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39 Viabizzuno download reproduction of any text or image is forbidden unless authorized ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืšื›ืœ ืŸืชื™ื  ืื ื˜ืขืžืœ ืชื•ื ื•ืžืช ื•ื ืื™ื˜ืกืงื˜ ืœืคื›ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ืœื—in copertina on the cover: illuminare la luce, basilica di san pietro in vincoli, roma :in copertina on the cover ,illuminare la luce basilica di san pietro in vincoli, roma italiano/english printed on paper that contains fibers from forests managed in a responsible manner free copy at the reasonable price of โ‚ฌ2 cod. GR.002.39.IT ื”ื•ื“ืคืก ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื ื™ื™ืจ ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืงื•ืจื ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื—ืจืื™ืขื•ืชืง ื—ื™ื ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืœ2 ืื™ืจื•GR.002.39.IT ืงื•ื“

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Page 1: report 39 ebraico - Viabizzuno

39

Viabizzuno

download

reproduction of any text or image is forbidden unless authorized ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืšื›ืœ ืŸืชื™ื  ืื ื˜ืขืžืœ ืชื•ื ื•ืžืช ื•ื ืื™ื˜ืกืงื˜ ืœืคื›ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ืœื—

in copertina on the cover:illuminare la luce,

basilica di san pietro in vincoli, roma:in copertina on the cover

,illuminare la lucebasilica di san pietro in vincoli, roma

italiano/englishprinted on paper that contains fibers from forests

managed in a responsible mannerfree copy at the reasonable price of โ‚ฌ2

cod. GR.002.39.IT ื”ื•ื“ืคืก ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื ื™ื™ืจ ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืงื•ืจื

ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื—ืจืื™ ืื™ืจื•2ืขื•ืชืง ื—ื™ื ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืœ

GR.002.39.ITืงื•ื“

Page 2: report 39 ebraico - Viabizzuno

2

i step in, i leave my present,

eternal present.

the light goes along with me, she follows me.

my shadow precedes me, she guides me towards your work.

she stretches herself worried and respectful,

while the sun goes down to west.

i come closer, i listen to the place with my eyes full of devotion.

you, sculptor, painter, architect, poet, troubled genius,

great beauty researcher,

you, that were living to work and were working for your own pleasure.

you that were taking marble away from marble to let its light free.

you, creator of giants made of soft and seductive lines,

strength held in the matter.

i think of you, while with tallowโ€™s enlightenment

you were working all night long waiting for the light of the dawn

seeping in the east window.

the beats of the mallet were resounding loud and lengthy,

while you were studying the shadows of the beard

twisting around the solemn face

of who met the eternal light.

you that brought into existence who shed the light on men,

an you be lighted up?

let my light be the gathering of your chiseled shapes,

the summons of all wakefulness rewarded.

natural light and artificial light create a dialogue,

melting themselves in a spiritual principle of divine light

laid down on soft turns

and seductive recesses, wisely painted.

the details you left to the raspโ€™s scar

conceal themselves to the lightness of the light

which glorifies polished shapes under the weight of the lead.

we move towards the future while beauty remains,

,ื™ืœืฉ ื”ื•ื•ื”ื” ืชื ื‘ื–ื•ืข ื™ื ื ืกื ื›ื  ื™ื ื.ืšืจื‘ืขืœ ืกื ื›ื  ื™ื ื

.ื™ืจื—ื ื‘ืงื•ืข ,ื™ืชื™ื ืšืœื•ื” ืจื•ืื”.ืšืชื“ื•ื‘ืข ืจื‘ืขืœ ื™ืชื•ื ืŸื•ื•ื›ืž ,ื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื“ืงืž ื™ืœืฉ ืœืฆื”

,ื“ื‘ื›ืžื• ื’ืื“ื•ืž ,ื—ืชืžืชืž ืื•ื”.ื‘ืจืขืžื‘ ืชืขืงื•ืฉ ืฉืžืฉื”ืฉ ืชืขื‘

.ืชื•ืงื‘ื“ื” ืชื•ืืœืž ื™ื ื™ืขื‘ ืื•ืงืžืœ ื‘ื™ืฉืงืž ื™ื ื ,ื‘ืจืงืชืž ื™ื ื,ื“ืจื˜ื•ืž ืŸื•ืื’ ,ืจืจื•ืฉืž ,ืœื›ื™ืจื“ื ,ืจื™ื™ืฆ ,ืœืกืค ,ื”ืชื

,ื™ืืœื™ืข ื™ืคื•ื™ ืจืงื•ื—.ืšืชืื ื”ืœ ืชื“ื‘ืขื• ื“ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื“ื› ืชื™ื™ื—ืฉ ,ื”ืชื

.ื•ื‘ืฉ ืจื•ืื” ืชื ืจืจื—ืฉืœ ื™ื“ื› ืฉื™ืฉื”ืž ืงื—ืจื” ืฉื™ืฉื” ืชื ืชื—ืงืœืฉ ื”ืชื,ืื™ืชืคืžื• ืื™ื ื™ื“ืข ืื™ื•ื•ืง ืื™ื™ื•ืฉืขื” ืื™ืงื ืขื” ืจืฆื•ื™ ,ื”ืชื

,ืšื™ื™ืœืข ื‘ืฉื•ื— ื™ื ืืจื ื” ืœืฉ ื•ืจื•ืืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืœื› ืชื“ื‘ืข ืšื™ื

ื•ื“ื”ื“ื” ืฉื™ื˜ืคื” ืชื•ื›ืž.ื™ื—ืจื–ืžื” ืŸื•ืœื—ื” ืšืจื“ ืœื—ืœื—ื™ืฉ ืจื—ืฉื” ืจื•ืืœ ืชื ืชืžื”ื•,ืšืฉื•ืžืžื• ืืจ ืœื•ืงื‘

ืŸืงื–ื” ื™ืœืœืฆ ืชื ืŸื—ื•ื‘ ืšื“ื•ืขื‘ืชื•ื™ื ื™ืฆืจื” ืื™ื ืคื” ืชื ืจื˜ื™ืขืฉ

.ื™ื—ืฆื ื” ืจื•ืื” ืชื ืฉื’ืคืฉ ื™ืž ืœืฉืชืืจื‘ืฉ ื”ืชื ,ืื“ืื” ื™ื ื‘ ืœืข ืจื•ื ืชืœื˜ื”ื•

?ืšืชื•ื ืจื™ืื”ืœ ืจืฉืคื ืืื”,ืชื•ืชืชื•ืกืžื” ืšื™ืชื•ืจื•ืฆ ืชื ืฃื•ืกืืœ ื™ืœืฉ ืจื•ืืœ ื—ื ื”

.ื”ื ืžื•ื–ืฉ ืชื•ืจืขื” ืชื ืชื•ืฆืคืœ,ื’ื•ืœืื™ื“ ืื™ืจืฆื•ื™ ื™ืชื•ื›ืืœืž ืจื•ืื• ื™ืขื‘ื˜ ืจื•ื

ื™ื”ื•ืœื ืจื•ื ืœืฉ ื™ื ื—ื•ืจ ืŸื•ืจืงืขื‘ ืื™ืกืžื ืื™ื›ืจ ืื™ืœื•ืชื™ืค ืœืข ื—ื ืฉ

.ื”ืžื›ื•ื—ื‘ ื•ืขื‘ืฆื ืฉ ,ืชื•ืชืคืž ืชื•ื—ืžื•ื’ื•ืฃื•ืฉืžื” ืชืงืœืฆืœ ืชืจืชื•ื”ืฉ ืื™ื˜ืจืคื”ืจื•ืื” ืชื•ืœืง ื™ื ืคืž ืืžืฆืข ืื™ืจื™ืชืกืž

.ืชืจืคื•ืขื” ืœืงืฉืž ืชื—ืช ื•ืงืจื•ืžืฉ ืชื•ืจื•ืฆ ืชืœืœื”ืžื”,ืจืืฉื  ื™ืคื•ื™ื”ื• ื“ื™ืชืขื” ืจื‘ืขืœ ืื™ืขื  ื•ื ื

.ื—ืฆื ืœ ื—ื›ื•ื 

Page 3: report 39 ebraico - Viabizzuno

subjects

illuminating the light

story of the tomb of julius II

the state of fact

the study

the restoration

look at me

the restoration of the light

the project

the work

the result

letโ€™s praise the ancient times to learn living in ours

I dedicate this entire issue of Viabizzuno report to my work of restoration of the lighting fixture of the masuoleum of julius II, an extraordinary work which worth a specific focus because of its capacity to reunite and materialize my search of a dynamic light, because it sketches out some potential lines of future development.the story of the memorial tomb of julius II is one of encounter and dialogue. moses himself embodies the dialogue: he is a symbolic figure in the three monotheistic religions โ€“ christianity, hebraism and muslim religion - who is therefore able to establish a relationship between the different faiths. michelangelo's moses, then, is the result of a dialogue between the divine and the earthly, between the supreme pontiff of the renaissance and its most brilliant artist, between its creative talent and a sacred place. buonarrotiโ€™s sculpture is generated by the dialogue between matter and light, between history and memory. across the ages. in the same way, the restoration of the sculptural complex is a project of listening and discovery.how much light does marble emit?Iโ€™ve searched an answer to this apparent oxymoron into the conversation between the space and the work contained within it, hidden as it was in the drapery, the flowing beard and the skin but, above all, in the folds of time. listening to the history of the roman basilica of san pietro in vincoli I discovered its light, its intensity and those emotions created by the work of a man, troubled and never satisfied in his research of beauty, that it is still capable of arousing.when approaching a restoration project, the best tool is memory, combined with technology. the project for michelangeloโ€™s moses was simple but not easy, which has required the same approach and the same methodology adopted by the renaissance artist during its tormented creation.during its forty-years development, the mausoleum went along with its creatorโ€™s life, seeing places and dimensions changing, iconographics plans and appearances, with continuous afterthoughts also within the imminent completion, as testified by turning mosesโ€™ face towards the sunset light, instead of the altar. michelangelo was able to see his artworks when they were still into the huge marble blocks which the artist personally selected at the mine: using mallet and chisel he was giving them freedom from the matter to bring them to life, closer to divine light. in a far from easy "removal" process, our restoring the mosesโ€™ light required stripping away the excess material and, with the use of advanced technologies, has return the sculptural masterpiece to its former glory.in his moses, michelangelo worked with the sun's rays: under the light of his workshop oil lamps, he imagines their embracing warmth and he creates their shadows with an approach so pictorial to the point that, in speaking about the artwork, vasari called it more 'brush work than chisel'.redesigning the sun's movement in space, the restoration of the lighting for the renaissance masterpiece restores the sculpture to our contemplative eyes with its original pathos, recovering the dialogue between the location and the work, space and time.in my work, I did not illuminated the moses,I gave him his shadows.

