Report No. : 45019-LY Socialist People’s Libyan Arab ......Report No. : 45019-LY Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya A Public Expenditure Review (In Three Volumes) Volume

Report No. : 45019-LY

Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya A Public Expenditure Review

(In Three Volumes) Volume III: Annexes and Statistical Appendix September 30, 2009 Social and Economic Development Group Middle East and North Africa Region

Document of the World Bank

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CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS(As of September 30, 2009)

Local Currency Unit = Libyan Dinar Exchange Rate (1.27 LD per USD)

FISCAL YEAR 2009July 1-June 30

WEIGHT AND MEASURES

Metric System

ACRONYMS AND ABREVIATIONS

ABC Activity based costing AMR Automatic Meter Reading BCM Billion cubic meters BPC Basic Public Congresses Bpd Barrels per day CAPEX Capital expenditures CBL Central Bank of Libya CCGT Combined Cycle Gaz Turbine CERA Cambridge Energy Research Associates CFL Compact fluorescent lamp CMM Collection management and metering CPI Consumer price index DBO Design-build-operate DPAT Territorial divisions in charge of planned

investments DSM Demand-side management ECA Energy conservation agreements EPA Effective project approval FAO UN Food and Agriculture Organization GBHCP General Body for Health Care Planning GCHU General Corporation for Housing and

Utilities GCP General Counsel for Planning GDP Gross domestic product GEA General Environment Authority GECOL General Electricity Company of Libya GER Gross enrollment rate/gross enroll. ratio GMMR Great Man Made River GMMRA Great Man Made River Authority GNI Gross national income GoL Government of Libya GPCA General People Committee of Agriculture GPC General People’s Committee GPCEWG General People Committee of Electricity,

Water, and Gas GPCF General People’s Committee for Finance GPCHE General People’s Committee for Health

and Environment

GPCP General Peoples’ Committee for Planning GPCPF General people’s Committee for Planning

and Finance GPCT General People’s Committee for

Transport (Ministry of Transport) GSC General Service Company GWA General Water Authority GWh Gigawatt hour HALE Healthy life expectancy HC Hydrocarbon HDI Human development index HFO Heavy Fuel Oil HIB Housing and Infrastructure Board HUC Housing and Utility Corporation HIV Human immunodeficiency virus HUGC Housing and Utilities General

Corporation IBT Increasing block tariff IEA International Association for the

Evaluation of Educational Achievement IMF International Monetary Fund IMR Infant mortality rate IPP Independent power projects IT Information technology Km Kilometer Km2 Square kilometer KV Kilovolt kWh Kilowatt-hour l/c/d Liters consumed daily LD Libyan dinar L/km Liters per kilometer LFO Light Fuel Oil LRAIC Long run average incremental cost LRMC Long-run marginal cost M2 Square meters Mbpd Million barrels per day MCM Million cubic meters

MENA Middle East and North Africa MIC Middle-income country MLD Millions of Libyan dinars MMBTU Million British thermal units MTEF Medium-term expenditure framework MW Megawatts MWEG Ministry of Electricity, Water and Gas NCP National Counsel for Planning NCEP National Centre for Education Planning NDPs National Development Plans NHGDP Non-hydrocarbon gross domestic product NHPB Non-hydrocarbon primary fiscal balance NOC National Oil Company NPC National Planning Council NPV Net present value NWC National Water Company NWWC National Water and Wastewater

Company OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation

and Development O&M Operations and maintenance OPEX Operational expenditures ORF Oil Reserve Fund Pb Per barrel PBC Performance based contracting PCSC Programme Complémentaire de Soutien à

la Croissance PER Public expenditure review PHC Primary health care PIP Public investment plan PISA Program for International Management in

Higher Education PMO General Peoples Committee or Prime

Minister’s Office PPA Power purchase agreements PPA Preliminary project approval

PPPs Public-private partnerships PSP Private sector participation RBA Roads and Bridge Authority RR Required revenue RUC Road user charges SDR Special drawing rights SEC Secondary Education Certificate Shaabiat Municipalities SMEs Small and medium enterprises SRMCs Short-run marginal costs TCF Trillion cubic feet TDS Total dissolved solids TIMSS Trends in International Mathematics and

Science Study TOU Time-of-Use (tariff) TVET Technical and Vocational education and

training U5MR Under-five mortality rate UfW Unaccounted for water UN United Nations UNAIDS United Nations Joint Programme on

HIV/AIDS UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific

and Cultural Organization UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund Vpd Vehicles per day WDI World Development Indicators WEG Water, electricity, and gas WHO World Health Organization WHOSIS World Health Organization Statistical

Information System WSS Water supply and sanitation WSSP Water Study and Strategy Proposal–2025 WTO World Trade Organization WWW Water and waste water

Vice President: Shamshad Akhtar Country Director: Mats Karlsson Sector Director: Ritva S. Reinikka Sector Manager: Farruk Iqbal Lead Economist and Task Team Leader: José R. López-Cálix

SOCIALIST PEOPLE’SLIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEW

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ANNEX A: ANALYZING THE 1999–2006 PROJECT DATABASE FOR THE SHAABIATS ....................... 1

ANNEX B: THE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM FOR EDUCATION, 2008-2012......................................... 7

ANNEX C: THE PROJECTION OF SCHOOL ENROLLMENT AND NEEDS............................................. 23

ANNEX D: THE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM FOR HEALTH, 2008-12 ................................................ 27

ANNEX E: ROADS MANAGEMENT IN LIBYA .................................................................................. 33

ANNEX F: WATER SECTOR: METHODOLOGICAL NOTE ON THE GMMR COST PER M3 ................. 43

ANNEX G: METHODOLOGICAL NOTE ON THE SUBSIDIES AND COST RECOVERY IN THE WATER

SECTOR........................................................................................................................... 46

ANNEX H. THE FIRST UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPTS AT RESTRUCTURING THE LPA (EARLY 2000S TO

2005) .............................................................................................................................. 51

ANNEX I. DOWNSIZING CIVIL SERVICE IN THE EDUCATION AND HEALTH SECTORS....................... 54

ANNEX J. ESTIMATION OF HIDDEN COSTS IN THE POWER SECTOR................................................ 55

ANNEX K: BACKGROUND OF THE ROAD SECTOR......................................................................... 57

ANNEX L. THE POVERTY MAP OF LIBYA ...................................................................................... 61

ANNEX M. EQUITY IN ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION..................................................................... 64

ANNEX N. EQUITY IMPLICATIONS OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE IN HEALTH: CARE UTILIZATION

AND OUT-OF POCKET EXPENSES..................................................................................... 67

STATISTICAL APPENDIX ............................................................................................................... 76

MACROECONOMIC SECTOR............................................................................................................ 78

RECURRENT AND INVESTMENT BUDGETS...................................................................................... 85

EDUCATION SECTOR.................................................................................................................... 100

HEALTH SECTOR.......................................................................................................................... 131

POWER SECTOR............................................................................................................................ 149

ROADS 157

WATER SECTOR........................................................................................................................... 171

CIVIL SERVICE REFORM............................................................................................................... 183

REFERENCES................................................................................................................................ 186

ANNEXES: LIST OF TABLES Table A. 1: The Shaabiat’s Projects Database, 1999–2006................................................................................................... 1 Figure A. 1: Status of the Projects Implemented by the Shaabiats, 1999–2006 ..................................................................... 3 Figure A. 2: Average Value of Contracts per Sector, 1999-2006 ........................................................................................... 4 Figure A. 3: Percentage of Projects Extended per Sector and Year,...................................................................................... 5 Table B.1: Development Program in General Education: The targets.................................................................................... 7 Table B.2: Development Program in General Education, Private sector: The targets ............................................................ 7 Figure B.1 : Investment in General Education : Achievement (20032-2007) and goals (2008-2012)...................................... 8 Table B.3: Development Program in General Education: Investments (In 1,000 LD) ............................................................. 8 Figure B.2: Pupils-Classroom ratio by BPC ........................................................................................................................... 1 Figure B.3: Classroom project situation, 2007 ........................................................................................................................ 9 Figure B.4: Construction Program of Classrooms (2008-2009)............................................................................................ 10 Table B.4: Distribution of building classroom by Shaabiats.................................................................................................. 11 Figure B.5: Construction cost of a classroom in Maghreb countries..................................................................................... 11 Table B.5: State tenure staff of the GPC of General Education, 2007.................................................................................. 12 Table B.6 : General education, projects underway .............................................................................................................. 13 Table B.7 : Contracted projects, Model schools................................................................................................................... 13 Figure B.6 : The unit price of classroom by model of school................................................................................................ 13 Table B.8 : General education, projects under study ........................................................................................................... 14 Table B.9 : General education, projects under study, projects in different Shaabiats ........................................................... 15 Figure B.7 : Construction program, Priority lines ................................................................................................................. 16 Table B.10 : General education, Construction program priority............................................................................................ 17 Table B.11: Development Program in Higher Education...................................................................................................... 18 Table B.12: Development Program in Higher Education: Investments (In 1,000 LD) ........................................................... 18 Figure B.8 : Investment in Higher Education : Achievement (2005-2007) and goals (2008-2012)........................................ 18 Figure B.9 : Program 2008-2012, Postgraduates Costs....................................................................................................... 19 Table B.13 Development Program in Vocational training: The targets ................................................................................. 19 Figure B.10 : Investment in Higher Education : Achievement (2005-2007) and goals (2008-2012) ...................................... 20 Table B.14 : Higher education pipeline, contracted projects (Major projects) ....................................................................... 20 Table B.15 : Higher education pipeline, projects under study (Major projects) ..................................................................... 21 Table B.16: Development Program in Vocational training, The target.................................................................................. 22 Figure B.11 : Investment in Higher Education : Achievement (2005-2007) and goals (2008-2012) ...................................... 22 Table B.17: Development Program in Vocational Training and Employment: Investments .................................................. 22 Figure C.1: Libya, Pyramid of age (1970) ............................................................................................................................ 23 Figure C.2: Libya, Pyramid of age (2005) ............................................................................................................................ 23 Figure C.3: Libya, Pyramid of age (2020) ............................................................................................................................ 23 Figure C.4: Libya, Pyramid of age (2050) ............................................................................................................................ 23 Table C.1: Projections of enrollment according to the sectoral programs............................................................................. 24 Table C.2: Gross Enrollment Ratio according projection of the sectoral programs, 2007 and 2012 ..................................... 25 Figure D.1 Libya: Health Sector Development Program, Projected Expenditure, 2008-2012 ............................................... 28 Figure D.2 Libya: Governmental health expenditure by functional classification, 2000-2001 ............................................... 29 Table D.1 Libya: Projected Health Sector Development Expenditures, by functional classification, 2008-2012* .................. 30 (In million LYD, unless otherwise indicated) ........................................................................................................................ 30 Table D.2 Libya: Health Sector Development Project, by economic classification, 2008-2012*N.B...................................... 31 Table D.3 Detailed Project Investment Plan, 2008-2012...................................................................................................... 32 Table E.1: Administrative Borders ....................................................................................................................................... 33 Table E.2: The Roads and Bridge Authority’s Regional Offices ........................................................................................... 33 Figure E.1: Map of the new 22 administrative borders......................................................................................................... 34 Table E.3: Vehicle Fleet (2006) ........................................................................................................................................... 36 Figure E.2: Domestic consumption of petroleum products during 1998 - 2005 .................................................................... 37 Table E.4: Domestic consumption of petroleum products during 1998 - 2005 (1) ................................................................ 37 Table E.5: Road accidents in Libya, 1998-2006 .................................................................................................................. 37 Table E.6: The current road accidents situation in Libya and selected other countries, 2002............................................... 38 Figure E.3: Accident Impacts............................................................................................................................................... 38 Table E.7: Prices per liter of petroleum products ................................................................................................................. 40 Table E.8: Current fuel prices in Libya and neighboring countries (in dollars US/liter).......................................................... 40 Table E.9: Cost of Road Works in Libya.............................................................................................................................. 40 Table E.10: Finished Projects 2005 – 2007 (LD). ................................................................................................................ 41 Table E.11: Unit Cost for Road Works................................................................................................................................. 42 Table G.1: Cost of Urban Water Services, 2006.................................................................................................................. 48

Table G.2 Estimates of Subsidies on Water Used in Irrigation............................................................................................. 50 Box H.1. Procedures to Prepare Annual Sectoral Establishments ...................................................................................... 53 Box I. 1. Selection and Assignment Process in the Education Sector ................................................................................. 54 Box I.2. Selection and Assignment Process in the Health Sector........................................................................................ 54 Table J.1. Estimate of GECOL’s Asset Base, 2003–06a .................................................................................................... 55 Table J.2. Equivalent Annuity Cost per Unit of kWh of Power Generated ............................................................................ 56 Table J.3. Estimates of the Hidden Costs............................................................................................................................ 56 Table J.4 Composition of the Hidden Costs (MLD) in Absolute Terms................................................................................. 56 Figure K.1: Map of the Road Network in Libya .................................................................................................................... 57 Box K1. The Road Sector.................................................................................................................................................... 58 Box K..2. General Principles for Formulating a Maintenance Management Strategy ........................................................... 59 Box K.3: Unprecedented boost for road transport in Norway announced March 2009 ......................................................... 59 Table K.1: PSP Options in Road Sector .............................................................................................................................. 60 Table L.1. Foster-Greer-Thorbecke poverty indices, FGT(α) nationally ............................................................................... 62 Table L.2. Poverty indicators by region ............................................................................................................................... 62 Table L.3. Decompositions by subgroup.............................................................................................................................. 63 Figure M.1. Evolution of Electricity Customers, 1997–2006................................................................................................. 64 Table M.1. Percentage of Households that Own Electrical Appliances in Urban and Rural Areas........................................ 64 Table M.2. Percentage of Households that Own, per Region .............................................................................................. 65 Table M.3. Average Monthly HH Expenditure on Water and Electricity................................................................................ 65 Table M.4. Average Monthly Consumption, per Region....................................................................................................... 65 Figure M.2: Percentage of Household Expenditures on Electricity. Consumption, by Income Deciles.................................. 65 Figure M.3: Distribution of Omega per Libyan Region ......................................................................................................... 66 Figure N.1: Global Trends in Utilization Rates, 2002-2003 .................................................................................................. 67 Figure N.2: Percentage of Respondents Utilizing Health Services, 2002–03 ....................................................................... 67 Figure N.2: (continued) Percentage of Respondents Utilizing Health Services, 2002–03..................................................... 68 Figure N.3: Distribution of Public/Private Health Service Use by Expenditure Quintiles, 2002–03........................................ 68 Figure N.4. Percentage of Individuals Using Various Types of Health Services by Expenditure Quintiles, 2002–03 ............ 69 Figure N.5. Intensity of Health Service Use by Region and Expenditure Quintiles, 2002–03................................................ 70 Figure N.6. Intensity of Health Service Use Among Individuals Diagnosed with Chronic Conditions, 2002–03 .................... 70 Table N.1: Determinants of the Number of Physician Visits Per Person Per Year, among Adults Age................................ 71 Table N.2: Determinants of Hospital Length of Stay Per Person Per Year, among Adults Age 18 and Over, 2002–03 ........ 71 Figure N.7. Global Trend Analysis of Out-of-Pocket Expenditures, 2004 ............................................................................. 72 Figure N.8: Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure Per Adult Equivalent (Libyan Dinars), 2002–03 ........................................... 73 Figure N.9: Health Expenditure as a Share of Total Household Expenditure, 2002–03 (%) ................................................. 73 Table N.3. Percentage of Households that Paid for Health Care Services........................................................................... 73 by Expenditure Quintilesand Type of Service, 2002–03....................................................................................................... 73 Figure N.10. Percentage of Households Facing Catastrophic Health Expenditures, 2002–03 (%)....................................... 75 Table A.1.1 Key Macroeconomic Indicators, 2001-2008...................................................................................................... 78 Table A.1.2 Real GDP by Economic Sectors (In million of 1997 LD) ................................................................................... 79 Table A.1.3 Growth of Real GDP by Economic Sectors (In percent).................................................................................... 79 Table A.1.4 GDP by Economic Sectors at Current Prices (In million of LD) ......................................................................... 79 Table A.1.5 Consolidated Public Sector Operations (In millions of LD) 1/ ............................................................................ 80 Table A.1.6 Growth of Nominal GDP by Economic Sectors (In percent) .............................................................................. 81 Table A.1.7 Consolidated Public Sector Operations (In percent of GDP)............................................................................. 81 Table A.1.8 Monetary Survey 1/ .......................................................................................................................................... 82 Table A.1.9 Balance of Payments (In million of LD, unless otherwise indicated) 1/.............................................................. 83 Table A.1.10 Medium-Term Macroeconomic Outlook by Mid-2008, 2003-2012 (In % of GDP, unless otherwise indicated). 84 Table A.2.1 Recurrent Budget, 2006 (In million of LD)......................................................................................................... 85 Table A.2.2 Recurrent Budget, 2007 (In million of LD)......................................................................................................... 86 Table A.2.3 Investment Projects by Sector, as of 31 December 2006 (In million of LD)....................................................... 87 Table A.2.4 Government Administrative (Recurrent) Expenditure, 2001-2005 (In millions of LD)......................................... 88 Table A.2.5 Budget Authorizations, as of November 11, 2007............................................................................................. 88 Table A.2.6 Development Budget by Sector, 1994-2000 (In million of LD)........................................................................... 89 Table A.2.7 Development Budget by Sector, 2001-06 (In million of LD)............................................................................... 89 Table A.2.8 Development Expenditure per Sector, Added for 1994-2000 ............................................................................ 90 Table A.2.9 Development Expenditure per Sector, Added for 2001-2006 ............................................................................ 90 Table A.2.10 Development Expenditure by Sector, 2007 (Up to 11/11/07) .......................................................................... 91 Table A.2.11. Status of the Public Investment Program by Sector, 2006 ............................................................................. 91 Table A.2.12 Average Value of the Contracts Underway ..................................................................................................... 92 Table A.2. 13 Project Execution Status of the Great Man Made River, 2005 ....................................................................... 92

Table A.2.14a Investment Budget for Selected Ministries in 2005 in Thousand of LD.......................................................... 93 Table A.2.14b Investment Budget for Selected Ministries in 2006- in Thousand of LD......................................................... 93 Table A.2.14c Investment Budget for Selected Ministries in 2007 - in Thousand of LD........................................................ 94 Table A.2.15a Recurrent Expenditure for 2005 - in thousand LD......................................................................................... 94 Table A.2.15b Recurrent Expenditure for 2006 - in thousand LD......................................................................................... 95 Table A.2.15c Recurrent Expenditure for the period 01/01/2007 to 09/30/2007 - in thousand LD ........................................ 96 Table A.2. 16 Shaabiat Contracts by Sector, 1999-2006 (In millions of LD, unless otherwise indicated).............................. 97 Table A.2. 17 Shaabiat Contracts by Sector, 1999 (In millions of LD, unless otherwise indicated)....................................... 97 Table A.2. 18 Shaabiat Contracts by Sector, 2000 (In millions of LD, unless otherwise indicated)....................................... 97 Table A.2. 19 Shaabiat Contracts by Sector, 2001 (In millions of LD, unless otherwise indicated)....................................... 98 Table A.2. 20 Shaabiat Contracts by Sector, 2002 (In millions of LD, unless otherwise indicated)....................................... 98 Table A.2. 21. Shaabiat Contracts by Sector, 2003 (In millions of LD, unless otherwise indicated)...................................... 98 Table A.2. 22 Shaabiat Contracts by Sector, 2004 (In millions of LD, unless otherwise indicated)....................................... 99 Table A.2. 23 Shaabiat Contracts by Sector, 2005 (In millions of LD, unless otherwise indicated)....................................... 99 Table A.2. 24 Shaabiat Contracts by Sector, 2006 (In millions of LD, unless otherwise indicated)....................................... 99 Table A.3.1: Estimation of the population by age group..................................................................................................... 100 Table A.3.2: Estimation of the school-age population by age............................................................................................. 100 Table A.3.3: Estimation of the school-age population by Shaabiat..................................................................................... 101 Table A.3.4: Gross enrolment ratio in Pre-primary (Arab States, 2000-2006) .................................................................... 102 Table A.3.5: Enrollment in Preschooler level (2005-2006) ................................................................................................. 103 Table A.3.6: Enrollment by level (2005, 2006 and 2007) ................................................................................................... 103 Table A.3.7: Success rate in baccalaureate exam by Shaabiat (2006-2007) ..................................................................... 103 Table A.3.8: Capital Expenditure in the Education Sector (In million of LD) ....................................................................... 104 Table A.3.9: Pupil-Teacher Ratio in Primary and secondary (2005)................................................................................... 105 Table A.3.10: Investment budget, Education Sectors (1970-2007) (In million of LD).......................................................... 106 Table A.3.11: Expenditure in education by region, Household and Person........................................................................ 107 Table A.3.12: Student by sector, region, level of education and area ................................................................................ 108 Table A.3.13: Enrollment and Repeaters in Primary Schools, 2003................................................................................... 109 Table A.3.14: Enrollment and Repeaters in Secondary Schools, 2003 .............................................................................. 110 Table A.3.15: Enrollment and Repeaters in Higher Education, 2003 ................................................................................. 111 Table A3.16: Dropout by grade, 2003................................................................................................................................ 112 Table A.3.17: Reasons for dropping out, Primary Schools, 2003....................................................................................... 113 Table A.3.18: Reasons for dropping out, Secondary Schools, 2003 .................................................................................. 114 Table A.3.19: Reasons for dropping out, Higher Education, 2003 ..................................................................................... 115 Table A.3.20: Student, Teacher School and Classroom, 2005-2006.................................................................................. 116 Table A.3.21: Pupil/Teacher Ratio and Density ................................................................................................................. 117 Table A.3.22: Universities: Operating Budget (In million of LD) ......................................................................................... 118 Table A.3.23: Educational statute by Shaabiat .................................................................................................................. 120 Table A.3.24: Labor Force by Sector................................................................................................................................. 121 Table A.3.25: Education: Investments by Sector, 2004-2006 (In million of LD) .................................................................. 122 Table A.3.26: Standards for determining needs surface .................................................................................................... 123 Table A.3.27: Development Program in Higher Education: Investments (In million of LD) ................................................. 124 Table A.3.28: Distribution of teachers by education level and gender................................................................................ 124 Table A.3.29: Capital expenditure in higher education, 2006 (In million LD) ...................................................................... 125 Table A.3.30: Classroom ratio by school ........................................................................................................................... 125 Pupils - Classroom ratio by school (Basic Education - 2006)............................................................................................. 125 Pupils - Classroom ratio by school (Secondary - 2006) ..................................................................................................... 125 Table A.3.31: Gross intake ratio, Primary, 2006-2007 ....................................................................................................... 126 Table A.3.31: GER, Primary (6-11 years), 2006-2007 ....................................................................................................... 126 Table A.3.32: Pupil Teacher ratio by Shaabiat, Basic Education, 2006-2007..................................................................... 127 Table A.3.33: Pupil Teacher ratio by Shaabiat, Secondary Education, 2006-2007............................................................. 127 Table A.3.34. Gross Enrollment Rate, by Age Group (2005–06) ....................................................................................... 128 Table A.3.35. Universities, Students, and Teachers (2006–07) ......................................................................................... 128 Table A.3.36. Higher Institutes, Students, and Teachers (2006–07) .................................................................................. 128 Table A.3.37. Higher Education, Student and Teachers Composition, by Field (2006–07) ................................................ 129 Table A.3.38. Structure of Household Expenditures, by Area of Residence....................................................................... 129 Table A.3.39. Household Expenditures on Education, by Region and Area of Residence ................................................. 130 Table A.4.1 Key Economic, Demographic and Human Development Indicators, 1998-2005 ............................................. 131 Table A.4.2 Mortality Indicators, 1990-20051 .................................................................................................................... 131 Table A.4.3 Infant mortality rate by shaabiya, 2006........................................................................................................... 132 Table A.4.4 Total Health Resources and Utilization, 1990-2005 ........................................................................................ 132

