Repaso Ingles Corto

8/13/2019 Repaso Ingles Corto

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Hemos visto las diferentes condicionalesen ingls. Ahora vamos a ver un cuadro resumendonde puedes repasar esta estructura deforma ms rpida. Recuerda que si no recuerdas algo siempre puedes volver a leer la explicacin correspondiente.

* La probabilidad que se indica corresponde a la condicin y recuerda que es simplemente para orientarnos.

Example Probability

Zero Conditional

[IF...+ PRESENT SIMPLE] +[PRESENT SIMPLE]

If it rains, the road getswet.

100%

Indica que siempre tiene lugar.First Conditional

[IF...+ PRESENT SIMPLE] +[WILL+VERBO PRINCIPAL]

If we aretired, we will takea taxi.60%Indica que es bastante probable.

Second Conditional

[IF...+ PAST SIMPLE] +[WOULD+VERBO PRINCIPAL]

If I wonthe lottery, I wouldbuya house.10%Indica que es poco probable.

Third Conditional

[IF...+ PAST PERFECT] +[WOULD HAVE+PARTICIPIO]

If it had rained, we would have hadan accident.0%Indica que es imposible.

PRESENT

A. Simple Present1. Formation: base form of the verbexamples: (1) The school is close to your home. (2) We study English every day.2. Usesa. general statements of factb. habitual activity3. Special usesa. time clauseexamples: (1) When Bob comes, we will eat. (2) As soon as it arrives, we will leave for the airport.b. future meaning if it is a planned event or a definite actionexamples: (1) Classes end June 15. (3) His plane arrives at 6 p.m. next Monday.(2) The museum opens at 10:00 a.m. tomorrow.

B. Present Progressive1. Formation: be verb + ing form of the main verbexamples: (1) John is sleeping. (3) She is writing another book this year. (2) I am teaching English.

2. Usesa. an activity in progress at the moment of speakingb. an activity generally in progress this week, month, or year3. Special usea. future meaning for a planned event or a definite actionexamples: (1) She is seeing the doctor on Tuesday. (2) He is leaving at noon tomorrow.

C. Present Perfect1. Formation: have/has + past participle of the main verbexamples (1) We have driven this car to 100 cities in America. (2) I have lived in Seattle for one year.(3) I have seen many movies.2. Usesa. An action which took place at an indefinite time in the past. The emphasis is on the completion of the action rather than the time of the

action.b. An action that was repeated before now. The exact time of each repetition is not important.c. An activity that began in the past and continues to the present.

D. Present Perfect Progressive1. Formation: present perfect + ing form of the main verbexamples: (1) Jennifer has been living in Yakima since 1980. (2) Miguel and Alexandra have been working at Cosco for two years. (3) I

have been thinking about looking for a new job. (4) He has been sitting at his computer for three hours, so he is tired.2. Usesa. Shows the duration of an action that began in the past and continues to the present.b. Shows a general activity in progress recently without a specific mention of time.

PAST

A. Simple Past


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1. Formation: for regular verbs = base form of the verb + ed ending.examples: (1) I walked to the park yesterday. (2) I went to the grocery store.2. Use: an activity that began and ended in the past.

B. Past Progressive1. Formation: was/were + ing form of the main verbexamples: (1) I was walking in the park when I saw a hawk. (2) At 3:00 last Saturday Mai and Tuan were gardening.2.. Usesa. One act was in progress when another act occurred.b. An action that was in progress at a certain time and that probably continued.

C. Past Perfect1. Formation: had + past participle of the main verbexamples: (1) Bob had already taught his class before he took his son to the game. (2) Until yesterday, I had never heard that word.2. Use: An activity that was completed before another activity or another time in the past.

D. Past Perfect Progressive1. Formation: have/had + been + ing form of the main verbexamples: (1) I had been studying for two hours before I took a walk. (2) Maria finally arrived. Jose had been waiting for her since 4:00. (3)

Her hair was wet because she had been running in the rain.2. Usesa. Shows duration of an activity that was in progress before another event in the past.b. An activity in progress that is recent to another time or activity in the past.

FUTURE

A. Simple Future1. Formation: will or is going to + simple base form of the main verbexamples: (1) He will go to college next fall. (3) The phone is ringing. I will get it. (2) Jill is going to visit Paris on her vacation.2. Usesa. To predict the future.b. To plan for the future.c. To express willingness to do something3. Special use in time clauses: Use the simple present in a time clause.examples: (1) After I get home, I will cook dinner. (2) The baby will go to sleep after she eats.

B. Future Progressive1. Formation: will + be + ing form of the main verbexamples: (1) I will be studying when you arrive. (2) Tomorrow you will be sitting in your ESL class. (3) Mieko is going to be eating lunch at

noon. (4) Don't worry. Jamey will be home soon.2. Use: An activity that will be in progress at a time in the future.

C. Future Perfect

1. Formation: will + perfect tense + past participleexamples: (1) On Friday we will have studied verb tenses for three weeks. (2) I will have reviewed my notes before I go to the lecture

tonight.2. Use: An activity that will be completed before another time or event in the future.

D. Future Perfect Progressive1. Formation: will + perfect tense + ing form of main verbexamples: (1) If I arrive in Oregon at 6:00, and my friend gets there at 9:00, I will have been waiting for her for three hours when she arrives.

(2) Next September I will have been attending Shoreline CC for two years.2. Use: The duration of an activity that will be in progress before another time orevent in the future.

