dowdys lnne kmm`. Imr
tbnsn rndsmes, tbn rnvnrsn bmgm ckctdo pn`caoniodp, wbcab wds vnry pmpuodr ce tbcs uect `urcek
tbn 4336s, cs emw usn` onss irnqunetoy.
Irnn iodp trdesinrs (nk, pdrtcdo irnn tmn trdesinrs)
prm`uan nxanoonet iueatcmedo de` amsgntca rnsuots,
lut tbn surknry rnqucrns d`vdean` gcarmsurkcado
sjcoos. Iurtbnrgmrn, mitne tbnsn cehurcns drn mpnr-
dtn` me ly trdcenns. Qm, irnn tmn trdesinrs drn
rdrnoy usn` ce mur prdatcan imr rnsuridacek `ckctdo
puop `ninats.
\nanetoy, dttnetcme bds lnne `rdwe tm tbn usn mi
bntnrm`ckctdo enurmvdsauodr csode` iodps (Octtonr
iodp) tm rnamestruat nxtnescvn iceknr puop omssns. D bntnrm`ckctdo iodp cs trdesinrrn` irmg tbn odtnrdo
suridan mi d endrly iceknr, ceaou`cek tbn `ckctdo dr-
tnry lut wctbmut tbn `ckctdo enrvn, tm gcecgczn tbn
snesmry omss ce tbn `memr iceknr ( Ick. <> D). Pm
rn`uan tbn `memr sctn gmrlc`cty de` tm dabcnvn d
lnttnr snesmry rnamvnry, wn bdrvnst tbn `memr
sjce irmg tbn odtnrdo sc`n mi tbn gc``on pbdodex
wctb tbn vdsauodr pn`caon omadtn` me tbn pdogdr
sc n mi tbn iodp.01 Pbn krditn` `memr drnd cs
amsgntcadooy gmrn daanptdlon lnadusn tbn `ninat
cs mvnr tbn gc`odtnrdo ocen de` `mns emt nxtne` pdo-
gdroy (snn Ick. <>L). Pbn `mrsdo lrdeab mi tbn `ck-
ctdo enrvn cs rmutcenoy rdcsn` de` usn` tm ceenrvdtn
tbn iodp, wctb daanptdlon snesmry rnamvnry.0<,01
Pbn `cstdo puop mi tbn `memr iceknr sbmuo` envnrln bdrvnstn` ds pdrt mi d bntnrm`ckctdo iodp.
Ci d puop `ninat cs odrkn, d rnvnrsn bntnrm`ckctdo
pn caon iodp ade ln d sdtcsidatmry smoutcme.01,00
Pbn surkcado prman`urns drn ds imoomws8
4. Pbn iodp cs mutocen` de` aut irmg tbn sc`n mi tbn
`memr iceknr (prmxcgdo tm tbn @CV hmcet, emt
ceaou`cek tbn tcp mi tbn `memr iceknr) idacek tbn
cehurn` iceknr. Pbn `ckctdo enrvn cs jnpt cetdat
de` `cssnatn` dwdy irmg tbn iodp.
<. Pbn vdsauodr pn`caon mi tbn rnvnrsn csode` iodp cs
`cssnatn` prmxcgdooy tm tbn lciuradtcme mi tbnamggme `ckctdo drtnry ce tbn pdog de` tbn amg-
gme `ckctdo drtnry trdesnatn` hust prmxcgdo tm cts
lciuradtcme cetm tbn < prmpnr `ckctdo drtnrcns
( Ick. <9 D). Pbn `ckctdo enrvn cs `cssnatn` mut
Ick. <1. Detnrmkrd`n bmgm`ckctdo enurmvdsauodr csode` iodp. ( D) Pbn iceknrtcp enarmscs ditnr trdugd (uppnr) de`pmstmpnrdtcvn mutamgns (omwnr). (L) Lruenr ceacscme tm nxpmsn tbn pn`caon de` iodp nonvdtcme. (A ) Iodp amvnrdkn mitbn iceknrtcp. Pbnsn pcaturns sbmw gm`cicadtcme mi tbn mrckcedo gntbm` uscek d gmrn prmxcgdo ceacscme tm mltdce dsckecicadet d`vdeangnet.
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irmg tbn pn`caon. \ntdce suiicacnet dgmuet mi
smit tcssun drmue` tbn `ckctdo drtnry tm doomw
vnemus rnture mi tbn iodp.
1. Pbn S-sbdpn vdsauodr ameenatcme tbne tures
cetm d Y sbdpn, ds d omek pn`caon tm doomw tbn
iodp tm rndab tbn `ninat (snn Ick. <9L).
0. Lomm` tm tbn iodp cs suppocn` tbrmukb tbn prmx-
cgdo trdesvnrsn `ckctdo pdogdr drab mi tbn
cehurn` iceknr, ci tbn gc``on trdesvnrsn pdogdr
drab bds lnne `dgdkn` (snn Ick. <9A).
>. Pbn `memr sctn cs aomsn` wctb d sjce krdit.
Prdugdtca puop omssns irmg tbn tbuglPrdugdtca puop omssns irmg tbn tbugl drn trndtn`
wctb `ciinrnet iodps, `npne cek me tbn sczn mi
tbn puop `ninat nxtnescme. Pbn pdogdr d`vdean-
gnet iodp, cectcdooy `nsarcln` ly Gmlnrk de`
sulsnqunetoy gm`cicn` ly Noocmt de` [cosme,1 cs
mur icrst abmcan. Pbn iodp cs rdcsn` de` d`vdean`
me lmtb enurmvdsauodr lue`ons, ceaou cek tbn
wbmon pdogdr dspnat mi tbn tbugl wctb d odrkn Y-
sbdpn` iodp irmg tbn tbnedr ngcenean: tbn `ninat
cs aomsn` ly uscek tbn Y-tm-S prceacpon ( Ick. <; D‑
@). Ct nedlons rnstmrdtcme mi tbn tbugl pd``cek
wctb emrgdo snesclcocty de` kodlrmus sjce (snn
Ick. <;N, I).
[bne tbn puop `ninat cs gmrn tbde <.6 tm <.> ag
ce onektb, mtbnr rnamestruatcvn smoutcmes sbmuo` ln
usn`. Men mptcme ceaou`ns d enurmvdsauodr csode`
iodp rdcsn` irmg tbn `mrsdo dspnat mi tbn gc``oniceknr suppocn` ly tbn uoedr `ckctdo drtnry, cts vnedn
amgctdetns, de` ly tbn `mrsdo lrdeab mi tbn `ckctdo
enrvn ( Ick. <2 D‑A).0> Pbcs cs d gm`cicadtcme mi tbn
tnabecqun `nsarcln` ly Octtonr.09 Ci tbn gm`cicn`
Ick. <0. D vdrcdet mi tbn Ynejdtdswdgc iodp ( D‑A ) de` mutamgns drn sbmwe (@‑I ). Pbn c`ndo ce`cadtcme imr cts usncs d tdeknetcdo omss mi tbn puop wctb lmen nxpmsurn. [n bdvn lnne uscek tbcs tnabecqun scean 4334. Pbn drrmw ce L
ce`cadtns tbn cetdat `ckctdo enrvn. Pbn dstnrcsj ce`cadtns tbn vdsauodr pn`caon.
\namestruatcme mi Pbugl de` Iceknr Pcp Cehurcns 10;
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tnabecqun cs sjcooiuooy pnrimrgn`, ct gdy rnsuot ce
snesdtn de` stdlon sjce amvnrdkn mi tbn tbugl
tcp wctb daanptdlon `memr sctn gmrlc cty (snn
Ick. <2@‑I). Pbn I@GD pn caon iodp cs pmpuodr,lut wn usn ct meoy wbne tbn `ninat cs omadtn` me
tbn `mrsdo suridan mi tbn tbugl mr tm amvnr stugp
puop `ninats, ds ct bds pmmr snesdtcme. Mtbnr tnab-
ecquns usn` ceaou`n tbn `mrsdo uoedr mr `mrsdo
rd`cdo pn`caon iodps mi tbn tbugl, lut wn d`vmadtn
tbncr usn meoy tm amvnr `cstdo `mrsdo tbugl `ninats
lnadusn, ce mur bde`s, tbny kcvn pmmr snesmry rn-
suots. Dotbmukb wn `csocjn uscek irnn iodps tm amvnr
iceknrtcp puop `ninats, wn suppmrt tbn usn mi krndt
tmn puop irnn iodps tm rnsuridan vnry odrkn tbugl
puop `ninats.
Ce Knrgdey, ct cs lnamgcek gmrn de` gmrnpmpuodr tm trndt tbmsn cehurcns uscek sngcmaaouscvn
`rnssceks (nk, Ydrcbnscvn nxtrd tbce, AmevdPna,
Qjcoogde, EH, ^QD: mr Pnkd`nrg, 1G, Qt. Vduo,
GE, ^QD), doomwcek smit tcssun rnknenrdtcme tm
amvnr dey nxpmsurn mi tbn `cstdo pbdodex ly
cekrmwtb mi tbn sulautdenmus tcssun, tbne rnnpc-
tbnocdoczdtcme: ct wmrjs lmtb imr sjce omss meoy de`
dosm ce adsns wctb odrknr `ninats de` nxpmsn`lmen tm prmvc`n kmm` nstbntca rnsuots de` snesc-
lcocty (snn Ick. > ). Qnesclcocty mi tbn rnknenrdtn`
tcp cs kmm`. @csd`vdetdkns drn tbn omek trndtgnet
pnrcm` de` tbn sgnoo ci sngcmaaouscvn `rnssceks
drn usn` rdtbnr tbde gmcst detcsnptca `rnssceks8
tbcs rnqucrns kmm` pdtcnet amgpocdean.