illuminating the light

progetto project: restauro e progetto della luce,tomba di giulio II, mosรจ di michelangelo luogo location: basilica di san pietro in vincoli, romacommittente client: soprintendenza speciale per i beni archeologici di romasoprintendente superintendent: francesco prosperettiuffi cio stampa soprintendenza roma superintendence press offi ce: luca del frarestauro restoration: architetto antonio forcellinoprogetto luce light project: mario nanniprogetto video project: architetto enrico ferrari ardicinifotografi a photography: mario nannicorpi illuminanti light fi ttings:sistema n55 systemfi 50 system

grazie a thanks to

ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื

ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ

ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืงื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ื”ืฉื ื™

ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช

ื”ืžื—ืงืจ

ื”ืจืกื˜ื•ืจืฆื™ื”

ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœื™ื™

ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ืื•ืจ

ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜

ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”

ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”

ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืฉื‘ื— ืืช ื™ืžื™ ืงื“ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ืœืžื“ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื ื•

ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ื’ื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ ื”ืจืกื˜ื•ืจืฆื™ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื›ื•ืœื• ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ Viabizzuno ื“ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืื•ื–ื•ืœื™ืื•ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ื”ืฉื ื™, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืคื•ืงื•ืก ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœืื—ื“ ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฉืจื˜ื˜ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™, ื”ืื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืืช ื•ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื

ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช.ืขืฆืžื• ืžืฉื” ื•ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’. ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ - ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืชืื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’: ืืช ืžื’ืœื ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš - ื•ืืกืœืื ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ืžืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ื”ื•ื, ืื ื›ืŸ, ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื•ื”ื’ืฉืžื™, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ื”ื ืขืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื ืกื ืก ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื• ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ. ืคืกืœื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืื•ื ืจื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ืื•ืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช.

ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ, ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืคืกืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉื‘ื” ื•ืชื’ืœื™ืช.ื›ืžื” ืื•ืจ ืคื•ืœื˜ ื”ืฉื™ืฉ?

ื—ื™ืคืฉืชื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืื•ืงืกื™ืžื•ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ืœื•ืœื” ื‘ื•, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืกืชืจ ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื‘ื–ืงืŸ ื”ืืจื•ืš ื”ืžืคื•ืชืœ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืจ, ืืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืคืœื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ื‘ืขื•ื“ื™ ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื–ื™ืœื™ืงืช ืกืŸ ืคื™ื™ื˜ืจื• ืื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื ืงื•ืœื™ ืฉื‘ืจื•ืžื ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืืช ืื•ืจื•, ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืชื• ื•ืืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืฆืจื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื˜ืจื“ ื•ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืฉื‘ืข ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื™ื•ืคื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืขื•ืจืจ. ื‘ืขืช ืฉืžืชื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืจืกื˜ื•ืจืฆื™ื”, ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืžืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืืš ืœื ืงืœ, ื•ื“ืจืฉ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื•ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื”ื•ืช ืœืืœื” ืฉืื™ืžืฅ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื—ื•, ืฉื ื“ืจืฉื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืœื•. ื”ืžื™ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืจื ืกื ืก ื‘ืŸ ื”ืืžืŸ ื”ืชืคืชื— ื”ืžืื•ื–ื•ืœื™ืื•ื ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื—ื™ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจื•, ืจืื” ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืžื“ื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื, ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืงื•ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืจืื•ืช, ืขื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืžืฉื›ื•ืช ื’ื ืกืžื•ืš ืžื“ ืœืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืฉืœืžืชื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืขื™ื“ื” ื”ืคื ื™ื™ืช ืคื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืœืขื‘ืจ ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—. ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื—ืฆื‘ื”: ืื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื—ืจ ืฉืื•ืชื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื’ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื• ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™. ืœืื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื•ื”ืคื™ื— ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื•ืชื ืฉื—ืจืจ ื•ื‘ืื–ืžืœ, ื‘ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ืงื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื• ืžืฉื” ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืงืœ, ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืง ืฉื”ื™ื” "ื”ืกืจื”" ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืคื™ืกื•ืœื™ืช ืืช ืชื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœื•.

ื‘ืกื“ื ื” ื”ืฉืžืŸ ืžื ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืŸ ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ: ืงืจื ื™ ืขื ืขื‘ื“ ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ืฉืœื•, ื‘ืžืฉื” ื›ืš, ื›ืœ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื”ืฆืœืœื™ื ืืช ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืง, ื—ื•ืžืŸ ืืช ืžื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื•, ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช. ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืื–ืžืœ' ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืžื›ื—ื•ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื›'ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื™ืืจ ื•ืื–ืืจื™ ืฉืื•ืชื”

ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืจื ืกื ืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื—ืœืœ, ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืคืกืœ ืœืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ื”ื‘ื•ื—ื ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืคืชื•ืก ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื•, ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”ื—ืœืœ ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ.

ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™, ืœื ื”ืืจืชื™ ืืช ืžืฉื”,ื ืชืชื™ ืœื• ืืช ื”ืฆืœืœื™ื ืฉืœื•.

Page 4: report 39 ebraico - Viabizzuno

ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืงื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ื”ืฉื ื™ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžืฉื™ืžืช ืืช ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืœืจื•ืžื ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ืืช ื–ื™ืžืŸ ื‘-1503) (ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ืจื”, ื“ืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ,1505 ื‘ืžืจืฅ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ืจืžื ื˜ื”. ื“ื•ื ืื˜ื• ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืงืฆืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื˜ืœื” ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ื‘ื–ื™ืœื™ืงื” ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ืžืฉื™ืžืช ื‘ื•ื•ืชื™ืงืŸ. ืคื™ื™ื˜ืจื• ืกืŸ ื‘ื‘ื–ื™ืœื™ืงืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืงื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื ืจืื” ืžื” ื”ื ืื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคืกืœื™ื. ื”ืฉื™ืฉ ืืช ืื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืจืจื” ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ืขื‘ืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจื”, ืžืงื“ืžื” ืขืชื™ืง ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืกืจืงื•ืคื’ ืขื ื’ื•ื‘ื”ื•, ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขืฉืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฆืช ืžืื“, ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืงื‘ืจ ืงื™ืจ ืฉืจื˜ื˜ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื‘ื ื™ื• ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื ืžืชืืจื™ืš ื‘ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื”ืงื•ืžื” ื•ื‘ืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื‘ื’ื•ืžื—ื•ืช ื ื™ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช ืœื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืคืกืœื™ื ื‘ืกืงื™ืฆื”, ืžืœืื›ื™ื. ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื ืชืžืš ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ืฆื‘ืื™ ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ 2 ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืช - ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื“ืขืชื•, ืืช ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืืš ืฉื ื”, ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืจื•ืžื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” - ืื• ืฉืื•ืœื™, ื›ืš ื—ืฉื“ ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื•, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืŸ ืฉื›ื ืขื• ืืช ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ืœื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ืงื‘ืจื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ื—ื™.ืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ื™, ืคื™ื™ืจ ืžืคื™ืจื ืฆื”, ืžืžืฉืœ ืื™ืฉ ืขืœ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ. ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืœื ืจื•ืžื ืืช ื”ืืžืŸ ืขื–ื‘ ื—ืจื™ืคื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžืžื•ืงื ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ืคืกืœ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื™ืฆืง ืฉื ื‘ื‘ื•ืœื•ื ื™ื”, ืื•ืชื• ื•ืคื’ืฉ ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืœื“ืจื™ืฉืชื• ื ื›ื ืข ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ื”ืขื™ืจื”. ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืืžืŸ ืืช ืœืฉื›ื ืข .1512 ืขื“ ืขื‘ื“ ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื”ืงืคืœื” ืชืงืจืช ืืช ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืจื•ืžื, ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืขื ืคื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื•. ืกืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื“ืœืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉืœืžืช ืชืงืจืช ื”ืงืคืœื” ื”ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1513, ื—ืชื ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ืขืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื—ื“ืฉ ืขื ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ื• ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžืฆื‘ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื™ืงืจื”, ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ 16,500 ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื. ื”ืืžืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžื™ื“ ืชืฉืœื•ื ื—ืœืงื™ ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืš ื•ืจืง ืขืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช. ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื›ืœืœ ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ืงื•ืžื•ืช, ื”ื ืฉืขื ืช ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืงื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื–ื™ืœื™ืงืช ืกืŸ ืคื™ื™ื˜ืจ, ื•ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืคืกืœื™ื. ื’ื ื”ืคืขื ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื ื™ืฉืืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ ืžืœืื›ื™ื. ื‘ืคื™ื ื•ืช ื ืจืื• ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžืฉื”, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื™ืœื” ื•ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ื›ืœืœื” ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื’ื•ืžื—ื•ืช, ืžืกืคืจ ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช.ื”ืคืกืœ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืชื‘ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉ. ืขืœ ื‘ืžืจืฅ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘ 1513, ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืขืœ ืฉื—ืชื ืื—ืจื™ ืžื™ื“ ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื•, ืืช ืื”ื‘ ืœื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ืฆ'ื™, ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ ืœื™ืื• ื•ืื•ืœื, ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื. ื”ืคืกืœื™ื ืขืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื—ืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืคื•ื ื˜ืกื™ื™ื‘ื”, ื“ื” ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื• ื”ื˜ื•ืกืงื ื™ ืคื™ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืืช ืฉื™ืจืช ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ื•ืื™ืœืš ืž-1500 .1494 ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช ืžื“ื™ืฆ'ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืืช ื ื˜ืฉ ื›ื™ ื‘ื•ื’ื“ ืœื›ืžืขื˜ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืกืžืœ ืฉื”ืคืš ื“ื•ื™ื“, ืืช ืคื™ืกืœ ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจื” ืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ื™, ืขืœ ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ืขื‘ื“ ื–ื•, ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื™ ืกืคืง ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ืช. ืœื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืกืœื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื‘ืจ. ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ืฉืœื•, ื”ืžืฉื” ืงื•ืจื‘ื™, ื“ื™ื™ ื‘ืžืฆ'ืœื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ ืœืจืฉื•ืชื• ืฉื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ืกื“ื ื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื•. ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืœื™ ืืช ืœื—ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื™ ื ืคื—ื™ื” ื”ืงื™ื ืฉื ื˜ืจื™ืื ื•ืก, ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืกืžื•ืš ื‘-1516, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืœื™ืื• ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื—ื–ื™ืช ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ืกืŸ ืœื•ืจื ืฆื• ื‘ืคื™ืจื ืฆื”, ื ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงื‘ืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื›ืขื™ืก ืืช ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ, ื”ืงืจื“ื™ื ืœ ืœื™ืื•ื ืจื“ื• ื’ืจื•ืกื• ื“ืœื” ืจื•ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ื“ื•ื›ืก ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•, ืคืจื ืฆ'ืกืงื• ืžืจื™ื” ื“ืœื” ืจื•ื‘ืจื”. ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ื”ืชืขืœื ืžืžื—ืื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ื›ืก ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื“ื™ื ืœ, ื•ืœืงื— ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื–ื™ืช ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ืกืŸ ืœื•ืจื ืฆื• ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1516, ืกื™ื›ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ื”. ืžืžื“ื™ ืืช ื™ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ื• ืจื•ื‘ืจื” ื“ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ื• ืขื ื—ื“ืฉ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขืฉืจื™ื - ื”ืคืกืœื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื ื”ื•ืคื—ืช ื–ื”, ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืžืฆื‘ื”. ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืช ืœืกื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืฉ ืฉืœ ืืจื›ื” ืœืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ื ื™ืชื ื” ื•ื›ืŸ -ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื’ื ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœื•ืจื ืฆื•, ืกืŸ ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืงืžืช ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื ื›ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืฉืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื• ื”ืฉืืคืชื ื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ืœื—ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื˜ื•ืกืงื ื” ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื•ื ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ื—ืจืฃ ื”ื”ื•ื‘ืœื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ืฉื‘ืจื• ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื, ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ื”ืฉื ื™, ื‘-1520 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ื”ื–ืžื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ื™ืฆ'ื™: ื”ืงืžืช ืงืคืœืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืŸ ืœื•ืจื ืฆื•, ืขืœื™ื” ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื“ 1532. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืข ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ืืžืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื—ืื•ืชื™ื”ื ืืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื• ืฉื ื•ืช ืขืฉืจื” ื—ืžืฉ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืืš ื‘ืคื™ืจื ืฆื”, ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื”ืงื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืคื™ืจื ืฆื”, ืขื‘ื“ ืจืง ืขืœ ืกืงื™ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื - ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื ืฆื” - ื•ืขืœ ื”ืคืกืœ 'ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ' - ืฉื ืžืฆื ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืคืœืืฆื• ื•ืงื™ื•.ืขืฉื” ืœื ืจื•ื‘ืจื”, ื“ืœื” ืžืจื™ื” ืคืจื ืฆ'ืกืงื• ืื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•, ื“ื•ื›ืก ืฉืœ ืžื—ืื•ืชื™ื• ืœืžืจื•ืช ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืช ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืžืืžืฅ ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• 1523) ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ืงืœืžื ืก ืžื“ื™ืฆ'ื™, ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ื‘ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื”ื’ื ืชื• ืœื•ืจื ืฆื•. ื‘ืกืŸ ืฉืœื• ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงืคืœืช ืืช ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืžื—ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืจืฆื” ,(1534 -ืงืœืžื ืก ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืคืชื— ื”ืขืžื•ืง ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืžื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ื‘-1527, ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ืฉืืจืœ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™, ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื ืฆื” ืžืžืฉืœื” ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘-1530, ืžืžื•ืฉืš ืžืฆื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ืžื‘ืฆืจื™ ื›ืžื•ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืœื”ืกืชืชืจ ื ืืœืฅ ื•ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ื”ื•ืคืœื” ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ืช ืžื›ืขืก ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ืจื ืฆื•, ืกืŸ ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ืœืจืฆืคืช ืžืชื—ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกืชืจื™ื ื“ืœืช ื”ื“ื. ืฆืžื ืžื“ื™ืฆ'ื™ ื“ื” ืืœืกื ื“ืจื• ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ, ืฉืœ ืื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืจืกื˜ื•ืจืฆื™ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืงืœืžื ืก ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ืžื—ื™ืœื”, ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื”ืืžืŸ ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืจื•ืžื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืคืœื” ื”ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืืš ื’ื ืฉื•ื›ื ืข ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืงื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ื”ืฉื ื™, ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื“ื•ื›ืก ืžืื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืื™ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช, ื•ื”ืืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”. ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืชืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืกืฃ ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ ื•ื‘-26 ื”ืงื‘ืจ", "ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ืช ืžื›ื ื” ืขืฆืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื›ืื•ื‘ ื”ืคืจืง ืืช ืœืกืคืง ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื• ื—ื“ืฉ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืจื•ื‘ืจื” ื“ืœื” ืžืจื™ื” ืคืจื ืฆ'ืกืงื• ืขื ืกื™ื›ื 1532ื”ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืืžื ื™ื ืขืœ ื•ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื“ื™ื• ืžืขืฉื” ืคืกืœื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื” ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™. ื”ืžืฆื‘ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืงื‘ืจ ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœืงื™ืจ. ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื—ืจ ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ืžื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื–ื™ืœื™ืงืช ืกืŸ ืคื™ื™ื˜ืจื• ืื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื ืงื•ืœื™, ื›ื ืกื™ื” ืœื‘ืงืจื”, ื™ื•ืชืจืฉื‘ืื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืื—ืจืช ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ืจื” ื“ืœื” ืœืฉื ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื” ืกื ื˜ื” ืžืจื™ื” ื“ืœ ืคื•ืคื•ืœื•, ืฉื‘ื”, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื•, ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืชื ืื™ ืชืื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.

ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืจื”, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ืชืงื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืกืœื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื’ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžืฆ'ืœื• ื“ื™ื™ ืงื•ืจื‘ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืขื–ื‘ ืืช ืคื™ืจื ืฆื” ื‘-1516. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืขืช ื‘ืœื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ืœืงื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื”, ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื ื‘ื™ื ืฉื’ื ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืžืขืœ, ื•ืœืขืฆื‘ ื•ืœืคืกืœ ืคืกืœ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ื•ืคืกืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื•ื ื”. ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคืกืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœื—ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘-1533 ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื ืกืคื˜ ืฉืœ ืกืŸ ืคื™ื™ื˜ืจื• ืื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื ืงื•ืœื™ ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืงื‘ืจ. ื‘ืงืฆื”ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจื ืกืคื˜ ื”ื™ืžื ื™, ืœื™ื“ ืžืงื”ืœืช ื”ื ื–ื™ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืคืชื— ืงืฉืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืžืงื‘ืœืช ืื•ืจ ืžื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ืงื™ืจ ื”ืงื‘ืจ ืœืžื‘ื ื” ืชืœืช ืžืžื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืขื•ืžืง ืžืจื—ื‘ื™. ื”ืื•ืจ ืคื’ืข ื‘ืงื‘ืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจื”, ืžืฉื ื™ ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื, ื”ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืืœ ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืืœื™ื” ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ. ื”ื’ื•ืžื—ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืจื™ืงื”, ื›ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืช ืœืงืคืœืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ื˜ืจืช ื‘ืฆื“ื“ื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืชื‘ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืฉื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื•ื— ืžื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื”ืžื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ื”ื ื•ืคืœ ื”ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™, ื‘ืคื ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™. ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืืฆื•ืœื” ืกืžืœ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ื, ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช

ื’ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื ื•ืขื“ื• ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ืคืขื ื’ื ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืœืžืจื‘ื” ืืš ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืคืงื•ื“ืชื• ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื•ืจืง ืืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื ืืœืฅ ืฉืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืคืจืกื ืฉื‘-1536 (1549 - 1534) ืคืจื ื–ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืคืื•ืœื•ืก ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืžื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืจืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช. ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืชื™ื• ืžื›ืœ ื”ืืžืŸ ืืช ืฉื—ืจืจ ื‘ื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืืš ื”ืงื‘ืจ, ืขืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ื™ื›ืœ ,1541 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ื”ืขื ืง ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•, ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื“ื•ื›ืก ืืžืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืคืื•ืœื•ืก ,1541 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ื‘-23 ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืฉื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื–ื• ืฉืœื ืจื•ื‘ืจื”, ื“ืœื” ื’ื•ืื™ื“ื•ื‘ืœื“ื• ื”ืคืื•ืœื™ื ื™ืช, ื”ืงืคืœื” ื‘ื•ื•ืชื™ืงืŸ, ืฉืœื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืงืคืœื” ืืช ืœืขื˜ืจ ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ื”ื ื•ืฉืืช ื‘ืงืคืœื” ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ืฉื™ืฆืจ ื”ืคืกืœื™ื ืืช ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื’ื ืืœื ื•ื’ื ื™ื•ืœื•ื™ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžื™ื™ืืฉ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื•, ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืฉืžื•. ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืืช ืœื›ื™ืกื• ืฉืฉื™ืœืฉืœ ื›ืื“ื ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช, ื”ืืฆื•ืœื” ื‘ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ื• ื”ื ืฉืžืขืช ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืžื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืฆืžื•, ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืฉืœื•. ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื ื•ืชืŸ ืชื•ื“ื” ืžื›ื™ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื›ืžื™ ื ืชืคืก ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื•ื“ ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืจืžืื•ืช ืชืžื•ืจืชื•. ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืฉื” ืœื ืืš ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”

ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื›ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืืฉืจ ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื• ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉืฉ ืœืคืœื™ืฉื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ืฉืืจืœ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื•ืœืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื’ื•ืื™ื“ื•ื‘ืœื“ื• ื“ืœื” ืจื•ื‘ืจื” ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื™ื”ื™ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืื•ืœื•ืก ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ืกื™ื›ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืงืจื ืขื•ืจ ื•ื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1542 ื›ื”ืกื›ื ื—ื“ืฉ ืขื ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื•. ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ื™ื“ืื’ ืœื›ืš ืฉืขืžื™ืชื•, ื”ืคืกืœ ืจืคืืœื• ื“ื” ืžื•ื ื˜ืœื•ืคื•, ื™ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคืกืœื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืชืงื“ื ืœืงืจืืช ืกื™ื•ื - ืกื™ื‘ื™ืœื”, ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ืคืกืœ ื”ืžื“ื•ื ื” - ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื™ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ืืช ืคืกืœื™ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื’ืžื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืืช ืคืกืœ ืžืฉื”. ืคืกืœ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉืคื™ืกืœ ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื•, ืคืกืœ ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ, ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืฉืœื ื•ื”ื•ืชืงืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฉื™ืฉื” ืœืฉื‘ืขื” ืคืกืœื™ื ืžื•ืกื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฉืœื ืœืžื•ื ื˜ืœื•ืคื• ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกืœื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื ืฉืื• ืืช ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื•. ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ืคืกืœ ืžืฉื” ื™ืžื•ืงื ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ืœืžืžื“ื™ื•: ื”ื’ื•ืžื—ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืชื‘ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืกืชืจื• ื›ืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืกืœ. ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ื–ื”, ื›ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืชื•ืš ื™ืžื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ืื™ืงื•ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื”, ื•ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, 'ืื™ื ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื”' ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคืกืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ืžืขืฉื” ื•ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืช. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืืช ื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ื”ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืŸ ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืชื™ ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื•, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ื”ืขืžื•ืง ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืขื ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืงื•ืœื•ื ื”.ื”ืคืกืœื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉืœืžืช ืืช ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืœืžืฉื”, ื”ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืืช ืฉืงื‘ืข ื—ื“ืฉ ื˜ื ื˜ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื›ื ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ื”ืฆื™ืข ,1542 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ื‘-20 ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืขื ื”ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ื ื“ื—ื• ื”ืืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉื•ืชื™ื• ืžื•ื ื˜ืœื•ืคื•. ื“ื” ืจืคืืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื™ ืžืขืฉื” ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉืœื. ืœื ื ื•ืชืจ ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื›ื™ ืงืจื” ืœื ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžื” ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ, ืฉืœ ืคืกืœื• ืคื ื™ ืืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœืขืฆื‘ ื’ื ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื”ืคืกืœื™ื, ืฉื ื™ ืืช ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืงื‘ืจ'. ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” 'ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ืœืงื™ืฆื” ื‘ืื” ืกื•ืฃ ื•ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื ื”ืคืกืœื™ื ืžื•ืงืžื• 1545 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ ื”ืžื“ื•ื ื” ืœืฉืจื˜ื˜: ื”ืกืคื™ืง ืฉืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ื”ืคืกืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืžื•ื ื˜ืœื•ืคื• ื“ื” ืจืคืืœื• ื”ื’ื•ืช. ื•ื—ื™ื™ ืžืขืฉื” ื—ื™ื™ ืžืฉื”, ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ, ืคืกืœื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจื. ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืืžื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืœืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ื›ื›ืœ ื•ื”ื ื‘ื™ื. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ื™ืœื“,