COUNTABLE / UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

NOMBRES CONTABLES

* Los nombres contables son los que se pueden contar por unidades.

one pencil / five pencils / some pencils * Los nombres contables tienen plural.pencilpencils / bookbooks

NOMBRES INCONTABLES

Los incontables son aquellos que no podemos contar por unidades.Por ejemplo, milkes incontable porque no se puede decir one milk, two milks sino que se debe hacer algunareferencia, por ejemplo, al envase: two bottles of milk o a la medida : Three litres ofmilk


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* Los incontables slo pueden usarse en singular

Para contarlos tenemos que usar expresiones como:A glass of(Un vaso de) / A cup of(Una taza de) / A bottle of ( Una botella de)A bowl of ( Un cuenco de ) / A piece of ( Un trozo de ) / A loaf of (Una barra de )A slice of (Una rebanada de) /A bar of (Una tableta de ) /A can of (Una lata de)

* Las sustancias como : bread, butter, sugar . y los lquidos como : milk, water, coffeeson siempre incontables.

Contables Incontables

Tienen forma plural --------------------

Ejemplo: pencilsNo tienen forma pluralNo se puede decir sugarsSe pueden usar nmeros delante------Ejemplo: two pencilsNo se pueden usar nmeros delanteNo se puede decir: two sugarsSe puede usar a/an delante------------Ejemplo: a pencilNo se puede usar a/an delanteNo se puede decir: a sugarSe usa How many-----------------------Ejemplo: How many pencils...?Se usa How muchEjemplo: How much sugar...?

HOW MUCH ? (Cunto / cunta?) / HOW MANY ? (Cuntos / cuntas?)

* HOW MUCH se usa con los incontables, o sea, en singularHow much money have you got? ( Cunto dinero tienes?)* HOW MANY se usa con los contables en pluralHow many pencils have you got ? ( Cuntos lpices tienes?)

THERE IS / THERE ARE ( Hay)

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

SINGULAR There is /Theres There isnt Is there?

PLURAL There are There arent Are there?

- There is a boy in the classroom ( Hay un nio en la clase)- There are five books on the floor (Hay cinco libros en el suelo)- Are there any apples in the basket? ( Hay manzanas en la cesta?)- Is there an orange in the fridge?( Hay una naranja en la nevera?)- There arent any oranges (No hay naranjas)

A / AN / SOME / ANYA / An = Un, una

A + consonant - A pearAn + vowel - An orangeSome + affirmative = Unos, unas, algunos, algunas, algn, alguna, algo deThere are some apples = Hay unas manzanasThere is some coffee = Hay algo de cafThere is an orange = Hay una naranja

Any + interrogative / negative = unos/as, algunos/as, algn/a, algo de ,ningn, nadaAre there any apples? = Hay manzanas? There arent any apples = No hay manzanasIs there any coffee? = Hay caf? There isnt any coffee = No hay cafUsamos some y any con contables e incontables.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales)

Los pronombres indefinidos en singular siempre llevan el verbo en singular.Ejemplos:

Somebody is at the door. (Alguien est en la puerta.)Everybody loves chocolate. (A todo el mundo le encanta el chocolate.)Nothing was everthe same. (Nada fue lo mismo.)Is there anywhere you want to go? (Hay un sitio dnde quieras ir?)2.


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Los usos de los pronombres indefinidos compuestos con "some", "any", y"no" en frases afirmativas, negativas y interrogrativasson los mismos delos usos de "some" y "any"."Some" y sus compuestos se utilizan con frasesafirmativas e interrogativas; "any" y sus compuestos se utilizan con frasesnegativas e interrogativas; y "no" y sus compuestos se usan con solo frasesnegativas. Para ms informacin, vesla leccin de cuantificadores.Ejemplos:There is something

on the floor. (Hay algo en el suelo.)Would you like something to drink? (Te gustara algo para beber?)There isn't anybody home. (No haynadie en casa.)Is there anything I can do to help? (Hay algo que pueda hacer paraayudarte?)Nobody wants to work today. (Nadie quieretrabajar hoy.)

Cuando refirimos a un pronombre indefinido, normalmente utilizamos unpronombre plural.Ejemplos:Everyone is here already. They have been waiting for you. (Todo elmundo ya est aqu. Han estado esperando por tu.)

Somebody left their jacket. It's so cold outside, I'm sure they will be backfor it soon. (Alguien ha dejado su chaqueta. Hace tanto fro, estoyseguroque regresar pronto.)4.

Podemos utilizar el genetivo sajon con pronombres indefinidos de personasy cosas para indicar posesin.Ejemplo:Is this anyone's seat? (Hay alguien sentado en este asiento?)

COMPOUND NOUNS

Formation

Words can be combined to form compound nouns. These are very common, and new combinations are invented almost daily. They normallyhave two parts. The second part identifies the object or person in question (man, friend, tank, table, room). The first part tells us what kind ofobject or person it is, or what its purpose is (police, boy, water, dining, bed):

What type / what purpose What or whopolice manboy friendwater tankdining tablebed room

The two parts may be written in a number of ways :

1. as one word.Example: policeman, boyfriend

2. as two words joined with a hyphen.Example: dining-table

3. as two separate words.Example: fish tank.

There are no clear rules about this - so write the common compounds that you know well as one word, and the others as two words.