Ce tbn uect mi men mi tbn dutbmrs (Q.I.), tbn icrst
abmcans imr tbn iceknrtcp cehurcns drn trd`ctcmedo
tnabecquns, suab ds pdogdr Y-S mr lcodtnrdo Y-S
iodps (Prdequcooc-Ondoc, Jutonr, de` Ynejdtdswdgc
iodps). [ctb nxpnrcnean, kmm` rnsuots drn dabcnvn`
wctb tbnsn tnabecquns, prmvc`n` tbn surkcado`cssnatcme ondvns emtbcek cetdat lut tbn enurmvds-
auodr lue`on: tbdt cs, uscek tbn gmrn rnanet vnr-
scmes mi tbnsn iodps, wbcab drn csode` iodps,9,46‑41
rdtbnr tbde tbn mrckcedo d`vdeangnet iodps.
Ick. <>. D bntnrm`ckctdo iodp cs trdesinrrn` irmg tbn odtnrdo suridan mi d endrly iceknr. ( D) Qurkcado prman`urn. (L)Imoomw-up mutamgn.
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Gntbm`s imr amvnrdkn mi tbn tbugl tcp drn
`nac`n` ly omadoczdtcme mi tbn `ninat. Icrst abmcan
imr d pdogdr `ninat cs tbn aodsscado Gmlnrk iodp
mr men mi cts gm`cicadtcmes, usudooy ds d Y-S iodp
`nsarcln` ly Nppcek ce 433<.0; [n envnr usn dPrdequcooc-Ondoc iodp dt tbn tbugl.
Odrkn `ninats mi tbn puop, wbcab adeemt ln
amvnrn` ly d Gmlnrk d`vdeangnet iodp de`
rnqucrn rnstmrdtcme mi snesclcocty, drn d abdoonekn.
Pbny mppmsn tbn aodsscado enurmvdsauodr iodp
trdesinr irmg tbn iceknr tm tbn tbugl `nsarcln`
ly Octtonr, lnadusn tbn `memr gmrlc`cty de` tbn
`dgdkn tm tbn netcrn bde` drn tmm snvnrn. D
snesdtn jctn iodp, ly ceaou cek tbn supnricacdo
autdenmus lrdeab mi tbn rd`cdo enrvn, cs d kmm`
dotnredtcvn, ds Kduo `nsarcln`.
02
[bne tbn netcrntbugl-puop cs gcsscek wctb cetdat lmen ce ymuek
pdtcnets, wn usn d irnn puop iodp irmg tbn icrst tmn.
^ectn` Jcek`mg
Pbnrn cs d rnkrnttdlon tne`neay ce tbn ^ectn`
Jcek`mg dt prnsnet, pmsscloy `rcvne ly nam-
emgca idatmrs, tm tnrgcedoczn cehurcns mi tbn `ckctdo
tcps. Dotbmukb smgntcgns enanssdry, tbcs ametrd-
vnens doo mi tbn ldsca prceacpons mi tcp rnamestrua-
tcme, dabcnvcek d sbmrt, ukoy `ckct wctb em edco
amgponx de` pmmr snesdtcme, wbcab gdy lnpnrgdenetoy `ysiueatcmedo. Ce Qt De`rnw–s Ane-
tnr imr Vodstca Qurknry, Lrmmgicno` Bmspctdo,
wbcab bds dpprmxcgdtnoy tbn sdgn bde` ngnr-
kneay wmrjomd` ds Edetmek ce Abced, wn dvmc`
tbcs prman`urn wbnenvnr pmssclon de` datcvnoy
neamurdkn tcp rnstmrdtcme ly `cstdo rnpodetdtcme
mr amgpmsctn krdit rnpodangnet.03,>6 Ds ce tbn
Idr Ndst, dgputdtcmes `cstdo tm tbn @CV hmcet onvno
drn icrst amesc`nrn` imr rnpodetdtcme, rdtbnr tbdeamvnrn` wctb d iodp, de` gdey rnpodetdtcmes dt,
mr aomsn tm, tbn prmxcgdo edco imo` (maadscmedooy
lnyme` ct) bdvn lnne pnrimrgn` ce tbn uect.
[bnrn gcarmsurkcado vnemus rnameenatcme cs
emt pmssclon, ondabcek cs usn`.
[bnrn tbn `cstdo pdrts drn emt dvdcodlon, wn
lnocnvn tbn nxtrdmr cedry adpdacty mi tbn `ckctdo
sjce tm rnknenrdtn wctb nxanoonet amsgntca de`
iueatcmedo rnsuots sbmuo` ln nxpomctn` wbnenvnr
pmssclon. [n trndt doo tcp cehurcns wctb meoy sjce
omss de` smgn `nkrnn mi sulautdenmus tcssunomss, mr tbmsn amevnrtn` tm tbcs ly gcecgdo lmen
sbmrtnecek, wctb gmcst detcsnptca `rnssceks de`
ndroy gmlcoczdtcme. [n lnocnvn sjce krditcek cs ue-
enanssdry, cetrm`uans iurtbnr gmrlc`cty, `nody mi
gmlcoczdtcme, de` gdy ondvn tbn tcp dlemrgdo ce
dppndrdean, pmmroy snesdtn, de` mi ced`nqudtn
`urdlcocty, wctb spocttcek ce tbn amo` mi wcetnr.
Ci sjce ade rnpodan ctsnoi, mpnrdtcek tm dabcnvn
sjce amvnr, pnr sn, cs d `ulcmus ce`cadtcme imr sur-
knry. Bmwnvnr, gmrn nxtnescvn tcp cehurcns rnqucrn
wnoo-vdsauodrczn` sulautdenmus smit tcssun imr
prmtnatcme mi tbn ue`nroycek lmen, tm dvmc` tne`nr-enss. Pbn dotnredtcvn tm sbmrtnecek cs iodp amvnr. Ce
d rdkkn` cehury, smit tcssuns gdy ln d`nqudtnoy
vdsauodrczn` de` mi suiicacnet sczn tm prmvc`n
lmen amvnr8 tbnsn ‟mppmrtuecst iodps‗ ade ln
Ick. <9. D rnvnrsn bntnrm`ckctdo csode` iodp. ( D) Iodp `nscke. (L) Iodp pn`caon de` bdrvnst. (A ) Amgpontcme mi trdes-inr de` `memr sjce krdit amvnrdkn. (Irmg D`dec \, Kcnsne P, Cekudkkcdtm G. Bntnrm`ckctdo iodps imr snvnrn puop`ninats. Ce8 @ulnrt PV, Knmrknsau DY, Qmuadams VE, n`ctmrs. Vrcgdry adrn mi amgponx cehurcns mi tbn bde` de` wrcst.Dtbnes (Krnnan)8 Gn`cado Vulocadtcme: <646. p. 1<6: wctb pnrgcsscme.)
\namestruatcme mi Pbugl de` Iceknr Pcp Cehurcns 103
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usn` tm amevnrt tbn tcp cetm d sjce wmue` tbdt ade
ln bndon` wctb `rnssceks. Ci iodp amvnr cs enans-
sdry, ly abmcan wn usn d`vdeangnet iodps, rndr-
rdekcek tbn smit tcssuns mi tbn sdgn `ckct de`
dvmc`cek dey nxtnredo `memr sctn. Ds gdey tcp oms-
sns mi tcssun drn sompcek, gmst mi mur d`vdeangnet
iodps dabcnvn sulautdenmus tcssun amvnr mi lmen
`cstdooy, emt `cstdo iodp sjce tm edco suturn. Ce mtbnr
wmr`s, tbn tcp cehury cs amevnrtn` tm d sjce omssmeoy, tbne rnnpctbnocdoczn` ue`nr gmcst `rnssceks
mvnr < tm 1 wnnjs. Pbcs nxtne`s tbn onektb mi tbn
d`vdeangnet iodps de` doomws tbng tm amvnr
omeknr `ninats. Pbnsn iodps doomw ndroy de`
ce`npne`net gmlcoczdtcme mi ndab `ckct de` rnspnat
tbn amsgntca prceacpon mi rnamestruatcme mi ‟ocjn
wctb ocjn.‗ Pbny drn `urdlon de` cetrcescadooy gmrn
ocjnoy tm rnstmrn kmm` snesmry iueatcme tbde tbn
dotnredtcvns.
Mur abmcan mi bmgm`ckctdo iodp cs `ntnrgcen` ly
tbn onektb mi tbn `ckct de` tbn nxtnet de` sbdpn mi
tbn `ninat8
4. Prdesvnrsn dgputdtcmes lnyme` tbn gc` edco
onvno de` `mrsdo mlocqun dgputdtcmes lnyme`
tbn prmxcgdo edco imo`8 D Prdequcooc-Ondoc, mr Dtd-
smy, iodp ade dabcnvn tbn sockbt d`vdeangnet
Ick. <;. Pbn pdogdr d`vdeangnet iodp, `nsarcln` ly Gmlnrk de` sulsnqunetoy gm`cicn` ly Noocmt de` [cosme. ( D)Pbn surkcado prman`urn. Pbn iodp cs rdcsn` de` d`vdean` me lmtb enurmvdsauodr lue`ons ceaou`cek tbn wbmonpdogdr dspnat mi tbn tbugl wctb d odrkn Y-sbdpn` iodp irmg tbn tbnedr ngcenean: tbn `ninat cs aomsn` uscektbn Y-tm-S prceacpon. (L) Vmstmpnrdtcvn rnsuots.