Table A.4.5 Composition of Health Professionals by Nationality, 2007 .............................................................................. 133 Table A.4.6 Government Health Expenditure, by key economic items, 2000-2005 ............................................................ 133 Table A.4.7 Geographic Distribution of Health Care Facilities, 2006.................................................................................. 133 Table A.4.8 Determinants of the number of physician visits per person/year, among adults 18 years+, 2002/03 ............... 134 Table A4.9 Libya: Determinants of Likelihood of Visiting Private Health Care Providers among ........................................ 134 adults 18 years or over, 2002/3 ......................................................................................................................................... 134 Table A4.10 Libya: Determinants of Likelihood of Visiting Public Health Care Providers among........................................ 135 adults 18 years or over, 2002/3 ......................................................................................................................................... 135 Table A.4.11 Households that Paid for Health Care Services by Expenditure Quintile, 2002/03 (%).................................. 135 Table A.4.12 Use of Specific Health Services by Expenditure Quintile, 2002/03 (%) ......................................................... 136 Table A.4.13 Distribution of household expenditures on health care, by income and setting, 2002/03 (%)......................... 136 Table A.4.14 Overview of 2008-2012 Health Sector Development Program Investment Plan............................................ 137 Table A.4.15 Health Sector Development Program Investment Plan, Projects Under Study: Project Launch/Implementation138 Table A.4.16 Health Sector Development Program Investment Plan, Projects Under Study: Rehabilitation/Maintenance.. 140 Table A.4.17 Health Sector Development Program Investment Plan, Projects Contracted: Project Launch/Implementation141 Table A.4.18 Health Sector Development Program Investment Plan, Projects Contracted: Rehabilitation/Maintenance.... 142 Table A.4.19 Historical Budget Execution Rate, Health Sector: Capital Expenditure, 1970-2007....................................... 144 Table A4.20 Budget Execution for Capital Investment, 2006-2007 .................................................................................... 145 Table A.4.21 Geographic Distribution of Health Care Resources in Libya, 2006................................................................ 148 Table A.5.1: Technical data on capacity, generation, demand and network....................................................................... 149 Table A.5.2: Electricity consumption by sector during the period 2000-2006 in GWh......................................................... 150 Table A.5.3: Transmission network lines and sub-stations ................................................................................................ 150 Table A.5.4: Distribution network cables and substations .................................................................................................. 150 Table A.5.5 – Power plants fuel consumption.................................................................................................................... 150 Table A.5.6: Electricity Tariffs for residential from 1981 to 2005 ........................................................................................ 150 Table A.5.7: Electricity tariffs for residential in 2006 .......................................................................................................... 151 Table A.5.8 - Power plants statistics 2006......................................................................................................................... 151 Table A.5.9: Electricity tariff for commercial and industrial from 1981-2006 ....................................................................... 152 Table A.5.10: Profit and Loss Statements of 2004 and 2005 ............................................................................................. 152 Table A.5.11: Net expenditures and cost of KWh across consumption levels, 2006 .......................................................... 153 Table A.5.12: Comparison between Current Tariffs and Actual Costs ............................................................................... 153 Table A.5.13: Evolution of the number of customers to the national electricity grid from 1997 to 2007............................... 153 Table A.5.14 Households equipment with electrical appliances......................................................................................... 154 Table A.5.15 Incidence of electricity consumption at a national level................................................................................. 154 Table A.5.16 Incidence of electricity consumption at urban level ....................................................................................... 155 Table A.5.17 - Incidence of electricity consumption in rural area ....................................................................................... 155 Table A.5.18: Estimates of Implicit Subsidies .................................................................................................................... 155 Table A.5.19: International Prices of Fuel.......................................................................................................................... 156 Table A.5.20: Domestic Price of Fuels in Libya ................................................................................................................. 156 Table A.5.21. Electricity Investments, 2008–12 ................................................................................................................. 156 Table A.6.1 : The Draft Preliminary Development Program for Roads, 2008-2012 ............................................................ 157 Table A.6.2 Deaths caused by automobile accidents ........................................................................................................ 161 Table A.6.3 Fuel prices in Libya and neighboring countries (Billion of LD)......................................................................... 161 Table A.6.4 Projected Investments in the Transportation Sector, 2008-2012 (Billion of LD)............................................... 161 Table A.6.5. Projected Investments in Roads Sector, 2008-2012 (Billion of LD) ................................................................ 161 Table A.6.6 Projected road length ..................................................................................................................................... 162 Table A.6.7. Number of People’s Committees per Shaabiat .............................................................................................. 162 Table A.6.8. Regional Agencies per Shaabiat ................................................................................................................... 162 Table A.6.9 Types of Roads Maintenance and Operation Contracts.................................................................................. 163 Table A.6.10 Auto fleet/park in Libya................................................................................................................................. 163 Table A.6.11 Production of Gasolines (units?)................................................................................................................... 163 Table A.6.12 Data Road Accidents.................................................................................................................................... 164 Table A.6.13 Vehicle-related Fatalities in Libya and Selected Countries............................................................................ 164 Table A.6.14 Gasoline and Diesel Domestic Prices.......................................................................................................... 164 Table A.6.15 Comparator of Gasoline and Diesel Prices ................................................................................................... 164 Table A.6.16a Major Road Works Planned (Unit Costs) .................................................................................................... 165 Table A.6.16b Cost Comparators for Road Works............................................................................................................ 165 Table A.6.17 Proposed Road Works and Estimated Costs for Libya ................................................................................. 166 Table A.6.18 Expenditures in Road Construction and Maintenance in Libya and Selected Countries??............................ 167 Table A.6.19 Estimates of Road Network Development and Maintenance in Libya ........................................................... 167 Table A.6.20 Road Security Basic Data............................................................................................................................. 168

Table A.6.21 Length of the paved road network in Libya (In Km, unless otherwise noted)................................................. 169 Table A.6.22 Growth of Road Investments, 2000-2007 ..................................................................................................... 169 Table A.6.23 Transport Sector Investment Program, 2008-2012 ....................................................................................... 169 Table A.6.24 Subdivision of the Roads Sector Investment Program (In million LD) ........................................................... 169 Table A.6.25 Domestic Retail Prices of Petroleum Products, 2001-2007 (In Dirham per liter)* .......................................... 170 Table A.6.26 Estimates of Domestic Consumption of Petroleum Products in the Transport Sector, 2003-05..................... 170 Table A.7.1: GMMR Past and Projected Capital Expenditures (in million LD) .................................................................... 171 Table A.7.2 Urban Water Development Program, 2007-2012—Desalination Plants .......................................................... 171 Table A.7.3: Urban Development Program (2007-2012)—Conveyance Systems (Feeder lines)........................................ 171 Table A.7.5: Projected water and wastewater (WWW) distribution expenditures, 2008-2012 (LD million).......................... 173 Table A.7.6 : Industrial use, 1998 (Strategy 1999)............................................................................................................. 173 Table A.7.7 : Distribution of urban water by source of supply and basin, 1998 .................................................................. 174 Table A.7.8 : Distribution of water use (MCM 2005) .......................................................................................................... 174 Table A.7.9 : Shares by source of water supply (%) .......................................................................................................... 174 Table A.7.10 : Shares by source of water supply across Regions (%) ............................................................................... 174 Table A.7.11 : Water Consumption, 2005 (Million m3, unless otherwise indicated)............................................................ 175 Table A.7.12 : Water Sources and Uses in Libya, 1998 (MCM) ......................................................................................... 175 Table A.7.13 : Water Sources and Uses in Libya, 2005 (MCM) ......................................................................................... 175 Table A.7.14 : Water Supply in the Agriculture Sector, 2005 ............................................................................................. 175 Table A.7.15 : The Water Supply, 2006............................................................................................................................. 176 Table A.7.16 : Water Balance (Strategy Study 1999) ........................................................................................................ 177 Table A.7.17 : Investment Projections, 2012 ..................................................................................................................... 178 Table A.7.18 : Wastewater Infrastructure, 2005................................................................................................................. 179 Table A.7.19 : Water, Housing and Utility Investment Program, 2008-2012....................................................................... 180 Table A.7.20 : Water, Housing and Utility Infrastructure .................................................................................................... 181 Table A.7.21 : Projected Demand and Supply of Water Services, All Regions, 2007-2025................................................ 182 Table A.8.1 LPA’s wages and salaries as percent of revenues and expenditures items .................................................... 183 Table A.8.2 Composition of civil servants with respect to wage brackets 2001 .................................................................. 183 Table A.8.3 General Government Employment 1997-2005, annual average growth rates, in percent................................ 184 Table A.8.4 CPI, real wages, and real GDP per capita, Indices (1981=100) ...................................................................... 185

1

ANNEX A: ANALYZING THE 1999–2006 PROJECT DATABASE FOR THE SHAABIATS

Description. In 2006, the General People’s Committee for Planning (GPCP) made a first very innovative effort at collecting information on and preparing a full inventory of all so-called “projects” (better known as contracts) implemented by the shaabiats during 1999–2006.1 The GPCP hired a consulting firm (the National Consulting Bureau). This exercise was needed to examine the belief that decentralization was responsible for excessive increases in public investment at the local level and loss of control over regional expenditure. The database was developed using the software Microsoft SQL Server 2005, and field and processing work was initiated in 2006 and completed during 2007. All tables and figures in this Annex originate from the GPCP database. The database contains 23,501 projects (contracts) for a total value of LD8,328.22 million. The database mainly groups all projects into four categories: (a) finished, (b) underway, (c) stopped, and (d) not started. The database also allows extracting information on extensions, average value per project, reasons for stopping the project, and procurement procedure adopted.2

The existing information does not exactly map the information required for the five sectors assessed in the Public Expenditure Review (PER). Instead, the analysis works with proxies at an upper aggregated level. Therefore, it focuses on seven sectors: (a) Higher Education; (b) General (Basic) Education; (c) General Forces, Learning and Training (which includes Manpower); (d) Housing and Equipment (which includes Urban Water and Sanitation); (e) Electricity (power); (f) Communication and Transportation (which includes Roads); and (g) Health and Environment. Table A.1 shows all projects for the seven sectors during 1999–2006.

Table A. 1: The Shaabiat’s Projects Database, 1999–2006

Total ( million LD) Composition Number Value Number % Value %

Higher Education 182 57 1 1 General Education 4,388 1,032 24 14 General Forces, Learning and Training 385 441 2 6 Housing and Equipment 8,534 3,439 46 46 Electricity 21 6 0 0 Communication and Transportation 3,072 2,033 17 27 Health and Environment 1,954 550 11 7

Subtotal 18,536 7,557 100 100

Total Database 23,501 8,328

Source: Bank staff estimates based upon the GPCP database.

1 A second and more comprehensive effort is being developed by the GPCP in preparing the Central Government database for all projects implemented during the same period. Such a database is complementary to the existing one. 2 Unfortunately, in the case of the last two variables, the answer is open, which prevents drawing common conclusions.

2

A few broad conclusions can be drawn from the global reading of the database:

• The seven sectors represent the main bulk of the entire project database: 79 percent in number and 91 percent in value of the total number of projects developed by the shaabiats during 1999–2006.

• In both number and value, the four sectors that have the highest share of the subtotal number of projects implemented by the shaabiats are, in decreasing order: (a) Housing and Equipment (46 percent in number and 45 percent in value); (b) General Education (23 percent in number and 14 percent in value); (c) Communication and Transportation (17 percent in number and 27 percent in value); and (d) Health (11 percent in number and 7 percent in value). The relatively small share of the Communication and Transportation sector is not surprising, because it normally features big projects in basic infrastructure, which are not implemented by the shaabiats, but by the Central Government.

• In both number and value, the three sectors that have the lowest share of the subtotal number of projects implemented by the shaabiats are, in increasing order: (a) Electricity (close to nil), another sector featuring big projects, but almost exclusively implemented by the Central Government; (b) Higher Education (1 percent in number and value); and (c) General Forces, Learning and Training (2 percent in number and 6 percent in value). Hence, it is safe to say that shaabiats implemented better projects in the above-

Status of the Projects. Figure A.1 shows the status of the number of projects grouped in four categories: finished, underway, stopped, and not-started projects. The figures show the particular situation of each sector and the total of the seven sectors. A few conclusions emerge on the total and sectoral performance of the shaabiats:

• A aggregate level, the number of stopped (bad) and not-started projects is high, 16 percent and 9 percent, respectively. This means that about 1 out of 6 projects has been stopped and 1 out of 10 has not started. In addition, only about 60 percent of projects are completed, while the percentage of ongoing projects is relatively small (14 percent). The latter ratio reflects that the residual number of projects belonging to the old pipeline implemented by the shaabiats during the decentralization period is very small.

• On completed projects, the sectors with the highest performance are (a) Higher Education (70 percent), (b) General Education (68 percent), and (c) Health (65 percent). In contrast, the sectors with the lowest performance are (a) Communication and Transportation (45 percent), and (b) General Forces, Learning and Training (50 percent), which have barely completed about 1 out of 2 projects under their jurisdiction.

• On projects underway, the sectors with the highest percentage of projects under implementation are (a) Communication and Transportation (22 percent), (b) General Forces, Learning and Training (20 percent), and (c) Electricity (19 percent). In contrast, the sector with the lowest percentage of projects under implementation is General Education (12 percent). This could reveal a decreased role for shaabiats in investment in schools.

• On not-started (eventually pending implementation) projects, the sectors with the highest percentage of pending projects are (a) Communication and Transportation (14 percent), and (b) General Forces, Learning and Training (11 percent); and those sectors with the lowest percentage of pending projects are (a) Electricity (5 percent), (b) General Education (7 percent), and (c) Higher Education (9 percent). Thus, it is interesting to note that those sectors with the best performance in terms of completion, like those from Education, are also those that exhibit the lowest rates in terms of not-started projects, and vice-versa (Figure A.1).

3

Figure A. 1: Status of the Projects Implemented by the Shaabiats, 1999–2006

Higher Education projects (1999-2006)

Not started contracts (9.34%)

Stopped contracts (4.95%)

Underway contracts (15.93%)

Finished contrcats (69.78%)

General Education Projects (1999-2006)

Finished projects (67.98%)

Underway projects (12.01%)

Stopped projects (12.92%)

Not started projects (7.09%)

General Forces, Learning and Training projects (1999-2006)

Not started projects (11.43%)Stopped

proejcts (17.92%)

Underway proejcts (20.26%)


Housing and Equipment Projects (1999-2006)





Electricity Projects (1999-2006)





Communication and Transportation Projects (1999-2006)





Health and environment projects (1999-2006)





Total Number of Projects (1999 - 2006)

Finished, 61%Underway, 14%

Stopped, 16%

Not Started, 9%

Source: Bank staff’s elaboration based on GPCP data.

4

Finally, on stopped projects, the sectors with the highest percentage of bad projects belong to basic infrastructure and are (a) Electricity (23 percent), and (b) Housing and Equipment (19 percent). Those sectors with the lowest percentage of bad projects are (a) Higher Education (5 percent), and (b) Health (9 percent). Again, the latter two sectors also exhibit the best performance in terms of completion rates, thus confirming shaabiat’s propensity to do better in terms of implementation of social projects.

The Abusive Fragmentation of Projects. The shaabiat’s database provides a perfect illustration of the abusive fragmentation of the public investment pipeline into microprojects (contracts below LD500,000). This amount is the ceiling threshold that the national procurement law sets on projects beyond which the first disbursement requires a prior authorization and certificate of payment of the Auditing Office, both issued after examining the legal and financial conditions of the project.3 Figure A.2 shows that the average value of contracts in all sectors, with the exception of Communication and Transport in 2002 and in 2005, are below the ceiling amount! It is obvious that the shaabiats opted for streamlined procedures during all those years, but in exchange, project management became an extremely complex task, the management of which became even more inefficient once these projects were recentralized under a single institution, the GPCP, in this case.

Figure A. 2: Average Value of Contracts per Sector, 1999-2006

0.000.200.400.600.801.001.201.401.60

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Higher Education General EducationGeneral forces, learning and training Housing and equipmentElectricity Communication and transportationHealth and environment


The Proliferation of the Practice of Project Extensions. Another common feature of the pipeline managed by shaabiats was the proliferation of the practice of extending projects. In theory, there is no rule of thumb regarding the optimal number of extensions of a project, but in practice such number should be very small, if needed, especially in the case of micro projects like the ones involved in this database. However:

• During 1999–06, an average of 16 percent of all shaabiat’s projects was extended (about 1 out of 6).

• In absolute terms, Housing and Equipment (1,257 extensions) itself accounted for more than 40 percent of the total number of extensions (2,943), whereas Electricity accounted for 2 percent (only 5 extensions).

3 Planning authorities indicate that they often conduct random joint visits with personnel of the Auditing Office to projects before issuing such prior authorizations.

5

• In relative terms, sectors that extended a percentage of projects above the average were (a) Electricity (26 percent), (b) Health (19 percent), (c) Higher Education, and (d) General Education (18 percent each). Given the extremely low number of projects, small size, and high number of extensions in the Electricity sector, it is clear that shaabiats have poor capacity to design and implement them.

• Looking at the entire period, Figure A.3 shows the percentage of projects extended per sector and per year. It is clear that 2003 was the year with the highest number of extensions, with the culprit values being 100 percent in Electricity and 50 percent in General Forces, Learning and Training. Conversely, 2006 was the year with the lowest number of extensions, which markedly decreased from 333 extensions in 2005, to 33 extensions in 2006.