story of the tomb of julius IIin march 1505, the then thirty year old michelangelo was summoned to rome by the new pope julius II della rovere (elected in 1503) to build a grand tomb in st peterโ€™s basilica in the vatican. the architectural renovation of the basilica had just been entrusted to donato bramante. having received a reasonable advance, michelangelo moved to carrara in order personally to choose the marble for the statues. michelangeloโ€™s initial idea seems to have been as seen in a drawing of uncertain date now in new york, in which he sketched out a very high wall tomb, a little over ten metres high, with a central antique sarcophagus on which was the pope supported by angels. large statues of uncertain subjects were located in the niches of the fi rst level and on the corners of the second level.the marble began to arrive in rome the following year, but in the meantime the pope had changed his mind, perhaps for fi nancial reasons โ€“ indeed, julius II was facing a serious military campaign in central Italy to retrieve the states of the church โ€“ or perhaps, as michelangelo suspected, because he had been convinced by the artistโ€™s enemies not to build his own tomb in his lifetime.a fi erce exchange took place and the artist left Rome without the permission of the pope, who commanded the gonfalonier of fl orence, pier soderini, to make the artist return to the city. convinced by pier soderini to yield to the demands of the pope, michelangelo met the pontiff in bologna where he cast for him the bronze statue placed on the door of san petronio. on his return to rome, michelangelo succeeded in obtaining the commission to paint the ceiling of the sistine chapel, where he worked until 1512.a few months after the completion of the sistine ceiling and the pope's death in february 1513, michelangelo signed a new contract with his heirs for a grand and very expensive monument, 16,500 ducats, part of which was paid immediately to the artist who undertook to work exclusively on this project for the next seven years. this project involved a platform with two levels, backing onto one of the walls of saint peterโ€™s basilica and populated by dozens of statues. once again the pope was at the centre of the second level, carried in glory by two angels. at the corners were some seated fi gures including moses, the sibyl and other prophets. on the lower level were twelve slaves, and in the niches, some allegories of victories.immediately after the signing of the new contract in the spring of 1513, michelangelo began to work intensively on the marble, entrusting the tableau work to the tuscan sculptor antonio da pontassieve, while he himself began work on the major statues. however the new pope leone x medici did not like

michelangelo, considering him almost a traitor because he had abandoned the medici in the political upheaval of 1494. from 1500 onwards michelangelo had served the pier soderini republic, for which he had carved his david, which became the most important and beloved symbol of republican liberty. during that period michelangelo undoubtedly worked on his moses, the sibyl and the two slaves now on display at the louvre. the statues were in the house-cum-workshop put at his disposal by the heirs of julius II at macello dei corvi, close to trajan's column, where he had built a forge to temper the work tools.in 1516, michelangelo received a commission from leone x to build the faรงade of the church of san lorenzo in fl orence and he abandoned work on the tomb, infuriating the heirs of the pope, cardinal leonardo grosso della rovere and the duke of urbino, francesco maria della rovere. heedless of the legitimate protests of the duke and the cardinal, michelangelo undertook the construction of the faรงade of the church of san lorenzo and, in July 1516, entered into a new contract with the heirs of della rovere to reduce the monument to a less imposing scale. the number of statues was reduced from thirty eight to twenty and michelangelo obtained a six year extension to the monumentโ€™s delivery date. the project to build the faรงade of san lorenzo failed, maybe also because michelangelo was too ambitious in trying to carve out from the tuscan mountains gigantic blocks for the columns that broke during transportation. despite the persistent requests of the heirs of julius II, in 1520 michelangelo accepted a new commission from the medici: construction of the funeral chapel in san lorenzo, on which he was to work until 1532. to placate the protests of the heirs of julius II, the artist undertook to carry out work on the tomb at his home in fl orence, but in reality, during the fi fteen years he was in fl orence, he only worked on the drafts of the four slaves โ€“ today in the accademia gallery in fl orence โ€“ and on the sculpture โ€˜the genius of victoryโ€™ โ€“ today in the palazzo vecchio.despite the protestations of the duke of urbino, francesco maria della rovere, michelangelo made no effort to complete the tomb of julius II, emboldened by the protection of the new medici pope, clement VII (1523-1534), who wanted at all costs to complete his own funeral chapels in san lorenzo. in 1527, as a result of the deep political crisis that developed between pope clement VII and emperor charles V, a republican government was established in fl orence in which michelangelo took on the position of governor of the city's fortresses. after a protracted siege in 1530, the republican government was overthrown with loss of life and michelangelo was forced into hiding for many days behind a trap door under the fl oor of the church of san lorenzo, to escape the fury of the restoration led by the nephew of the pope, the bloodthirsty alessandro de medici. pardoned by clement VII, the artist agreed to return to rome to paint the last judgement on the wall of the sistine chapel but he was also persuaded to complete the tomb of julius II, since the duke of urbino threatened him with a strong legal action, accusing him of having pocketed a huge sum of money without having yet produced anything. deciding to close this painful chapter, which he himself called โ€˜the tragedy of the tombโ€™, on 26 April 1532 michelangelo entered into a new contract with francesco maria della rovere, undertaking to provide six statues for the monument by his own hand and to contract out to others the production of the architectural decoration. the monument, now much reduced in size, became a wall tomb and it was michelangelo himself who chose its new location in the basilica of san pietro in vincoli, a church linked to the della rovere name like the other more important and frequented santa maria del popolo where, however, according to michelangelo, the light conditions were not good.michelangelo thought he could complete the tomb quickly, by installing some almost fi nished statues there that he had left in the macello dei corvi house before he left for fl orence in 1516. he intended using the two slaves that are now in the louvre on the lower level, the sibyl and the prophet on the level above, these also almost completed, and to sculpt a new design of a statue of the pope and one of the madonna, both of which would have had to be adapted to the now greatly reduced space. already in 1533 michelangelo had started the masons working to prepare the transept of san pietro in vincoli to accommodate the tomb. at the end of the right transept, by the choir of the friars, he opened a large arch that receives light from the window behind it transforming the wall tomb into a three-dimensional structure with spatial depth. the light struck the tomb from the rear from two high windows, one to the left and one to the right, the latter later being removed when the church and the adjacent buildings underwent restructuring. the central niche of the fi rst level was to remain empty as an ideal entrance to the funeral chapel, decorated on its sides by four bas-reliefs that michelangelo placed there at the end of the thirties and a bronze bas-relief in the central panel with a representation of the fall of the manna from heaven, where the manna is in the shape of acorns, the heraldic symbol of julius II.once again, however, the works were unfortunately destined to remain incomplete because michelangelo had to work exclusively on the last judgement at the command of the new pope paul III farnese (1534-1549) who in 1536 issued a motu proprio to free the artist from all other tasks. only at the end of the grand pictorial enterprise in november of 1541 was michelangelo able to go back to working on the tomb, but on 23 november 1541, paul III told the new duke of urbino guidobaldo della rovere that, not only did he intend to use michelangelo to decorate his new chapel in the vatican, the pauline chapel, but that he intended to place the statues

produced by michelangelo for the tomb of julius in that selfsame chapel. at that point the situation appeared extremely dire both for juliusโ€™ heirs and for michelangelo himself, who was conscious that he was being criticised in the italian courts for having pocketed the money for executing a grand monument without having produced anything. the fraud was made worse by the perception of a lack of gratitude on his part towards his greatest protector.thanks to a political agreement undoubtedly made possible by the diffi cult situation at that time in italy, during which it was feared that there would be another invasion of the peninsula by emperor charles V and new wars between the states, guidobaldo della rovere stood up to the arrogance of paul III and contracted a different solution that took shape in march of 1542 in the form of a new agreement with michelangelo. the agreement provided for michelangelo to arrange for his colleague raffaello da montelupo to complete three statues, which were already at a very advanced stage of completion - a sibyl, a prophet and the statue of the madonna - while he himself would complete three more: those of the slaves, which were almost fi nished, and the one of moses. a fourth statue sculpted by michelangelo, the one of the pope, had already been completed and installed in the work. the transition from six to seven statues is explained by the need to pay for the work carried out by montelupo and, therefore, the consequent loss of value of the statues that no longer bore the name of michelangelo. the moses would be positioned in the only space compatible with its size: the central niche where michelangelo had already placed the four bas reliefs now made invisible by the statue. at this time, when everything could have been concluded in just a few days, michelangelo decided to radically change the iconography of the monument, eliminating the slaves that, in his own words, โ€˜donโ€™t fi t into this designโ€™ and placing on either side of moses the two statues of active life and contemplative life. this change marked the artist's powerful entrance into contemporary religious debate, in which he participated for years through his deep intellectual and emotional bond with vittoria colonna.on 20 july 1542 michelangelo proposed a new tentative agreement that provided for his exclusive commitment to moses, entrusting the completion of the two statues of active and contemplative life to raffaello da montelupo. the artistโ€™s new requests were rejected and michelangelo resigned himself to completing the two new sculptures too, promising to remodel the face of the pope's statue, something that did not happen because the beard has remained uncompleted.in january of 1545 all the sculptures were placed in the work and the long โ€˜tragedy of the tombโ€™ fi nally came to its end. the works by michelangelo are those of the pope, moses, active life and contemplative life, while raffaello da montelupo completed those already sketched by michelangelo: the madonna and child, the sibyl and the prophet. as far as the items of the fi rst level are concerned, there is still no credible critical hypothesis about their authorship.