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enn`n`.0,> [ctb krndtnr omssns mi iceknr onektb
de` ce pdogdr mlocqun cehurcns, tbcs iodp cs tmm
sgdoo.
<. Vdogdr de` sdkcttdo mlocqun dgputdtcmes tbdt
bdvn d sompn mi 16 mr onss8 [n usn tbn ‟enurm-
vdsauodr Prdequcooc-Ondoc‗ iodp.>,>4,>< Pbcs iodp
bds tbn sdgn sbdpn ds tbn mrckcedo lut cs odrknr,
nxtne`cek darmss tbn @CV hmcet arndsn prmxc-
gdooy. Ct cs csode`n` me lmtb enurmvdsauodr pn`-
caons. Ct ade ln usn` imr stugp rnamestruatcme mi
dey onektb mi dgputdtn` iceknr mr tbugl de` csguab gmrn usniuo tbde tbn mrckcedo Prdequcooc-
Ondoc iodp, wbcab ct bds, ce mur uect, odrknoy supnr-
an`n`. Ct wcoo suiican tm amvnr tcp `ninats wctb d
pdogdr sompn mi up tm 16.
1. Gmrn sompcek pdogdr mlocqun `ninats (516 )8 [n
usn < dotnredtcvns tm cearndsn tbn puop d`vdean-
gnet. Pbn icrst, usn` me tbn tbugl gdceoy, cs d
omeknr lcpn`caon iodp8 M–Lrcne–s gm`cicadtcme mi
tbn Gmlnrk iodp4,< wctb tbn d``ctcme mi d odrkn
‟Y‗ tdco prmxcgdooy cestnd` mi d sjce krdit (snn
Ick. ; ).1 De dotnredtcvn cs tm usn scekon-pn`caon
odtnrdo iodps. Pbn uecodtnrdo Y-S iodp `nsarcln`ly Kncssne`mri ; de` tbn lcodtnrdo Y-S iodps,
`nsarcln` ly Jutonr,2 drn envnr usn`, ds wn
inno tbdt tbny bdvn bds octton d`vdeangnet mr
amvnr pmtnetcdo. Gmrn usniuo cs tbn odrknr iodp
rndabcek prmxcgdo tm tbn @CV arndsn, rdcsn` ds
de csode` me cts mwe enurmvdsauodr lue`on,
`nsarcln` ly Qnkgu ¨ oonr3 de` ly Lc``uopb46
(de` adoon` tbn ‟Qnkgu ¨ oonr‗ iodp). Odeznttd de`
amoondkuns44 nxtne`n` tbcs iodp tm tbn VCV hmcet.
[n rnpmrtn` tbn sdgn gm`cicadtcme ce 466
adsns (snn Ick. 40 ).4< @urcek tbn sdgn pnrcm`,
wn usn` d scgcodr euglnr mi ‟Ynejdtdswdgc‗
iodps. Pbcs iodp cs dosm csode`n` me men enurm-
vdsauodr lue`on lut wctb tbn ond`cek n`kn mi
tbn iodp nxtne`cek darmss tbn wbmon pdogdr sur-idan mi tbn iceknr.3 [n bdvn imue` tbn nxtne`n`
Qnkguoonr iodp tm ln tbn gmrn d`dptdlon mi tbn
twm. Ce prdatcan, men rdcsns men Qnkgu ¨ oonr iodp
me tbn loce` sc`n mi tbn iceknr. Ci tbcs, domen, cs
emt d`nqudtn imr tbn tcssun enn`s mi tbn `ckctdo
tcp, tbn sname` iodp cs rdcsn`.
[ctb rnspnat tm tbn dppndrdean de` snesclcocty mi
tbn tcp de` tbn gmlcocty mi tbn `ckct, <-stdkn tnab-
ecquns, suab ds armss-iceknr, tbnedr, krmce, de`
armss-drg iodps, drn ue`nscrdlon. Pbnsn iodps drn
rdrnoy usn` ly us imr iceknrtcp rnpdcr. Bmwnvnr, enu-rmvdsauodr d`vdeangnet iodps drn ced`nqudtn ce
sczn tm amvnr pdogdr-sompcek tcp `ninats tbdt nxtne`
prmxcgdo tm tbn @CV/CV arndsn mi tbn iceknr mr
tbugl. Pbnsn rnodtcvnoy ueamggme, <-snkgnet
Ick. <2. [bne tbn puop `ninat cs gmrn tbde <.6 tm <.1 ag ce onektb, d gm`cicadtcme mi tbn Octtonr iodp ly bdrvnstcektbn iodp dt tbn ldsn mi tbn iceknr ade rnsuot ce snesdtn de` stdlon sjce amvnrdkn mi tbn tbugl tcp wctb daanptdlon`memr sctn gmrlc`cty. ( D‑A ) Qurkcado prman`urn mi iodp trdesinr. (@, N ) Imoomw-up rnsuots.
\namestruatcme mi Pbugl de` Iceknr Pcp Cehurcns 1>4
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cehurcns ade ln rnamestruatn` wctb armss-iceknr
iodps, wbcab drn mur icrst abmcan, rnvnrsn Xdeamooc
iodps,>1 mr ly irnn tmn tm bde` trdesinrs. Bmwnvnr,
tbn odttnr, wbntbnr imr tbn tcp mr imr d <-snkgnet
`ninat, rnqucrn enrvn suturn, wbcab gdy rnsuot ce d
pmmroy snesdtn `ckctdo tcp ce mo`nr pdtcnets. Pbn pd-
tcnets dosm gdy bdvn `memr sctn prmlongs (nk, `ciic-auoty wbne wndrcek sde`dos ce bmt `dys de` amo`
cetmonrdean wbne wndrcek rullnr lmmts ce wcetnr).
Maadscmedooy, mtbnr iodps drn usniuo. [n `nvcsn`
tbn odtnrdo puop iodp imr omssns mi tbn odtnrdo suridan
mi tbn `ckctdo tcp wctb nxpmsurn mi lmen.>0 Pbcs iodp
nxpomcts tbn nxanss mi puop ce tbn `ckctdo tcp. Pbn
iodp cs rdcsn` ly mpnecek d icsb-gmutb ceacscme ce
tbn tcp de` irnncek tbn puop dttdabgnets tm tbn
lmen. Pbn puop tbne gmvns odtnrdooy de` cs ocitn`
mvnr tbn lmen de` suturn` tm tbn n`kn mi tbn
edco. Pbn `nnp n`kn mi tbn puop, emt tbn supnricacdo
n`kn, cs lrmukbt up tm tbn edco ln` tm amvnr tbn
lmen. Pbn puop cs tbne npctbnocdoczn` ue`nr gmcst
detcsnptca `rnssceks, tm arndtn d `ckctdo tcp tbdt cs
snesdtn wctb kmm` iueatcme lut em odtnrdo edco
imo`. Qc`n-tm-sc`n bmgm`ckctdo swctab iodps, wbcab
rnamestruat men sc`n mi d tcp dt tbn nxpnesn mi
tbn mtbnr, drn usniuo tm rnsuridan drnds mi puop sne-
sclcocty arctcado imr pceab datcvcty (snn Ick. 49 ).<9,>>
^ectn` Qtdtns de` Emrtb Dgnrcad
Pbn gntbm`s tm trndt tbn iceknr mr tbugl tcps vdrydgmek podstca surknmes me tbcs ametcenet. Gdey
surknmes amesc`nr ndroy `ckctdo gmlcoczdtcme pdrd-
gmuet tm dey `ckctdo tcp mr tbugl puop mr tcp rname-
struatcme. Pbn imoomwcek drn prninrrn` gntbm`s mi
men mi tbn dutbmrs irmg Gdym Aoceca, \mabnstnr,
GE, ^QD.
Iceknrtcp rnpdcr
4. Lmen nxpmsurn wctb ocgctn` smit tcssun omss8 Ci
tbnrn cs d sgdoo pmrtcme mi lmen nxpmsn` wctb
ocgctn` smit tcssun omss, tbn lmen cs sbmrtnen`tm doomw tbn wmue` tm bndo ly sname`dry cetne-
tcme. Qjce krditcek cs rdrnoy usn` de` dvmc`n`
wbnenvnr pmssclon imr rndsmes prnvcmusoy
gnetcmen`.
<. Imr pn cdtrca iceknrtcp smit tcssun omssns, wn
idvmr `nidttcek tbn tcp dgputdtcme de` uscek ct
ds d amgpmsctn krdit wbnenvnr pmssclon. [n
idvmr uscek snesdtn d`vdeangnet mr csode`
iodps imr iceknrtcp rnamestruatcme.
1. Qgdoo tm gm`nrdtn trdesvnrsn iceknrtcp dgputd-
tcmes8 Pbnsn cehurcns drn amggmeoy trndtn`
wctb Y-S d`vdeangnet iodps `nsarcln` ly Prde-qucooc-Ondoc0 de` Dtdsmy de` amoondkuns.> Ct cs
ce cadtn` imr trdesvnrsn de` `mrsdo mlocqun
iceknrtcp dgputdtcmes wctb nxpmsn` lmen.
Vdogdr mlocqun dgputdtcmes wctb sckecicadet
smit tcssun omss drn de dlsmoutn ametrdce`cad-
tcme. Lcodtnrdo Y-S Jutonr d`vdeangnet iodps
drn usn` onss mitne lnadusn mi tbn sckecicadet
sadrrcek arndtn` ce tbn iceknr tcp.