Figure A. 3: Percentage of Projects Extended per Sector and Year,


1999-2006

0102030405060708090

100

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Higher EducationGeneral EducationGeneral Forces, Learning and TrainingHousing and Equipment

ElectricityCommunication and TransportationHealth and Environment

6

7

ANNEX B: THE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM FOR EDUCATION, 2008-2012

General Education. The development program of general education aims to significantly increase the capacity of schools of basic and secondary education to reduce the number of students per class ratio. It is to build more than 1,000 new schools with 15,580 classrooms of which 3,000 are underway. In addition, the program provides for a reduction in the number of teachers from 108,000 teachers: a reduction of 35% and 25% for basic and secondary education, respectively. This will reduce the pupil-teacher ratio to 7.3 to basic education (against 4.3 currently) and 6.0 in secondary education (against 4.2 at present). However, the deficit of qualified teachers in certain disciplines requires recruitment of about 16,800 new teachers. Table B.1 shows the main quantitative targets of the program:

Table B.1: Development Program in General Education: The targets

2007 2012Basic Education

Number of schools 2,800 3,558Number of students: 1,082,105 1,182,882The number of classrooms 36,790 47,315The average density of classrooms 29.4 25.0Number of teachers: 251,258 162,754The average number of pupils per teacher 4.3 7.3The number of labs and computers 1,032 3,200Increase or decrease in chapters 10,525Number of classes being implemented 2,500Needs of the classroom 8,045Needs of the teachers (*) 12,000

Secondary education Number of schools 593 843Number of students: 333,628 363,700The number of classrooms 9,493 14,548The average density of classrooms 35.1 25.0Number of teachers: 80,224 60,195The average number of pupils per teacher 4.2 6.0The number of labs and computers 650 5,240Number of classes being implemented 500Needs of the classroom 4,555Needs of the teachers (*) 4,776(*) To cover the deficit in certain disciplines and other decisions in addition to replacement of expatriates. Source: Development Program in General Education 2008-2012.

Concerning private education, the program provides a marked improvement in the contribution of the private sector. Its weight will increase in basic education by 4.8% to 14.4% in 2012 and in secondary education from 2.3% today to 5.7% in 2012. It also plans to increase significantly the place of home education in 2012 to reach 13% enrolments (against less than 0.5% today).

Table B.2: Development Program in General Education, Private sector: The targets 2006 2012

School Students Classes Teacher School Students Classes Teacher Basic education 433 51,624 3,464 6,389 683 170,750 8,537 17,075Secondary 112 7,736 773 1,123 137 20,550 1,370 2,050Home education 5,247 150,000

Total 545 64,607 4,237 7,512 820 341,300 9,907 19,125

Source: Development Program in General Education 2008-2012

8

The program will cost around 7 billion LD. Nearly 42% of the costs of the program corresponds to school buildings. About 18% are reserved for the development of education facilities and 13% to maintenance. The 2/3 of the investments will be made during the first two years 2008 and 2009. Compared to the average investment made during the past five years, the investment planned for 2008 and 2009 represent about 7 times the investment made by the GPC. This raises questions of capacity to achieve these 1000 schools in such a short time.

Figure B.1 : Investment in General Education : Achievement (20032-2007) and goals (2008-2012)

307498

176340 347

2,509

2,104

815 755 738

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Million LD Source: GPC General Education.

Table B.3: Development Program in General Education: Investments (In 1,000 LD)

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total Human Resources Development 90,000 90,000 80,000 70,000 70,000 400,000

Development of administration 73,000 28,000 13,000 13,000 13,000 140,000

Curricula 85,500 83,500 63,500 58,500 53,500 344,500

Development supports the quality 58,000 71,000 40,000 37,000 37,000 243,000

Development of education facilities 342,000 342,000 212,000 202,000 202,000 1,300,000

Appropriate environment for teaching 102,500 121,800 65,800 40,800 40,800 371,700

Map school 69,000 68,500 50,000 50,000 50,000 287,500

Maintenance 180,000 180,000 180,000 180,000 180,000 900,000

School Construction 1,489,235 1,098,990 108,500 102,500 90,000 2,889,225

Student assessment 20,200 20,200 2,200 1,200 1,200 45,000 Total 2,509,435 2,103,990 815,000 755,000 737,500 6,920,925

Source: Development Program in General Education 2008-2012.

The construction program. GPC has done important work through a study4 on the state of school infrastructure and leading to proposals for allocation of development programs of educational institutions aimed at correcting the disparities between regions. We present below the main results of this study with comments and recommendations. The study identified 4,170 schools of basic education and secondary spread over 455 Moatmar (BPC). These schools are equipped with 44,658 classrooms which 43,541 are in good condition. These schools accommodate 1,414,200 students. This represents an average ratio of 32.5 pupils per classroom.

4 Preliminary study on the distribution of educational and training institutions, GPC General Education, Department of Educational Planning and Research, 2007.

Figure B.2: Pupils-Classroom ratio by BPC

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

20,000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95Pupils-classroom ratio

Pupils by BPC (Motamar)

77 BPC

85BPC

293 BPC

Source: GPC General Education.

9

The study identified 3,451 basic educational schools with 47,849 classes and 1,086,794 pupils, with an average class size of 23. These schools can be distributed among schools average class size above 25 and below 25. For the first category, there are 930 schools with 18,047 classes for 540,225 students, an average size of 30. The second category covers 2,251 schools with 29,802 classes for 546,569 students: an average size of 18. For secondary education, the number of schools identified is 1,155 including 12,455 classes and 348,755 pupils: an average size of 28 students per class. The split between the two categories (higher and lower than 25 pupils per class) gives 589 schools sizes average 33.2 students per class and 566 schools average size of 18.6 students per class.

The goal of the GPC of General Education is to reduce the ratio of the number of students per classroom between 20 and 25, to reach the level of Motamar (PCB). Currently, 85 PCBs are in this situation (comprising 163,127 students, that 11.5 percent), 77 PCBs have ratios below 20 (comprising 62,276 students, that 4.4 percent) and 293 PCBs (64 percent of PCBs) have ratios exceeding 25. These include 1.2 million students or 84 percent of the total (Figure B.2).

In 2007, the projects of GPC of General Education included 2,110 classrooms of which 772 were stopped as they were deemed not necessary and 1,339 are underway. The following map shows the distribution of these projects and shows the different situation between Shaabiats. For example, all the projects of Shaabiats Al Batnan were stopped while all the projects of Al Jofra, Sirt et Al Jabel Akhdar are underway.

Figure B.3: Classroom project situation, 2007


The study led to the need to build 13,350 schools, of which 11,650 will be built in 2008 and 2009. The breakdown by Shaabiats is given by Table B.4.

10

Figure B.4: Construction Program of Classrooms (2008-2009)


The distribution of the construction program by Shaabiat show the concentration of needs in two categories Shaabiats: Shaabiats densely populated as: Tripoli (2716 classrooms), Benghazi (2121 classrooms), Misurata (1191 classrooms) and Al Mergib (524 classrooms) and Shaabiats with a high deficits as Sebha which has a ratio of more than 56 pupils per classroom. The following map shows the distribution of the construction programme by Shaabiats for the years 2008 and 2009:

The program of school construction by the GPC of General Education has several advantages. It aims to bring order in the school map and streamline the distribution between regions within a goal of equity and efficiency. However, the analysis of this program raises a few observations and suggestions:

• The needs analysis of construction is prepared in a uniform manner for all general education. It would be desirable to treat them differently cycles of basic education and that of secondary education. The objectives in terms of conditions of study and the costs of construction may be different;

• The figures on the distribution of schools, classrooms and needs are different from one document to another. While the differences are not important, but it is desirable to harmonize the figures;

• Several schools have adopted the formula of double shifts to address the shortage of classrooms. This option has several advantages and helps to effectively operate the school infrastructure available especially for primary education. It would be advisable not to call into question categorically this option and to adapt a more sophisticated approach aimed at maintaining double-shift in some regions according to their specific statements and their equipment;

• Several construction projects have been abandoned. While the main cause is inappropriate programming it is recommended to make an exhaustive survey of these cases, analyze and draw lessons and recommendations for future construction planning;

• The needs are defined according to consolidation ratios by Motamar (PCB). This helps spread fairly new construction, but can not use more efficiently the existing infrastructure in neighbouring PCBs in particular as regards to secondary education. Especially since the GPC of General Education plans to award bonuses travel to pupils and teachers who are enrolled in schools far from their place of residence. At this level, a more detailed analysis of the needs of the regions is recommended.

11

Table B.4: Distribution of building classroom by Shaabiats

Situation in 2006 Project Classroom Needs & Program

School Classroom

Good Students

Student/ Classroom

Interrupted During Additional

Needs Program 2008-09

Ratio at 2009

Al Nekat ElKhoms 307 2,964 70,521 23.8 94 26 87 74 23.0Zawia 218 2,277 65,703 28.9 70 120 324 293 24.4Al Jofra 45 446 11,627 26.1 0 40 18 11 23.4Tripoli 371 6,023 237,283 39.4 100 176 3,186 2,716 26.6Al Mergib 511 4,329 116,943 27.0 68 119 607 524 23.5Misurata 394 4,320 145,950 33.8 16 97 1,429 1,191 26.0Sirt 109 1,280 41,190 32.2 0 40 431 393 24.0Al Wahat 106 1,191 45,261 38.0 5 109 606 565 24.3Benghazi 272 4,148 166,507 40.1 65 56 2,418 2,121 26.3Al Marj 165 1,551 53,032 34.2 14 75 546 497 25.0Al Jabel Akhdar 155 1,643 53,053 32.3 0 30 532 451 25.0Derna 124 1,472 45,560 31.0 38 40 312 271 25.6Al Batnan 112 1,239 41,484 33.5 64 0 482 426 24.9Al Kofra 29 324 12,417 38.3 46 6 120 95 29.2Al Jfara 360 3,632 98,137 27.0 22 60 419 336 24.4Mazag 78 664 20,654 31.1 6 72 143 118 24.2Sabha 66 691 38,869 56.3 8 14 850 775 26.3Wadi Hayet 77 675 21,003 31.1 12 16 199 189 23.9Ghat 23 180 6,458 35.9 20 4 53 52 27.4Wadi Shati 101 605 21,203 35.0 42 16 208 194 26.0Al Jebel Garbi 421 3,147 78,370 24.9 32 150 281 250 22.1Nalut 126 740 22,975 31.0 50 73 102 110 24.9Jamahiriya 4,170 43,541 1,414,200 32.5 772 1,339 13,353 11,652 25.0


The construction costs are very high. The cost of a classroom for basic education reached 175,000 LD. This equals the cost of an average apartment standing in Tripoli. The comparison with the costs recognized in the countries of the region shows that it is about 4 times the actual costs in other countries such as Tunisia and Morocco. A study of costs and standards of school buildings by category is recommended to better define the various components of cost and identify opportunities for economy and reduce unit costs.

Figure B.5: Construction cost of a classroom in Maghreb countries

4565

40

175

020406080

100120140160180200

Morocco Algeria Tunisia Libya(1,000 LD)

Source: Data collected in Maghreb countries

Staff’s redeployment. The second challenge of the development program of GPC of General education is the staff’s redeployment. GPC of General education plans to reduce the number of teachers of about 108,000 by 2012, but did not set out ways and means to achieve that goal. The situation detailed consolidations made in status functions of the ministry is attached in annex. The main results are grouped in the following table which shows that about 414,080 officials working in GPC of General education in 2007. Among them, 224.525 have been regularized (54 percent). Teachers, in number 306,683, represent 3/4 of the GPC officials. About half (52 percent) of teachers are tenured and 147,085 are not. The surplus (expressed in number of tenured teachers in relation to the total) is particularly noted in Shaabiat Tripoli (51 percent), Zawia (57 percent), Al Jafra (58 percent), El Jebel el Akdar (65 percent), El Nikat El Kmos (58 percent) and El Batnan (54 percent). In addition, 28, 676 staff are considered unqualified. It accounts for 7 percent of staff. The proportion of unskilled workers is particularly important in El Kofra (where it reached 38 percent), El Jebel El Gharbi (24 percent),

12

Ghat (22 percent), Sirt (17 percent), El Merkeb (19 percent), Jafara (14 percent) and Wadi El Shati (14 percent).

The analysis of the Ministry led to the determination of a deficit of 35,627 as follows: 14,639 Teachers, 6,661 Administrative, 5,165 Technicians and 9,162 Services. This new recruits are explained by the shortage of teachers in certain scientific specialties’ and non qualification of a portion of administrative and technical staff.

Table B.5: State tenure staff of the GPC of General Education, 2007

Tenured Not tenured Shaabiats Teachers

in Class Reservists Administrative Technicians Services Teachers

Administrative and Tech.

Not qualified

Tripoli 19,427 3,465 2,897 2,752 128 24,050 628 697

El Jofra 1,178 257 323 141 97 1,403 16 263

El Kofra 787 65 149 94 110 277 45 587

Zaouia 7,697 2,729 2,343 896 510 13,909 57 1,305

Ouadi El Hayet 1,792 32 980 269 150 1,256 1,205 251

Darma 5,615 1,237 1,816 613 622 5,310 106 1,091

Ghat 384 23 149 97 122 26 58 188

El Jafara 12,105 1,515 2,332 1,670 540 18,496 250 5,004

El Markeb 12,527 186 3,132 2,753 2,545 4,124 2,637 5,188

Binghazi 14,177 0 2,868 1,326 271 8,339 1,118 0

El Wahat 3,205 560 733 834 491 2,409 1,059 626

El Djebel El Akhdar 5,855 1,091 2,216 0 507 12,891 1,733 0

El Nikat El Khoms 12,390 1,609 1,007 1,501 819 19,252 414 884

Nalout 3,207 229 821 549 531 2,661 454 936

Misrata 9,961 977 2,030 1,789 3,836 6,235 265 1,289

Ouadi El Shati 2,292 589 876 250 435 1,627 1,874 1,126

El Batnan 3,691 416 449 522 99 4,783 9 849

El Marj 5,197 1,031 1,256 837 627 5,695 402 211

Sabha 2,434 365 516 403 170 2,591 18 38

Syrt 3,255 405 573 483 81 1,159 774 1,163

Marzek 2,827 308 549 423 333 1,141 356 324

El Djebel El Gharbi 11,045 1,461 2,417 2,368 901 9,451 318 6,656

Grand Total 141,048 18,550 30,432 20,570 13,925 147,085 13,796 28,676

Source: GPC General Education

The analysis of program of the GPC of General education raises the following comments and recommendations:

• The objective of reducing the number of staff is indisputable. However, this reduction seems modest, since it reaches the ratio of 7.3 students per teacher in general education and 6.0 students per teacher in secondary which it is still low. They can be doubled without any risk on the quality of education. In this case, the number of teachers to be reduced could have been twice of what is planned.

• One area of concerns is that the social and economic feasibility of this reduction is not sufficiently analyzed and discussed. To our knowledge, it lacks a comprehensive plan for redeployment, shared and approved by stakeholders and presenting in detail the various options and their stages of implementation

• Teacher training will cover a wider spectrum and will take into account polyvalence of teachers. This will help solve the problems of lack of teachers for certain disciplines

• Social considerations are often crucial in the allocation of teachers. The question of the allocation of teachers deserves greater rigors and a reduction in certain laxity that exists and which contributes to the plethora of staff in several regions.

13

• Despite this plethora, teachers training institutes continue to recruit and train a large number of students. They are now 28,365 students who are undergoing training and who would be seeking jobs soon. In the best case assuming the resumption of the whole "qualitative deficit", new recruitment for the next 5 years will take 14,000 teachers. In order not to exacerbate the current crisis, it is urgent to limit the access to teacher training programs.

The 2008-2012 Pipeline in General Education. The latest data received on the pipeline project GPC General Education include: i) projects underway in the amount of LD 414 million, ii) projects under study for LD 6 342 million and iii) eliminated projects (1660 projects) for LD 503 million. The projects in progress concerning the construction of 2040 new classrooms for a total of LD 358 million, rehabilitation of a total of LD 54 million and other buildings for a total of LD 1.6 million. The contracts signed are very weak commitment: the commitment rate does not exceed 2%.

Table B.7 : Contracted projects, Model schools Amount (in 1000 LD)

Shaabiats Number of Classroom Contractual value

Rest of the commitment

Nalout 60 10 233 10 233 Jebel Ghabi 63 9 835 9 835 Nikat Khoms 15 3 702 3 702 Jefara 54 10 960 10 960 Tripoli 24 3 556 3 556 Margheb 102 18 072 18 072 Misrata 147 29 179 29 179 Benghazi 657 107 699 107 699 Batenan 111 17 926 17 926 Darna 24 3 556 3 556 Marj 123 19 337 19 337 El Jbel Akhdar 36 4 867 4 867 Sebha 48 7 806 7 806 Wad El Hayet 60 11 206 11 206 Wad El Chati 24 6 799 6 799 Ghat 24 6 799 6 799 Marzek 36 7 303 7 303 Sirt 204 36 144 36 144 Wahat 150 25 184 25 184 Jofra 12 3 399 3 399 Kofra 12 3 399 3 399 Zawia 54 10 960 10 960

Total 2 040 357 920 357 920 Source:GPCP

Three model of school are adopted: costal model, mountain model and Saharan model. The unit price of classroom differ from one

Figure B.6 : The unit price of classroom by model of school

Table B.6 : General education, projects underway

Contractual value The rest of the commitment

Model schools 357 920 357 920 Maintenance and Rehabilitation 54 394 46 619

Construction 1 649 1 340

Total 413 963 405 879

Source: GPCP.

14

model to another (from an average of LD 155 000 for the mountain model LD 181 000 to coastal model and LD 255 000 for the Saharan model: a variation of 55%) and also within a model according to Shabiaats (variations in costs within the same model reaches 26%, 67% and 74% for the three models mountain, coastal and saharan). The following graph illustrates the distribution

247203

148177

198164161

148177

168203

171156157

135163

187283283

203283283

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Nikat KhomsJefaraTripoli

MarghebMisrata

BenghaziBatenan

DarnaSirt

WahatZawiaNalout

Jebel GhabiMarj

El Jbel AkhdarSebha

Wad El HayetWad El Chati

GhatMarzek

JofraKofra

Coas

tal

Mou

ntai

nSa

hara

n

Model

Unit cost of Classroom in LD 1000

The following table gives details of projects being considered. They concern the construction of 11,414 classrooms for a total of nearly LD 2 billion (31.5 percent) and other projects of an amount of LD 4.3 billion (68.5 percent):

Table B.8 : General education, projects under study

Number of Classroom

Amount (1000 LD)

Structure (%)

Classroom in Shaabiats 11 414 1 997 450 31,5% Nalout 110 19 250 0,3% Jebel Ghabi 250 43 750 0,7% Nikat Khoms 74 12 950 0,2% Jefara 336 58 800 0,9% Tripoli 2 716 475 300 7,5% Margheb 524 91 700 1,4% Misrata 1 191 208 425 3,3% Benghazi 2 121 371 175 5,9% Batenan 426 74 550 1,2% Darna 271 47 425 0,7% Marj 497 86 975 1,4% El Jbel Akhdar 451 78 925 1,2% Sebha 757 132 475 2,1% Wad El Hayet 189 33 075 0,5% Wad El Chati 194 33 950 0,5% Ghat 52 9 100 0,1% Marzek 191 33 425 0,5% Sirt 393 68 775 1,1% Wahat 565 98 875 1,6% Jofra 11 1 925 0,0% Kofra 95 16 625 0,3% Zawia 0,0%

Other Projects 0,0% Shabiat Tripoli 118 000 1,9%

Book printer’s 38 000 0,6% Central Library building and

equipment 35 000 0,6% Educational channel

(hardware) 45 000 0,7% Different Shabiaat 4 077 000 64,3% Projects in Africa 150 000 2,4%

Total 6 342 450 100,0%

Source: For Figures B.6-7: GPCP

15

Table B.9 : General education, projects under study, projects in different Shaabiats

Amount (1000 LD) Structure (%)

Maintenance of school buildings 800 000 19,6% School furniture 485 000 11,9% Settlement of prior commitments 441 000 10,8% Computer Equipment 290 000 7,1% School laboratories 220 000 5,4% Development of school mapping 200 000 4,9% Education facilities 180 000 4,4% Furnishing of school libraries and theaters 150 000 3,7% Completion of 3873 classrooms 131 000 3,2% Teaching materials 125 000 3,1% Training and retraining 125 000 3,1% Construction of 30 schools for the elite 120 000 2,9% Training Program in Computer Science 100 000 2,5% Development of school construction 100 000 2,5% Curriculum development 100 000 2,5% 22 Regional centers 75 000 1,8% Equipment of the elite schools 68 000 1,7% Headquarters of the Popular Committees 66 000 1,6% Popular Equipment Committees 50 000 1,2% Exchange of experiences 45 000 1,1% Center equipment electronic examinations 44 000 1,1% Heating schools 36 000 0,9% Short training cycles 25 000 0,6% Rolling stock 24 000 0,6% Translation and editing 15 000 0,4% Training Plan 12 500 0,3% Studies and Research 10 000 0,2% Program of continuing education 10 000 0,2% Seminars 10 000 0,2% Technical committees 8 000 0,2% Subscription to periodicals 5 000 0,1% Scientific Journals 2 500 0,1% Surveys 2 500 0,1% GIS 1 500 0,0%

Total 4 077 000 100,0%

Source: GPCP.