The two parts may be: Examples:

noun + noun

bedroomwater tankmotorcycleprinter cartridge

noun + verb

rainfallhaircuttrain-spotting

noun + adverb

hanger-onpasser-by
http://www.curso-ingles.com/gramatica-inglesa/few.phphttp://www.curso-ingles.com/gramatica-inglesa/few.php


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verb + noun

washing machinedriving licenceswimming pool

verb + adverb*

lookouttake-off

drawback

adjective + noun

greenhousesoftwareredhead

adjective + verb

dry-cleaningpublic speaking

adverb + noun

onlookerbystander

adverb + verb*

outputoverthrowupturninput

Compound nouns often have a meaning that is different from the two separate words. Stress is important in pronunciation, as itdistinguishes between a compound noun (e.g. greenhouse) and an adjective with a noun (e.g. green house). In compound nouns, the stressusually falls on the first syllable:

a 'greenhouse = place where we grow plants (compound noun)a green 'house = house painted green (adjective and noun)a 'bluebird = type of bird (compound noun)a blue 'bird = any bird with blue feathers (adjective and noun)

* Many common compound nouns are formed from phrasal verbs (verb + adverb or adverb + verb).

Examples: breakdown, outbreak, outcome, cutback, drive-in, drop-out, feedback, flyover, hold-up, hangover, outlay, outlet, inlet, makeup,output, set-back, stand-in, takeaway, walkover.

Adjectives

We use an adjective to describe the qualities of people, things,places, etc.

Can you see the youngwoman at the end of the street?He's a greatsinger.

We use an adjective (not an adverb) after 'linking' verbs such as be,become, feel, seem, smell, sound, look, etc.

It looks in terest ing.It tastes del ic ious.His ideas are in terest ing.

We can use an adjective to describe the object of a sentence. His answer made his boss angry.

Adjectives - common mistakes

Common mistakes Correct version Why?

She was too frighten to say a word. She was too frightenedto say a word. Many adjectives are participle forms ofverbs.The-ed form describes how someone feels(bored).The-ingform describes the person or thingthat causes the feeling (boring).

I am very interesting in this problem. I am very interestedin this problem.


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It was a bored film. It was a boringfilm.

The camera works perfect. The camera works perfectly.We use adverbs to say how we dosomething.

She married a German, young, tall lawyer. She married a tall, young, Germanlawyer.Adjectives normally go in the followingsequence: size-age-shape-colour-origin-material-purpose.

Types of Verbs

Before you begin the verb tense lessons, it is extremely important to understand that NOT all English verbs are the same. English verbs aredivided into three groups: Normal Verbs, Non-Continuous Verbs, and Mixed Verbs.

Group I Normal Verbs

Most verbs are "Normal Verbs." These verbs are usually physical actions which you can see somebody doing. These verbs can be used inall tenses.Normal Verbsto run, to walk, to eat, to fly, to go, to say, to touch, etc.Examples:I eatdinner every day.I am eatingdinner now.

Group II Non-Continuous Verbs

The second group, called "Non-Continuous Verbs," is smaller. These verbs are usually things you cannot see somebody doing. These verbsare rarely used in continuous tenses. They include:

Abstract Verbsto be, to want, to cost, to seem, to need, to care, to contain, to owe, to exist...Possession Verbsto possess, to own, to belong...Emotion Verbsto like, to love, to hate, to dislike, to fear, to envy, to mind...Examples:He is needinghelp now. Not CorrectHe needshelp now. CorrectHe is wantinga drink now. Not CorrectHe wantsa drink now. Correct

Group III Mixed Verbs

The third group, called "Mixed Verbs," is the smallest group. These verbs have more than one meaning. In a way, each meaning is a uniqueverb. Some meanings behave like "Non-Continuous Verbs," while other meanings behave like "Normal Verbs."

Mixed Verbs

to appear, to feel, to have, to hear, to look, to see, to weigh...List of Mixed Verbs with Examples and Definitions:

to appear:

Donna appearsconfused. Non-Continuous VerbDONNA SEEMS CONFUSED.

My favorite singer is appearingat the jazz club tonight. Normal VerbMY FAVORITE SINGER IS GIVING A PERFORMANCE AT THE JAZZ CLUB TONIGHT.

to have:

I havea dollar now. Non-Continuous VerbIPOSSESS A DOLLAR.I am havingfun now. Normal VerbIAM EXPERIENCING FUN NOW.

to hear:

She hearsthe music. Non-Continuous VerbSHE HEARS THE MUSIC WITH HER EARS.She is hearingvoices. Normal Verb


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SHE HEARS SOMETHING OTHERS CANNOT HEAR.SHE IS HEARING VOICES IN HER MIND .

to look:

Nancy lookstired. Non-Continuous VerbSHE SEEMS TIRED.Farah is lookingat the pictures. Normal VerbSHE IS LOOKING WITH HER EYES.

to miss:

John missesSally. Non-Continuous VerbHE IS SAD BECAUSE SHE IS NOT THERE.Debbie is missingher favorite TV program. Normal VerbSHE IS NOT THERE TO SEE HER FAVORITE PROGRAM.

to see:

I seeher. Non-Continuous VerbISEE HER WITH MY EYES.I am seeingthe doctor. Normal VerbIAM VISITING OR CONSULTING WITH A DOCTOR.(ALSO USED WITH DENTIST AND LAWYER.)I am seeingher. Normal VerbIAM HAVING A RELATIONSHIP WITH HER.He is seeingghosts at night. Normal VerbHE SEES SOMETHING OTHERS CANNOT SEE.FOR EXAMPLE GHOSTS,AURA,A VISION OF THE FUTURE,ETC.

to smell:

The coffee smellsgood. Non-Continuous VerbTHE COFFEE HAS A GOOD SMELL.I am smellingthe flowers. Normal VerbIAM SNIFFING THE FLOWERS TO SEE WHAT THEIR SMELL IS LIKE.

to taste:

The coffee tastesgood. Non-Continuous VerbTHE COFFEE HAS A GOOD TASTE.I am tastingthe cake. Normal VerbIAM TRYING THE CAKE TO SEE WHAT IT TASTES LIKE.

to think:

He thinksthe test is easy. Non-Continuous VerbHE CONSIDERS THE TEST TO BE EASY.She is thinkingabout the question. Normal VerbSHE IS PONDERING THE QUESTION,GOING OVER IT IN HER MIND.

to weigh:

The table weighsa lot. Non-Continuous VerbTHE TABLE IS HEAVY.She is weighingherself. Normal VerbSHE IS DETERMINING HER WEIGHT.