Pbn lomm` suppoy mi tbnsn iodps cs tbrmukb d
sulautdenmus tcssun pn`caon, wbcab ceaou`ns
tnrgcedo lrdeabns mi tbn `ckctdo drtnrcns. Dooiclrmus vnrtcado snptdn tbdt deabmr tbn vmodr
sjce tm tbn ue`nroycek `cstdo pnrcmstnug de`
prmxcgdo ionxmr tne`me sbndtb gust ln `cvc`n`
tm doomw tnescme-irnn aomsurn. Pbn ldsn amrrn-
spme`s tm tbn vmodr gdrkce mi tbn dgputdtcme
sctn, de` d rmue`n`, gmrn edturdo iceknrtcp
dppndrdean cs nesurn` ly ocgctcek tbn gdxcgdo
ldsn wc`tb tm tbdt mi tbn edco gdtrcx de` ly
gdjcek tbn < odtnrdo drgs mi tbn iodp sockbtoy
amevnx. Cgpmrtdet pmcets ce bdrvnst ceaou`n
d`vdeacek tbn iodp sockbtoy dlmvn tbn bypmey-
abcdo imo`, sm ds tm dvmc` d bmmj edco `nimrgcty
`un tm wmue`-bndocek ametrdaturn.
0. Gmrn mlocqun iceknrtcp dgputdtcmes krndtnr
tbne >6% mi tbn onektb mi tbn edco ln`8 [n idvmr
tbn mlocqun trcdekuodr enurmvdsauodr csode` iodp
`nsarcln` ly Ynejdtdswdgc de` Qulrdgd-
ecde.41 D vmodr trcdekuodr sjce iodp cs rdcsn`
ldsn` me tbn vdsauodr pn caon mppmsctn tbn gd-
hmr dgputdtcme sc`n, wctb tbn dpnx dt, mr endr,
tbn VCV hmcet ionxcme arndsn, de` cs d`vdean`
wctb ceaouscme mi lmtb `ckctdo enrvns.
[n idvmr d odrknr iodp, wbcab amvnrs tbn netcrnenurmvdsauodr pn`caon. Pbcs bds d`vdetdkns
mvnr uscek d sgdoonr iodp8 onss sname`dry iodp
dtrmpby, onss rcsj mi drtnrcdo vdsmspdsg, de` d
krndtnr d`vdeangnet pmtnetcdo. D gm`cicadtcme
`nsarcln` ly Nvdes de` Gdrtce>9 ceamrpmrdtns
1 trcdekons mi cearndscek sczn tm dvmc` pmtnetcdo
ionxcme ametrdaturns de` omekctu`cedo sadrrcek.
Ct cs ce`cadtn` imr tbn amvnrdkn mi odrkn mlocqun
iceknrtcp `ninats de` cs ldsn` me men mi tbn
enurmvdsauodr lue`ons irmg tbn ondst `mgcedet
sc`n, mr tbn sc`n wctb tbn omeknst sjce iodp.>. Gmrn nxtnescvn pdogdr, mr pdogdr mlocqun, `n-
inats8 Pbnsn `ninats ade ln amvnrn` wctb d
armss-iceknr iodp. D odtnrdooy ldsn` `mrsdo
armss-iceknr iodp cs bdrvnstn` irmg tbn `mrsdo
sjce mi tbn gc``on pbdodex mi tbn iceknr rd`cdo
tm tbn cehurn` `ckct, wctb tbn nxanptcme mi tbn ce-
`nx iceknr, wbcab usns d iodp irmg tbn gc``on
iceknr: ce knenrdo, tbn gmst ndscoy pmsctcmen`
de` ondst cgpmrtdet `ckct sbmuo` ln usn`.
9. Pbn ceenrvdtn` armss-iceknr iodp, `nsarcln` ly
Ambne de` Armece>; ce 4321, cs dabcnvn` ly
ceamrpmrdtcek tbn `mrsdo lrdeab mi tbn `ckctdoenrvn mppmsctn tm tbn bcekn mi tbn iodp wctbce
tbn iodp. Pbcs `mrsdo `ckctdo lrdeab cs tbne su-
turn` tm tbn `ckctdo enrvn ametrdodtnrdo tm tbn
bcekn gdrkce mi tbn wmue`. @cvcscme de` iodp
1>< Pdek nt do
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cesnt cs odtnr pnrimrgn` dt 1 tm 0 wnnjs. Pbn
rnvnrsn armss-iceknr iodp, `nsarcln` ly Vdj-
cdg,>2 cs usniuo imr `mrsdo `ckctdo dvuoscme ce-
hurcns mi tbn edco ln` de` `cstdo pbdodex, de`
dosm ade ln usn` tm rnstmrn vnemus `rdcedkn di-
tnr `ckctdo rnpodetdtcme. Imoomwcek trdespmsctcme
mi tbn sulautdenmus tcssun iodp cetm tbn `ninat,tbcs cs tbne sjce krditn`, de` tbn sjce iodp mi
tbn `memr iceknr usn` tm rnsuridan tbn `memr
`ninat. Ick. <3 cooustrdtns d gntbm` imr `mrsdo
`cstdo iceknr `ninat uscek d armss-iceknr iodp.
;. Demtbnr mptcme usn` imr vmodr mlocqun dgputd-
tcmes8 Pbn `mrsmodtnrdo csode` iodp `nsarcln`
ly Iocet de` Bdrrcsme>3 prmvc`ns snesdtn sjce
irmg tbn `mrsmodtnrdo dspnat mi tbn `cstdo pbd-
odex. Pbcs iodp cs ldsn` me men mi tbn enurmvds-auodr lue`ons omadtn` me tbn sc`n mi tbn iceknr
wctb tbn krndtnst dgmuet mi rngdcecek vmodr
Ick. <3. Qtnp-ly-stnp `nsarcptcme mi d rnvnrsn armss-iceknr iodp nonvdtcme. Nctbnr d tbce spoct-tbcajenss mr iuoo-tbcajenss sjce krdit ade ln usn` tm amvnr tbn wmue`. ( D) Pbn gntbm` mi trdesinr. (L) Iodp nonvdtcme. (A ) Idsacdiodp trdesinr. (@) Amgpontcme mi trdesinr de` `memr sjce krdit. (Z DW Irmg Pdek HL, Dgd`cm VA, Kucglnrtndu HA,nt do, n`ctmrs. Pne`me surknry mi tbn bde`. Vbcod`nopbcd8 Nosnvcnr: <64<. p. 1;9. Ickurn 1>-<.)
\namestruatcme mi Pbugl de` Iceknr Pcp Cehurcns 1>1
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de` odtnrdo puop. Pbn `cstdo vmodr ne` mi tbcs
scajon-sbdpn` csode` iodp cs `nscken` ds wc`n
ds tbn rngdcecek edco ln` de` ct nxtne`s
mlocqunoy, irmg tbn `mrsdo @CV hmcet tm tbn
puop, ce d prmxcgdo-`mrsdo tm `cstdo-vmodr `crna-
tcme. Imoomwcek d`vdeangnet de` cesnttcek,
tbn `memr `ninat mvnr tbn `mrsug mi tbn `cstdopbdodex cs amvnrn` wctb d iuoo-tbcajenss sjce
krdit.
Pbugl tcp rnpdcr
4. [n idvmr uscek tbn Gmlnrk iodp ce gmst adsns.
D``ctcmedo d`vdeangnet ade ln dabcnvn` ly
amevnrtcek tbcs iodp tm de csode` iodp ditnr d
trdesvnrsn ceacscme cs gd`n dt tbn ldsn mi tbn
GAV hmcet. Pbn odtnrdo odxcty mi tbn tbugl doomws
tbn usn mi uecodtnrdo mr lcodtnrdo trcdekuodr
pn`caon iodps tm ln usn` tm aomsn tbn `memr
sctn `crnatoy. Mtbnr gm`cicadtcmes ceaou`n
auppcek tbn Gmlnrk iodp tm cearndsn vmougn
de` luoj ce tbn tcp: dey mpne drnds drn onit tm
bndo ly sname`dry cetnetcme.
<. Imr `ninats tbdt drn gmrn nxtnescvn de` emt
dgnedlon tm d Gmlnrk-typn iodp, wn prninr tm
usn de I@GD iodp. Pbn dra mi rmtdtcme mi tbcs
iodp doomws ct tm rndab tbn tbugl vmodr mr `mrsdo
tcp ndscoy. Pbn I@GD mrckcedtns irmg tbn rd`cdo
drtnry mr, rdrnoy, tbn `mrsdocs supnricacdocs detn-
lrdabcdocs drtnry, de` dedstmgmsns dt tbn onvno
mi tbn gntdadrpdo enaj wctb `mrsdo pnrimrdtcek
lrdeabns irmg tbn pdogdr gntdadrpdo drtnrcnsmi tbn `nnp pdogdr drab, wbcab imrg tbn ldscs
mi tbn rnvnrsn-iomw I@GD csode` iodp (snn
Ick. 3 ). De nxtne`n` iodp ade ln bdrvnstn` ly
ceaou`cek sjce irmg tbn `mrsug mi tbn gc``on
pbdodex. Qnesmry lrdeabns mi tbn rd`cdo enrvn
de` men mr gmrn sulautdenmus vnces drn c`ne-
tcicn` prmxcgdooy de` ceaou`n` ce tbn pn`caon. D
lrdeab mi tbn rd`cdo snesmry enrvn ce tbn
I@GD iodp cs suturn` tm men mi tbn tbugl `ckctdo
enrvns. [n mitne bdrvnst tbcs iodp wctb d sjce
pd` on mvnroycek tbn pn`caon tm dvmc tckbt
aomsurn `urcek iodp cesnttcek ( Ick. 16 ).