16

While construction of classrooms represent only a third of the investment program, an important part of other investment is related to the construction program. The construction program is developed on the basis of achieving the target of 25 pupils per classroom in different Shabiaats compared with a ratio of 32 pupils per classroom in 2007. A first priority in this program aims to eliminate existing disparities after completion of projects already undertaken. That is to prioritize the construction in the Shabiaats which have a ratio higher than the national average of 30.7 pupils per classroom. The priority program that follows the construction of 3181 classrooms at a cost of LD 557 million, or 28% of the original program. A second priority will aim to achieve at a ratio of 28 students per classroom. This corresponds to a program of construction of 5543 classrooms for a total cost of LD 970 million, less than half (49%) of the original program. The following table and chart provides a breakdown of the two levels of priority in the construction of classrooms:

Figure B.7 : Construction program, Priority lines

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58

NalutAl Jebel Garbi

Al Nekat …Al Jfara

TripoliAl MergibMisurata

BenghaziAl Batnan

DernaAl Marj

Al Jabel AkhdarSabha

Wadi HayetWadi Shati

GhatMazag

SirtAl Wahat

Al JofraAl Kofra

ZawiaJamahirya

Student/Classroom before contrated projetctsStudent/Classroom after contrated projetcts

Priority 1 Target: r = 30.7Priority 2 Target: r = 28.0

Student/Classroom Ratio (r)

Source: GPCP.

17

Table B.10 : General education, Construction program priority

Number of Classroom Student/Classroom Ratio Construction program priority

Priority 1 Priority 2

Shaabiats

2007 Contracted Under study

2007

After achievement Contracted

project Number

Amount (1000)

NumberAmount (1000)

Nalout 740 60 110 31,0 28,7 0 0 21 3 675Jebel Ghabi 3 147 63 250 24,9 24,4 0 0 0 0Nikat Khoms 2 964 15 74 23,8 23,7 0 0 0 0Jefara 3 632 54 336 27,0 26,6 0 0 0 0

Tripoli 6 023 24 2 716 39,4 39,2 1 675 293 125 2 427 424 725Margheb 4 329 102 524 27,0 26,4 0 0 0 0Misrata 432 147 1 191 33,8 25,2 0 0 0 0Benghazi 4 148 657 2 121 40,1 34,7 614 107 450 1 142 199 850Batenan 1 239 111 426 33,5 30,7 0 0 132 23 100Darna 1 472 24 271 31,0 30,5 0 0 131 22 925

Marj 1 551 123 497 34,2 31,7 52 9 100 220 38 500El Jbel Akhdar 1 643 36 451 32,3 31,6 47 8 225 216 37 800Sebha 691 48 757 56,3 52,6 526 92 050 649 113 575Wad El Hayet 675 60 189 31,1 28,6 0 0 15 2 625Wad El Chati 605 24 194 35,0 33,7 61 10 675 128 22 400Ghat 180 24 52 35,9 31,7 6 1 050 27 4 725

Marzek 664 36 191 31,1 29,5 0 0 38 6 650Sirt 128 204 393 32,2 12,4 0 0 0 0Wahat 1 191 150 565 38,0 33,8 132 23 100 275 48 125Jofra 446 12 11 26,1 25,4 0 0 0 0Kofra 324 12 95 38,3 37,0 68 11 900 107 18 725Zawia 2 277 54 0 28,9 28,2 0 0 16 2 800

Total 38 501 2 040 11 414 32,4 30,7 3 181 556 675 5 544 970 200Source: GPCP.

Higher education. The GPC of Higher Education has focused on the problems that know the sector5: i) attention to quantity rather than quality, ii) Low qualification of a graduate of the University, iii) lack of job prospects, lack of initiatives for self-employment and preference for the Civil Service, iv) absorptive capacity of institutions of higher education is now much lower than the expected influx student especially in medical science, v) shortages in information technology and difficulty of domination by the professor and students alike, vi) weakness of scientific research in universities and higher institutes.

During the past five years, the sector problems mentioned by the ministry include: i) lack of administrative and organizational stability which did not allow for ongoing programs in the sector, ii) lack of qualifications among those responsible for carrying out the program, iii) lack of training for the officials and teachers, iv) lack of evaluation of private institutions, v) non-use of ICT, vi) vertical extension of settlements and lack of priority given to regions.

The main target of the 2008-2012’s program are: i) absorb the growing numbers of students, estimated at about 450 thousand students by in 2012, ii) the preparation of 10000 teacher and 5000 administrative staff, iii) implementation of university city divided 21 University at a total cost of 8 billion dinars during the program.

5 GPC Higher Education, Development Program in Higher Education 2008-2012

18

Table B.11: Development Program in Higher Education 2007 2012Universities (Number) 12 21Students 240,830 450,000Teachers 10,545 20,000

Libyans 7,844 17,500Non Libyans 2,701 2,500

Graduates 26,057 67,500Students in Post-graduates in Libya 10,075 20,000Students in Post-graduates aboard 2,978 15,000

Source: Development Program in Higher Education 2008-2012

The cost of the program reached over 13 billion detailed as follows by year and component:

Table B.12: Development Program in Higher Education: Investments (In 1,000 LD)

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 TotalOngoing projects in universities 152,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 54,111 506,111Maintenance of universities 60,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 20,000 200,000

National Project ICT 20,000 20,000 30,000 18,000 15,000 103,000Centre of quality and accreditation (CQA)

4,650 3,100 3,100 3,100 1,550 15,500

Higher Studies inside and outside 480,000 510,000 510,000 580,000 650,000 2,730,000

Universities 2,276,000 3,640,500 2,192,500 825,000 0 8,934,000

Higher Institutes 10,000 15,000 15,000 20,000 20,000 80,000

Private Education 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 100,000

Training 90,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 30,000 300,000

Statistics 15,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 5,000 50,000

Studies and Research 75,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 25,000 250,000

Total 3,202,650 4,468,600 3,030,600 1,726,100 840,661 13,268,611

Source: Development Program in Higher Education 2008-2012.

If we compare the investments made during the last three years with those achieved during the three years 2008-2010, this equals to multiplying by 12 the amount of annual investments to be made by GPC HE (3567 million against 303 million). Furthermore, if we limit the comparison to the physical infrastructure investments (excluding funding for postgraduates, in particular) that equals to multiplying by 106 the size of investments to be made by the GPC HE (2880 million per year during 2008-2010 against 27 million achieved an annual average between 2005 and 2007). The program provides a new 2,264 capacity million sq.meters to accommodate nearly 244,000 additional students. The need for teachers is estimated at 10,000 teachers on the basis of a teacher ratio of 25 students by teachers and administrative staff needs estimated at 5,000 on the basis of 50 students per staff member.

Figure B.8 : Investment in Higher Education : Achievement (2005-2007) and goals (2008-2012)

296 266 347

3,203

4,469

3,031

1,726

841

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

5,000

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Million LD

Source: GPC Higher Education

19

The option to strengthening channels medical and health is present in the development program which provides an additional capacity of 42,400 students in the fields of medical and health, or nearly 17.5% of the new capacity. In addition to the same opportunity to develop further advantage of the channels medical and health, their introduction cost most expensive in investment and in operation. For example the needs unit area per student in the fields of medical and health is 16.3 square meters against an average of 9 sq.m. for other sectors (see Annex standards surface used by the GPC ET).

The program aims to strengthen postgraduates in Libya and abroad. The annual budget will exceed 400 million from 2008 for the postgraduate aboard. The question of the return of students still posed. While they bookmark a commitment that he should return home after the completion of studies (and also not to marry foreign women), but it turns out that the wage conditions in Libya remains unattractive in relation to career paths in host countries. An in-depth study of the costs of studying abroad and conditions of returning home should be conducted to identify options to be used in the field.

Figure B.9 : Program 2008-2012, Postgraduates Costs

400 410 420 430 450

80 100 120150

200

650

580540

510480

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Postgraduate in LibyaPostgraduate aboardTotal

Million LD Source: GPC Higher Education.

Vocational Training. The observation made by GPC Manpower in the field of training shows the difficulties facing the sector which relate to: i) deficiency in quantitative and qualitative field training centres, ii) lack of equipment in the centres, iii) increase the number learners without increasing capacity, iv) lack in the number of trainers, v) an image of vocational training not yet accepted by several households that prefer the academic and preference to the administrative function. The objectives of the sectoral policy aims: i) increasing the capacity of training, ii) the adoption of a double-shift in the centre (morning: initial training, afternoon: Continuing Education), iii) Unification of standards and standard training, iv) encouraging the private sector, v) social awareness on the importance of vocational training, vi) modernization and development training programs, vii) improvement of trainer qualifications, viii) promote the training of women. In quantitative terms, the sector’s objectives aimed at i) complete the ongoing projects (300 projects), ii) modernization of 349 centres, iii) interviews of 373 centres, iv) construction and equipping of 294 centres, v) training 272,000 learners in the average level and 198,000 of advanced level, vi) improving the skills of trainers 12,006, vii) preparation of new trainers 15,498.

Table B.13 Development Program in Vocational training: The targets

2006 2012

Middle cycle Advanced

cycle Total Middle cycle Advanced

cycle Total Training Centre 288 85 373 394 273 667

Students 72,923 41,660 114,583 158,364 111,041 269,405

Trainers 9,134 2,872 12,006 17,511 9,994 27,505

Classroom 1,464 1,512 2,976 2,375 2,221 4,596

Workshops and laboratories 2,497 1,472 3,969 5,543 3,331 8,874

Students-Trainers Ratio 8.0 14.5 9.5 9.0 11.1 9.8

Source: Program 2008-2012, GPC Manpower, Training and Employment.

20

The cost of the program reached 4.8 billion as shown in the following table. The investment to achieve during the coming years will exceed more than 10 times what has been achieved in recent years. The Ministry plans to conduct 84 training centres in 2008. Although the Ministry opts for prefabricated for 41 centres, this goal remains quite ambitious and puts to rough proof the capacities of the sector. The 2008-2012 Pipeline. The latest data received on the pipeline project GPC Higher Education include: i) contracted projects for an amount of LD 4,8 billion, ii) projects under study for LD 4,1 billion and iii) eliminated projects for LD 293 million. Nearly 87 percent of the contracted projects concerning the construction in 17 universities or university centers. Outside the university El Fateh, no commitment is made in other contracts, the overall rate of commitment is 3%.

Table B.14 : Higher education pipeline, contracted projects (Major projects)

Contracted project Contractual value Rest of the

commitment Commitment Ratio

University Batnan 195 367 195 367 0,0%

University Nalout 172 503 172 503 0,0%

University Jebel Garbi 166 018 166 018 0,0%

University Zawia (Sarman) 167 721 167 721 0,0%

University Omar Mokhtar (Marj) 178 173 178 173 0,0%

University Margheb (Khoms) 216 015 216 015 0,0%

University Zliten 154 126 154 126 0,0%

University Tarhouna 115 541 115 541 0,0%

University Nikat El Khoms (Sabrata) 130 213 130 213 0,0%

University Darna 254 207 254 207 0,0%

University Sebha (Sebha) 288 107 288 107 0,0%

University Sebha (Barak) 121 409 121 409 0,0%

University Wadi (Oubari) 84 033 84 033 0,0%

University Ettahadi (phase 1) 567 971 567 971 0,0%

University El Fateh (achèvement) 1 122 401 1 004 696 10,5%

University El Fateh (réhabilitation) 41 273 38 072 7,8%

University Wadi (Marzek) 94 018 94 018 0,0%

Studies 102 787 92 539 10,0%

Total 4 171 883 4 040 729 3,1%

Source: GPCP.

Figure B.10 : Investment in Higher Education : Achievement

(2005-2007) and goals (2008-2012)

62 48143 151

1,892

798722 679 687

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

2,000

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012Million LD

Source: GPC Manpower, Training and Employment.

21

The projects under study cover a total of 4055 million, 3924 million (97%) involved the following projects:

Table B.15 : Higher education pipeline, projects under study (Major projects)

Under study Amount

(1000 LD) Share in total projects

under study Scholarships post-graduate 2 730 000 67,3% Statistics & Data 50 000 1,2% Training 300 000 7,4% Private Education 100 000 2,5% Surveys 250 000 6,2% Maintenance 200 000 4,9% Libyan satellite 55 000 1,4% ICT program 103 000 2,5% Higher Institute 80 000 2,0% Center to improve the quality of higher education 10 000 0,2% Open University 15 000 0,4% Astronomical Observatory 17 258 0,4% Completion of the project studying solar energy 13 421 0,3%

Total 3 923 679 96,7% Source: GPCP.

The initial program of GPC of Higher Education was LD 13.2 billion of which nearly LD 9 billion reserved for construction. The estimates (see 1.4.2 Projections of enrollment) show that the capacity originally referred to the year 2012 was very ambitious and exceed foreseeable demand. The new version of Pipeline includes a construction program of about LD 4 billion. We do not have the programming in terms of capacity, but it clearly shows a reduction of at least half of the additional capacity provided initially. Apparently, all the construction contracts are contracted. Prioritization may involve the optimization of the schedule of accomplishments both as regards the geographical distribution and specializations will be offered in connection with the real needs of the Libyan economy. Vocational Training. The observation made by the GPC Manpower in the field of training shows the difficulties facing the sector which relate to: i) deficiency in quantitative and qualitative field training centres, ii) lack of equipment in the centres, iii) increase the number learners without increasing capacity, iv) lack in the number of trainers, v) an image of vocational training not yet accepted by several households that prefer the academic and preference to the administrative function. The objectives of the sectoral policy aims: i) increasing the capacity of training, ii) the adoption of the double-shift in the centre (morning: initial training, afternoon: Continuing Education), iii ) Unification of standards and standard training, iv) encouraging the private sector, v) social awareness on the importance of vocational training, vi) modernization and development training programs, vii) improvement of qualifications of trainers, viii) promotion the training of women. In quantitative terms, the objectives of the sector aimed at i) complete the ongoing projects (300 projects), ii) modernization of 349 centres, iii) interviews of 373 centres, iv) construction and equipping of 294 centres, v) training 272,000 learners in the average level and 198,000 of advanced level, vi) improving the skills of trainers 12,006, vii) preparation of new trainers 15,498

22

Table B.16: Development Program in Vocational training, The Target

Middle cycle Advanced cycle Total 2006 Training Centre 288 85 373 Students 72,923 41,660 114,583 Trainers 9,134 2,872 12,006 Classroom 1,464 1,512 2,976 Workshops and laboratories 2,497 1,472 3,969 Students-Trainers Ratio 8.0 14.5 9.5

2012 Training Centre 394 273 667 Students 158,364 111,041 269,405 Trainers 17,511 9,994 27,505 Classroom 2,375 2,221 4,596 Workshops and laboratories 5,543 3,331 8,874

Students-Trainers Ratio 9.0 11.1 9.8

Source:Program 2008-2012, CPG Manpower, Training and Employment

The cost of the program reached 4.8 billion detailed in the following table. The investment to achieve during the coming years will exceed more than 10 times what has been achieved in recent years. The Ministry plans to conduct 84 training centres in 2008. Although the Ministry opts for prefabricated for 41 centres, this goal remains quite ambitious and puts to rough proof the capacities of the sector.

Figure B.11 : Investment in Higher Education : Achievement (2005-2007) and Goals (2008-2012)

62 48143 151

1,892

798722 679 687

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

2,00020

04

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012Million LD

Source: CPG Manpower, Training and Employment

Table B.17: Development Program in Vocational Training and Employment: Investments

In 1,000 LD 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total Ongoing projects 143,667 95,778 0 0 0 239,446Training Centers 1,265,157 217,979 250,997 294,384 308,179 2,336,696Development of ad. system and ITC 50,783 45,146 39,508 16,913 11,275 163,625Training of trainers 55,146 55,146 55,146 55,146 55,146 275,730Curricula 12,000 12,000 12,000 12,000 12,000 60,000Training of unemployed 75,225 75,225 75,225 75,225 75,225 376,125Recycling officials surplus 59,733 59,733 59,733 0 0 179,200Common Projects 76,083 83,471 75,192 75,192 75,192 385,130Training of paramedics 78,000 78,000 78,000 78,000 78,000 390,000Employment of Women 71,800 71,800 71,800 71,800 71,800 359,000Studies and Research 4,000 4,000 4,000 0 0 12,000

Total 1,891,596 798,279 721,601 678,659 686,817 4,776,952

Source: Development Program in Vocational Training and Employment 2008-2012

23

ANNEX C: THE PROJECTION OF SCHOOL ENROLLMENT AND NEEDS

Demographic factors. School-age population has increased sharply during the first decades of independence. Children and youth aged 5 to 24 years doubled between 1950 and 1970 and their number was multiplied by 2.5 between 1970 and 1990. This has created great pressures on the education system, which was able to respond and it has grown. The following charts illustrate the evolution of the age pyramid in Libya between 1970 and 2005 and projections for 2020 and 2050. They illustrate the demographic transition in the country.

Figure C.1: Libya, Pyramid of age (1970) Figure C.2: Libya, Pyramid of age (2005)

Figure C.3: Libya, Pyramid of age (2020) Figure C.4: Libya, Pyramid of age (2050)

Source: Data from Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision and World Urbanization Prospects: The 2005 Revision.

24

Since the early 1990’s, there is astabilization of the school-age population. The projections to the year 2050 show that the population aged 6 years will evolve between 120000 and 140000 and the population aged 6 to 14 years in 2020 will reach nearly 1.3 million before beginning a decline. The population of the age group 19-23 years is undergoing a phase of decline. A modest recovery is expected in 2020.

Figure C.5: Evolution and projection of the school-age population

Source: Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects.

Projection of enrolment. The three departments responsible for education and training have not carried out thorough diagnostic or prospective studies. There is a certain lack of reference concerning sectoral strategies. Development plans are rather an investment program leading to construction projects, expansion and rehabilitation. The analysis of sectoral programs does not show a coordinated and complementary approach nor goals between the three sectors. This applies in particular to the projection of enrollment, their regulation and needs arising in terms of infrastructure and means. The following table shows the present enrollment projections contained in the sectoral programs and compares them against the base year (2007).

Table C.1: Projections of enrollment according to the sectoral programs

2007 2012 Annual growth rate General Education

Basic Education 1,082,105 1,182,882 1.80% Secondary 333,628 363,700 1.74%

Vocational Training Middle cycle 72,923 158,364 16.78% Advanced cycle 41,660 111,041 21.66%

Higher Education Universities 240,830 450,000 13.32% Higher Institutes 9,133 Post-graduates in Libya 10,075 20,000 14.70% Post-graduates aboard 2,978 15,000 38.18%

Source: Development Program 2008-2012 (General Education, Higher Education and Manpower). The table shows clearly an inconsistency in the outlook for post-secondary cycles. This can be illustrated in two ways:

The first is to estimate the rate of enrolment achieved through these projections. The results show: i) consistently evolution of the basic education which maintains the gross enrolment rate to 117% ii) a significant increase in the enrolment of young people aged 15 to 18 years if we take into account the doubling of enrollment in middle cycle of vocational training, iii) a tertiary enrolment rate exceeding 106%. This, without

25

taking into account the enrollment of private sector. This rate is not seen by any country in the world and shows clearly an overestimation in the projection of enrollment in higher education in relation to the demographics.

Table C.2: Gross Enrollment Ratio according projection of the sectoral programs, 2007 and 2012

2007 2012 School-age population

06 - 14 years 967,934 1,160,000

15 - 18 years 439,631 450,000

19 - 23 years 661,127 560,000

School population

06 - 14 years 1,133,729 1,353,632

Basic Education (Public) 1,082,105 1,182,882

Basic Education (Private) 51,624 170,750

15 - 18 years 414,287 542,614

Secondary (Public) 333,628 363,700

Secondary (Private) 7,736 20,550

Vocational Training (Middle cycle) 72,923 158,364

19 - 23 years 304,676 594,020

Universities (Public) 240,830 450,000

Universities (Private)

Higher Institutes (Public) 9,133 10,000

Vocational Training (Advanced cycle) 41,660 111,041

Post-graduates in Libya 10,075 20,000

Post-graduates aboard 2,978 2,979

Gross Enrollment Ratio

06 - 14 years 117% 117%

15 - 18 years 94% 121%

19 - 23 years 46% 106%

Source: Development Program 2008-2012 (General Education, Higher Education and Manpower) World Population Prospects, United Nations, Population Division, General Authority for Information, and our calculations.

The second relates to a projection of the enrollment of different cycles. It was not possible to develop detailed and accurate projections of enrollment due to the unavailability of flow rates for different years of study. An estimated projection led to an annual average of successful completion of secondary education of about 67,000 students during the next five years. Even if all these graduates will be greeted with public universities (regardless of Higher Institutes and the advanced cycle of vocational training and the private sector), the total expected to enroll in higher education by 2012 will not exceed 350,000. This leads to seriously question the expansion of universities as it is planned for the next five years.

26

27

ANNEX D: THE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM FOR HEALTH, 2008-12

Overview. The Government of Libya has embarked on a five-year plan to improve the performance of its health system, summarized in the GPCHE Health Sector Development Program (HSDP) for 2008-20126.Importantly, the HSDP acknowledges the inseparability between overall macroeconomic development and good health, and maintains that health care is an entitlement to every citizen and resident. The overall aim of the HSDP is to improve the quality of health services and financial sustainability of the system. The HSDP includes a retrospective assessment of health status indicators, supply of services, and expenditure levels at the national level and in some cases the regional level. Key achievements noted for the Libyan health sector include the following: improvements in maternal and child health as well as other overall health indicators; well-endowed development of health infrastructure such as health care centers, hospitals and emergency ambulances; an abundance of health care professionals; and a relatively high quality of medical training.