Some Verbs Can Be Especially Confusing:

to be:Joe isAmerican. Non-Continuous VerbJOE IS ANAMERICAN CITIZEN.

Joe is beingvery American. Normal VerbJOE IS BEHAVING LIKE A STEREOTYPICALAMERICAN.Joe is beingvery rude. Normal VerbJOE IS BEHAVING VERY RUDELY.USUALLY HE IS NOT RUDE.Joe is beingvery formal. Normal VerbJOE IS BEHAVING VERY FORMALLY.USUALLY HE IS NOT FORMAL.

NOTICE: Only rarely is "to be" used in a continuous form. This is most commonly done when a person is temporarily behaving badly orstereotypically. It can also be used when someone's behavior is noticeably different.

to feel:

The massage feelsgreat. Non-Continuous Verb


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THE MASSAGE HAS A PLEASING FEELING.I don't feel well today. Sometimes used as Non-Continuous VerbIAM A LITTLE SICK.I am not feelingwell today. Sometimes used as Normal VerbIAM A LITTLE SICK.

Active / Passive Verb Forms

Sentences can be active or passive. Therefore, tenses also have "active forms" and "passive forms." You must learn to recognize thedifference to successfully speak English.

Active Form

In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentencesare active.

[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]

Examples:

Passive Form

In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included nearthe end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should beemphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing theaction.

[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]

Examples:

Active / Passive Overview

Active Passive

Simple Present Once a week, Tom cleansthe house. Once a week, the house is cleanedby Tom.

PresentContinuous

Right now, Sarah is writingthe letter. Right now, the letter is being writtenby Sarah.

Simple Past Sam repairedthe car. The car was repairedby Sam.

Past Continuous The salesman was helpingthe customer when thethief came into the store. The customer was being helpedby the salesman whenthe thief came into the store.

Present Perfect Many tourists have visitedthat castle. That castle has been visitedby many tourists.

Present PerfectContinuous

Recently, John has been doingthe work. Recently, the work has been being doneby John.

Past Perfect George had repaired many cars before he receivedhis mechanic's license.

Many cars had been repairedby George before hereceived his mechanic's license.


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Past PerfectContinuous

Chef Jones had been preparingthe restaurant'sfantastic dinners for two years before he moved toParis.

The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been beingpreparedby Chef Jones for two years before he moved toParis.

Simple FutureWILL

Someone will finishthe work by 5:00 PM. The work will be finishedby 5:00 PM.

Simple FutureBE GOING TO

Sally is going to makea beautiful dinner tonight. A beautiful dinner is going to be madeby Sally tonight.

Future ContinuousWILL

At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washingthe dishes. At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being washedbyJohn.

Future ContinuousBE GOING TO

At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to be washingthedishes.

At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are going to be beingwashedby John.

Future PerfectWILL

They will have completedthe project before thedeadline.

The project will have been completedbefore thedeadline.

Future PerfectBE GOING TO

They are going to have completedthe project beforethe deadline.

The project is going to have been completedbefore thedeadline.

Future PerfectContinuousWILL

The famous artist will have been paintingthe muralfor over six months by the time it is finished.

The mural will have been being paintedby the famousartist for over six months by the time it is finished.

Future PerfectContinuousBE GOING TO

The famous artist is going to have been paintingthemural for over six months by the time it is finished.

The mural is going to have been being painted by thefamous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.

Used to Jerry used to paythe bills. The bills used to be paidby Jerry.

Would Always My mother would always make the pies. The pies would always be made by my mother.

Future in the PastWOULD I knew John would finishthe work by 5:00 PM. I knew the work would be finishedby 5:00 PM.

Future in the PastWAS GOING TO

I thought Sally was going to makea beautiful dinnertonight.

I thought a beautiful dinner was going to be madebySally tonight.

MODAL VERBS

Can

"Can" is one of the most commonly used modal verbs in English. It can be used to express ability or opportunity, to request or offerpermission, and to show possibility or impossibility.

Examples:

I canride a horse. ABILITYWe canstay with my brother when we are in Paris. OPPORTUNITYShe cannotstay out after 10 PM. PERMISSIONCanyou hand me the stapler? REQUEST

Any child cangrow up to be president. POSSIBILITY

Using "Can" in Present, Past, and Future. Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below tolearn how "can" behaves in different contexts.

Modal Use Positive Forms Negative Forms You can also use:


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1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future 1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future

canGENERAL ABILITY

1. I can speak Chinese.2. SHIFT TO "COULD"I could speak Chinese when I was a kid.3. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE TO"I will be able to speak Chinese by the time Ifinish my course.

1. I can't speak Swahili.2. SHIFT TO "COULD"I couldn't speak Swahili.3. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE TO"I won't be able to speak Swahili.

be able to

canABILITY DURING A

SPECIFIC EVENT

1. With a burst of adrenaline, people canpick up cars.2. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE TO"With a sudden burst of adrenaline, he wasable to lift the car off the child's leg.3. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE TO"With a sudden burst of adrenaline, he willbe able to lift the car.