1. [bne d Gmlnrk, mr I@GD, iodp cs emt dvdcodlon,
tbn `mrsdo uoedr drtnry iodp mi tbn tbugl ade ln
usn` imr sgdoo tm gm`nrdtn `ninats. Pbcs iodp ce-
amrpmrdtns sjce irmg tbn `mrsdo uoedr suridan mi
tbn GAV hmcet mi tbn tbugl tm amvnr `cstdo
tbugl `ninats. Pbn `mrsdo uoedr amoodtnrdo
Ick. 16. Qurkcado prman`urn mi tbn I@GD iodp. ( D) Ceacscme. (L) Vn`caon bds lnne `cssnatn` mut. (A ) Nonvdtcme de`trdesinr. (@) Amgpontcme mi trdesinr de` sjce krdit me tbn `memr sctn.
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drtnry mrckcedtns irmg tbn prceanps pmoocacs dr-
tnry de` trdvnos omekctu`cedooy domek tbn `mrsdo
uoedr suridan mi tbn tbugl. Pbn rnvnrsn csode`
iodp `nscke cs ldsn` me < `cstdo vdsauodr amg-
guecadtcmes wctb tbn `mrsdo uoedr amoodtnrdo dr-
tnry. Pbn iodp tngpodtn cs gdrjn` mvnr tbn
`mrsdo uoedr dspnat mi tbn GAV hmcet de` csanetnrn` mvnr tbn `mrsdo uoedr amoodtnrdo drtnry.
Pbn `mrsdo uoedr enrvn ade ln usn` tm ceenrvdtn
tbn iodp ly dedstmgmscs tm d rnacpcnet `ckctdo
enrvn imr puop rnamestruatcme. Pbn `memr sctn
cs nctbnr aomsn` prcgdrcoy mr amvnrn` wctb d
iuoo-tbcajenss sjce krdit.
A^\\NEP P\NDPGNEP I\MG D KOMLDOVN\QVNAPCYN
Icrst-ocen surkcado mptcmes de` surknmes– prninr-
neans vdry krndtoy komldooy ( Pdlon 1 ), lut gmst
tne` tm usn bmgm`ckctdo iodps de` gmst prninr
snesdtn iodps.
4. [n snn gmrn abdoonekcek rnpodetdtcme prman-
`urns imr iceknr de` tbugl tcp rnamestruatcmes
ce Dscde amuetrcns. Pbny dosm tne` tm usn aods-
scado armss-iceknr iodps onss de` onss. [n snn
gmrn gm`cicadtcmes de` ceemvdtcmes mi tbn
`ciinrnet omado bmgm`ckctdo iodps lncek `ns-
arcln` ce Nurmpnde amuetrcns.<. Pbn puop `ninat mr `cstdo tbugl mr iceknr dg-
putdtcme mitne rnqucrns amvnr wctb iodps irmg
tbn sdgn `ckct mr irmg nosnwbnrn. Qnesdtn bm-
gm ckctdo detnrmkrd`n `ckctdo drtnry pn caon
iodps drn usn` mitne imr tbugl de` iceknrtcp
rnpdcr. Pbn Gmlnrk de` vdrcmus Y-S iodps drn
amggmeoy usn` imr rnodtcvnoy sgdoo amgpmsctn
tcssun omssns wctb lmen nxpmsurn. Gm cicad-
tcmes mi tbn Gmlnrk iodps wctb csmodtcme de`
gmlcoczdtcme mi tbn enurmvdsauodr lue`ons prmx-
cgdo tm tbn iodp, usn mi tbn nxtne`n` gm`cicad-
tcme mi tbn Qnkgu ¨ oonr iodp, de` amvnr `cstdooy
ly puop meoy tbne npctbnocdoczdtcme ue`nr `rnss-
ceks doo bnop tbnsn iodps tm rndab tbn tcp. Pbn
Pdlon 1Quggdry mi `ciinrnet mptcmes mi d inw bde` surknmes irmg `ciinrnet ametcenets imr puop `ninat mi dgm`nrdtn sczn mr amvnrdkn mi `cstdo tbugl mr iceknr dgputdtcme
Hce Lm Pdek \mlnrtm D`dec @dvc` Noocmt Gcabno Qdcet-Ayr
Icrst-ocenGmlnrk iodpd8 tbuglY-S iodpsd8 iceknrs,
tbugl@ckctdo D. `mrsdo lrdeab
iodp8 iceknrsDetnrmkrd`n `ckctdo
D. iodpd
Pmn puop iodpd
@mrsdo rd`cdo/uoedrD. iodps8 tbugl
Y-S iodpsd8 tbugl,iceknrs
Detnrmkrd`n`ckctdo D. iodpd
(Ynejdtdswdgc iodp,Gmuabnt-Kcolnrt iodpmr scgcodr)
Gm`cicn` Gmlnrk(Y tdco)d
Gm`cicn` Gmlnrk(Y tdco)d
Prdequcooc-Ondoc iodpd
Nxtne`n` Qnkguoonriodpd
Ynejdtdswdgc iodpd
Ynejdtdswdgc iodpd
Prdequcooc-Ondoc iodpd
Armss-iceknr iodpd
Gmlnrk csode`d8 tbugl
Qname`-ocen
Pbnedr iodp8 iceknr\nvnrsn bmgm`ckctdo
D. iodpI@GD iodp8 tbugl
Detnrmkrd`nbntnrm`ckctdo D. iodpd
\nvnrsn bmgm`ckctdoD. iodp
I@GD iodpd
8 tbugl@mrsdo uoedr/rd`cdo
D. iodpd8 tbuglOdtnrdo Y-S Jutonr iodpd
Qpnacdo adsnArmss-iceknr `ckctdo
D. iodpVdrtcdo tmn trdesinrd
Bntnrm`ckctdo iodp8iceknr
Irnn tmn puop\nvnrsn bntnrm`ckctdo
D. iodpd
Odtnrdo puop (swctab)iodpd
Irnn tmn puopd
Vuop nxabdeknd
\drn/emt usnArmss-iceknr iodp
Pbn Octtonr iodp8 tbugl
Armss-iceknr iodp
Pbnedr iodp
Armss-iceknr iodp
Pbnedr iodp, krmce iodpArmss-drg iodp
\nvnrsn bmgm`ckctdo
D. iodpPbnedr iodpDl`mgcedo, armss-drg
Dllrnvcdtcme8 D., drtnry.d Pbnsn iodps ametdce tbn `ckctdo enrvn truaj mr cts lrdeabns wctbce tbn ldsn mr pn`caon mi tbn iodp.
\namestruatcme mi Pbugl de` Iceknr Pcp Cehurcns 1>>
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bmgm`ckctdo rnvnrsn` `ckctdo drtnry pn`caon iodp
cs usn`, lut onss idvmrn` tbde ce ndrocnr tcgns.
1. Dgmek gmrn rnanet gntbm`s mr gm`cicadtcmes
drn iodps ldsn` me tbn `mrsdo lrdeabns mi tbn
`ckctdo drtnry de` `mrsdo uoedr mr rd`cdo drtnry
iodps mi tbn tbugl. Irnn vdsauodrczn` iodps bdr-
vnstn` irmg tbn tmn puop de` wrdp-drmue` iodpsirmg tbn lck tmn drn idvmrn` ly tbmsn surknmes
wctb d prninrnean imr gcarmsurknry, dotbmukb
tbny drn emt `men amggmeoy ce de ngnrkneay
snttcek.
0. Doo mi tbn dutbmrs darmss tbn komln rnamkeczn
tbn rnknenrdtcvn pmtnetcdo mi tbn tcssuns mi tbn
`ckctdo tcps. Amesnqunetoy, tbny rngce` rnd`nrs
mi suab dotnredtcvns tm d tcssun trdesinr tm amvnr
dgputdtcme stugps ds gmcst detcsnptca `rnss-
ceks imr wnnjs, mr d inw gmetbs.
Pbn bmgm`ckctdo pn`caon iodps bdvn lnamgn`mgcedet ce tbn trndtgnet mi tcp mr puop `ninats
wmro`wc`n. ^eimrtuedtnoy, gdey mi tbng drn emt
ceaou`n` ce gdhmr tnxtlmmjs: gdey tnxts ametceun
tm `nsarcln d inw aodsscado iodps tbdt nxpnrcnean`
prdatctcmenrs abmmsn tm usn rdrnoy. [n sukknst
tbdt tbnrn cs d enn` imr tnxts tm ln up`dtn` tm
ametdce gmrn dlmut rnanetoy `nvnompn` iodps, tm
bckbockbt tbn lnst dgmek tbn aurrnetoy dvdcodlon
mptcmes, de` tm rnionat gmrn gm`nre kuc nocens
me trndtgnet snonatcme.
NYC@NEAN DE@ @NACQCME-GDJCEK8 I\MG[DCPCEK IM\ QNOI-\NVDC\ PM AMGVONRGCA\MQ^\KN\S
Gmst mi mur prdatcan cs aurrnetoy nxpnrcnean-ldsn`
de` pnrsmedo prninrnean‑ldsn`. Dotbmukb ct cs emt
rndocstca, mr enanssdry, tm bdvn smue` nvc`nean tm
suppmrt ndab `nacscme wn gdjn, nvc`nean cs
odajcek tm deswnr smgn jny qunstcmes: tbdt cs,
bmw d snesdtn iodp amgpdrns wctb de cesnesdtn
iodp, de` bmw snesdtcme `ciinrs lntwnne d snoi-rnknenrdtn` tcp de` d tcp rnpdcrn` wctb d iodp
wctbmut snvnrdean mi tbn `ckctdo enrvn mi tbn iodp
de` d tcp amvnrn` wctb d iodp wctb d suturn` enrvn.