Framework for Investment Criteria of the HSDP: In order to assess the 2008-2012 Health Sector Development Program for Libya, an evaluation of four main criteria is required to determine the appropriateness and likelihood of success of the Program. The main criteria to assessing the overall suitability of the Program include: (a) population health care needs; (b) based on population health needs, the overall health policy objectives, and (c) the way in which investment plans address key policy objectives, including effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of each project planned and Libyan dinar spent. The framework for investment criteria is elaborated in Box D1.

Objectives. The HSDP has identified five objectives for future national health policy and, separately, for environmental health policy. The focus of the present analysis is on national health policy-related objectives, which include:

• Improvement in the quality and access to primary health care services for all citizens and residents;

• Advancement of standards and practices in curative care, with linkages to international centers of excellence;

• Enhancement of private sector development in health;

• Improvement of the quality of medical infrastructure and standards; and

• Advancement of human resource capacity.

HSDP Initiatives. The overall strategic aim of the HSDP is to improve the quality of health services and financial sustainability of the system, including the following plans:

• An improvement in health system organizational and administrative performance, including the development of social health insurance (see Box 1 for an examination of social health insurance);

• An increase in the number of public and private primary health units and centers (see Box 2 for an examination of private sector development);

• A decrease in the proportion of foreign health professionals, including physicians, nurses, pharmacists and dentists, relative to Libyan health professionals;

6 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (2007). Development Program for Health and Environment 2008-2012. General People’s Committee for Health and Environment.

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• A modest increase in the number of general and specialist hospitals;

• The development of a national strategy emphasizing primary health care including maternal and child health;

• The continued emphasis on free provision of health services in all general public hospitals;

• The development of centers of excellence to ensure the most up-to-date and modern techniques for diagnosis, treatment and preventative care;

• The support for health centers specializing in chronic health care;

• The optimization of procurement and distribution schemes for effective and high quality medicines and medical equipment;

• The improvement in the quality of medical education at medical schools;

• The revision of health legislation related to service delivery towards improving quality standards.

Past trends in resource and investment planning. Data on expenditure by functional classification from 2000 and 2001 shows that primary health care accounted for 35 and 37 percent of total governmental health expenditure, respectively (Figure D.2). It has been estimated that 40 percent of all public health expenditure in 2005 was devoted to primary health care7, which would appear to be relatively healthy spending, as compared to Tunisia which spends approximately 27 percent on primary health care8. Among primary health care spending, approximately 93 percent went to personnel costs and 7 percent went to utilities. By contrast, secondary care expenditure comprised approximately 64 percent for personnel and 35 percent for utilities. More complete information is needed on the distribution of health expenditure by economic and functional classifications in individual shaabiats, as well as trends in the prices of medical goods in Libya, to further elucidate emerging regional patterns.

Figure D.1: Libya: Health Sector Development Program, Projected Expenditure, 2008-2012

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 TotalYear

Perc

enta

geof

Tota

lExp

endi

ture

Environmental Programmes

National Health Target Programmes(Vertical)

Human Resource Development

Primary Health Care Development

Facility and Infrastructure Development

Disease Control and Prevention

Health Sector OrganizationalDevelopment

Source: Ministry of Health, Libya.

7 Russo P (2005). Welfare in the Mediterranean countries: Great Arab Popular Socialist Libyan Jamahiriya. New York: United Nations Public Administration and Finance and CAIMED. 8 World Bank (2006). Republique tunisienne: Etude du Secteur de la Sante. Washington DC: World Bank.

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Figure D.2: Libya: Governmental health expenditure by functional classification, 2000-2001

35.5 37.1

45.9 45.1

18.6 17.9

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2000 2001

Year

Perc

enta

geof

tota

lgov

ernm

enta

lhea

lthex

pend

iture

(%)

Drugs and Medical Supplies

Secondary Care

Primary Health Care


Evaluation of Overall Projected Expenditures. In order to meet its HDSP objectives, the GCPHE has allocated over 4 billion LD over five years, as shown in Table D.1 below. While close to half of this expenditure around (46 percent) is allocated to capital investment including construction or revitalization of existing hospitals and to a lesser extent, health centers, approximately 14 percent has been allocated to primary health care and population health programs combined (see Figure D.1). In assessing the five main goals of the health system and strategies to meet those goals, expenditure allocations should reflect the relative importance given to each goal.

a) The entire budget allocated to primary health care over five years (244 million LD) is less than that allocated to capital investment in hospitals alone (339 million LD). Of the budget allocated to capital investment, 135 million LD or 7.2 percent of this investment has been allocated improving equipment and supplies to health facilities including hospitals, 339 million LD or 18.2 percent allocated to hospitals and medical centers, and the remaining 75 percent allocated to specialist centers, administrative offices, equipment repair, utilities, car lots, and other infrastructure. Although primary health care currently accounts for nearly 40 percent of expenditure with the majority being personnel costs, the quality of primary health care is considered sub-standard. Evidence-based reasons for the low quality of care should be documented and well-understood in order to appropriately plan investment. As there exists a well-endowed network of central and district hospitals in Libya, investment should be shifted away from the development and enhancement of existing curative care facilities and towards the improvement of primary health and preventative care, which will be tied to the success of disease control strategies given the projected increase in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Health facility surveys should be conducted regularly to monitor and evaluate quality of care and required improvements in infrastructure.

b) Health sector organizational development accounts for 136 million LD or just 3 percent of the five-year planned expenditure. This budget is intended for building financial and technical capacity as well as administrative reform, including improving the availability of financial resources, developing social health insurance, and developing health informatics and performance assessment systems. Given the lack of existing health information management systems, effective regulatory and quality assurance institutes and mechanisms, and administrative capacity necessary to improve quality of care and establish social health insurance, the allocation of resources towards these activities appears to be significantly underestimated.

c) Of the total budget, approximately 8 percent has been allocated to human resource development,with salary improvements accounting for 63 percent of this expenditure and the remaining 37 percent accounting for training and technical capacity. While this expenditure implies recognition of the importance of better incentives to health and administrative professionals, it is unclear how this

30

expenditure will impact salaries in real terms. For human resource development towards the aim of improving quality of care and outcomes, other investment opportunities include performance-based payment schemes, professional development, and incentives for practicing in primary health care facilities and centers.

d) Disease control and national target programs collectively account for nearly a third of the investment program, with national target programs accounting for nearly twice as much spending as disease control. It is recommended that the allocation of this expenditure reflect projected epidemiological challenges, such that investment in research as well as preventative programs is allocated appropriately. The Libyan government should include in its investment planning an analysis of the current and projected demand for health care, including a simulation of the future burden of various diseases, communicable and non-communicable, in order to match disease prevention and research expenditure.

Table D.1: Libya: Projected Health Sector Development Expenditures, by functional classification, 2008-2012*

(In million LYD, unless otherwise indicated)

# Program 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total % of Total

1 Health Sector Organization 22.5 28.8 29.3 28.3 27.3 136 3.4 2 Disease Control and Prevention 73.5 73.5 73.5 74.5 69.5 365 9.1 3 Facility and Infrastructure 530.4 471.7 365.6 254.6 236.5 1,859 46.5 4 Primary Health Care Development 46.0 48.0 50.0 49.0 51.0 244 6.1 5 Human Resource Development 53.0 68.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 331 8.3 6 National Health Target Programs

(Vertical)208.0 203.0 203.0 203.0 203.0 817 20.4

7 Environmental Programs 39.4 50.4 55.4 57.4 41.4 244 6.1 Total 973 943 847 737 699 3,995 100.0

Annual % Change 0.0 -3.0 -10.2 -13.0 -5.2 n/a n/a

Source: Ministry of Health, Libya, 2008-2012 Health Sector Development Program, Schedule 17. *Note Below: Figures are based on information as of November 2008, and are considered general estimates only. Information received in February 2009 includes selected updated figures, described in subsequent tables in this document.

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Table D.2: Libya: Health Sector Development Project, by economic classification, 2008-2012*N.B.

No. Classification No. of Projects 1 Capital Investment

Completed during 2003-2007 285 Ongoing through 2008-12 Construction of facilities 350 Equipment and supplies revitalization 139 Maintenance and repair of facilities 523 New Prjects (all types) 75

2 Legislative Reform 7 3 Administrative Reform 8 4 Medical Training Reform 6 Total, Ongoing and New 1108

Total, New only 96

Source: Ministry of Health, Libya, 2008-2012 Health Sector Development Program, Schedules 6-11. *Note below: Figures are based on information as of November 2008, and are considered general estimates only. Information received in February 2009 includes selected updated figures, described in subsequent tables in this document.

Project Investment Plan: A total of approximately LYD 1.35 billion is planned in project investments, of which 61% is projected for new project launches or execution/implementation, 38% for rehabilitation/maintenance of existing infrastructure, and less than 1% for medical equipment and supplies, as shown in Table D.2. The majority of the total projected expenditure is still under review, amounting to LYD 832 million, or 62%. The majority of the projected expenditure under study is devoted to new project launches/execution, while the vast majority of contracted projects are devoted to rehabilitation/maintenance.

Contracted projects in the investment plan: Of the LYD 520 million in contracted projects, 82.5% of this expenditure will be used to launch new projects in approximately 33 facilities, comprising 1 administrative building (5.5% of launch budget), 9 clinics (2.8%), 7 health centers (2.8%), 16 hospitals or hospital units (86.5%), and several polyclinics (2.7%). The remaining 16.7% of the contracted expenditure will be used to rehabilitate approximately 238 facilities, including 4 administrative buildings (0.3% of rehabilitation budget), 1 ambulance system (0.1%), 22 clinics (4.8%), 173 health centers (11.7%), 38 hospitals (82.9%), several medical supply/pharmaceutical warehouses (0.2%) and several maternal and child health centers (0.02%).

Projects under study in the investment plan: Of the LYD 832.5 million in projects currently under review that have not yet been contracted, 89% will be devoted to new project launches. The majority will be used for the development of hospitals (49%) and medical centers (19%). The remaining 11% of the project expenditure under review is devoted to rehabilitation of existing infrastructure and facilities, particularly medical centers (61%) and medical equipment (33%).

Budget execution projections: Based on historical projections for capital investment between 1970 and 2007, approximately 70.6% of the capital budget is executed on average. This percentage ranges from 8.1% to 109%, with a median execution rate of 75%. More recently, the execution rate was 60.5% (in 2004), 67.4% (in 2005), 69.2% (in 2006), and 76.3% (in 2007).

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Table D.3: Detailed Project Investment Plan, 2008-2012

Type of Project Project launch or execution

(LYD)

Rehabilitation / maintenance

(LYD)

Medical equipment and supplies

(LYD)

TOTAL* (LYD)

TOTAL All projects 829,209,140 519,045,660 4,284,615 1,352,539,415

Sub-totals Under Study 742,420,000 90,160,000 0 832,580,000

Contracted 86,789,140 428,885,660 4,284,615 519,959,415

As a percent of total

All 61.31% 38.38% 0.32% 100.00%

Under Study 89.17% 10.83% 0.00% 100.00%

Contracted 16.69% 82.48% 0.82% 100.00%

*Figures reflect updated information as of February 2009. Source: Government of Libya, General People’s Council.

Budget Policy Recommendations. The 2008-2012 Health Sector Development Program accurately captures the need to improve the quality of services in Libya, including an emphasis on primary health care, a review of health legislation, an indication of pharmaceutical procurement and distribution mechanisms, and the emphasis on medical education, among others. However, the continued emphasis on capital investment and a relatively low investment in health systems organization suggest that key policy goals such as improved quality of care may be at risk. Key recommendations include the following:

• National health policy should be designed according to a systematic view that sufficiently addresses the three core functions of the health system and associated authorities with designated roles, involving financing, generation of revenue, and provision of care, with sound regulation, stewardship, and governance9.

• Investment should be shifted away from building new infrastructure towards improving institutional technical and managerial capacity and towards improving the quality of existing facilities, particularly primary health care centers.

• Appropriate provider payment mechanisms and incentives should be evaluated and designed. These mechanisms tend to require less financial investment but more strategic planning. Such instruments will help support the success of a comprehensive national health policy for Libya.

9 Preker et al (2007). Public ends, private means: strategic purchasing of health services. Washington DC: World Bank. Pg. 15.

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ANNEX E: ROADS MANAGEMENT IN LIBYA

Roads Administrative Overview. Libya’s inner administrative borders have undergone several changes during the last twenty years. The latest changes were just enacted in 2007 and include setting up 22 Shaabiats or districts/ governorates. An administrative map of Libya in English showing the new subdivision is not yet available.

Table E.1: Administrative Borders

Designation Capital # People’s

Committees Designation Capital # People’s

Committees Albutnan Tobrouk 20 Misratah Misratah 25 Derna Derna 18 Almergib Khoms 38 Aljabal Akhdar Al Bayda 23 Tripoli Tripoli 37 Al Marj Al Marj 32 Aljofara Azizia 26 Benghazi Benghazi 32 Zawia Zawia 32 Alwahat Ajdabiya 17 Al Nekhat Zouara 16 Alkofra Alkofra 2 Aljabal Algharbi Gharian 35 Syrte Syrte 30 Nalut Nalut 23 Morzok Morzok 13 Ghat Ghat 5Sabha Sabha 33 Aljofra Aljofra 5Wadi Al Hayat Ubari 11 Wadi Ecchati Ecchati 6

Table E.2: The Roads and Bridge Authority’s Regional Offices

Regional RB Agency Shaabiats Zawia Zawia + Al Nekhat Alkhams Aljabal Algharbi Aljabal Algharbi + Nalut Tripoli Tripoli + Almergib + Aljofara Misratah Misratah + Syrte + Aljofra Alwahat Alwahat + Alkofra Benghazi Benghazi + Al Marj Aljabal Alakhdar Aljabal Alakhdar + Derna + Albutnan Sabha Sabha + Morzok + Wadi Al Hayat + Ghat + Wadi Ecchatii

Institutions in the Transport Sector

The GPCT is the central administration in charge of the management and regulation of transport infrastructures in Libya. It is basically made up of three departments and two authorities:

• Planning Department

• Inner Land Transport Department

• Maritime Transport and Ports Department

• Roads and Bridges Authority

• Civil Aviation Authority

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Figure E.1: Map of the new 22 administrative borders.

In addition there are two centers, the National Centre of Meteorology and the National Centre of Data and Sector Documentation. The following public transport corporations are also under the control of the GPCT:

• General National Corporation of Maritime Transport

• Chehhat Corporation of Haulage

• Ports Cooperative Corporation

• Transport General National Corporation

• General Corporation for Roads and Bridges

• African Corporation for Projects Engineering

• General Corporation for Express Transport

• International Corporation of Maritime Transport

• Corporation for Ports’ Planning

• Industrial Corporation for Maritime Maintenance

Briefly, the GPCT’s main activities could be summarized as follows: Conduct sector studies and research; planning and implementation of programs; regulate passenger and freight transport; monitoring and following up programs and projects; productivity’s enhancement of GPCT’s employees and provision of training programs; contribute to and monitor relevant protocols and decrees that are signed at national or international levels.

Organizational Arrangements in the road sector. The main office of the RBA includes the five following departments: general affairs; administrative and financial affairs including human resource development; research & laboratory; technical affairs; and planning and monitoring. The regional offices are generally made up of: (i) regional director’s department, (ii) legal affairs department, (iii) project management department, and

35

(iv) two, three, four, or five desk officers, each representing a Shaabiat under the regional office. The regional offices each have about 8 engineers.

The total staff of the RBA, including regional offices, counts 370 employees (2007) in the following categories: administrative staff: 111; technical staff: 259 of which 94 engineers and 111 technicians.

The Authority’s officials are well aware of the lack of experienced technical staff at both the central and regional levels considering the size of the road network (about 30,000 km). The RBA has plans to expand staff with another 130 engineers and technicians but the general lack of experienced engineers and technical staff in Libya has affected the program due mainly to: universities giving priority to social sciences; a lack of a road training facility; poor professional career development prospects; and civil service compensation policies.

To address the above would take time and entail difficult reforms in civil service and education. But also GPCT and RBA would have to start promoting staff based on merit, and the establishment of a state-of-the art road training centre would also help retain technical staff. The RBA is relying on local and international consulting firms for undertaking feasibility studies, preparing design and tender documents and supervise construction of all new investments and for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of existing roads.

For non-primary roads the current Shaabiat administrations are responsible for defining and prioritizing their road needs and request the RBA and GPCT to include respective road network improvements in the next year’s budget. Since the actual demarcations of the geographical borders between the districts have recently been changed, the size of the road network within each Shaabiat is still unclear. The RBA budget in 2007 was about 9 billion Libyan Dinars, which corresponds to US $ 7.5 billion.

Roles of the HUGC and the HIB. The management of all urban roads was centralized a few years ago and has been put under the responsibility of the Housing and Infrastructure Board (HIB). This agency, created in April 2006, is under the trustee of the Roads and Bridges Authority as far as roads are concerned and is uniquely in charge of construction and rehabilitation works (roads, habitat, and others) within urban agglomerations.

The HIB has a Roads and Bridges Department responsible for contracting out urban road consulting and contracting services such as studies, design, construction supervision and works contracts. However, this entity is only responsible for new projects (investments) while the preservation of existing urban road assets is under the purview of Housing and Utilities General Corporation (HUGC). As part of the General People Committee (corresponding to a Prime Ministry), the HUGC was set up in November 2006 (decree N°290), and is responsible for the general policy of the habitat and development of utilities inside urban areas. It is also in charge of the road network maintenance within those agglomerations. Among its 400 staff, fifteen are assigned to streets, roads and bridges. There are two exceptions: urban road maintenance, which is executed through local public corporations in each of the 22 Shaabiats; and the coastal highway, linking the Tunisian and Egyptian borders. This strategic road corridor including urban bypass roads (Tripoli and Benghazi cities) is entirely managed by the Roads and Bridges Authority.

Statistics on the Usage of the Road Network.

Vehicle fleet.

The Libyan vehicle fleet was estimated at 1.472 million vehicles in 2006, of which almost 80 percent are light vehicles (cars, taxis, pick-ups and vans) and a little more than 20 percent are heavy (trucks and buses). This corresponds to 267 vehicles per 1,000 inhabitants. Thus, the motorization rate is twice higher than in Tunisia

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(113), and 2.5 times higher than in Algeria (104). The exceptional annual increase in the number of vehicles observed over the last decade is due to the policy aiming to decrease the age of the vehicle fleet by using different instruments, such as a reduction in the import duty as a way of promoting private modes of transport.

The Libyan vehicle fleet in 2006 is broken down below, by vehicle category:

Table E.3: Vehicle Fleet (2006)

Category Number Percent Private cars 1,057,358 71.8 Taxi, minibus 74,605 5.1 State owned light vehicles 26,491 1.8

Total Light Vehicles 1,158,454 78.7 Light Truck (2 axles) 280,043 19.0 Heavy Truck (> 2 axles) 21,654 1.5 Agricultural trucks 2,150 0.1 Specialized trucks 10,081 0.7

Total Heavy Vehicles 313,928 21.3 Grand Total 1,472,382 100.0

In terms of import value, the road transport sector in 2006 was responsible for nearly 1.26 billion LD (US$ 1 b), which corresponds to 12.6 percent of all goods imported annually by Libya. Out of that figure private cars amounted to US $ 880 m for 91,400 vehicles, with an average value of about US$ 9,600. Private cars constitute 71.8 percent of the total vehicle fleet.

The vehicle fleet has skyrocketed during the last 8 years, with an annual growth rate exceeding 20 percent during some years. Available statistics do not provide the average age of vehicles. However, the growth rate indicates that the fleet is relatively new, with a good mechanical performance.

Road traffic

No periodic road traffic counts are undertaken in Libya, except specific traffic counts and Origin/ Destination surveys, conducted as part of road feasibility studies. The most recent investigation (2006) regards the Trans-Maghrebian motorway (1,500 km), for which the traffic was measured at 50 000 vehicles per day (vpd) maximum close to Tripoli, 30 000 vpd close to Benghazi, and between 1,000 and 3,000 vpd on important inter-city roads crossing the proposed alignment of the motorway.

Generally, the growth rate of traffic outside urban areas is consistent with the increase in Libya’s fuel consumption, which was recorded over the last eight years at 5.3 percent for gasoline and 4.3 % for diesel/gas Oil. The growth rate of the car fleet, recorded over the last eight years, is considerably higher. This means that the average annual distance traveled per vehicle must be decreasing probably due to the fact that a significant proportion of the new vehicle fleet is located within major cities (Tripoli and Benghazi).

Source: RBA.

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Figure E.2: Domestic consumption of petroleum products during 1998 - 2005

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Year

Dom

estic

cons

umpt

ion

ofpe

trol

prod

uct(

1000

m3

ton)

Gasoline Gas oil Total

Source: RBA.

Table E.4: Domestic consumption of petroleum products during 1998 - 2005 (1)

Energy 1 9 9 8 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Gasoline 1 , 6 4 6 1,701 1,819 1,884 2,016 2,146 2,256 2,331 Gas oil 2 , 8 8 8 2,882 2,875 2,660 3,073 3,428 3,783 3,575 TOTAL 4 , 5 3 4 4,583 4,694 4,544 5,089 5,574 6,039 5,906

Source: RBA.