1. Even with a burst of adrenaline, peoplecan't pick up something that heavy.2. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE TO"Even the weight lifter, wasn't able to lift thecar off the child's leg.3. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE TO"Even three men working together won't beable to lift the car.

be able to

canOPPORTUNITY

1. I have some free time. I can help hernow.2. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE TO"I had some free time yesterday. I was ableto help her at that time.3. I'll have some free time tomorrow. I canhelp her then.

1. I don't have any time. I can't helpher now.2. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE TO"I didn't have time yesterday. I wasn't able tohelp her at that time.3. I won't have any time later. I can't helpher then.

be able to

canPERMISSION

1. I can drive Susan's car when she is out oftown.2. SHIFT TO "BE ALLOWED TO "I was allowed to drive Susan's car while shewas out of town last week.3. I can drive Susan's car while she is out oftown next week.

1. I can't drive Susan's car when she is outof town.2. SHIFT TO "BE ALLOWED TO "I wasn't allowed to drive Susan's car whileshe was out of town last week.3. I can't drive Susan's car while she is outof town next week.

may

canREQUEST

Can I have a glass of water?Can you give me a lift to school?REQUESTS USUALLY REFER TO THE NEARFUTURE.

Can't I have a glass of water?Can't you give me a lift to school?REQUESTS USUALLY REFER TO THE NEARFUTURE.

could, may

canPOSSIBILITY,IMPOSSIBILITY

Anyone can become rich and famous if theyknow the right people.Learning a language can be a realchallenge.THIS USE IS USUALLY A GENERALIZATION OR ASUPPOSITION.

It can't cost more than a dollar or two.You can't be 45! I thought you were about18 years old.THIS USE IS USUALLY A GENERALIZATION OR ASUPPOSITION.

could

Could

"Could" is used to express possibility or past ability as well as to make suggestions and requests. "Could" is also commonly usedinconditional sentences as the conditional form of "can."

Examples:Extreme rain couldcause the river to flood the city. POSSIBILITYNancy couldski like a pro by the age of 11. PAST ABILITYYou couldsee a movie or go out to dinner. SUGGESTION

CouldI use your computer to email my boss? REQUESTWe couldgo on the trip if I didn't have to work this weekend. CONDITIONAL

Using "Could" in Present, Past, and Future. Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below tolearn how "could" behaves in different contexts.

Modal Use Positive Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future

Negative Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future

You canalso use:

couldPOSSIBILITY

1. John could be the one who stole the money.2. John could have been the one who stole the

1. Mary couldn't be the one who stole the money.2. Mary couldn't have been the one who stole the

might,may
http://www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditionalintro.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditionalintro.html


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money.3. John could go to jail for stealing the money.

money.3. Mary couldn't possibly go to jail for the crime.

couldCONDITIONALOF CAN

1. If I had more time, I could travel around theworld.2. If I had had more time, I could have traveledaround the world.3. If I had more time this winter, I could travel

around the world.

1. Even if I had more time, I couldn't travel aroundthe world.2. Even if I had had more time, I couldn't havetraveled around the world.3. Even if I had more time this winter, I couldn't

travel around the world.

couldSUGGESTION

1. NO PRESENT FORM2. You could have spent your vacation in Hawaii.3. You could spend your vacation in Hawaii.

NO NEGATIVE FORMS

couldPAST ABILITY

I could run ten miles in my twenties.I could speak Chinese when I was a kid."COULD"CANNOT BE USED IN POSITIVE SENTENCES INWHICH YOU DESCRIBE A MOMENTARY OR ONE-TIMEABILITY.Yesterday, I could lift the couch by myself. NotCorrect

I couldn't run more than a mile in my twenties.I couldn't speak Swahili."COULD" CAN BE USED IN NEGATIVE SENTENCES INWHICH YOU DESCRIBE A MOMENTARY OR ONE-TIMEABILITY.Yesterday, I couldn't lift the couch bymyself. Correct

be able to

could

POLITE

REQUEST

Could I have something to drink?

Could I borrow your stapler?REQUESTS USUALLY REFER TO THE NEAR FUTURE.

Couldn't he come with us?

Couldn't you help me with this for just a second?REQUESTS USUALLY REFER TO THE NEAR FUTURE.

can,

may,might

REMEMBER: "Could not" vs. "Might not""Could not" suggests that it is impossible for something to happen. "Might not" suggests you do not know if something happens.Examples:Jack might nothave the key. MAYBE HE DOES NOT HAVE THE KEY.Jack could nothave the key. IT IS IMPOSSIBLE THAT HE HAS THE KEY.

Had Better

"Had better" is most commonly used to make recommendations. It can also be used to express desperate hope as well as warn people.

Examples:You had bettertake your umbrella with you today. RECOMMENDATION

That bus had betterget here soon! DESPERATE HOPEYou had betterwatch the way you talk to me in the future! WARNING

Using "Had Better" in Present, Past, and Future. Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart belowto learn how "had better" behaves in different contexts.

Use Positive Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future


You can alsouse:

had betterRECOMMENDATION

1. SHIFT TO "SHOULD" OR "OUGHT TO"People should unplug toasters before theyclean them.2. SHIFT TO "SHOULD HAVE" OR "OUGHTTO HAVE"You should have unplugged the toaster before

you tried to clean it.3. You had better unplug the toaster before youtry to clean it.

1. SHIFT TO "SHOULD" OR "OUGHT TO"People shouldn't clean toasters withoutunplugging them first.2. SHIFT TO "SHOULD HAVE" OR "OUGHTTO HAVE"You shouldn't have cleaned the toaster without

unplugging it first.3. You had better not clean the toaster until youunplug it.

should,ought to

had betterDESPERATE HOPE,WARNING

The movie had better end soon.They had better be here before we start dinner.DESPERATE HOPES AND WARNINGS USUALLYREFER TO THE NEAR FUTURE.