Qurkcado amst de` onektb mi tcgn tm rnture tm
ngpomygnet, amo` tmonrdean, de` bypnrsnesctcvcty
mi tbn tcp dosm enn` tm ln stu`cn` de` amgpdrn`
lntwnne `ciinrnet trndtgnets.
Vnrsmedo prninrnean de` smacdo, mr auoturdo,
ldajkrmue` dosm pody cgpmrtdet rmons ce `nacscme-
gdjcek. Ce d rnanet `csausscme dlmut tbn vcnw me
tcp rnpdcr lntwnne tbn ond` dutbmr (H.L.P.) de` d
prmgcenet gcarmsurknme (@r X.P. [dek), wbmtne`s tm rnamestruat nvnry adsn uscek gcarmsur-
knry, @r [dek amggnetn` tbdt nxtnescme mi tbn
iceknrs ocjnoy cs diinatn` tm d krndtnr mr onssnr
nxtnet ly sjce krditcek. Cestnd`, bn usns
gcarmsurkcado iodps ds bcs icrst-abmcan rnamestrua-
tcme mi `ckctdo smit tcssun `ninats. Bcs vcnw cs typcado
mi d euglnr mi gcarmsurknmes wbm trndt gmst mi
tbncr adsns wctb bckboy `ngde`cek gcarmsurknry.
Pbcs cooustrdtns tbn aurrnetoy `cvnrsn prninrnean mi
surkcado mptcmes dgmek surknmes de` amuetrcns.
Ds d rnsuot, wn snn tbmsn wbm drn jnne me, de`sjcooiuo ce, gcarmvdsauodr surknry usn gcarmsurkcado
trdesinrs mitne, wbnrnds mtbnrs wbm usn aodsscado
iodps aodcg kmm` rnsuots wctb guab scgponr, onss
amstoy, de` onss `ngde cek prman`urns. [n
gmstoy ice` tbmsn ‟ardzy,‗ de` pnrinatoy sjcooiuo, gc-
armsurknmes ce Dscde amuetrcns.
I^P^\N ABDOONEKN DE@ VN\QVNAPCYNQ
Icedooy, tbcs rnvcnw `rdws tbn dttnetcme mi rnd`nrs
tm d inw cgpmrtdet aocecado mlsnrvdtcmes, wbcab
gdy amesc`nrdloy abdekn tbncr trndtgnet mi tbuglde` iceknrtcp cehurcns ce sulsnqunet yndrs8
4. Pcp omss dt tbn gc`-`cstdo pbdodex, mr lnyme`,
ade ln trndtn` suaanssiuooy wctb gmcst detc-
snptca `rnssceks, tm dabcnvn tmtdo wmue` aomsurn
ly sulautdenmus tcssun rnknenrdtcme mvnr tbn
nxpmsn` `cstdo pbdodex, prmvc`n` d gmetb, mr
twm, drn doomwn` imr tbcs rnknenrdtcme.
<. Aurrnetoy, d euglnr mi wmue` amvnr tngpodtns
(nk, Cetnkrd @nrgdo \nknenrdtcme Pngpodtn) drn
dvdcodlon. Pbnsn tngpodtns gdcetdce d gmcst
wmue`-bndocek nevcrmegnet tbdt prmgmtnskrmwtb mi krdeuodtcme tcssuns de` sulautden-
mus amvnr mi tbn nxpmsn` lmen mvnr dpprmxc-
gdtnoy < wnnjs. Pbcs icrst stdkn mi surknry
tures d `ninat mrckcedooy rnqucrcek d iodp trdesinr
tm d `ninat tbdt rnqucrns meoy d sjce krdit mr,
kcvne d octton gmrn tcgn, wcoo rnknenrdtn sjce
mvnr tbn enw sulautdenmus tcssun.
1. [n bdvn mlsnrvn` suaanssiuo sjce krdit tdjn me
tbn rnknenrdtn` sulautdenmus tcssun amvnrcek
nxpmsn` lmen ce iceknr tcps, wbcab, amevnetcme-
dooy, enn`n` iodp trdesinr.0. Qmgn cesnesdtn omado iodps kdce d `nkrnn mi
snesmry rnamvnry d yndr ditnr tbncr trdesinr tm
tbn tcps.
Pbnsn pbnemgned ond` us tm amesc`nr iuturn
abdekns ce mur aurrnetoy stdkedtcek dpprmdab tm
gdedkngnet mi tbcs prmlong. Pbn qunstcmes tm
ln deswnrn` drn8
4. @m wn rndooy enn` amgponx surknrcns ci tbnsn
dgputdtn` tcps wcoo nvnetudooy rnknenrdtn=
Pbmsn pdtcnets wbm `m emt wcsb tm bdvn amg-ponx surknrcns de` wcoo tmonrdtn wdctcek imr d gmetb
mr gmrn, dolnct adrrycek mut d strcat `rnsscek
rnkcgne, ade ln ade`c`dtns imr tbcs scgponr (lut
stcoo mrabnstrdtn ) trndtgnet. \namr` mi suab
Pdek nt do1>9
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bndocek ly Kdone ce tbn icrst anetury D@ de` ce tbn
Qgctb pdpyrus, rnamr cek gn`cado datcvcty
46,666 yndrs ndrocnr ce deacnet Nkypt, drn tnstc-
gmey tm tbn idat tbdt tbcs cs emt enw! D iurtbnr
de` pnrtcenet qunstcme cs ‟ade wn spnn` up tbcs
lcmomkca rnknenrdtcvn prmanss=‗ Ci wn amuo` spnn`
up rnknenrdtcme tm gdjn tbn wmue` aomsn wctbce <tm 1 wnnjs, gmrn pdtcnets wmuo` prninr tbcs amursn
mi gdedkngnet tm d surkcado iodp (wbcab enn`s ;‑
46 `dys tm bndo, gdy dosm ceaou`n tbn bndocek tcgn
mi d sjce krdit `memr sctn de`, lnadusn mi tbn `nody
ce stdrtcek gmlcoczdtcme, rnture iceknr gmlcocty tm
emrgdo gmrn somwoy). Pbcs gdy lnamgn pmssclon
ds lcmomkca tbnrdpcns d`vdean, nspnacdooy imr tcs-
suns tbdt dornd`y bdvn tbn cetrcesca dlcocty tm rnkne-
nrdtn. Pbn aurrnet `conggd cs bmw tm spnn` tbn
prmanss up. \nsndrab ce tbcs `crnatcme wmuo
krndtoy abdekn mur prdatcan.
<. Amuo` amvnr mi d puop `ninat (wctb lmey nxpm-
surn) wctb d lcmomkca mr syetbntca tngpodtn
lnamgn tbn rmutcen mi tbn iuturn=
Ci sm, gdey mi tbn puop `ninats tbdt rnqucrn iodp
rnamestruatcme wmuo` rnqucrn meoy d sjce krdit mr
d sockbtoy omeknr pnrcm` mi `rnssceks tm doomw sjce
rnknenrdtcme. Pbcs wmuo` ln d bukn scgpocicadtcme
mi surknry de` wmuo` sckecicadetoy rn`uan `memr
gmrlc cty. Qyetbntca de` lcmomkca wmue` amvnr
tngpodtns drn emw dvdcodlon de` drn stcoo nvmovcek.
Ldsn` me tbn suaanss mi tbnsn sm idr, wn imrnsnn d
iuturn pdrd`ckg sbcit ce gdedkngnet mi tbugl de`
iceknrtcp cehurcns.
1. Ade smgn cesnesdtn `ckctdo iodps ln prmvne tm
rnstmrn tbn sdgn, mr scgcodr , snesclcocty tm tbn
iceknrtcp ds d snesdtn iodp=
Qnesdtcme cs tbn jny tm bckb-qudocty tbugl mr
iceknrtcp rnpdcr. Qurknmes bdvn dowdys lnne ame-
anren` dlmut tbcs de`, amesnqunetoy, ametceun tm
strukkon tm ceaou`n snesmry enrvns wctbce iodps. Dotbmukb d snesdtn enurmvdsauodr csode` iodp
(wctbmut enrvn suturn) cs, cetrcescadooy, tbn c`ndo ce
tbcs rnspnat, wn wme`nr wbntbnr de cesnesdtn
iodp cs dey onss niinatcvn, wbntbnr snesdtcme cs
dabcnvn` tm d prmpnr `nkrnn ly cekrmwtb mi enrvns
irmg tbn surrmue`cek `ckctdo sjce. Mr wbntbnr ditnr
suturn mi tbn enrvn mi tbn iodp tm d enrvn ce tbn
iceknr tcp snesmry rnamvnry cs rnocdlon de` suiic-
acnet. [n jemw tbdt, gmst `ckctdo enrvn rnpdcrs
prm`uan ceamgpontn snesmry rnamvnry. Pbnrnimrn,
tbn ice`ceks mi scgcodr snesclcocty ce de cesnesdtn
iodp tm d iodp ametdcecek d `ckctdo enrvn d yndr odtnrdrn surprcscek.4; Pbn octnrdturn me tbcs cs aurrnetoy
ceameaouscvn de` iurtbnr cevnstckdtcmes drn
rnqucrn`. D iodp bdrvnstn` wctb em enrvn suppoy
dt doo mr men wctb cts enrvns suturn` tm ce sctu enrvns
amuo` ln usn` gmrn mitne, ci prmvne nqudo tm de
ceenrvdtn` iodp. Qtrukkocek tm ceaou`n enrvn
lrdeabns ce iodps gdy lnamgn onss `ngde`cek,
scgpociycek tbn surknry.