Road accidents

Road accidents are relatively well documented by the police, and below is a table showing that accident rates are relatively high in comparison with industrialized countries but in line with averages in other countries in the region (Algeria and Tunisia) as illustrated below. It is not clear if all accidents are reported, as the number of accidents has not changed much since 2000.

Table E.5: Road accidents in Libya, 1998-2006

Accidents with injuries Rates

Year Number of accidents Fatal

Serious injuries

Light injuries

Deaths per 100

accidents

Injuries per 100

accidents Seriousness rates

10 1998 9,393 1,224 3,573 8,343 13,0 88,8 51,1

1999 9,070 1,204 3,515 8,394 13,3 92,5 52,0

2000 10,667 1,504 4,155 8,717 14,1 81,7 53,1

2001 10,895 1,598 4,141 10,033 14,7 92,1 52,7

2002 12,017 1,751 4,483 11,058 14,6 92,0 51,9

2003 12,154 1,744 4,479 10,502 14,3 86,4 51,2

2004 11,643 1,785 5,150 10,746 15,3 92,3 59,6

2005 11,898 1,800 5,380 11,541 15,1 97,0 60,3

2006 11,982 1,866 5,663 12,164 15,6 101,5 62,8 TOTAL 99,719 14,476 40,539 91,498

The number of accidents have not increased much since 1998 (only 30%), while the number of vehicles in Libya seems to have increased by a factor of seven during the same period. Also of interest, in 1998

10 Seriousness rate = (fatalities + serious injured persons)/number of accidents. Source: RBA.

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when the number of vehicles was about 200,000, the number of fatalities was about 1,224 which gives a number of deaths per 10,000 vehicles of 61, extremely high by any standards. The statistic provided, therefore, should be considered preliminary until confirmed.

Table E.6: The current road accidents situation in Libya and selected other countries, 2002

Tunisia* Algeria* Morocco* Libya France Japan Italy USA Population (*1000) 9,931 32,000 29,892 5,000 59,900 127,435 57,690 288,369 Automobile fleet (*1000)

984 3,100 1,951 1,275 35,144 76,460 38,058 232,694

Motorization rate (/1000 inhabitants)

99 97 65 255 587 600 660 807

Accidents number 12,127 43,227 51,687 11,643 105,470 936,721 237,812 1,967,000 Accidents (per 1,000 vehicles)

12.3 13.9 26.5 9,1 3.0 12.3 6,2 8,5

Number of fatalities 1,585 4.343 3,894 1,785 7,654 9,575 6,736 42,815 Number of fatalities (per 100 accidents)

13 10 8 15 7 1 3 2

Fatalities (per 10,000 vehicles)

16 14 20 14 2.2 1.25 1.8 1.8

*: Data from 2004; Source : CEMT report document - 2003

Figure E.3: Accident Impacts

Accident impact results (1998 - 2006)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Deads/100 accidents

Injured/100 accidents

Deads + seriousinjured/100 accidents

Source: El Fellah (2006) and RBA. Very few papers dealing with the road traffic safety in Libya are available. One paper entitled «Road traffic injuries in Tripoli, 1994 – 2004», by Ms. Majda El Fellah appeared on October 2006 in the British journal BMJ (British Medicine Journal). It highlighted that high speeds are causing 58 percent of accidents in Libya, followed by driver mistakes (12 %), while driving under influence of alcohol was only a factor in 1 % of accidents. Almost a third (29 %) of all accidents has no identified cause.

Road User Charges: The consolidated budget finances all new roads and rehabilitation costs of existing roads. There are no allocations for regular road maintenance in the budget except for the renewal of road signs and road marking. In the past, the government has not used borrowing to finance road investments.

Road users are charged for road network access and usage through license fees, import duties on vehicles and spare parts and a fuel surcharge on petroleum products. Tolling of road traffic to recover road investments is

39

not available in Libya except for a pilot project to be launched on the main road Ajtabia – Tobrouk (around 380 km) in Djebel Alakhdar region in the east of the country.

Annual License Fees

The annual license fees are paid every two years for commercial vehicles and every three years for private vehicles. Since 2007 the annual license fees have been:

¾ 16.8 LD for private cars and vehicles (50.5 LD every three year) 18.5 LD for light vehicles (37 LD every two years); 37.5 LD for heavy vehicles (75 LD every two years).

Total income from road users from these sources seems to be about LD 50 million annually. An additional fee of 10 LD is charged on heavy vehicles for each ton overweight, but this does not contribute much to the financing of the sector.

Import Duties on New Vehicles

Import licenses for vehicles were abolished in 2003. The import of seventeen products either considered “luxury,” unsafe or made locally is prohibited. Among them are:

¾ buses older than 5 years with a capacity less than 30 passengers;

¾ lorries and tractor-trailers for civil use older than 10 years, with a capacity ranging between 5 and 40 tons and a traction system based on one, two or three axes.

Custom duties on imported merchandise were abolished on August 1, 2005. The custom duty rate was 35 percent and was replaced by a 4 percent “port services charge” that must be paid by importers for all the products. For motor vehicles (among others) an additional 2 percent “production tax” and a 25 percent or 50 percent “consumption tax” are also charged depending on the type of vehicle and engine size. The consumption tax on imported vehicles can be considered a “road user charge” as it is considerably higher than the general level of taxation on import. However, it is worth noting that cars, vans, taxis and pick-up trucks of less than 2 liter engines are not paying more than the 4 percent port charge.

2 percent production tax and 50 percent consumption tax:

• Vehicles of 3000 cc and more

• Motorbikes of 250 cc and more

2 percent production tax and 25 percent consumption tax:

• Agriculture vehicles

• Buses and goods vehicles with a capacity of 1.5 tons incl. Refrigeration lorries

• Vehicles with engine size between 2000 and 3000 cc.

• Trailer trucks and tractor trailers

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Taxes on petroleum products

Prices per liter (in Dirham) of petroleum products including all taxes over the last five years are the following :

Table E.7: Prices per liter of petroleum products

Fuel type 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Premium Gasoline 98 140 150 150 150 150 150 160 Premium Gasoline 95 105 115 115 115 150 150 160

Diesel oil 110 120 120 120 140 140 150

1000 Dirham = 1 Libyan Dinar. Source: RBA

These rates are very low and below the border price of gasoline and diesel. It means that road users are subsidized in the sense that they are not paying the international market price of energy (oil price plus production and delivery costs) estimated to be LD 0.32 (2007).

Table E.8: Current fuel prices in Libya and neighboring countries (in dollars US/liter).

Destination Libya Algeria Tunisia Morocco Premium Gasoline 98 0,131 0,332 0,992 1,365 Premium Gasoline 95 0,131 0,338 0,992 1,365 Diesel oil 0,123 0,201 0,694 1,222

Source : Bank Staff’s estimates

In addition to refining costs and distributors and retailers margins (the retailer margin went up to 3.5 dirhams in 2007 and will reach 4.5 dirhams in 2008), the structure of Gasoline pump price (95 and 98) in Libya comprises the two following “taxes”:

• Since 1984: 20 dirhams per liter for the financing of the Artificial River (earmarked surcharge)

• Since 1995: 20 additional dirhams per liter as a ‘fiscal tax.’

There are no particular taxes or surcharge on diesel fuel.

Construction costs

Table E.9: Cost of Road Works in Libya

N° Type of works Unit cost (LD)

1 Construction of an expressway 750,000 2 Construction of a major road in the coastal region 385,000 3 Construction of a major road in mountainous regions 500,000 4 Construction of a major roads in a desert region 650,000 5 Periodic maintenance of major roads in a coastal region 350,000 6 Periodic maintenance of major road in a desert region 450,000 7 Construction of secondary roads 225,000

Source: RBA

41

Table E.10: Finished Projects 2005 – 2007 (LD).

Number of

projects Total contract

price Cost

per km Expenditure

I. MAJOR ROADS

Feasibility study of Siyou - Jourboub road network 110 136,900 1,245 136,900 Rehabilitation of Jourboub - Egyptian border road network 38 9,906,000 260,684 9,906,000

International Airport - Tripoli maintenance road network 24 10,973,400 457,225 10,973,400

Maintenance of Benghazi - Ajtabia road network 161 3,500,000 21,739 3,500,000

Sub Total 1 333 24,516,300 - 24,516,300

II. SECONDARY RDS + AGRICULTURAL TRACKS

Shaabiat Number of projects

Total contract price

Cost per km Expenditure

Zawia/Ennekhat Elkhams 45 19,890,300 442,007 19,890,300 Tripoli/Jeffara 48 14,482,700 301,723 14,482,700 Aljabal Algharbi/Nalut 18 7,850,100 436,117 7,850,100 Almergib/Beni Walid 32 19,507,800 609,619 19,507,800 Misrata/Syrte/Jofra 21 7,426,700 353,652 7,426,700

Sebha/Wadi Elhayat/Morzok/Ecchatti/Gat

42 2,836,800 67,543 2,836,800

El Wahat 33 5,328,400 161,467 5,328,400 Benghazi/Merj 20 6,737,200 336,860 6,737,200 Aljabal Alakhdar/Derna/Butnan 107 21,906,500 204,734 21,906,500

Sub Total 2 366 105,966,500 289,526 105,966,500

GRAND TOTAL - 130,482,800 - 130,482,800

Source: RBA

Projected Disbursements in Road Projects Under Implementation, 2008-2012. The Table A.6.1. in the Statistical Appendix shows current 132 projects under implementation. The implementation rate is low (average 22 percent) and a reported shortage of construction materials (bitumen, steel, cement) make it difficult to estimate how long those projects will remain in the budget and investment program. A large number of projects dealing with capacity expansion (dualing – construction of a second carriageway) are included although few justifications, such as traffic safety and capacity demand have been presented.

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Table E.11: Unit Cost for Road Works11

Work Type Libya AFR MNA Routine Maintenance - 1,995 2,177 Grading - 348 n/a Gravel Resurfacing - 9,775 25,042 Bituminous Preventive Treatment - 6,915 n/a Surface Treatment Resurfacing - 18,445 29,322 Asphalt Mix Resurfacing - 49,464 64,042 Strengthening - 127,548 142,631 Reconstruction - 130,143 156,724 New 2L Expressway Flat terrain 750,000 - - New 2L Highway Flat terrain 385,000 373,624 n/a New 2L Highway Mountainous 500,000 n/a n/a New 2L Highway Desert region 650,000 n/a n/a New 2L Secondary road 225,000 n/a n/a Routine Maintenance Gravel Road - 1,617 n/a Routine Maintenance Bituminous 2L - 2,323 2,177 Light Grading - 205 n/a Heavy Grading - 491 n/a Surface Treatment Slurry Seal - 12,970 9,344 Single Surface Treatment - 18,353 19,208 Double Surface Treatment - 18,767 31,846 Resurfacing Asphalt Overlay < 40 mm - 41,241 33,652 Resurfacing Asphalt Overlay 40 -59mm - 51,332 85,642 Asphalt Overlay 60 to 70 mm - 91,905 n/a Asphalt Overlay 80 to 99 mm - 127,548 170,287 Asphalt Overlay > 99 mm - 181,992 147,993 Reconstruction Bituminous - 190,031 156,724 Reconstruction Concrete - n/a n/a

Source: World Bank Staffestimates

11 Source: World Bank ROCKS Database and RBA staff. To be developed further. AFR – Sub-Saharan Africa Region, MNA – Middle East and North Africa Region.

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ANNEX F: WATER SECTOR: METHODOLOGICAL NOTE ON THE GMMR COST PER M3

Water extraction is expected to evolve over time and reach full capacity only in the long term, while investment expenditures are made in earlier years. Thus, any useful estimate of the cost of GMMR water per cubic meter should be based on the discounted value of the stream of investment flows and of the stream of volumes of water that are expected to be extracted during the project lifetime. As the following formula shows, the Long-Run Marginal Cost (LRMC) is the ratio of discounted capital expenditures to that of the discounted volumes of extracted water.

∑

∑=

=

−

=

=

−

+

+=

Tt

tt

ttt

Tt

tt

ttt

rQ

rI

LRMC

0

0

0

0

)1/(

)1/(

LRMC is the long-run marginal capital cost. It is the investment of year t. t0 is the starting year of works on the project. T is the project lifespan and r is the discount rate.

Estimates of LRMC depend on whether past investment is treated as sunk cost. In the first case, only future investment should be included in capital expenditures while past investment should be omitted. This is clearly the case of the first two systems completed under Phase I and Phase II of the project. These two systems of GMMR are today practically completed so that their capital cost can be considered as sunk cost. The relevant capital cost is therefore only future investment. An alternative estimate of LRMC addresses the issue of cost at the inception, before any capital expenditures are made. This measure would have been useful in comparing the cost of GMMR water to that of alternative sources (desalination) before the decision to build GMMR. This estimate is currently less relevant for the first two systems than for the three systems in which investment is still small compared to the amounts required to complete them. Thus, two types of estimates of LRMC are provided for each system, one with sunk cost included and the other without sunk cost. For the first two systems, Sarir Tazerbou and Jefara Plain, the second type of estimate implies that the bulk of capital expenditures are not included.

The first approach consists of estimating the long-run marginal cost (LRMC) for each GMMR system and for the entire project, taking into account past and future investment and water flows.

Investment in GMMR systems

• GMMR data provides total cumulated investment flows for the period up to mid-2007 and the projected annual amounts for 2008-2012 under the Development Program. Since GMMR figures are sums of annual flows in current LD, they need to be revalued in constant LD (2007 LD).

• Official data on changes in the consumer price index (CPI) show negative inflation for most of 2000–08. However, the CPI is not a good measure of prices of the investment goods involved in the project. A reasonable assumption for the period since the inception of the project is an average inflation rate equal to 3 percent per year. It is at this rate that past investment flows are revalued in 2007 prices.

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• In addition to revaluation in constant prices, investment flows should be capitalized forward or discounted backward, depending on whether they are made before or after the base year (2007). A rate of discount equal to 5 percent is used for this conversion.

• The five systems comprising the entire project are currently in different stages of implementation. The first two systems have been completed. The Sarir/Tazerbu system (Phase I of the Project), which transfers groundwater from Sarir and Tazerbu well fields to Benghazi and Sirt, partially started water transfers in 1993. Cumulated investment since the inception of the project up to mid 2007 amounted to about LD 2,429 million. Two thirds of this investment was allocated to 1986–2001 and one third to 2002–06. Future investment under the 2008-2012 Development Program is relatively small, less than LD120 million over the entire program.

• Phase II of the project was the construction of the Hassaouni/Jefara Plain system which transfers groundwater from the Fezzan region in the south-west to the Jefara plains and Tripoli in the north-west. The system started partial production in 1996. Investment reached about LD 3340 million by mid-2007. The annual distribution of this cumulated investment over 1990-2006 assumes equal shares in 1990-2001 and 2002-2006.

• The Gardabiya-Assdada Link. Its purpose is to link the two previous systems of Phase I and Phase II and convey a water flow in both directions equal to 0.98 MCM per day. The link is nearly complete at an estimated cost of LD 917 million. This amount is imputed equally to the first two systems (Sarir and Jeffara). Additional investment planned for the new 5-year development program is relatively small (about LD 20 million).

• Ghadames-Al Zaouia-Zouara system: This system is designed to transfer groundwater from Ghadames basin to the costal regions of western Jefara area for domestic use (90 MCM per year). Only LD137 million have been invested so far. This amount is imputed in equal amounts to the years 2002-2006, with the bulk of capital expenditures to be done in 2008–10.

• Al Gagboub-Tobruk system. Designed to convey groundwater for domestic use (about 50 MCM per year at full capacity) from the Gagboub well field in the south-east to the city of Tobruk and other areas in the north-east. Investment already implemented as of mid-2007 is estimated at about LD16 million. This represents less than 3.2 percent of total required investment, largely to be implemented during 2008-2012. Estimates of the cost per cubic meter assume implemented investment distributed evenly over 2002-06.

• The Kufra-Tazerbo-Ajdabiya Water Supply System. Designed to convey water (1.68 MCM/day) from the Kufra well field in the extreme south to the Tazerbo main line, and from there to the coastal areas of Sirt and Benghazi. Total investment reached LD 148 million by mid-2007, a relatively small amount compared to remaining expenditures projected at LD 2,767 million over 2008–12. This system is to be completed by 2012.

GMMR water supply

• The volume of water conveyed or produced will depend on demand from three types of use—agricultural, domestic, and industrial. It is important to stress that desalination will compete with GMMR as a source of drinking water, while groundwater from local wells will compete with GMMR for irrigation and eventually for industrial use.

• Only the first two systems have gone in operation, and their production has gradually risen. However, supply was below 500 MCM in 2006 against a capacity equal to 1,460 MCM per year, yielding a utilization rate equal to a third of full capacity.

• GMMR Authority made projections of water use for each system and type of use over the planning period 2008-2012. Use is expected to increase at a rapid pace for both domestic and agricultural use, with total use rising to 1,463 MCM by the year 2012. Only Ghadames system will come into

45

operation during the planning period. Beyond 2012, production is assumed to gradually increase until full capacity of 730 MCM is reached for both of the first two systems. For the three other systems, the volumes will gradually increase to their full capacities after 2012.

46

ANNEX G: METHODOLOGICAL NOTE ON THE SUBSIDIES AND COST RECOVERY IN THE WATER SECTOR

Estimating subsidies on urban water and wastewater and irrigation is difficult, given the lack of detailed financial statements, the number of institutions involved, and the existence of subsidies at different stages of service delivery. Based on available information, the extent to which tariff setting is related to cost is not obvious. The present assessment consists of sorting out cost components at both stages of service delivery, production and distribution, and for each source of water supply. Revenues are also estimated in order to assess the extent of cost recovery and subsidies.

Urban water and wastewater services

Tariffs. The Libyan tariff system is very complex. A distinction is made between metered and non-metered water connections. Flat rates are applied to the first type of use: LD 0.25/m3 for domestic use and LD 1.3 per cubic meter for nondomestic use. There are fixed monthly charges on non-metered use, varying between LD 9.5 for traditional houses, LD 11.25 for apartments and LD 19.5 for villas. Volumetric and flat charges cover both water and wastewater services. Non-domestic non-metered users are broken down in 69 categories which are charged different rates per year, varying between LD 75 for commercial shops to as much as LD 120,000 per year for luxury hotels. Meter penetration is very low, not exceeding 14 percent of the total number of water connections, which is a major source of excessive water use and waste.

Tariffs are very low by comparison with other countries such as Tunisia and Morocco. In Tunisia, the average tariffs are the equivalent of LD 0.5/m3 and LD 0.3/m3 for water and wastewater respectively, which is more than three times as high as the Jamahirya tariff on these services. For non-metered connections the average implicit price is less than LD 0.3/m3 which is also very low compared to Tunisia.

Revenue. Estimated revenue from water sales and wastewater services is very low: on the basis of current tariffs this revenue would be about LD130 million. However, even if all connections were metered, total revenue would not exceed LD175 million, which is far below the estimated cost, as shown below. In addition, bill collection efficiency is very low, estimated at 20 percent of billed charges, which implies that collected revenue does not exceed LD 26 million.

Subsidies. On what basis should subsidies be estimated? Current sourcing of water is biased towards wells, which is not a sustainable source. In 2006, the distribution by source was in the following proportions: 47.5 percent for wells, 37.9 percent for GMMR and 4.6 percent for desalination. In the future, and in line with Government objectives, the share of wells is expected to decline sharply, to the benefit of GMMR groundwater and desalination.

Water production costs

Wells. GPCoEWG/BAH (2007) has estimated the capital cost at LD 10,000 per year on the average for a well of a capacity equal to 1000 m3/day. Given a depreciation period equal to 20 years, this implies a total cost per well equal to LD 200,000, which amounts, in terms of depreciation, to LD 0.027 per m3 of produced water. In addition, the opportunity cost of investment would be about LD 0.05/m3, based on the assumption used elsewhere of an interest rate equal to 10 percent. Thus, the total capital cost at the production stage is about LD 0.082/m3. Applying this unit cost to the volume of water extracted from wells in 2006 yields a total capital production cost equal to LD 23.3 million.

Regarding O&M at the production level, the cost has been estimated by GPCEWG (GPCEWG, 2007) at LD 8 per 1,000 m3, which amounts to LY0.008/m3. Thus, the total production cost is estimated at LD0.09/m3.

47

GMMR. Various estimates have been provided for the cost of GMMR water, giving a range of values. The methodologies used in these estimates are not made explicit and are generally based on the assumption of water production and transfer at full capacity. Furthermore, it isn’t clear which components of cost are taken into account and whether the opportunity cost of capital is included or not. The estimates presented in this report are based on the notion of LRMC, which takes into account the distribution of investment overtime and over the three different phases of implementation as well as the nature of the stream of water volumes that are expected to be extracted over a long period of time. Estimated LRMC varies across the five systems, from LD 0.50/m3 for Sarir system to LD0.94/m3 for Tobruk system, yielding an average value equal to LD 0.55/m3 in 2007 prices. This estimate, which takes in account both depreciation and the opportunity cost of capital, is the appropriate one for assessing the subsidies provided for urban water12.