Page 5: report 39 ebraico - Viabizzuno

8

the state of fact

the sculptural group of julius II is an

artwork visited by millions of tourists

from all over the world and, in

particular its moses, itโ€™s a statue that

embodies the highest symbolic and

artistic values of renaissance culture.

at the time of its completion, the

monument received light from the east

but also from a window located in

the west wall of the transept that was

blocked up in 1860 for the construction

of a new building that rests above

the right aisle of the building which

today hosts the faculty of engineering.

from the second half of the nineteenth

century has begun that slow decline

process of michelangeloโ€™s artwork

which continued under the hint

of time fi rst, and secondly for a

remedial work due to the urgency.

the aforementioned blocking up of the

window on the west side of the transept

in fact has stolen the mausoleum of its

original light which inspired buonarroti

since his fi rst visit to the church,

orienting him to the choice of the best

location of his artwork, encouraging

the conception and the following

realization of the sculptural group.

as often happened to some delicate

monumental contexts due to the

intervention of the Italian authorities,

an awkward attempt was made to

overcome this with frontal illumination,

which was asviolent as it was fl at, that

destroyed the tension and dramatic

effect sought and created by buonarrotiโ€™s

treatment of the surfaces that could be

referred to as โ€˜sculptural chiaroscuroโ€™.

adding to this the fact that the

inappropriate lighting was coin

operated, it is certainly clear the

physical state of degradation into which

michelangeloโ€™s masterpiece had fallen.

ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช

ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกืœื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช

ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื›ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช

ืฉืžื’ืœื ืคืกืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื” ืฉืœ ืคืกืœื• ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื.

ื•ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืืช

ื”ืจื ืกื ืก. ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ืขืœื™ื

ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื”ืฉืœืžืชื”, ื‘ืžื•ืขื“

ืžืžื•ืงื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื—ืœื•ืŸ ื’ื ืืš ืžื”ืžื–ืจื—

ื•ื ื—ืกื ื”ื˜ืจื ืกืคื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืงื™ืจ

ืฉืžืžื•ืงื ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘-1860

ืฉื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ (aisle) ืœืกืคื™ื ื” ืžืขืœ

ืœื”ื ื“ืกื”. ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžืฉื›ื ื” ืžืฉืžืฉ

ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”-19 ื”ืžืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžื”ืžื—ืฆื™ืช

ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš

ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืžื—ืœื•ืฃ ืฉื ื‘ืข ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื•, ืฉืœ

ื”ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื’ื ืืš

ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืฆื“ื• ืœืขื™ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื” ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื—ืกื™ืžืช

ืžื”ืžืื•ื–ื•ืœื™ืื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื’ื ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ืจื ืกืคื˜ ืฉืœ

ืฉืื‘ ืฉืžืžื ื• ืฉืœื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ืืช

ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืจืื” ื‘ื•ืื•ื ืจื•ื˜ื™

ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืœื• ื•ื’ืจื ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื”,

ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื•ืขื•ื“ื“ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•, ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘

ื”ืคื™ืกื•ืœื™ืช. ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ืืช

ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืฉืงืจื” ื›ืคื™

ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืžื•ื ื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื

ืžื’ื•ืฉื ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื ืขืฉื” ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื™ื, ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช

ื—ื–ื™ืชื™ืช, ืชืื•ืจื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ืš ืขืœ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ

ืžื™ื“ื”, ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื•ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื” ืืœื™ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื”

ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื•ืืช ื”ืžืชื— ืืช ื•ื”ืจืกื”

ื‘ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื, ื•ื™ืฆืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืจืฆื” ืฉื‘ื•ืื•ื ืจื•ื˜ื™

ืคื™ืกื•ืœื™'. 'ืงื™ืืจื•ืกืงื•ืจื• ืœื›ื ื•ืชื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ

ื”ืœื ืฉื”ืชืื•ืจื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืžืชื•ืกืคืช ืœื›ืš

ื›ืœ ืžื˜ื‘ืข. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืคืขืœื” ื”ื•ืœืžืช

ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ืืช ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืœื”

ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื•. ืฉืœ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉื ื’ืจืžื”

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the study

with constant dedication and extreme sensibility, we listened

to the place, combining todayโ€™s leading instrumental surveys

with the most traditional study of ancient documents.

among these, one of the fi ndings was a letter from michelangelo to his

friend. in the letter, the artist refuted the possibility of setting up the funeral

monument in the roman church of santa maria del popolo because it was

lacking [โ€ฆ] appropriate lighting. from here originated the awareness that, for

buonarroti, light was the essential element around which to build its own work.

originally, in the basilica of san pietro in vincoli there were two windows on

the walls at the sides of the monument. according to the study of the work

by michelangelo, there is no doubt that as he was sculpting the marble, the

sculptor took into account the light that was fi ltering through the window

positioned to the right of the sculpture group as well as the shadows cast by

the sculpture itself. indeed moses was sculpted with his gaze turned to the light

of the sunset, to let his face strucked by the luminous rays, symbol of salvation.

restarting from the artworkโ€™s initial conditions, which allowed michelangelo to shape

it properly, it has been a fundamental step of the activity, indispensable to 'simply'

give back to the artwork its light and its shadow instead of an easy lighting practice.

we have carefully studied the natural light inside the church at different hours of the

day, verifying the intensity, warmth and color of the light path, from the dawn to

the sunset, in order to bring back to life the marble and give it vibrations, revealing

the colors and the chiaroscuro effects that michelangelo wanted to convey.

photographic techniques have been invaluable in recording the relationship

between the still coldness of the marble and the changing light temperature

of the sun rays, composing a suggestive mosaic of shapes and colors,

precious fragments of light that inspired the lighting design project.

solar arch incidence on the basilica

of san pietro in vincoli

during the main hours of the day

(comparison between 1544 and 2017)

21 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 201721 april 2017dawn 05.52 ืจื—ืฉ

sunrise 06.21 ื”ื—ื™ืจื–sunset 19.58 ื”ืขื™ืงืฉ

dusk 20.27 ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืข ืŸื™ื‘

21 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 154421 april 1544dawn 05.40 ืจื—ืฉ

sunrise 06.10 ื”ื—ื™ืจื–sunset 20.06 ื”ืขื™ืงืฉ

dusk 20.36 ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืข ืŸื™ื‘

ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ืขืœ ื‘ื–ื™ืœื™ืงืช ืกืŸ ืคื™ื™ื˜ืจื• ืื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื ืงื•ืœื™

ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช(ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 1544 ื•-2017)

ื”ืžื—ืงืจ

ืžืกืงืจื™ื ืฉืฉืื‘ื ื• ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืืช ื•ืฉื™ืœื‘ื ื• ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืงืฉื‘ื ื• ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืขืงื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช

ืขืชื™ืงื™ื. ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืžื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื”ืคืงื ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื

ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉืฉืœื— ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ืœื™ื“ื™ื“ื•. ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘, ื“ื•ื—ื” ื”ืืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช

ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื‘ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ืกื ื˜ื” ืžืจื™ื” ื“ืœ ืคื•ืคื•ืœื• ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื›ื™ ื—ืกืจื” ื‘ื” [...] ืชืื•ืจื” ื”ื•ืœืžืช.

ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ืกืงื ื• ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืื•ื ืจื•ื˜ื™, ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืœืžื ื˜ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•.

ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ, ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื–ื™ืœื™ืงืช ืกืŸ ืคื™ื™ื˜ืจื• ืื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื ืงื•ืœื™ ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื”. ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ

ืœืื•ืจ ื“ืขืชื• ื”ืคืกืœ ื ืชืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืฉ, ืืช ืฉืคื™ืกืœ ืฉื‘ืขืช ืกืคืง ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื•, ืฉืขืจืš ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ

ื”ืžืกืชื ืŸ ืžื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžื•ืงื ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืคืกืœื™ื ื•ืœืฆืœืœื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื”ืคืกืœ ืขืฆืžื•. ื•ืื›ืŸ, ืžืฉื” ืคื•ืกืœ

ื›ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื• ืคื•ื ื” ืืœ ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื”, ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืจื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืคื ื™ื•, ื›ืกืžืœ ืœื’ืื•ืœื”.

ืœืขืฆื‘ ืœืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ืฉืืคืฉืจื• ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžื”ืชื ืื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ

ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ 'ืคืฉื•ื˜' ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื ื•, ืฉืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืฆืขื“ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืจืื•ื™, ืื•ืชื”

ืงืœื”. ืชืื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœื” ื”ืฆืœ ื•ืืช ืฉืœื” ื”ืื•ืจ ืืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื”

ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื”, ืืช ื•ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื, ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื ื•

ื•ืœืชืช ื‘ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืคื™ื— ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืงื™ืขื”, ื•ืขื“ ืžื”ื–ืจื™ื—ื” ื”ืื•ืจ, ื ืชื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื•ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื—ื•ื

ืœื• ื•ื™ื‘ืจืฆื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื™ืืจื•ืกืงื•ืจื• ืฉืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ.

ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ืžื ื”ืงื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช

ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ืกื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืคืกื™ืคืก ื•ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื• ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ืงืจื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื” ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช

ื”ืชืื•ืจื”. ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืฉืขื•ืจืจื• ืขืจืš ื™ืงืจื™ ืื•ืจ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืฉืœ ื•ืฆื‘ืขื™ื, ืฆื•ืจื•ืช

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and not just visual contact with the marble. the hands that slide over its surface

complete vision with touch. hands realised, before eyes, that michelangelo had

created, finished and sculpted the surfaces of his sculptures differently. the hands

slid over certain details, like over cold silk. the chisel, followed by pumice and then

lead, had transformed the marble into the purest stone, a stone which reflects light

like a mirror when the sun shines into it. in other points, the hand gets stuck, the

flesh becomes rough because michelangelo stopped sooner with his tools, creating

a shadow in the matter which would also have taken shape under the light in the

sun. the light is created by michelangelo in the marble, but only when caught by

the other light, that of the sun, as if it was a symbol of god, that light comes alive

and shines brightly. this is why our every effort has been aimed at reigniting not

only the light of marbles created by michelangeloโ€™s chisel, but also the other light,

that blocked out by closing the windows. possibly less divine is that seen and

loved by michelangelo but, at last, it is slightly more truthful. antonio forcellino

the restoration

tools for stone working: hammer, soft iron hammer for chipping, mallets, two-point

socket head to square, slotting head for corners, straight shear hammer for tender

stones, notched cut hammer for harder stones, mixed-cut hammer, fl at head chisel,

convex head chisel. next to them, the tools to refi ne the process, such as fi ne or large

chisels and other similar tools named as subbia, scalcagnolo, gradina, ugnetto,

gorbia (also named 'round iron') to give the exposed surface a pleasant appearance.