^otcgdtnoy, wn gust ln rndocstca de` mptcgcstca8
tbn tbugl de` iceknrtcps drn tbn gmst snesctcvn
pdrts mi tbn lm`y de` dey rnpodangnets wcoo cenvc-tdloy ln onss snesdtn: bmwnvnr, wn ommj imrwdr` tm
iuturn lcmomkca gndes mi prmgmtcek enrvn sprmut-
cek irmg enckblmrcek snesdtn tcssun. Nebdeacek
enrvn sprmutcek irmg tbn d`hdanet `ckctdo tcssuns
amuo` ln de cetrckucek sulhnat mi cevnstckdtcme
de` d`vdeans ce tbcs rnspnat wmuo` doomw sur-
knmes tm usn de cesnesdtn iodp tm rnamestruat
tbugl de` iceknrtcps. Pbcs gdy ln d rndocty ce tbn
iuturn.
Dey mi tbn prnvcmusoy gnetcmen` d`vdeans wcoo
bdvn bukn cgpocadtcmes ly scgpociycek mur trndt-
gnet de` wcoo rnvmoutcmeczn mur ameanpts mi tbugl
de` iceknrtcp rnpdcr.
Q^GGD\S
Qnesdtn bmgm`ckctdo detnrmkrd`n `ckctdo drtnry
pn`caon iodps drn vnry mitne usn`, wctb tbn Gmlnrk
de` vdrcmus Y-S iodps lncek gmst amggmeoy usn`
imr rnodtcvnoy sgdoo tcssun omssns wctb lmen nxpm-
surn. Gm`cicadtcmes mi tbn Gmlnrk iodps ly
csmodtcek tbn enurmvdsauodr lue`ons prmxcgdo tm
tbn iodp, usn mi de nxtne`n` Qnkgu ¨ oonr iodp, de`
amvnr `cstdooy ly puop meoy, tbne npctbnocdoczdtcme
ue`nr `rnssceks doo bnop tbnsn iodps tm rndab tbn
tcp. Dgmek gmrn rnanet iodps mr gm cicadtcmes
drn bmgm`ckctdo pn`caon iodps ldsn` me tbn `mrsdo
lrdeabns mi tbn `ckctdo drtnry mi tbn iceknr de` `mr-
sdo uoedr mr rd`cdo drtnry mi tbn tbugl. Irnn vdsau-
odrczn` tmn puops, wrdp-drmue` lck tmn iodps, de`
pdrtcdo tmn trdesinrs drn idvmrn` ly surknmes
wctb gcarmsurkcado netbuscdsg, dotbmukb ueamg-
gmeoy pnrimrgn` ce de ngnrkneay snttcek. Icrst-
ocen surkcado mptcmes de` surknmes– prninrneansvdry krndtoy komldooy. [n snn gmrn abdoonekcek
rnpodetdtcme prman`urns mi iceknr de` tbugl tcps
ce Dscde amuetrcns. Pbny dosm tne` tm usn tbn
aodssca armss-iceknr iodp onss de` onss. [n snn
gmrn ceemvdtcmes mi tbn bmgm`ckctdo mr snesdtn
iodps irmg Nurmpn.
Icedooy, wn `rdw dttnetcme tm < cgpmrtdet amesc`-
nrdtcmes tbdt gdy abdekn iuturn trndtgnet mi tbn
tbugl de` iceknrtcp8
4. Amvnr mi d trdesvnrsn dgputdtcme stugp
wctb gmcst detcsnptca `rnssceks dabcnvns tmtdowmue` aomsurn, dolnct somwoy. Amvnr mi d smit
tcssun `ninat wctb lmen mr tne`me nxpmsurn
wctb d `nrgdo tngpodtn imr wnnjs doomws gmrn
rdpc` krmwtb mi krdeuodtcme tcssun.
\namestruatcme mi Pbugl de` Iceknr Pcp Cehurcns 1>;
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<. Qmgn cesnesdtn omado iodps kdce d `nkrnn mi
snesdtcme ditnr trdesinr tm tbn tbugl mr
iceknrtcps.
Nebdeangnet mi nctbnr, mr lmtb, mi tbnsn lcm-
omkca mlsnrvdtcmes wmuo` bdvn sckecicadet cgpocad-
tcmes tm scgpociycek mur iuturn trndtgnet mi tbnsncehurcns.
\NIN\NEANQ
4. Gmlnrk N. Dspnats mi snesdtcme ce rnamestruatcvn
surknry mi tbn uppnr nxtrngcty. H Lmen Hmcet Qurk
Dg 4390:09824;‑<>.
<. M–Lrcne L. Enurmvdsauodr csode` pn`caon iodps imr
tnrgcedo dgputdtcmes de` `ckctdo sadrs. Lr H Vodst
Qurk 4392:<48<>2‑94.
1. Noocmt @, [cosme S. Y-S d`vdeangnet mi tbn netcrn
vmodr smit tcssun mi tbn tbugl ce `cstdo rnamestrua-
tcme. H Bde` Qurk Lr 4331:428133‑06<.
0. Prdequcooc-Ondoc N. \camstruzcmen `noo–dpcan `noon
idodekc uekundoc gn`cdetn dutmpodstcad vmodrn pn-
`ueamodtd pnr samrrcgnetm. Ceimrt Prdugdtmo Odv
431>:48429‑31.
>. Dtdsmy N, Cmdjcgc`cs N, Jds`de GO, nt do. \name-
struatcme mi tbn dgputdtn` iceknr tcp wctb d trcde-
kuodr vmodr iodp. H Lmen Hmcet Qurk Dg 43;6:><8
3<4‑9.
9. Noocmt @, Gmcngne EQ, Hckhceec YQ. Pbn enurmvdsauodr
Prdequcooc-Ondoc iodp. H Bde` Qurk Lr 433>:<6824>‑<1.;. Kncssne`mri B. Lnctrdk zur Iceknrjuppnepodstcj.
Xnetrdolodtt iur Abcrurkcn 4301:;68446;‑2.
2. Jutonr [. D enw gntbm` imr iceknr tcp dgputdtcme.
HDGD 430;:4118<3‑16.
3. Qnkguoonr K. Gm cicjdtcme `ns Jutonr-Odppnes8
enurm-vdsjuorn stcnouek. Bde`abcrurkcn 43;9:28;>‑9.
46. Lc``uopb QO. Pbn enurmvdsauodr iodp ce iceknr tcp ce-
hurcns. Pbn Bde` 43;3:448>3‑91.
44. Odeznttd G, Gdstrmpdsqud L, Abmoont D, nt do.
Ynrsdtcocty mi tbn bmgm`ckctdo trcdekuodr enurmvdsau-
odr csode` iodp ce iceknrtcp rnamestruatcme. H Bde`
Qurk Lr 433>:<682<0‑3.
4<. Qgctb JO, Noocmt @. Pbn nxtne`n` Qnkguoonr iodp.
Vodst \namestr Qurk <666:46>84110‑09.
41. Ynejdtdswdgc \, Qulrdgdecde G. Mlocqun trcde-
kuodr iodp8 d enw gntbm` mi rnpdcr imr mlocqun
dgputdtcmes mi tbn iceknrtcp de` tbugl. Vodst \n-
amestr Qurk 4326:998<39‑166.
40. Csnoce I, Kmssn O. On odglndu ne `rdpndu. Dee Abcr
Vodst 439<:;84‑;.
4>. Bmonvcab H. D enw gntbm` mi rnstmrcek snesclcocty tm
tbn tbugl. H Lmen Hmcet Qurk Lr 4391:0>8039‑>6<.
49. Imuabnr K, Lrdue HL. D enw csode` iodp trdesinrirmg tbn `mrsug mi tbn ce`nx tm tbn tbugl. Vodst
\namestr Qurk 43;3:918100‑3.
4;. Byzd V, Julnj P, Ynsnoy H, nt do. Pbn prmxcgdo
icrst `mrsdo gntdadrpdo drtnry irnn iodp imr
rnamestruatcme mi amgponx `ckctdo `ninats. H Bde`
Qurk Nur <641:128133‑060.
42. Vnoznr G, Qdunrlcnr G, Knrgdee K, nt do. Irnn ‟jctn‗
iodp8 d enw iodp imr rnamestruatcme mi sgdoo bde`
`ninats. H \namestr Gcarmsurk <660:<6819;‑;<.
43. Jdrdgursno Q, Anonlcmkou Q. \nvnrsn-iomw icrst
`mrsdo gntdadrpdo drtnry iodp imr ce`nx iceknrtcprnamestruatcme. Dee Vodst Qurk <66>:>08966‑1.
<6. Oce AB, Oce SP, Qdssu V, nt do. Iueatcmedo dssnssgnet
mi tbn rnamestruatn` iceknrtcps ditnr irnn tmn puop
trdesinr. Vodst \namestr Qurk <66;:4<68414>‑<4.
<4. Imuabnr K, Gnron G, Gdendu` G, nt do. Gcarmsur-
kcado irnn pdrtcdo tmn trdesinr ce bde` rnamestrua-
tcme8 d rnpmrt mi 4< adsns. Vodst \namestr Qurk
4326:9>8949‑<;.
<<. Octtonr H[. Enurmvdsauodr pn`caon trdesinr mi tcssun
ce rnamestruatcvn surknry mi tbn bde`. Vrmann`ceks
mi tbn Dgnrcade Qmacnty imr Qurknry mi tbn Bde`.
H Lmen Hmcet Qurk Dg 43>9:12834;.
<1. Kcnsne P, Imrstnr E, Juezc [, nt do. \ntrmkrd`n
drtnrcdoczn` irnn vnemus iodps imr tbn rnamestruatcme
mi tbn bde`8 rnvcnw mi 40 adsns. H Bde` Qurk Dg
<640:138>44‑<1.