In addition to capital cost, the production and transfer of water through the main GMMR trunks result in O&M expenditures, estimated at about LD 0.14/m3, distributed between LD0.04 for energy and LD 0.10 for other O&M expenditures in 2006. These estimates are based on GMMRA data and the actual volume of water transferred through GMMR in 2006.13 Thus, the total cost at the production stage for GMMR water is estimated at about LD 0.70/m3 (2007 prices).

Desalination. Its contribution has been very small, accounting for less than 5 percent of total urban water supply in 2006 (about 27 MCM), which represents less than 10 percent of initial installed capacity and much less than the new capacity expected to be in place by 2009-2010, estimated at 145 MCM/year. Capital cost is estimated in this report, using the same LRMC methodology as for GMMR and on the basis of the investment flows and the capacity expansion that are expected under the new Development Plan 2008-2012 as prepared by PCEWG: a total of LD 853 million for investment for a new desalination capacity equal to 145 MCM annually. Based on a 20-year lifetime and a 10 percent discount rate (the same as for GMMR and wells), LRMC is estimated at LD 0.82/m3.This estimate is higher than the value provided in BAH report, which is about LD 0.36/m3, the latter probably takes only depreciation into account and excludes the opportunity cost of capital. O&M cost is estimated at LD 0.126/m3,which implies a total production cost equal to about LD 0.95/m3.

Water distribution costs. Water delivery involves distribution systems: networks, reservoirs and pumping stations, as well as the operation and maintenance of this infrastructure. According to official information, the latter is made up of over 17000 km of pipes, close to 1,400 reservoirs and 450 pumping stations (2006). Based on LD 150,000 per kilometers of pipes, a 50-year lifetime, and a 10 percent opportunity cost of capital, a conservative estimate of capital cost is on the order of LD312 million, or LD 0.53/m3 .14

O&M is contracted out to the local GSCs on the basis of a compensation per km of distribution pipes which was set at LD 7.3 per kilometer, implying a total contractual value equal to about LD127 million. Water services are not in fact contracted out separately from the other services, which are sanitation, solid waste, and maintenance of roads, sidewalks, and public parks. The total value of contracts was set at about LD 500 million in 2006 and they are expected to reach LD 950 million in 2008 and to increase by 10 percent each year over the planning period, according to HUC. The water share of these contracts is estimated at about 20 percent (HUC). Thus, O&M expenditures are expected to rise over the next five years above the 127 million-estimate. Even with this estimate. O&M distribution cost amounts to over LD 0.20/m3, yielding a capita and O&M cost equal to LD 0.74/m3 at the distribution stage (LD440 million in total).

12 The alternative LRMC measure, which excludes past investment flows, is useful in comparing future alternative sources of water. 13 As reported in El Hassadi (2007). 14 The assumption for the cost of a well is a reasonable one based on comparisons with countries such a Tunisia. The annual cost is of course much lower if it is limited only to depreciation (LD 53 million as opposed to LD 312 million.

48

Table G.1: Cost of Urban Water Services, 2006

Stage Wells GMMR Desalination Total 1. Production

a) Capital cost Cost/m3 (LD) 0.082 0.55 0.82 0.34 Production (MCM/year) (2006) 284 282 27 593 Total cost (LD million) 23.288 155.1 22.2 200.6

b) O&M Production cost Per meter3 (LD) 0.008 0.14 0.126 -Total (LD million) 2.272 39.48 3.402 45.2

2. Distribution a) Capital cost

Unit cost (LD/m3) 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 Total cost (LD million) 149.8 148.8 14.2 312.9

b) O&M cost Unit cost (LD/m3) 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 Total cost (LD million) 59.64 59.22 5.67 124.53

3. Total cost (all stages) Unit cost (LD/m3) 0.83 1.43 1.69 1.15

Total cost (LD million) 235.0 402.6 45.5 683.1

Urban water subsidies. Based on the previous analysis, a conservative estimate of the total cost of urban water supply would be approximately LD 682 million. It is still an underestimate because it has left out the implicit cost of other components of the distribution infrastructure such as reservoirs and pumping stations as well as the cost of feeder lines. Given the very low revenue effectively collected from water sales, estimated above at LD26 million, the deficit is close to LD 656 million for the year 2006. In terms of cubic meters, this amounts to LD 0.044 of revenue against a cost equal to about LD 1.15. Even if bills were all collected, the average water price would still be too low (about LD 0.22/m3) and the subsidies would still be very large, exceeding LD 553 million. Furthermore, the cost of energy used in pumping or in desalination has been valued in domestic prices, which are far below international prices, resulting in significant implicit subsidies to the water sector.

Subsidies are expected to be even larger in the future due to the reduction in water extraction from wells located in coastal areas, which is the main objective of the whole GMMR project, and the increasing reliance on GMMR and desalination water. If an appropriate water management policy is put in place, urban demand will increase only moderately in the future, rising from 593 MCM in 2006 to about 640 MCM in 2012, with wells accounting for 13 percent only against 47 percent of total supply in 2006. In contrast, GMMR and desalination shares will rise respectively to over 71 percent and 16 percent by 2012. Given these changes in the sources of supply and the same levels of tariffs as 2006, subsidies will rise to over LD 822 million if bill collection efficiency remains at the current level and would still reach close to LD 802 million even with all bills are collected.

The preceding analysis thus shows the inadequacy of the current tariff system for cost recovery since collected revenue does not represent more than 5 percent of total cost and even billed claims do not recover more than 20 percent of total cost. Under such conditions, water services are provided almost gratuitously.

Cost of wastewater services. As previously stated, sanitation has lagged behind, both in terms of connection and networks and of wastewater treatment. Only 17 percent of the population is connected to the collection networks while treated used water does not account for more than 11 percent of all water consumed, which ranks the level of sanitation services among the lowest in the MENA region.15 Both networks and treatment plants are old and 50

15 GPCEWG (2007).

49

percent of the latter are not even in working conditions. This situation has persisted in spite of the large resources that have been allocated to the sector.

Cost involves collection of wastewater and treatment. The cost of collection includes capital and an O&M cost. Estimate of the first component is based on the existing length of networks, which reached more than 6,700 kilometers in 2006. Based on both depreciation and the opportunity cost of financial resources, the annual cost of this infrastructure is estimated at about LD 120 million. Concerning treatment, no information is available on the value of existing plants but the cost of secondary treatment is estimated at about LD 0.25 per cubic meter.16 Given a treated volume of raw water equal to about 46 MCM in 2006, the cost of treatment is estimated at about 11 MCM. The networks are run by the General Services Companies, along with water and other services. The contractual cost was set for 2006 at LD 7.3 per meter of pipes, implying a total O&M cost equal to close to LD 50 million.

Thus, the total cost of wastewater is approximately LD 180 million. Given the low volume of collected wastewater, 77 MCM in 2006, the unit estimate per cubic meter is extremely high, exceeding LD 2.7/m3. On the revenue side, there are no separate tariffs levied on sanitation services since the tariffs used in estimating the revenue from water sales are levied simultaneously on both services. Thus, a conservative estimate of subsidies on urban water and wastewater is about LD 836 million for 2006 and is expected to exceed LD 1.1 billion by the year 2012 if bill collection efficiency remains as low as its current level.

Irrigation services. The depletion of ground water resources in the coastal areas, seawater intrusion, and the excessive use of these resources in irrigation in these areas are the main factors underlying the whole GMMR Project. According to Government objectives, at least 70 percent of GMMR water will be allocated to irrigation. However, agriculture has relied so far on water extraction from local wells while the use of GMMR has been low, not exceeding 105 MCM in 2006. The situation is expected to change substantially in the future according to GMMRA projections under the new Development Plan 2008-2012. It is expected that more than 940 MCM and 1,075 MCM of GMMR water will be allocated to irrigation respectively in 2012 and 2015, which are very ambitious objectives.

Cost estimates. The production and transfer of irrigation water involves two types of authorities, GMMRA and three GMMR Operation Authorities. The cost of groundwater extraction and transfer through the main trunks is the same for urban water than for irrigation, estimated at about LD 0.70/m3 in 2007 prices. The cost estimate for GMMR Operation Authorities is based on the LRMC approach, taking into account past and projected investment as well as their O&M expenditures. The corresponding cost is estimated at an average of LD 0.23/m3 for the period 2008-2012 and the relatively higher value of LD0.31 for 2006. Total cost/m3 is very high, exceeding LD0.90/m3.

16 GPCEWG (2007).

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Table G.2 Estimates of Subsidies on Water Used in Irrigation

2006 2012 2015 1. Water volume in irrigation (MCM/year) 105 944 1075

2. Cost estimates (LD million) GMMRA

Capital cost 58.2 523.4 595.7 O&M cost 15.2 136.4 155.2 Subtotal 73.4 659.8 750.9 GMMR Operation Authorities Capital cost 22.4 201.3 229.1 O&M cost 10.0 19.0 19.0 Subtotal 32.4 220.2 248.0

Total cost (GMMRA & Authorities) 105.7 880.0 998.9 Cost/m3 (LD) 1.01 0.93 0.93 3. Revenue from water sales 8.4 75.6 86.0 4. Subsidies 97.3 804.4 912.9

The total cost of irrigation water delivery exceeds LD 105 million for a total of 105 MCM used in 2006. With the sharp increase in this volume expected for the next years, the cost is expected to rise to as much as LD 880 million by 2012 and close to LD 1 billion by 2015.

Estimates of revenues and subsidies. The main source of revenue for GMMRA and Operation Authorities are taxes levied on gasoline, tobacco and imports, which are earmarked to finance GMMR construction and operation (Law 10 of 1983), 80 percent of the proceeds from these taxes are allocated to GMMRA and the remaining 20 percent are shared more or less equally between the three operation authorities. Since these revenues are tax revenues that are not tied to water use, they are not in fact different from any other tax revenues going to the Treasury and should be considered as part of Treasury receipts even if they are earmarked for GMMR. In any case, given the objective of this analysis, which is to estimate subsidies to users of irrigation water, these tax proceeds are irrelevant.

GMMRA is supposed to sell water for irrigation at the price of LY0.08/m3. For 2006, the resulting proceeds are less than LD 9 million and are expected to rise, as more water will be used. However, given very low bill collection efficiency, effective revenue is very negligible. But with the proceeds from billed sales, subsidies on irrigation water are close to LD 100 million in 2006 and are expected to rise to over LD 800 million by 2012 and more than LD 900 million by 2015.

Summary—Total Estimate of Urban Water Supply and Wastewater, and Irrigation. In summary, total subsidies on water (urban and irrigation) and wastewater are estimated at about LD 930 million for 2006. These estimates are expected to rise sharply, if water prices and bill collection efficiency remain the same as they are currently, reaching LD 1.9 billion by 2012.

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ANNEX H. THE FIRST UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPTS AT RESTRUCTURING THE LPA (EARLY 2000S TO 2005)

Libyan authorities are well aware that an efficient LPA is a prerequisite for sustainable economic development and a dynamic private sector. In 2000, the Government attempted a first effort to improve public administration efficiency, reduce the fiscal burden of the wage bill, and lay the groundwork for private sector development. The main element of this reform was restructuring of the civil service, including attempts to downsize redundant LPA personnel. Corresponding elements of the reform aimed at rationalizing the pay and promotion system in order to retain the best workers and to enhance productivity.

The Government took a deliberate approach to overcoming resistance to reform. Given the political economy setting the early 2000s—exacerbated by difficult economic and social conditions—there was little enthusiasm for a forceful downsizing of the LPA. This was especially true in light of the ongoing decentralization, whereby shaabiyats were assuming HRM management for most sectors. Considering that one in five Libyans was working in the LPA—and given that most civil servants headed household of five or so family members—virtually every household was to some extent dependent on public salaries. Downsizing threatened potentially negative short-term effects across a broad social spectrum. Any reform effort that failed to mitigate adverse consequences was politically very sensitive.

At the time, the Government was well aware of weak governance in the shaabiats, including the social favoritism behavors and limited interest in HRM efficiency. If adverse consequences could not be avoided entirely, the harm to individuals needed to at least be mitigated. Thus, the first attempted “soft measures” to reduce the size and distribution of LPA failed almost entirely to meet their objectives, in part because a dedicated central administrative body was not in place to manage the reforms. It was clear that a central body with real administrative and political muscle was needed to design and manage a medium-term strategy. The GPC of Manpower (GPCMP) was created in 2004. It was given a full mandate and political support to design and carry out a first series of soft reforms.

It is worth noticing that the first operation consisted of outsourcing certain activities not considered central to the core LPA mission, with semi-private participation by quasi public employees. First, interested staff were encouraged to voluntarily leave the civil service. In June 2001, The Government issued a Decree Number 19, which authorized certain civil servants to take on selected public service activities from within private sector. This approach allowed departing workers “semi-privatization options” such as the right to rent facilities or make productive use of publically owned machinery. The results of this experiment were not formally evaluated. Anecdotally, however, they appear to have been modest at best. The prospective entrepreneurs were basically reluctant to risk their secure jobs and salaries for potentially risky ventures in a non-articulated and fragile private sector. Most lacked skills and practical experience necessary to run successful businesses, and they were generally unwilling to take risks. Nonetheless, this experience may still hold lessons for learning.

Authorities also implemented a voluntary departure program for the redundant workers. Law 2617 adopted by the General Congress in 2001 authorized temporary LPA salaries for the employees retrenched following shutdown or merger and restructuring of institutions, including the SOEs. Eligible beneficiaries were to be monitored regularly and their living standard supported. The following employee categories were covered: (i) personnel leaving jobs voluntarily; (ii) employees made redundant through retrenchment; (iii) workers benefiting from the transfer of state industrial or agricultural productive units, or those awarded revenue-generating

17 Law No. 26, adopted by the General People’s Congress, January 28, 2001, and its implementation Decree N. 31, 2002, of the GPC and its amendment by the Decree N. 292, January 2006, of the GPC.

52

capital equipment; (iv) employees receiving loans from the Development Bank; (v) employees awarded commercial, industrial, or service authorization to start up businesses; (vi) associates of private partnership activities, such as schools and clinics; and (vii) professionals holding specialized diplomas. Additionally, the law allowed employees facing severance to carry out any business (other than in the LPA); and it instructed financial institutions to provide them with priority loans, technical assistance, and start-up support.

Although no formal data are available, neither the voluntary nor the involuntary parts of the scheme appear to have worked. To the contrary, the LPA continued to grow. Like other reforms launched in the early 2000s, this operation suffered from lack of a clear vision and political will. Neither the central administration nor the newly decentralized regional administrations actively supported the effort. The operation received little attention from stakeholders, including the shaabiat authorities who had assumed HR management in most sectors.

The failure of this effort is not surprising in retrospect. At the dawn of the new millennium, Libya was just beginning to recover from its extended slump. Its private sector was incipient at best, offering few well-paying jobs or promising business opportunities. By giving up civil service sinecure, skilled public employees had little to gain and much to loose. Unskilled employees were likely to end up in the informal sector, with even lower salaries and far less job security. Second, workers leaving the LPA would lose significant cash and in-kind allowances, such as housing allowances and social security coverage that included health insurance.18 Third, civil servants benefited from a certain prestige and considerations such as preferred access to public services for themselves and their families. Finally, the Law 26 was far from precise on how long departing workers would continue to receive their salary payments, and how and when the salary payments would eventually be terminated.

The LPA also tried to redeploy redundant employees, from urban centers to the sometimes remote peripheries of the country. Decree Number 51 (GPC, March 2003), which was concerned with secondary education, attempted to improve the regional distribution of secondary teachers and reduce the number of foreign teachers. The decree provided a displacement allowance for secondary teachers willing to move at least 100 kilometers from their hometowns. Initially, the allowance was set at 115 percent of the basic salary. Then it was rised to a more than doubling of basic salary. In 2007, the package was considerably sweetened to include housing, tripling of the basic salary, promotions, priority for training and study abroad, priority accessing to housing loans, and a one-time two-month salary allowance (GPC, Decree No. 595, July 2007). This decree annulled the Decree No. 51, 2003. Subsequently, the incentive package was extended to all teachers, university professors, and physicians and nurses. Nevertheless, the effect was uncertain. To date, no information is available on what actually happened.

GPCMP started by promoting transparency in hiring procedures. GPCMP Decree Number 178 (July 2004) instituted a requirement that civil servants could only be recruited or hired through posting of job opportunities in the official media. The decree required that candidates take formal exams, with results to be announced by the GPCMP or its regional bureaus. The new procedures were designed to combat social patronage-based hiring and to ensure that candidates’ skills matched institutional needs.

GPCMP also tried to control promotions. The civil service had a longstanding practice of regularly promoting employees independent of their job performance. Seeking to rationalize the system, GPCMP issued a series of ordinances (Ordinance No. 2, June 2004; Ordinance 3, July 2005; and Ordinance 5, July 2004) that urged compliance with regulations on promotions within functional grades. Competitive exams were mandated as the only means to obtain promotions. No promotions could be approved in the absence of an official establishment, vacant positions in that establishment, and the regulatory minimum seniority in the current echelon or grade.19

18 Housing allowance represents between 19.5 to 41 percent of the basic salary for the lower pay grades 1 to 5. The employer’s contribution rate to the social security is 11.25 percent of the basic salary. Together, these benefits account between 30 and 52 percent of the basic wages for the lower pay scales. 19 Promotions within pay scales 1 to 9 require seniority of 4 years; within pay scales from 10 to 11 a seniority of 5 years; and within pay scales 12 to 14 a seniority of 7 years.

53

Successful candidates required the highest ratings in their annual employee evaluations, and they must have attended training workshops to demonstrate mastery of the new responsibilities they would take on. Outstanding employees could be nominated for exceptional promotions based on merit, so long as these represented less than 5 percent of total promotions and were limited to no more than two promotions in the career of any civil servant. No civil servants hired in excess of the adopted establishments—in other words, the large number of employees who had entered the LPA through social patronage—would be eligible for promotion. Any promotions not having complied with these regulations would be declared invalid. Budget controllers would be responsible for blocking illegal hiring and promotions.20

Controlling promotions proved no easy task. Well-established complicities among major actors—mainly in shaabiats—in general neutralized the GPCMP effort. The majority of promotions in 2004 did not conform to the new decrees. In response, the GPC took a bold decision. In January 2005, it canceled all 2004 promotions not complying with the letter of the regulations. Ordinance No. 2 (January 2005) advised all LPA departments to rescind illegal promotions, in particular those not based on the adoption of an official establishment and those for which funds were not budgeted. Budget controllers were instructed not to execute illegal promotions. The departments were then urged to prepare their establishments (see Box 4.1) and comply with the regulatory provisions; otherwise, promotions would not be accepted for 2005 either. The impact and enforceability of these measures is yet to be ascertained.

Box H.1. Procedures to Prepare Annual Sectoral Establishments

Several regulatory texts (for example, GPCMP Ordinance No. 10, December 2004) precisely define how departmental establishments are to be prepared. First, all the departments must prepare their annual establishments according to the macro-fiscal constraints of the budget law. For the existing workforce, the draft establishment must specify the names of the civil servants, their functional grades and dates of promotion, education level and diplomas, seniority, and job categories. Establishments must be consistent with the objectives, mission, and organizational chart of respective departments. Establishments must use the regulated standard ratios to determine the size, skills mix, and job category composition of respective departments. These ratios are intended to limit the size of departments and the profusion of idle managers. Managers must have actual line responsibility for at least 3 to 7 staff. The draft establishments must clearly describe proposed jobs, including their function, grades, and job categories. They should be justified in terms of cancelled positions. Proposed jobs and new positions must be justified through legislation that changes a department’s responsibilities or reorganizes its services. Departments are instructed to keep vacant posts at less than 10 percent of their establishments, and to cancel posts that go beyond that. Remaining vacant posts can only be filled in response to authorized hiring and promotions by other departmental personnel. The draft establishments must be approved by GPCMP.

Source: GPC Manpower.

20 In recognition of these and other critical responsibilities, GPC awarded the budget controllers a special allowance amounting to 50 percent of their basic salary (Decree No. 186, July 2004).

54

ANNEX I. DOWNSIZING CIVIL SERVICE IN THE EDUCATION AND HEALTH SECTORS

Box I. 1. Selection and Assignment Process in the Education Sector

Clear rules are critical for the selection and assignment of teachers. The organization to implement the process comprised three layers of committees (GPCED, Decree No. 5, July 2007). The top layer consisted of the central High Committee charged with overall oversight and supervision while advising the Regional Committees (RCs). The RCs located in every shaabiat are the second layer. They are tasked with the follow up on the assignment operation, centralization of documentations, and supervision of the committees set up by Education Bureaus (EBSs) in the shaabiats (the third layer). The GPCED asked the EBSs and the supervising committees to scrupulously apply the provisions that were issued for this purpose (GPCED, Decree No. 4, July 2007). The main terms are as follow. First, no assignments are to be made outside of official, legally established schools. Second, all those assigned must have been legally hired, actively teaching or working in the concerned school, and healthy fit to work in the school. Third, assigned teachers must have the relevant qualification to teach. Fourth, teachers in secondary education must hold a university diploma or equivalent credential from a recognized institute or center. Fifth, only teachers may be assigned to teach. Sixth, managers and technicians must be assigned to nonteaching jobs and work in their respective field of expertise. Finally, criteria of school assignment are, in the descending order: the most experienced, with the highest qualification, the most competent as rated by technical and administrative evaluations.