They had better not be late.They had better not forget Tom's birthday gift.DESPERATE HOPES AND WARNINGS USUALLYREFER TO THE NEAR FUTURE.

"Had better" is often simply pronounced as "better"in spoken English.


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Have To

"Have to" is used to express certainty, necessity, and obligation.

Examples:This answer has tobe correct. CERTAINTYThe soup has tobe stirred continuously to prevent burning. NECESSITYThey have toleave early. OBLIGATION

Using "Have to" in Present, Past, and Future. "Have to" behaves quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to learn

how "have to" behaves in different contexts.



Youcanalsouse:

have toCERTAINTY

1. That has to be Jerry. They said he was tall withbright red hair.2. That has to have been the right restaurant.There were no other restaurants on the street.3. NONE

1. SHIFT TO "MUST"That must not be Jerry. They said he has blond hair, notred hair.2. SHIFT TO "MUST"That must not have been the right restaurant. I guessthere was another one around there somewhere.3. NONE

must,havegot to

have toNECESSITY

1. She has to read four books for this literatureclass.2. She had to finish the first book before themidterm.3. She will have to finish the other books beforethe final exam.

1. She doesn't have to read "Grapes of Wrath." It'soptional reading for extra credit.2. She didn't have to write a critique of "The ScarletLetter." She had to give a presentation to her class.3. She won't have to take any other literature classes.

American Literature 101 is the only required course.

must

REMEMBER: "Do not have to" vs. "Must not""Do not have to" suggests that someone is not required to do something. "Must not" suggests that you are prohibited from doing something.Examples:You must noteat that. IT IS FORBIDDEN,IT IS NOT ALLOWED.You don't have toeat that. YOU CAN IF YOU WANT TO,BUT IT IS NOT NECESSARY.

Have Got To

"Have got to" is used to express necessity and obligation.

Examples:Drivers have got toget a license to drive a car in the US. NECESSITYI have got tobe at work by 8:30 AM. OBLIGATION

Using "Have Got to" in Present, Past, and Future. Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chartbelow to learn how "have got to" behaves in different contexts.



You canalso use:

have got toNECESSITY

1. People have got to be on time if theywant to get a seat in the crowded theater.

2. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO"You had to be on time if you wanted to geta seat in the crowded theater.3. You have got to be there on time tonightif you want to get a seat in the crowdedtheater.

1. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO"People don't have to be there on time to get a seat.

2. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO"You didn't have to be there on time to get a seat.3. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO"You won't have to be there on time to get a seat.

have to,must

haven't got toFUTURE

OBLIGATION

Haven't you got to be there by 7:00?Haven't you got to finish that project today?"HAVEN'T GOT TO" IS PRIMARILY USED TO ASK ABOUT FUTUREOBLIGATIONS. IT CAN BE USED IN STATEMENTS, BUT THIS ISLESS COMMON.

Don't youhave to


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May

"May" is most commonly used to express possibility. It can also be used to give or request permission, although this usage is becoming lesscommon.

Examples:Cheryl maybe at home, or perhaps at work. POSSIBILITYJohnny, you mayleave the table when you have finished your dinner. GIVE PERMISSIONMayI use your bathroom? REQUEST PERMISSION

Using "May" in Present, Past, and Future. Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below tolearn how "may" behaves in different contexts.



Youcanalsouse:

mayPOSSIBILITY

1. Jack may be upset. I can't really tell if he isannoyed or tired.2. Jack may have been upset. I couldn't really tellif he was annoyed or tired.3. Jack may get upset if you don't tell him thetruth.

1. Jack may not be upset. Perhaps he is tired.2. Jack may not have been upset. Perhaps he wastired.3. Jack may not get upset, even if you tell him thetruth

might

mayGIVE PERMISSION

1. You may leave the table now that you'refinished with your dinner.2. SHIFT TO "BE ALLOWED TO"You were allowed to leave the table after youfinished your dinner.3. You may leave the table when you finish yourdinner.

1. You may not leave the table. You're not finishedwith your dinner yet.2. SHIFT TO "BE ALLOWED TO"You were not allowed to leave the table because youhadn't finished your dinner.3. You may not leave the table until you are finishedwith your dinner.

can

mayREQUEST

PERMISSION

May I borrow your eraser?May I make a phone call?REQUESTS USUALLY REFER TO THE NEAR FUTURE.

NO NEGATIVE FORMS can,might

Might

"Might" is most commonly used to express possibility. It is also often used inconditional sentences. English speakers can also use "might" tomake suggestions or requests, although this is less common in American English.

Examples:Your purse mightbe in the living room. POSSIBILITYIf I didn't have to work, I mightgo with you. CONDITIONALYou mightvisit the botanical gardens during your visit. SUGGESTIONMightI borrow your pen? REQUEST

Using "Might" in Present, Past, and Future. Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below tolearn how "might" behaves in different contexts.



You canalso use:

mightPOSSIBILITY

1. She might be on the bus. I think her car is havingproblems.2. She might have taken the bus. I'm not sure howshe got to work.3. She might take the bus to get home. I don't thinkBill will be able to give her a ride.

1. She might not be on the bus. She mightbe walking home.2. She might not have taken the bus. Shemight have walked home.3. She might not take the bus. She mightget a ride from Bill.

could,may

mightCONDITIONAL OF

MAY

1. If I entered the contest, I might actually win.2. If I had entered the contest, I might actually havewon.3. If I entered the contest tomorrow, I might actually

1. Even if I entered the contest, I might notwin.2. Even if I had entered the contest, I mightnot have won.
http://www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditionalintro.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditionalintro.html


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win. Unfortunately, I can't enter it. 3. Even if I entered the contest tomorrow, Imight not win.

mightSUGGESTION

1. NO PRESENT FORM2. You might have tried the cheese cake.3. You might try the cheesecake.

1. NO PRESENT FORM2. PAST FORM UNCOMMON3. You might not want to eat the cheesecake. It's very calorific.

could

mightREQUEST(British form)

Might I have something to drink?Might I borrow the stapler?REQUESTS USUALLY REFER TO THE NEAR FUTURE.