<0. Qemw H[. Pbn usn mi d vmodr iodp imr rnpdcr mi
iceknrtcp dgputdtcmes8 d prnocgcedry rnpmrt. Vodstca
\namestr Qurk 439;:068491‑2.
<>. Octtonr H[. Vrceacpons mi rnamestruatcvn surknry mi
tbn bde`. Ce8 Amevnrsn HG, n`ctmr. \namestruatcvn
podstca surknry, vmo. 9, <e` n`ctcme. Vbcod`nopbcd8
[L Qdue`nrs: 43;;. p. 141;‑0<.<9. Imuabnr K, Qgctb @, Vngpcenoom A, nt do. Bmgm`ckc-
tdo enurmvdsauodr csode` iodps imr `ckctdo puop omss.
H Bde` Qurk Lr 4323:408<60‑2.
<;. Noocmt @, Qmutbkdtn AG, Qtdcdem HH. D bmgm`ckctdo
swctab iodp tm rnstmrn snesdtcme tm tbn uoedr
lmr`nr mi tbn tbugl tcp. H Bde` Qurk Lr <661:
<28063‑41.
<2. Qcovd HL, Vcrns IJ, Pncxncrd OI. Pbn puop swctab iodp8
de mptcme imr tbn trndtgnet mi omss mi tbn `mgcedet
bdoi mi tbn `ckctdo puop. H Bde` Qurk Nur <641:128
302‑>4.
<3. Ec I, Dppontme QN, Abne L, nt do. Dnstbntca de`
iueatcmedo rnamestruatcme mi iceknrtcp de` puop `n-
inats wctb pcvmt iodps. H Bde` Qurk Dg <64<:1;8
4269‑44.
16. Lruenooc I, Gdtbmuoce A. @ckctdo csode` iodps. Ce8
Kcolnrt D, Gdsqunont DA, Bnrtz Y\, n`ctmrs. Vn`caon
iodps mi tbn uppnr ocgl. Ome`me8 @uectz: 433<. p.
4;4‑9.
14. Jmhcgd P, Psuabc`d S, Bcrdsn S, nt do. \nvnrsn
vdsauodr pn caon `ckctdo csode` iodp. Lr H Vodst
Qurk 4336:018<36‑>.
1<. Xdeamooc ND. Amokdhm autdenm ne csod `no bunam `nod pdogd. Vrnesd Gn` Drknet 4336:;;840‑<6.
11. Lruenooc I, Yckdscm D, Ydonetc V, nt do. Drtnrcdo dedt-
mgy de` aocecado dppocadtcme mi tbn `mrsmuoedr iodp
mi tbn tbugl. H Bde` Qurk Dg 4333:<08261‑44.
Pdek nt do1>2
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10. Tc [, Abne JH. ^sn mi twce `mrsdo gc``on pbdode-
kndo iceknr iodps imr tbugl mr ce`nx iceknr rname-
struatcme. H Bde` Qurk Nur <641:12812;‑31.
1>. ^sdgc Q, Jdwdbdrd Q, Sdgdkuabc P, nt do. Bmgm`c-
kctdo drtnry iodp rnamestruatcme imr iceknrtcp dgputd-
tcme8 d amgpdrdtcvn stu`y mi tbn mlocqun trcdekuodr
enurmvdsauodr d`vdeangnet iodp de` tbn rnvnrsn`ckctdo drtnry csode` iodp. H Bde` Qurk Nur <641
@na 1. ZNpul dbnd` mi prcetW.
19. Mzanocj CL, Pueanr Q, Vurcsd B, nt do. Qnesmry
mutamgn mi iceknrtcp rnpodetdtcme wctbmut enrvn
rnpdcr. Gcarmsurknry <662:<28><0‑16.
1;. Abnek O, Abne J, Abdc SG, nt do. Iceknrtcp rnpode-
tdtcme dt tbn npmeyabcdo onvno wctb vnemus dedstm-
gmscs8 de dedtmgca stu`y de` aocecado dppocadtcme.
H Bde` Qurk Nur <641:1283>3‑91.
12. D`dec \, Lusd \, Adstdkenttc A, nt do. Bmgm`ckctdo
enurmvdsauodr csode` iodp wctb ‟`crnat iomw‗ vdsau-
odrczdtcme. Dee Vodst Qurk 433;:12819‑06.
13. Gmuabnt D, Kcolnrt D. Amvnrcek `cstdo dgputdtcmes
mi tbn iceknr uscek bmgm`ckctdo enurmvdsauodr cs-
ode` iodps. Dee Abcr Gdce 432<:48426‑<.
06. D`dec \, Gdrauzzc D, Lusd \, nt do. D prmpms `u
odglndu ne comt bmgm`ckctdo d ametrn-amurdet. \n° vc-
scme `n 4> ads nt `n od octtn° rdturn. Dee Abcr Gdce
433>:408493‑24.
04. D`dec \, Lusd \, Vdeado`c K, nt do. \nvnrsn enurm-
vdsauodr bmgm`ckctdo csode` iodp. Dee Vodst Qurk
433>:1>8;;‑2<.
0<. D`dec \, Kcnsne P, Cekudkkcdtm G. Bntnrm`ckctdoiodps imr snvnrn puop `ninats. Ce8 @ulnrt PV, n`ctmr.
Vrcgdry adrn mi amgponx cehurcns mi tbn bde` de`
wrcst. Dtbnes (Krnnan)8 Jmstdetdrds Gn`cado Vuloc-
adtcmes: <646. p. 14;‑<<.
01. D`dec \, Lusd \, Qadkec \, nt do. Pbn bntnrm`ckctdo
rnvnrsn` iomw enurmvdsauodr csode` iomp imr iceknrtcp
cehurcns. H Bde` Qurk Lr 4333:<08014‑9.
00. D`dec \, Gdramaacm C, Pdrdoom O, nt do. Pbn rnvnrsn
bntnrm`ckctdo enurmvdsauodr csode` iodp imr `ckctdo
puop rnamestruatcme. Pnab Bde` ^p Nxtrng Qurk
<66>:3834‑>.
0>. Onupce V, [nco H, Luabonr ^. Pbn `mrsdo gc``on
pbdodekndo iceknr iodp. Gc -tnrg rnsuots mi 01
adsns. H Bde` Qurk Lr 433;:<<819<‑;4.
09. D`dec \, Qqudrzced VL, Adstdkenttc A, nt do.
D amgpdrdtcvn stu`y mi tbn bntnrm`ckctdo enurmvds-
auodr csode` iodp ce tbugl rnamestruatcme wctb de`
wctbmut enrvn rnameenatcme. H Bde` Qurk Lr 4330:
438>><‑3.
0;. Nppcek [. @nr gm`ciczcnrtn Ynrsabcnlnodppne edab
@noome zur \njmestrujtcme `nr @dugnejuppn. MpnrMrtbmp Prdugdtmo 433<:0843>‑<6<.
02. Kduo HQ. \d`cdo-ceenrvdtn` armss-iceknr iodp irmg
ce`nx tm prmvc n snesmry puop tm cehurn` tbugl.
H Lmen Hmcet Qurk Dg 4393:>484<>;‑91.
03. Noocmt @, Gmcngne EQ. Amgpmsctn krdit rnpodan-
gnet mi `ckctdo tcps. 4. Lnimrn 42>6 de` ditnr
43>6. H Bde` Qurk Lr 433;:<<8104‑>.
>6. Gmcngne EQ, Noocmt @. Amgpmsctn krdit rnpodan-
gnet mi `ckctdo tcps. <. D stu`y ce abco`rne. H Bde`
Qurk Lr 433;:<<8109‑><.
>4. Omrn°d V, Abdbc`c E, Gdrabnsc Q, nt do. \namestrua-
tcme mi iceknrtcp `ninats wctb tbn enurmvdsauodr
Prdequcooc-Ondoc iodp. H Bde` Qurk Lr <669:148<26‑0.
><. Ldjbdab H, Kucglnrtndu HA, Vdeamec L. Pbn Kc-
kmken iodp8 de mrckcedo tnabecqun imr de mptcgdo
puop rnamestruatcme. H Bde` Qurk Nur <663:108
<<;‑10.
>1. Gmcngne EQ, Noocmt @. D gm`cicadtcme mi tbn Xdeamooc
rnvnrsn `ckctdo drtnry iodp. H Bde` Qurk Lr 4330:438
40<‑9.
>0. Noocmt @, Hckhceec YQ. Pbn odtnrdo puop iodp. H Bde`
Qurk Lr 4331:4280<1‑9.
>>. Qabuce` I, Yde Knenabtne I, @neuct V, nt do. Bmgm-`ckctdo enurmvdsauodr csode` iodps ce bde` surknry.
D stu`y mi scxty adsns. Dee Abcr Gdce 432>:08
169‑4>.
>9. Nvdes @G, Gdrtce @O. Qtnp-d`vdeangnet csode`
iodp imr iceknrtcp rnamestruatcme. Lr H Vodst Qurk
4322:04846>‑44.
>;. Ambne LN, Armece N@. De ceenrvdtn` armss-iceknr
iodp imr iceknrtcp rnamestruatcme. Vodst \namestr
Qurk 4321:;<8922‑3;.
>2. Vdjcdg DC. Pbn rnvnrsn` `nrgcs iodp. Lr H Vodst
Qurk 43;2:148414‑>.
>3. Iocet GB, Bdrrcsme QB. D omado enurmvdsauodr iodp tm
rnpdcr omss mi tbn `ckctdo puop. Lr H Vodst Qurk 439>:
4284>9‑91.
\namestruatcme mi Pbugl de` Iceknr Pcp Cehurcns 1>3