ื•ืœื ืจืง ื”ืžื’ืข ื”ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ืขื ื”ืฉื™ืฉ. ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื—ืœื™ืงื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ื—ื• ืžืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืžืจืื” ืขื ืžื’ืข.

ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•, ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืฉืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ื™ืฆืจ, ื”ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืคื™ืกืœ ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืคืกืœื™ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื”

ืฉื•ื ื”. ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ืงื• ืขืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขืœ ืžืฉื™ ืงืจ. ื”ืื™ื–ืžืœ, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• ืื‘ืŸ ืกืคื•ื’ ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš

ืขื•ืคืจืช, ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื‘ืŸ ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื›ืžื• ืžืจืื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ

ื–ื•ืจื—ืช ืœืชื•ื›ื”. ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ื™ื“ ื ื“ื‘ืงืช, ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ื•ืคืš ื’ืก ื›ื™ ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื

ื›ืœื™ื• ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฆืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ. ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ื™ืฆืจ

ื‘ืฉื™ืฉ ืื•ืจ, ืืš ืจืง ื›ืฉืื•ืจ ื–ื” ื ืœื›ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืจ ืื—ืจ, ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืกืžืœ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ื‘ื

ื”ืื•ืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื–ื•ืจื— ืžื•ืืจ. ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื• ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืฆืจ ื”ืื™ื–ืžืœ ืฉืœ

ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื•, ืืš ื’ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจ, ืฉื ื—ืกื ื‘ื—ืกื™ืžืช ื”ื—ืœื•ื•ื•ืช. ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื–ื” ืฉืจืื” ื•ืื”ื‘

ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืืœื•ื”ื™, ืืš ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืืžืŸ ืœืžืงื•ืจ. ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื• ืคื•ืจืฆ'ืœื™ื ื•

ื”ืจืกื˜ื•ืจืฆื™ื”

ื›ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืื‘ืŸ: ืคื˜ื™ืฉ, ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืจืš ืœืจื™ืกื•ืง, ืคื˜ื™ืฉื™ ืขืฅ, ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื’ื•ืžื—ื•ืช, ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ืจื™ืฆื™ื ืœืคื™ื ื•ืช,

ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ื™ืฉืจ ืœืื‘ื ื™ื ืจื›ื•ืช, ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ืขื ืจืืฉ ื•ื• ืœืื‘ื ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื•ืœื‘, ืื™ื–ืžืœ ื‘ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ืฉื˜ื•ื—, ืื™ื–ืžืœ ื‘ืขืœ

subbia, ืจืืฉ ืงืžื•ืจ. ืœืฆื™ื“ื, ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืœืขื“ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืื™ื–ืžืœื™ื ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื ืื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืœื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื•

scalcagnolo, gradina, ugnetto, gorbia (ืฉื ืงืจื ื’ื 'ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืขื’ื•ืœ') ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื ืขื™ืžื”.

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look at me

the video artwork โ€™look at meโ€™ depicts some passages of the clean-

up and of the โ€˜restoration of the lightโ€™ of julius II mausoleum,

through an edit able to highlight gestures and sculpted details.

the video is the result of the long-lasting collaboration with antonio

forcellino and mario nanni: it reflects all the considerations, the insights

and reflections matured during this period of study and research,

returning them to the viewer through the medium of the video.

it is therefore not a documentary work, but a tactile reading of

the work of michelangelo, quietly accomplished, through the

conscious and composed gestures of restorers and technicians.

I am a filmmaker architect and an architect director. my works always

oscillate between these two poles, between these two sensibilities: two

visions that inevitably converge in this work, which originated from

an undoubtedly architectural approach to the work of michelangelo.

starting from the place examination (the church of san pietro in vincoli) and

its characteristics (space, lighting, history), I left myself discover the work and

its peculiarities. in order to accomplish this, the first and fundamental step has

been the creation of a time-lapse able to record the lighting conditions inside

the transept, observing the evolution of the solar dish throughout a whole day.

this proved to be an important working and reflecting tool for us all.

light is creation, is the principle. this is the premise from which I started

to reflect on the works of michelangelo and carry on my work. the video

thus opens on the inside of the church of st. peter in chainsโ€™ natural light.

inside the video, light defines volumes, space and bodies, the conditio

sine qua non elements of michelangeloโ€™s work, made up of studied

contrasts in light and shade, enhanced by the clever use of the sculpting

technique, here taken to the extreme of its expressive possibilities. marble

bends to the artistโ€™s will, returning to its original integrity, thanks to the

patient cleaning work carried out by antonio forcellino and his team.

the masterโ€™s work is gradually revealed, uncovering unique

details and unprecedented viewpoints behind the coat of time,

able to grasp the viewer with the complexity of its own genesis.

the lens approaches the bare stone, investigates, penetrating into the folds

of a drapery left at the gradin stage, pausing on different stone sanding:

deliberately opaque in its shadowed portions, and though so incredibly

brilliant in the projecting ones. the camera records the light changes within

the field, chasing them, meeting the music and floating on its strains.

members, bodies, motions of the soul, investigated and defined by light.

light which returns to its original state thanks to mario nanniโ€™s work.

the rediscovered artwork, now asks to be watched, observed: look at me the

video ends up with trittico, a visual choreography consisting of three different

time-lapse. the first time-lapse sees mosesโ€™ look settling severe on the constant

flow of visitors standing before him, in a sort of surprising role reversal. the

remaining two, recording the evolution of lighting inside the transept, according

to the solar dish, bear witness to the lighting conditions (natural and artificial) of

pope julius II mausoleum, before the original lighting conditions were restored.

lights and shadows chase one another in a ceaseless succession

and, like a metronome, beat the time. enrico ferrari ardicini

ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœื™ื™

ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื•ืจื”' 'ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืžืชืืจืช ืขืœื™ื™' 'ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืช

ื”ืžืื•ื–ื•ืœืื•ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ื”ืฉื ื™, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžืคื•ืกืœื™ื.

ื ืื ื™: ื•ืžืจื™ื• ืคื•ืจืฆ'ืœื™ื ื• ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื• ืขื ื”ืžืชืžืฉืš ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื•

ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื‘ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื, ื›ืœ ืืช ืžืฉืงืฃ ื”ื•ื

ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื•ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื•ืชื ื•ืžืฆื™ื’ ื•ื”ืžื—ืงืจ, ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ

ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื•, ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืœื™ืช ืงืจื™ืื” ืืœื ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ืช, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื™ื ื” ื–ื• ื›ืœื•ืžืจ,

ื•ื˜ื›ื ืื™ื. ืจืกื˜ื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ืฉืœื•ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉืงื˜, ืฉื”ื•ืฉื’ื”

ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืขื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื™ ื‘ืžืื™. ื•ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขืŸ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ืื ื™

ืžืชื›ื ืกื•ืช ื ืžื ืข ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืจืื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืœืœื•: ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœืœื•,

ืžื™ื›ืืœืื ื’'ืœื•. ืฉืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืกืคืง ืœืœื ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ืช ืžื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื ื‘ืขื” ื–ื•, ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”

(ื—ืœืœ, ื•ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื• ื•ื™ื ืงื•ืœื™) ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื™ื˜ืจื• ืกืŸ (ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™

ืฉืœื”. ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืช ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื”ื ื—ืชื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”), ืชืื•ืจื”,

ืชื ืื™ ืืช ืœืชืขื“ ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืืคืก ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื•ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื“ ื›ืš, ืœืฉื

ื”ื™ื•ื. ื›ืœ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ืชื•ืš ื”ื˜ืจื ืกืคื˜, ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืื•ืจื”

ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื›ืœื™ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื•

ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ. ื–ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื”ื•ื ืื•ืจ

ื•ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืฉืžืžื ื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื–ื•

ื•ื™ื ืงื•ืœื™. ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื™ื˜ืจื• ืกืŸ ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืื•ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™. ืืช

ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืคื™ื, ื—ืœืœ ื ืคื—, ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื•, ื‘ืชื•ืš

ื—ื›ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ื•ื”ื•ื“ื’ืฉื” ื•ืฆืœ, ืื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ื” ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื•,

ื”ืืžืŸ, ืฉืœ ืœืจืฆื•ื ื• ื ื›ื ืข ื”ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืœื”. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื‘ืื” ืฉื›ืืŸ ื”ืคื™ืกื•ืœ, ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช

ื•ืฆื•ื•ืชื•. ืคื•ืจืฆ'ืœื™ื ื• ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื™ืช ื”ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืœืฉืœืžื•ืชื• ื•ืฉื‘

ืžื‘ื˜ ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”, ืžืชื’ืœื” ื”ืžืืกื˜ืจื• ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•

ื‘ืจื™ืืชื”. ื‘ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ืืช ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ื•ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืžืขื˜ื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืชืงื“ื™ื ื—ืกืจื•ืช

ื”ืขื“ืฉื” ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช ืœืื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ืžื”, ื—ื•ืงืจืช, ื—ื•ื“ืจืช ืืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืคืœื™ ื”ื‘ื’ื“ ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’, ืžืฉืชื”ื”

ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื: ืขื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืœืœื™ื, ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื‘ืจื™ืง ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื. ื”ืžืฆืœืžื”

ืžืชืขื“ืช ืืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื“ื”, ืจื•ื“ืคืช ืื—ืจื™ื”ื, ืคื•ื’ืฉืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืžืจื—ืคืช ืขืœ ืžื ื’ื™ื ืชื”.