NEGATIVE FORMS UNCOMMON could,may,can

REMEMBER: "Might not" vs. "Could not""Might not" suggests you do not know if something happens. "Could not" suggests that it is impossible for something to happen.Examples:Jack might nothave the key. MAYBE HE DOES NOT HAVE THE KEY.Jack could nothave the key. IT IS IMPOSSIBLE THAT HE HAS THE KEY.

Must

"Must" is most commonly used to express certainty. It can also be used to express necessity or strong recommendation, although nativespeakers prefer the more flexible form "have to." "Must not" can be used to prohibit actions, but this sounds very severe; speakers prefer touse softer modal verbs such as "should not" or "ought not" to dissuade rather than prohibit.

Examples:This mustbe the right address! CERTAINTYStudents mustpass an entrance examination to study at this school. NECESSITYYou musttake some medicine for that cough. STRONG RECOMMENDATIONJenny, you mustnot play in the street! PROHIBITION

Using "Must" in Present, Past, and Future. Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below tolearn how "must" behaves in different contexts.



You canalso use:

mustCERTAINTY

1. That must be Jerry. They said he was tallwith bright red hair.2. That must have been the right restaurant.There are no other restaurants on this street.3. NO FUTURE FORM

1. That must not be Jerry. He is supposed to havered hair.2. That must not have been the right restaurant. Iguess there is another one around heresomewhere.3. NO FUTURE FORM

have to

must notPROHIBITION

You must not swim in that river. It's full ofcrocodiles.You must not forget to take your malaria medicationwhile your are in the tropics.PROHIBITION USUALLY REFER TO THE NEAR FUTURE.

mustSTRONGRECOMMENDATION(Americans

preferthe form"should.")

1. You must take some time off and get somerest.2. SHIFT TO "SHOULD"You should have taken some time off last

week to get some rest.3. SHIFT TO "SHOULD"You should take some time off next week toget some rest.

1. You mustn't drink so much. It's not good for yourhealth.2. SHIFT TO "SHOULD"You shouldn't have drunk so much. That caused the

accident.3. SHIFT TO "SHOULD"You shouldn't drink at the party. You are going to bethe designated driver.

should

mustNECESSITY(Americanspreferthe form"have to.")

1. You must have a permit to enter thenational park.2. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO"We had to have a permit to enter the park.3. We must get a permit to enter the park nextweek.

1. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO"We don't have to get a permit to enter the nationalpark.2. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO"We didn't have to get a permit to enter the nationalpark.3. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO"

have to


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We won't have to get a permit to enter the nationalpark.

REMEMBER: "Must not" vs. "Do not have to""Must not" suggests that you are prohibited from doing something. "Do not have to" suggests that someone is not required to do something.Examples:You must noteat that. IT IS FORBIDDEN,IT IS NOT ALLOWED.You don't have toeat that. YOU CAN IF YOU WANT TO,BUT IT IS NOT NECESSARY.

Ought To

"Ought to" is used to advise or make recommendations. "Ought to" also expresses assumption or expectation as well as strong probability,often with the idea that something is deserved. "Ought not" (without "to") is used to advise against doing something, although Americansprefer the less formal forms "should not" or "had better not."

Examples:You ought tostop smoking. RECOMMENDATIONJim ought toget the promotion. IT IS EXPECTED BECAUSE HE DESERVES IT.This stock ought toincrease in value. PROBABILITYMark ought notdrink so much. ADVICE AGAINST SOMETHING (NOTICE THERE IS NO "TO")

Using "Ought to" in Present, Past, and Future. Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below tolearn how "ought to" behaves in different contexts.



Youcanalsouse:

ought toRECOMMENDATION,ADVICE

1. Margaret ought to exercise more.2. Margaret ought to have exercised moreso she would be better prepared for themarathon.3. Margaret ought to come to the fitnesscenter with us tonight.

1. Margaret ought not exercise too much. It mightcause injury.2. Margaret ought not have run the marathon.She wasn't in good shape.3. Margaret ought not stay at home in front of theTV. She should go to the fitness center with us.

should

ought toASSUMPTION,

EXPECTATION,PROBABILITY

1. She ought to have the package by now.2. She ought to have received the package

yesterday.3. She ought to receive the packagetonight.

"OUGHT NOT" IS USED PRIMARILY TO EXPRESSNEGATIVE RECOMMENDATIONS.(SEE ABOVE.)

should

Notice "Ought not"Remember that "ought to" loses the "to" in the negative. Instead of "ought not to," we say "ought not." "Ought not" is more commonly used inBritish English. Americans prefer "should not."Examples:You ought not smoke so much.She ought not take such risks while skiing.They ought not carry so much cash while traveling.

Shall

"Shall" is used to indicate future action. It is most commonly used in sentences with "I" or "we," and is often found in suggestions, such as

"Shall we go?" "Shall" is also frequently used in promises or voluntary actions. In formal English, the use of "shall" to describe future eventsoften expresses inevitability or predestination. "Shall" is much more commonly heard in British English than in American Engl ish; Americansprefer to use other forms, although they do sometimes use "shall" in suggestions or formalized language.

Examples:

ShallI help you? SUGGESTIONI shallnever forget where I came from. PROMISEHe shallbecome our next king. PREDESTINATIONI'm afraid Mr. Smith shallbecome our new director. INEVITABILITYMore Examples of "Shall"


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Modal Use Positive Forms Negative Forms Youcanalsouse:

shallFUTURE ACTION(British form)

I shall be replaced by someone from the New Yorkoffice.I shall be there by 8:00.

I shall not be replaced after all.I shall not be there. I have a previous obligation.

will

shallSUGGESTIONS

Shall we begin dinner?Shall we move into the living room?

should

shallVOLUNTEERING,PROMISING(British form)

I shall take care of everything for you.I shall make the travel arrangements. There's no needto worry.

I shall never forget you.I shall never give up the fight for freedom.

will

shallINEVITABILITY(British form)

Man shall explore the distant regions of the universe.We shall overcome oppression.

Man shall never give up the exploration of theuniverse.He shall not be held back.

Should

"Should" is most commonly used to make recommendations or give advice. It can also be used to express obligation as well as expectation.

Examples:

When you go to Berlin, you shouldvisit the palaces in Potsdam. RECOMMENDATIONYou shouldfocus more on your family and less on work. ADVICEI really shouldbe in the office by 7:00 AM. OBLIGATIONBy now, they shouldalready be in Dubai. EXPECTATION

Using "Should" in Present, Past, and Future. Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below tolearn how "should" behaves in different contexts.


Negative Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. =Future

You canalso use:

shouldRECOMMENDATION,ADVISABILITY

1. People with high cholesterol should eat low-fat foods.2. Frank should have eaten low-fat foods. That might haveprevented his heart attack.3. You really should start eating better.

1. Sarah shouldn't smoke so much.It's not good for her health.2. Sarah shouldn't have smoked somuch. That's what caused herhealth problems.3. Sarah shouldn't smoke whenshe visits Martha next week.Martha hates when people smokein her house.

ought to

shouldOBLIGATION

I should be at work before 9:00.We should return the video before the video rental store

closes."SHOULD" CAN ALSO EXPRESS SOMETHING BETWEENRECOMMENDATION AND OBLIGATION. "BE SUPPOSED TO"EXPRESSES A SIMILAR IDEA AND CAN EASILY BE USED IN THE

PAST OR IN NEGATIVE FORMS.

NO NEGATIVE FORMS besupposed

to

shouldEXPECTATION

1. Susan should be in New York by now.2. Susan should have arrived in New York last week. Let'scall her and see what she is up to.3. Susan should be in New York by next week. Her new jobstarts on Monday.

1. Susan shouldn't be in New Yorkyet.2. Susan shouldn't have arrived inNew York until yesterday.3. Susan shouldn't arrive in NewYork until next week.

ought to,besupposedto


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Will

"Will" is used with promises or voluntary actions that take place in the future. "Will" can also be used to make predictions about the future.For more information on using "will" and associated exercises, visit theSimple Future section of ourVerb Tense Tutorial.

Examples:I promise that I willwrite you every single day. PROMISEI willmake dinner tonight. VOLUNTARY ACTIONHe thinks it willrain tomorrow. PREDICTION

More Examples of "Will"

Modal Use Positive Forms Negative Forms You can alsouse:

willFUTURE

ACTION,PREDICTION

The marketing director will be replaced by someone fromthe New York office.Fred will be there by 8:00.

The marketing director will not bereplaced after all.Fred will not be there. He has aprevious obligation.

shall

willVOLUNTEERING,PROMISING

I will take care of everything for you.I will make the travel arrangements. There's no need toworry.

I will never forget you.I will never give up the fight forfreedom.

shall

Would

"Would" is most commonly used to create conditional verb forms. It also serves as the past form of the modal verb "will." Additionally, "would"can indicate repetition in the past. For more information on the grammar behind the modal verb "would," visit the followingtutorials:Conditional Tutorial,Future in the Past,andWould Always.

Examples:If he were an actor, he wouldbe in adventure movies. CONDITIONALI knew that she wouldbe very successful in her career. PAST OF "WILL"When they first met, they wouldalways have picnics on the beach. REPETITION

Using "Would" in Present, Past, and Future



Youcan

alsouse:

wouldCONDITIONAL

1. If I were president, I would cut the cost ofeducation.2. If I had been president, I would have cut the cost ofeducation.3. If I were elected president next year, I would cut thecost of education.

1. If I were president, I would not raise taxes.2. If I had been president, I would not haveraised taxes.3. If I were president, I would not sign the taxincrease next week.

wouldPAST OF "WILL"

I said I would help you.He told me he would be here before 8:00.

I said I wouldn't help you.He told me he would not be here before 8:00.

wouldREPETITION IN

PAST

When I was a kid, I would always go to the beach.When he was young, he would always do hishomework.

When I was a kid, I wouldn't go into the water bymyself.When he got older, he would never do hishomework.

used to

Modal Forms

Modal verbs can be used in a variety of different forms. Study the examples below.

Modal SimpleI could swim at the beach.Modal Continuous

Passive Modal SimpleThe room should be cleaned once a day.Passive Modal Continuous
http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplefuture.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbtenseintro.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditionalintro.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/futureinpast.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/would.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/would.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/futureinpast.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditionalintro.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbtenseintro.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplefuture.html


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I could be swimming at the beach right now.Modal PerfectI could have swum at the beach yesterday.Modal Perfect ContinuousI could have been swimming at the beach instead of working inthe office.

The room should be being cleaned now.Passive Modal PerfectThe room should have been cleaned yesterday.Passive Modal Perfect ContinuousThe room should have been being cleaned but nobody was there.(Rare form)

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