ื”ื ืฉืžื”. ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืื•ืจ

ื ืื ื™. ืžืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉื‘ ื”ืื•ืจ

'ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืขืœื™ื”: ื™ืกืชื›ืœื• ื‘ื”, ืฉื™ืฆืคื• ื›ืขืช ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช

ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืœืืคืก ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช ื›ื•ืจืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืจื™ืคื˜ื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ืขืœื™ื™'

ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื–ืจื ื”ืžืชืžืงื“ ืžืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืžื‘ื˜ื• ืืช ืจื•ืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืืคืก ื”ื˜ื™ื™ื

ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ืฉื ื™ ืžืคืชื™ืข. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ื‘ืžืขื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื•, ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข

(ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ืœืชื ืื™ ืขื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื’ืœื’ืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ืœืคื™ ื”ื˜ืจื ืกืคื˜, ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ืจ

ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื. ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ืชื ืื™ ื”ื•ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ืฉื ื™, ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื•ื–ื•ืœืื•ื ืฉืœ ื•ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช)

ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™, ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ื–ื” ืื—ืจ ื–ื” ืจื•ื“ืคื™ื ื•ืฆืœืœื™ื ืื•ืจื•ืช

ืืจื“ื™ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ืคืจืจื™ ืื ืจื™ืงื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ืืช ืงื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื,

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during the restoration of the group sculpture, antonio forcellino noticed that, depending on the light and the emotions sought, michelangelo

worked the marble with different instruments, by using a gradina, a chisel with the tip in the shape of a dogโ€™s teeth, and other methods, from

calcium oxalate with childrenโ€™s urine to pumice and up to lead sheets, obtaining different degrees of polishing to absorb or refl ect light in

different ways. light is in fact an essential element in his works. the renaissance artist thus gave the sculpture a chiaroscuro effect similar to the

one in his paintings when he used the color white. Itโ€™s enough to think about the role of the light in sauloโ€™s conversion of the pauline chapel.

the restoration project of the lighting aims to give the monument the limelight it deserves, through the recovery of that luminous

atmosphere that inspired and guided the work of buonarroti. studying michelangeloโ€™s artwork we understood the idea that

generated the forthcoming realization and, in that way, we worked in order to fi x the many serious mistakes made time by time.

we restore the original environmental conditions, today totally changed both by closing the window on the east side of the transept, as much as the current

artifi cial lighting, which distorts the chiaroscuro effects of the matter, fl attening its three-dimensional effect and preventing the correct interpretation of the work.

the restoration of the light

ื•ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืชืื ื”ืฉื™ืฉ ืืช ืœืคืกืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืฉืžื™ื›ืืœืื ื’'ืœื• ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืจืฆ'ืœื™ื ื• ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื• ื”ืคืกืœื™ื, ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืกื˜ื•ืจืฆื™ื” ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš

ืœื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ื•ืขื“ ืกืคื•ื’, ืœืื‘ืŸ ื•ืขื“ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืชืŸ ืขื ืื•ืงืกืœื˜ ืžืงืœืฆื™ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื›ืœื‘, ืฉืœ ืฉืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืงืฆื”ื• ืื™ื–ืžืœ ,gradina-ื‘ ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืœื‘ื˜ื, ืฉืจืฆื”

ืœืคืกืœ ื”ืขื ื™ืง ื”ืจื ืกื ืก ื‘ืŸ ื”ืืžืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื•. ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืืœืžื ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืจ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืฉืงืคื• ืื• ื”ืื•ืจ ืืช ืœืกืคื•ื’ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืขื•ืคืจืช,

ื”ืคืื•ืœื™ื ื™ืช. ื”ืงืคืœื” ืฉืœ ืกืื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื ื“ื™ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ. ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืฉื‘ื”ื ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืงื™ื™ื ืœื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืงื™ืืจื•ืกืงื•ืจื• ืืคืงื˜ ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ

ื‘ื•ืื•ื ืจื•ื˜ื™ ืืช ื•ื”ื ื—ืชื” ื”ืฉืจืื” ืฉืขื•ืจืจื” ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ืื•ื•ื™ืจืช ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืจืื•ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื ืœื• ื”ื–ืจืงื•ืจื™ื ืื•ืจ ืืช ืœืžืฆื‘ื” ืœืชืช ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืœื• ืฉื ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ืจืกื˜ื•ืจืฆื™ืช ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜

ืคืขื. ืื—ืจ ืคืขื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช ืืช ืœืชืงืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ื–ื”, ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืืช ืฉื”ื ื™ื‘ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื• ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื•, ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืืช ื›ืฉื‘ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•.

ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืžื”ืชืื•ืจื” ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื˜ืจื ืกืคื˜, ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืžืกื’ื™ืจืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืชื ืื™ ืืช ืœืงื“ืžื•ืชื ื”ืฉื‘ื ื•

ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื•ืžื•ื ืขืช ืฉืœื• ื”ืชืœืช-ืžืžื“ื™ืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืืช ืžืฉื˜ื™ื—ื” ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ, ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืืจื•ืกืงื•ืจื• ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืืช ืฉืžืขื•ื•ืชืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ืฉืœ

ืจืกื˜ื•ืจืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ

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06.01 06.08 06.17 06.35 06.44 06.53 07.07 07.16 07.43 07.52

14.20 15.10 15.45 16.16 16.34 16.52 17.06 17.15 17.24 17.33

17.42 17.49 17.51 17.58 18.05 18.14 18.23 18.32 18.41 18.57

19.03 19.22 19.37 19.55 20.05 21.29 22.37 23.54

08.24 08.51 09.05 09.39 10.15 10.33 11.32 12.04 13.03 14.09

48 signs of lightืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ

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20

the project

our intervention is a real philological restoration of the original light

conditions, in which we put ourselves at disposal of michelangeloโ€™s artwork

through the metaphorical reopening of the left side window to which moses

turn his gaze, in order to enhance matter, meaning, light and symbolism.

the study of the location and the sculptural group itself led to

questioning of how the stone would have reacted to natural

light, considering the stone itself had its own luminosity.

as it was impossible to operate from an architectural point of view, a project

was developed, which could tell the profound meaning of the work. this ended a

continuum of indifference and ignorance, which potentially obscured the touch of

genius to which michelangelo had consecrated his entire life: the ability to sculpt light.

from darkness always begin a story: we carefully examined and studied the

light that came into the basilica through the windows in the east and in the west

on the chosen day of april 1546, the agreed term for michelangelo to deliver his

sculptures. following the path of the light throughout the day, from dawn to dusk,

and its effect on the marble, it has been recreated a lighting mindful of the genius of

the only artist in the world able to give shape to stone through the rays of the sun.

as in a luminous choreography, the intervention understand the natural light

spilling inside the church and divided it into four acts: dawn, sunrise, sunset and

dusk. the artifi cial lighting mimics the solar light path, with a regular gradual

fl uctuation of both the color temperature and intensity, with a color rendering that

shades from the orange to the red, integrate itself with the ambient natural light.

the light seems to come from moses himself, thanks to the notable

polishing of the left arm and of the face, on which originally the sun shone

at sunset, illuminating the prophet both physically and symbolically.

each statue of the monument has been isolated and enhanced by different

light beams that brig it to life during the four different parts of the day.

by highlighting depth and texture, the project lets the viewer to

meet michelangeloโ€™s moses truly the way the author had intended it.

ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜

ืขืฆืžื ื• ืืช ืฉืžื ื• ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื”ืื•ืจ ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืคื™ืœื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”

ืœืจืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™

ื•ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื•ืช. ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ, ืืช ืœื”ื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืžื ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉื”, ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื˜ื• ืžื•ืคื ื” ืฉืืœื™ื•

ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื™ืš ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืขืฆืžื” ื”ืคืกืœื™ื ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช

ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื”. ื‘ื•ื”ืงืช ืขืฆืžื” ืฉื”ืื‘ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืœืื•ืจ ืžื’ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื‘ืŸ

ืืช ืœืกืคืจ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืชื›ื ื ื• ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ืช, ืžื‘ื˜ ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ืช

ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื•ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช, ืื“ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืฆืฃ ืœืกื™ื•ืžื• ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืฉืœ ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช

ืื•ืจ. ืœืคืกืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื•: ื›ืœ ืืช ืœื• ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืฉืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ื”ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช ืžื’ืข ืืช ืฉื”ืกืชื™ืจ

ื“ืจืš ืœื‘ื–ื™ืœื™ืงื” ืฉื ื›ื ืก ื”ืื•ืจ ืืช ื•ืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื ื• ื‘ื—ืฉื›ื”: ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ

ืืžื•ืจ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืคื™ ืฉืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ,1546 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช

ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืื•ืจ ื ืชื™ื‘ ืื—ืจ ืขืงื‘ื ื• ืคืกืœื™ื•. ืืช ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ื”ื™ื”

ืฉื ื•ืชื ืช ืชืื•ืจื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื™ืฆืจื ื• ื”ืฉื™ืฉ, ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ื•ืื—ืจ ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืฉืขืช ื•ืขื“ ื”ืฉื—ืจ

ื”ืฉืžืฉ. ืงืจื ื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื‘ืŸ ืœืขืฆื‘ ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ืืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืœื’ืื•ื ื•ืชื• ื“ืขืชื”

ื•ื—ื™ืœืงื” ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื ืฉืคืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ืืช ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื• ืžื•ืืจืช, ื‘ื›ื•ืจืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื›ืžื•

ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืขืช ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื”, ื”ื–ืจื™ื—ื”, ื”ืฉื—ืจ, ืขืœื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช: ืœืืจื‘ืข ืื•ืชื•

ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืชื ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ื ืชื™ื‘ ืืช ืžื—ืงื” ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช

ื”ื—ืœืœ. ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืื•ืจ ื•ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ืœืื“ื•ื, ืžื›ืชื•ื ืฉื ืขื™ื ืฆื‘ืข ื’ื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ืฆื’ืช ื•ืขื•ืฆืžืชื•, ื”ืฆื‘ืข

ื•ื‘ืคื ื™ื•, ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ื‘ื–ืจื•ืข ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืœื™ื˜ื•ืฉ ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื•, ืžืžืฉื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ื ื“ืžื”

ื•ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช. ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื”, ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืื™ืจื” ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืžืฆื‘

ื”ืื•ืจ ืงืจื ื™ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ื•ื”ื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื” ืžืคืกืœื™ ืื—ื“ ื›ืœ

ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื™ื•ื ื—ืœืงื™ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื•

ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืœืฆื•ืคื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื•ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืจื”, ืขื•ืžืง ื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ

ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ. ืœื›ืš ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืืช

Page 12: report 39 ebraico - Viabizzuno

f1

f2

f1

f2

22

f2n55 ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื’ื•ืคื™ ืชืื•ืจื”

n55 light fi ttings distributionื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื-ืžืขืจื‘ (ืฉืงื™ืขื”)

south-west direction (sunset)

intervention area localization

f1n55 ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื’ื•ืคื™ ืชืื•ืจื”

n55 light fi ttings distributionื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžื–ืจื— (ื–ืจื™ื—ื”)

north-east direction (sunrise)

ืœื•ืงืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”

Page 13: report 39 ebraico - Viabizzuno

r1r2

r3

f2f1

r1 r3 r3 r2

24general sections of the intervention area

r1 r2 r3fi50 ืžืงื”ืœื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืคืกืœื™ื, ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื’ื•ืคื™ ืชืื•ืจื”

prospect of the sculputure ensamble

choir behind the sculpture ensamble, fi 50 light fi ttings distribution

ื—ืชื›ื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”

ืžื‘ื˜ ืืœ ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืคืกืœื™ื

Page 14: report 39 ebraico - Viabizzuno

the work

'ืžืจื™ื•! ื”ืฆืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ืขื ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืœืš,'mario! we saved the pope with your light,

ืื“ื ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ืคื™ืข!' another person has shown!'

ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื• ืคื•ืจืฆ'ืœื™ื ื• antonio forcellino

ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”

ืฉืชืคืขืœ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช ืชืื•ืจื” ื“ืจืฉื” 2 ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”

ืฉืขื•ืช. ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืชืื•ืจื” ืขื ื‘ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื”

Viabizzuno ืขื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืช ืืงืกืงืœื•ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช n55 ื’ื•ืคื™ ืชืื•ืจืช ืœื“

ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื—ืœื™ื ื‘ื•, ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืื•ืจ

ื•ืืช ืžื’ืขื• ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืื• ื’ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืช ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืœืช-ืžืžื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื”, ืืช ื”ืฆืœืœื™ื

ืฉืœื” ื•ืืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืžืฆื”ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืงืžื”.

ื‘ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืกืชืจื™ื ืžืื“ ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื™ื n55 ืชืื•ืจื” ื’ื•ืคื™ ื”ืชืงื ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ืจืกื˜ื•ืจืฆื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช

ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ืœื“ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื ื—ืกื. ื•ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืขืžื•ื“ื™

ืžืื“ ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื™ืฆื” Viabizzuno ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื”

ื™ืจื—. ืื•ืจ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ื•ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื—ืœืงื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืœื›ื ืกื™ื” ืฉื ื›ื ืก ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืžืฉ ืœืื•ืจ

ืฉืœ Rf ื•ืขืจืš ืฆื‘ืขื™ื) (ืžื“ื“ Rg 103 ืขืจืš ื™ืฉ: ื”ืคืกืœื™ื ืืช ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉื• ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ืœื’ื•ืคื™

ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืžืกื™ืจืช ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช IES (ืฉื™ื˜ืช TM-30 ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืœื (fidelity index) 96

ืžืขื˜. ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฆื‘ืข, ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘-99 ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืื•ืจ), ืžืงื•ืจ ื™ื“ื™

ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืชื•ืš ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืื—ื“ ,0.150mW/lm ื ื–ืง ืคืงื˜ื•ืจ

ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ื”ืœื•ื’ืŸ ื ื•ืจืช ืื• ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

.Viabizzuno ืฉืœ ื”ืœื“ ืžื ื•ืจื•ืช 500 ืคื™ ,75mW/lm ืž- ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืœืขืจืš ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื

,96lm/W-ื• 115lm/W ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชื ื” ื”ืื•ืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช

.(++A (ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช

ื•ืœื ืฆื‘ืขื™ื, ืœ-14+1 ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ,98 ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจ) ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืข ืžืกื™ืจืช (ืžืงื“ื CRI ืขืจืš

ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืžืกืคืง ื”ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื, ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืืฆืœ ื›ืžื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืœ-8 ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ

ืœื“. ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื•ื R9-ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ - ืจื•ื•ื™ ืื“ื•ื ืขื

ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”. 5000K ื•- 2200K, 3000K, 4000K โ€“ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืข ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื”ื

ืฉืœื‘ื™ืช. ื—ื“ ืžืงืื“ื ืืœื™ืคืกืช ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืจืฆื“ื™ื, ื•ืื™ื ื ir-ื• uv-ืž ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื

ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ื–ื” ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืคื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ,n55 ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ื’ื•ืคื™

ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช. ื—ื•ื ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ืขื ื‘ืคื˜ื ื˜ ืžื•ื’ื ืช ื‘ื”ื ืขื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืชื”, ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื ื•ืขืœื•ืช

ืชืื•ืจื” ื’ื•ืคื™ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื•ืงืžื• ื”ืžืงื”ืœื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ืจื ืกืคื˜ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜, ืœื”ืฉืœืžืช

ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืœ-95, ืฉื•ื•ื” cri ืขื Viabizzuno fi50

ืžืื—ื•ืจ. ื”ืžื•ืืจื™ื ืฉืœื”, ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืชืืจ ืงื•ื•ื™ ืืช ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืคืกืœื™ื

.5000K ื•- 3000K, 4000K ืฉื•ื ื•ืช: ืฆื‘ืข ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืืœื” ื”ืœื“ ืœื ื•ืจื•ืช

ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ dmx ื‘ืงืจ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืžื ื•ื”ืœืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ืžืขืจื›ืช

ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง. ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืื•ืจ ืฉืจืง ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืชืื•ืจื” ืจื’ืขื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ

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28

3000K

CIE Ra 98R9 98

TM-30Rf 96Rg 103

4000K

CIE Ra 98R9 98

TM-30Rf 93Rg 103

2700K

CIE Ra 98R9 98

TM-30Rf 96Rg 102

ื’ืจืคื™ืงืช ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืฆื‘ืขcolor vector graphic

ื’ืจืคื™ืงืช ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืขcolor distortion graphic

n55 ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ ืฆื‘ืข ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืชoutstanding color performance of n55 system

IES TM-30 Rf/Rg ื™ื—ืกIES TM-30 Rf/Rg relation

TM-30 99 ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืฆื‘ืขTM-30 99 color samples

ืžืงื•ืจ ืื•ืจlight sourceLED ViabizzunoQT12-RE + UV ืŸื ืกืžQT12-RE + UV filterื ื•ืจืช ืœื™ื‘ื•ืŸincandescent lamp

)f (mW/lm ื’ื•ืจื ื ื–ืงdamage factor f (mW/lm)

0.1490.160 75

Rf fidelity inde ืžืงื“ืRf fidelity indexRg gamut index ืžืงื“ืRg gamut index

ืœ-3000K LED ืฉืœViabizzunoRf 96/Rg 103 ืขืื™ืฉ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.)Rf 100/Rg 100(Viabizzuno's 3000K LEDwith Rf 96/Rg 103have a quality of the light close to the one of the sun(Rf 100/Rg 100).

the intervention on the tomb of julius II required dynamic lighting operating

in symbiosis with natural light throughout the twenty-four hour period.

n55 led light fittings with proprietary technology and an exclusive optical system

by Viabizzuno recreate natural sunlight and its gradual variations, enhancing

the texture of light and its contact with smoother or rougher marble surfaces, the

tridimensional quality of the monument, its shadows and the pictorial features

which are a substantial part of an artwork today we can claim as recovered.

the intervention consists in the installation of n55 extremely small light

fittings concealed on the capitals nearby both the existing window

and the walled one. the system is and equipped with an exclusive led

technology specially developed for Viabizzuno, emitting an extremely high

quality of light, extremely similar to natural sunlight entering the church

during the different times of the day and able to reproduce moonlight.

the light fittings required to illuminate the sculptures have: a Rg value of 103

(gamut index) and a Rf value of 96 (fidelity index) in the TM-30 value scale

(IES Method for Evaluating Light Source Color Rendition), a system employing

99 sample colours, including both the saturated and lightly saturated ones.

a 0.150mW/lm damage factor, one of the lowest possible using modern

technology, considering the sun or a traditional halogen source reach a

value of over 75mW/lm, 500 times larger than Viabizzuno led sources.

light efficiency varies between 115lm/W and 96lm/W,

allowing the maximum possible energy saving (A++ grade).

a CRI (Color Rendering Index) value of 98, referred to 14+1 colors, and not limited to

the 8 main colors as with most manufacturers, providing an elevated value especially

with saturated red โ€“ considering R9 is the most problematic color with led technology.

they operate at different color temperatures โ€“

2200K, 3000K, 4000K and 5000K respectively.

they are both uv and ir and flicker free and have a 1-step macadam ellipse.

the n55 light fittings, which are easily interchangeable

simplifying all maintenance and reducing management cost,

have patented propulsion with dynamic heat dissipation.

in order to complete the project, five Viabizzuno fi50 light fittings with a cri

equal to 95 were placed in the transept of the choir, adding depth to the whole

wall of the sculptural complex and highlighting its backlit upper contours.

these led have three different colour temperatures: 3000K, 4000K e 5000K.

the lighting system is managed by a dmx controller allowing

maximum precision and alternating different light moments,

ensuring the sensitivity that only the natural light is able to donate.

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the result

that was given to him by michelangelo; the famous

tomb of julius II now shines again after centuries.

the new lighting recreates how it would have originally appeared when

buonarroti was inspired to choose the basilica of san pietro in vincoli, defi ning

construction and fi gures of the extraordinary project which was thought

of in 1505, redesigned several times and fi nally realized forty years later.

any visitors to rome will fi nally be able to see the original colours of the

carrara marble and also the sophisticated details of michelangeloโ€™s sculpture.

even those who already know of this work of art must return to see it, because of

the restoration of the light which has given people who go to san pietro in vincoli the

sights and emotions that were originally conceived by this master of the renaissance.

the โ€˜burial tragedyโ€™, as it was once defi ned by one of buonarrotiโ€™s biographers,

now has a happy outcome: the new lighting reveals michelangelo as sculptor

of light in addition of marble, in an intervention of rare sensibility which

has not only given the light to moses, but has returned him its shadows.

ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”

ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื•; ืงื‘ืจื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื—ืจื™ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.

ื”ืฉืจืื” ื‘ื• ืฉืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื•ืื•ื ืจื•ื˜ื™, ื—ื–ื” ื‘ื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ืžืจืื” ืืช ืžืฉื—ื–ืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืชืื•ืจื”

ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื–ื™ืœื™ืงืช ืกืŸ ืคื™ื˜ืจื• ืื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื ืงื•ืœื™, ืฉื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื™ื•ืฆื

ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื” ื‘-1505, ืชื›ื ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ืฉื™ื ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื”.

ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจื•ืžื ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื

ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื•. ืฉืœ ืคืกืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืืช ื•ื’ื ืงืจืจื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืœ

ื’ื ืžื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืจืื•ืชื”, ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื

ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืกืŸ ืคื™ื™ื˜ืจื• ืื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื ืงื•ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืžืจืื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžืืกื˜ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื ืกื ืก.

ืœ'ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื”', ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื” ืคืขื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืื•ื ืจื•ื˜ื™, ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื

ืชื•ืฆืื” ืกื•ืคื™ืช: ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืืช ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื• ื›ืคืกืœ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืคืกืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืฉ,

ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืื•ืจ ืœืžืฉื”, ืืœื ื’ื ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื• ืืช ื”ืฆืœืœื™ื ืฉืœื•.

Page 17: report 39 ebraico - Viabizzuno

dawn 05.40 ืจื—ืฉ morning 09.00 ืจืงื•ื‘

sunrise 06.10 ื”ื—ื™ืจื– midday 12.00 ืื•ื™ื” ืขืฆืžื

Page 18: report 39 ebraico - Viabizzuno

early afternoon 14.00 ืื™ืžื“ืงื•ืž ืื™ื™ืจื”ืฆ

afternoon 16.00 ืื™ื™ืจื”ืฆ ืจื—ื

sunset 20.06 ื”ืขื™ืงืฉ

dusk 20.36 ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืข ืŸื™ื‘/ืื™ืžื•ื“ืžื“

Page 19: report 39 ebraico - Viabizzuno