The GPCED also set up Recourse and Complaint Committees (RCCs). The GPCED instructed all the committees to publish their proposed list of personnel and to explain the criteria used in selection. The number of complaints was expected to be relatively high. Retrenched personnel are allowed 10 days after the publication of the selection results to initiate their complaints. The RCCs must issue their decisions within one week.

The assignment process in the education sector was achieved by July 2007. More than a third of the education workforce was not assigned to the establishment in the first phase of the reform. Of the 457206 personnel working in the education sector, 313,606 were selected and assigned, whereas 143,600 were not. About 5,400 teachers were identified as legally ineligible to teach. These teachers were laid off with no compensation aside from any salaries owed (GPCED, Decree No. 363/Oct. 2006).

Source: GPC Education and Manpower.

Box I.2. Selection and Assignment Process in the Health Sector

A tripartite committee formed from GPC, GPCH, and GPCMP reviews the establishments of all health centers and administrative departments. The committee applies uniform functional indicators across the health centers, and it assigns personnel. The committee relies on the functional indicators amended by the GPCH and adopted by the GPCMP and GPC. It also uses the adopted texts for staff selection issued by the GPCH (Decree No. 153, April 2007). The texts called for a selection and assignment operation exclusively through committees that are officially recognized by the GPCH. The technical classification of the facility (whether it is a rural center, health care center, health care unit, or health clinic complex) must be taken into account based upon their respective functions.

Screening criteria exclude non-eligible employees. The following are excluded: Those who have not been present in their offices regularly, transferred to work outside the health sector, benefited from unpaid leave but did not immediately resume work, administratively belong to other sectors, were medically unfit to work. Nursing positions must go exclusively to nurses. Administrative and management positions must be held by qualified employees with proven experience.

55

Source: GPC Health and Manpower.

ANNEX J. ESTIMATION OF HIDDEN COSTS IN THE POWER SECTOR

Hidden costs reflect the technical and commercial inefficiencies that often characterize public utilities in developing countries. To assess the scope of GECOL hidden costs, we posit the following additional assumptions21:

• Discount rate (k): 10 percent.

• Normative rate of losses: 8 percent.

• Operation and maintenance costs: 8 percent of GECOL asset base based on historical data as reflected in Table J.1.

• Fuel costs (domestic prices): 3 percent of GECOL asset base based on historical data as reflected in Table J.1.

• In the absence of certified financial statements, we have assumed that the GECOL asset base in 2002 was approximately LD4,986 million (proxy taken from the Booz Allen Hamilton report of 2006). This is probably a conservative estimate.

• The capital development program for 2002–07 involved the following investments: (a) LD117 million in 2003, (b) LD208 million in 2004, (c) LD1,885 million in 2005, and (d) LD3,020 million in 2006.

• To determine the average cost recovery level of tariff, we calculate an equivalent investment annuity22 by assuming the absence of major technical changes in the industry and that GECOL assets will be automatically renewed at the end of their economic life span.

Table J.1: Estimate of GECOL’s Asset Base, 2003–06a

a. For asset base, we have used proxy values in the absence of certified or audited accounts. Source: Bank staff’s estimates. All costs are in MLD.

21 These assumptions will be validated during discussions with stakeholders, and revised simulations will be prepared to account for agreed values. 22 The concept of investment annuity is meant to better reflect the economic depreciation of infrastructure or utility assets in the context of technical change. The total value of the utility asset is, therefore, given by the following equation:

)1()1(12

....1 k

ak

aaaA d

ttttt k ++ −+++

++= , where at is the investment annuity or the economic depreciation value of the

asset.

2003 2004 2005 2006Fuel 165 184 205 223O&M 403.5 438 517 441Fuel+O&M 568.5 622 722 664Assets Base 5103 5220 5428 7313

Ratio Fuel/asset 3% 4% 4% 3%Ratio O&M/Asset 8% 8% 10% 6%

56

Table J.2: Equivalent Annuity Cost per Unit of kWh of Power Generated

‘ 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006Annuity Cost (MLD) 854 854 854 854 854

O&M + Fuel 561.3 574.2 597.1 804.4Unit Cost (LD) 0.078 0.073 0.067 0.071

Source: Bank staffs estimates.

Tablles J.3 and J.4 show estimates of hidden costs for 2000-2007. However, hidden costs as calculated in both Tables do not take into account transfers that the government has made in the past to cover GECOL losses. By subtracting these transfers, it is possible to compute more accurate estimates of hidden costs in the industry. This final step in the analysis would require subtracting from Table J.3 transfers made to GECOL each year to cover its operating losses. However, the Bank team did not have access to these transfers and could not take them into account for the analysis.

Table J.3: Estimates of the Hidden Costs

Qe (total energy consumed)

Tc (Average cost recovery tariff)

Te (Actual Tariff)

lm (rate of losses)

ln (standard rate of losses)

Rc (Rate of bills collection)

Hc (Hidden Costs) GDP Hc/GDP in %

2000 9776 0.072 0.033 0.11 0.08 0.797 475.6 17775 2.68%2001 10462 0.072 0.033 0.11 0.08 0.798 508.6 18745 2.71%2002 10672 0.072 0.033 0.11 0.08 0.801 517.8 26837 1.93%2003 11067 0.072 0.033 0.11 0.08 0.773 547.1 33077 1.65%2004 11947 0.072 0.0408 0.11 0.08 0.776 515.1 39800 1.29%2005 12336 0.072 0.0408 0.13 0.08 0.69 596.4 54600 1.09%2006 14363 0.072 0.0411 0.13 0.08 0.7 686.2 65300 1.05%2007 17434 0.072 0.0411 0.13 0.08 0.7 832.9 73500 1.13%

Source: Bank staff’s estimates.

Table J.4: Composition of the Hidden Costs (MLD) in Absolute Terms

Tariffs set below cost

Excessive technical losses

Poor Bills collection

Tariffs set below cost % GDP

Excessive technical losses - % GDP

Poor Bills collection - % GDP

2000 386.6 23.8 65.1 2.18% 0.13% 0.37%2001 413.8 25.5 69.3 2.21% 0.14% 0.37%2002 422.1 26.0 69.7 1.57% 0.10% 0.26%2003 437.7 27.0 82.4 1.32% 0.08% 0.25%2004 376.8 29.1 109.2 0.95% 0.07% 0.27%2005 389.1 51.3 156.1 0.71% 0.09% 0.29%2006 449.6 59.7 176.9 0.69% 0.09% 0.27%2007 545.7 72.5 214.7 0.74% 0.10% 0.29%


57

ANNEX K: BACKGROUND OF THE ROAD SECTOR

Figure K.1: Map of the Road Network in Libya

58

Box K1: The Road Sector

Road Conditions

Good. Paved roads substantially free of defects and requiring only routine maintenance. Unpaved roads needing only routine grading and spot repairs.

Fair. Paved roads having significant defects and requiring resurfacing or strengthening. Unpaved roads needing reshaping or resurfacing (re-gravelling) and spot repair of drainage.

Poor. Paved roads with extensive defects and requiring immediate rehabilitation or reconstruction. Unpaved roads needing reconstruction and major drainage works.

Road Maintenance and Improvement Works

Routine maintenance. Local repair of roadway and pavement; grading of unpaved surfaces and shoulders; regular maintenance of road drainage, side slopes, verges, traffic control devices, and furniture; roadside cleaning, dust and vegetation control, snow or sand removal, and maintaining rest areas and safety appurtenances. Typical costs range from less than US$500 a kilometer to more than US$5,000 a kilometer.

Resurfacing. Re-graveling an unpaved road or resurfacing a paved road (with a thin asphalt overlay, a surface treatment, or a seal coat) to preserve its structural integrity and ride quality. A paved road normally needs resurfacing at the transition from good to fair condition, provided the volume of traffic justifies retaining it in good condition. Resurfacing is sometimes called “periodic maintenance,” even though all maintenance activities are periodic. Costs can vary from less than US$40,000 a kilometer to more than US$150,000 a kilometer.

Rehabilitation. Selective repair, strengthening, and shape correction of pavement or roadway (including minor drainage improvements) to restore structural strength and ride quality. The term “strengthening” is sometimes used to describe a specific category of pavement rehabilitation involving the application of overlays. Costs of rehabilitation can vary from less than US$120,000 a kilometer for unpaved roads to more than US$500,000 a kilometer for paved roads. The costs for paved roads, however, rise steeply as a pavement deteriorates from fair to poor condition.

Reconstruction. Renewing the road structure, generally using existing earthworks and road alignments, to remedy the consequences of prolonged neglect or where rehabilitation is no longer possible. Costs can vary considerably, ranging from about US$150,000 a kilometer to more than US$500,000 a kilometer.

Restoration. Major rehabilitation and reconstruction works considered together.

Betterment. Road improvements related to the width, alignment, curvature, or gradient of road (including associated resurfacing and rehabilitation works) to improve traffic speed, safety, or capacity. Betterment works are not considered maintenance activities except for ancillary road rehabilitation or resurfacing operations. Costs can vary considerably, depending on the geometric improvements.

New construction. Constructing a paved, gravel, or earth road on a new alignment; upgrading a gravel or earth road to paved standards; providing additional lane capacity; or constructing additional carriageways, frontage roads, grade-separated interchanges, or multilane divided highways. Costs of new construction can vary from less than US$150,000 a kilometer for a gravel road to more than US$4 million a kilometer for a four-lane access-controlled divided highway.

Source: World Bank 1989.

59

Box K..2: General Principles for Formulating a Maintenance Management Strategy Economic Justification of Road Maintenance

The economic costs resulting from poor maintenance are borne primarily by road users. When a road deteriorates from good to poor condition, every dollar unspent on maintenance increases vehicle operating costs by US$2 to US$3. Instead of generating savings, postponing or restricting maintenance creates notable costs for the economy as a whole. It is, therefore, not surprising that road maintenance and rehabilitation projects have, on average, an economic rate of return of over 35 percent. Securing the necessary resources for road maintenance should, therefore, be a priority for every government.

Securing Necessary Funds for Road Maintenance

Once maintenance costs have been estimated, different options are available for securing the necessary funds within the existing institutional framework, especially the following:

• In most cases, there is a general budget allocated to the Ministry of Transport/Public Works, which makes the necessary decisions regarding maintenance based on priority before carrying out new construction. This can only work if ministers are not under strong political pressure to carry out new construction.

• Another solution entails ring fencing budget line items for road maintenance in the national budget, which assigns responsibility for allocations to the Ministry of Finance, and thus incorporates such decisions into the Budget Law.

• Establishing a road maintenance fund can be considered, with funding coming partly or fully from road user charges and accruing directly to the road fund account.

In all cases, an external technical audit conducted by the Ministry of Transport or its road agencies is a convincing way to prove the effective use of funds allocated by the Ministry of Finance.

Implementing Maintenance and Outsourcing Programs

The international trend is to subcontract an ever-increasing portion of maintenance works through various types of contracts that enable the Ministry of Transport and road agencies to redirect their energies toward their core roles for programming, procurement, monitoring, and evaluation in order to increase efficiency. Generally, market competition ensures increased efficiency of 20 to 30 percent.

Source: World Bank 2005.

Box K.3: Unprecedented boost for road transport in Norway announced March 2009 In the coming decade Norway intends to spend a more than US$ 50 billion via the fiscal budget on development, operation and maintenance of the road and rail networks and coastal shipping lanes, an increase of 45 per cent over previous National Transport Plan.

This was stated by Transport and Communications Minister, Liv Signe Navarsete, on March 13, 2009 when the Government presented its White Paper on the National Transport Plan for the period 2010-2019. The white paper sets out the main lines of the Government’s transport policy, and is a tool for assigning priorities with regard to development, operation and maintenance of transport infrastructure.

In the paper, the Government presents an overall strategy for transport policy taking as its point of departure that the various forms of transport have different qualities and advantages, and that it is necessary to adapt transport policy to the different challenges in different parts of the country. The following four main goals have been adopted:

Improve mobility and reduce distance related costs in order to improve competitive strength of the private sector and contribute to maintaining in broad terms the distribution of settlements in Norway

Implement a transport policy based on a vision of no fatalities or serious injuries in the transport sector

Implement a transport policy that contributes to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, reduces harmful environmental impacts and contributes to achievements of national goals of Norway meeting its international obligations in environmental management

Establishing a transport network that is inclusive with high accessibility

This major initiative for a safer, more environment-friendly and efficient transport system, is directed at promoting growth and improving regional connectivity, important for maintaining employment and settlement patterns across the entire country. Besides considerable investments in rail, costal shipping and air transport, close to 40 major road projects, all costing in excess of US$ 30 million will be launched. They include a hefty upgrading of coastal and inland trunk road, rock fall/landslide protection, a new 230 km four-lane highway will be built, 350 km of national road will be upgraded, 500 km of footpaths and cycle lanes will be put in place, as well as 750 km of new central crash barriers and other measures for safer traffic.

A total of about US$ 16 billion is earmarked for operation and maintenance of roads, including road traffic safety control to enable better care of existing road infrastructure. This is important to achieving safer, more reliable and efficient traffic operation, while also providing environmental benefits.

Source: Ministry of Transport, Oslo

60

Table K.1: PSP Options in Road Sector

Source: Asian Development Bank (2000) and World Bank Paper on increasing PSP in the road sector in Egypt (2001)

OPTIONS Description

Management and Maintenance Contracts

A private sector party manages and/or maintains an existing road in accordance with central performance criteria, with payment received from the Government.

Turnkey Design and Build Contract

A private sector party designs and constructs a new road in accordance with predefined specifications, and on completion receives a fixed payment in compensation.

Rev

enue

sfr

omG

over

nmen

tSo

urce

s Design, Build and Maintain Contract

A private sector party designs, constructs and maintains a new road in accordance with predefined specifications for a specified time period. Payment is received from the Government in accordance with a contractual schedule.

Toll Operation and Maintenance Contract

A private sector party collects toll from users, which is used to finance maintenance of the road to agreed standards.

Rehabilitation and Maintenance Operation

A private sector party undertakes significant rehabilitation works to improve an existing road to agreed standards, maintains the road in accordance with contractual performance criteria, and collects tolls to finance both rehabilitation and maintenance.

BOT A private sector party undertakes and finances design, construction, tolling and maintenance. The private sector party may also bear much of the risk.

Rev

enue

sfr

omT

olls

Corridor Management Contracts

A private sector party undertakes new construction, maintenance (or rehabilitation) and operation of a number of existing facilities within a specific corridor or limited road network.

61

ANNEX L. THE POVERTY MAP OF LIBYA

Poverty measures There are three common measures of poverty, the so-called FGT class (Foster, Greer, and Thorbecke, 1984), namely, the poverty headcount, the poverty gap, and the severity of poverty (or squared poverty gap). The three measures of poverty are derived from a unique formulation depending on the value of a parameter . For the headcount index, takes the value zero, for the poverty gap, equals one, and for the squared poverty gap, takes the value 2. The general root formula is as follows:

∑=

−=

q

i

i

z

yz

nFGT

1

1)(

α

α

Poverty Headcount, FGT(0) gives the share of the poor with respect to total population. This is defined as the proportion of the population with consumption y less than the poverty line z. If we have q poorpopulation in n total population, then the poverty headcount, or headcount index, H, is defined as:

n

qH =

Poverty Gap, FGT(1). This is another measure that captures the magnitude of poverty considering both the number of poor people and how poor they are. It is the combined measurement of incidence of poverty and depth of poverty. The poverty gap is the mean distance separating the poor population from the poverty line. Thus, the poverty gap captures the needed resources to move all poor out of poverty through targeted cash transfers. It is defined as follows:

∑=

−=

q

i

i

z

yz

nPG

1

1

where PG is poverty gap, z the poverty line, yi the consumption of the individual i, q the number of poor, and n the total population. The summation is done only on the poor. Note that the poverty gap can be written as a product of headcount index, H, and the income gap ratio, I:

HIPG *=

where I is equal to z

yzI q−

= with ∑=

=q

iiq y

qy

1

1, yq being the average income of the poor.

Squared Poverty Gap, FGT(2). This is a measure of the severity of poverty. This measure gives more weight to the poorest population. This way, it takes into account the inequality among the poor. It is obtained from the expression below:

∑=

−=

q

i

i

z

yz

nP

1

21

2

Libya: Measuring poverty by regions To measure poverty by Shaabiyat in Libya, the 2003 Household Consumption Survey (HCS) data was used. With some 73,328 individual in the sample, the 2003 HCS is representative as the 32 regional levels by urban and rural areas. As there is no official poverty line in Libya, those of a research paper conducted by Mr. Salem Abou Aicha Khalifa, Director of Statistics and Census Department in the Libyan General

62

Information Authority were used. Two poverty lines are used, one for urban (zu=LYD610 per person per year), and the other for rural (zr=LYD550 per person per year). The main results of the poverty measurement exercise are presented below. Table L.1 shows that poverty rate was 11.8 percent in Libya in 2003. The poverty gap was 0.024, which means that Libya on average needs resources amounting to 2.4 percent of the poverty line targeted on the poor population to move all the Libyan poor from poverty. The low FGT(2) measure shows that there are small inequalities among the poor. It also appears from Table 2 below that poverty changes significantly by region. It is very low in Az Zawiyah (1.5 percent), Sirt (3.8 percent), and Ghadamis (4.4 percent), but rises to high levels in Al Kufrah (28.1 percent), Ghat (30.9 percent), and Mizdah (34.9 percent). Table L.2 shows two interesting findings: First, the poorest regions tend to depict higher poverty gap, which means that the poor people in regions with high poverty rates are poorer that those where poverty is lower. Second, inequality among the poor tends to be proportional to poverty rates.

Table L.2: Poverty indicators by region

Headcount index =0

Poverty gap =1

Severity of poverty, =2

1 Ajdabiya 0.165 0.028 0.0072 2 Al Butnan 0.200 0.042 0.0125 3 Al Hizam Al Akhdar 0.111 0.018 0.0047

4 Al Jabal al Akhdar 0.151 0.026 0.0083 5 Al Jfara 0.085 0.015 0.0043 6 Al Jufrah 0.057 0.014 0.0046 7 Al Kufrah 0.281 0.068 0.0233 8 Al Marj 0.181 0.042 0.0131 9 Al Murgub 0.177 0.036 0.0112

10 An Nuqat al Khams 0.062 0.009 0.0017 11 Al Qubah 0.090 0.010 0.0016 12 Al Wahat 0.136 0.015 0.0020 13 Az Zawiyah 0.015 0.001 0.0001 14 Benghazi 0.109 0.022 0.0071 15 Bani Walid 0.058 0.005 0.0006

16 Darnah 0.061 0.010 0.0031 17 Ghat 0.309 0.078 0.0268 18 Ghadamis 0.044 0.014 0.0045 19 Gharyan 0.118 0.029 0.0109 20 Murzuq 0.080 0.010 0.0022 21 Mizdah 0.349 0.121 0.0549

22 Misratah 0.143 0.030 0.0094 23 Nalut 0.143 0.021 0.0056 24 Tajura Wa Al Naw AlArba’ 0.131 0.027 0.0077 25 Tarhuna Wa Msalata 0.154 0.036 0.0119 26 Tarabulus 0.087 0.016 0.0043 27 Sabha 0.157 0.029 0.0075

28 Surt 0.038 0.004 0.0005 29 Sabratha Wa Surman 0.091 0.014 0.0032 30 Wadi Al Hayaa 0.213 0.067 0.0317 31 Wadi Al Shatii 0.189 0.041 0.0123 32 Yafran 0.084 0.013 0.0030

Table L.1: Foster-Greer-Thorbecke poverty indices, FGT(D) nationally

All observations

Libya 0.11844 0.02375 0.00732


63

Source: Bank staff’ estimates

The column 1 in Table L.3 shows the regional composition of the population across the 32 regions. The column 2 depicts the mean consumption of the all the population, poor and non-poor, in each region. The column 3 gives the mean consumption of the poor and the column 4 the average monetary amount needed to get the poor in each region out of poverty.

Table L.3: Decompositions by subgroup

Shaabia

Population Share

(1) Mean

(2)

Mean: poor population

(3)

Mean gap: poor

population (4)

1 Ajdabiya 0.0247 1112.4 499.3 102.5 2 Al Butnan 0.0326 1064.6 478.9 126.7 3 Al Hizam Al Akhdar 0.0208 1181.4 501.6 97.5 4 Al Jabal al Akhdar 0.0408 1195.5 486.7 100.6 5 Al Jfara 0.0500 1311.6 499.8 110.2 6 Al Jufrah 0.0088 1358.3 445.3 144.6 7 Al Kufrah 0.0079 929.0 441.9 135.7 8 Al Marj 0.0246 898.7 463.9 141.8 9 Al Murgub 0.0577 1103.1 483.4 124.1 10 An Nuqat al Khams 0.0350 1443.0 516.1 87.9 11 Al Qubah 0.0163 1121.8 531.0 66.4 12 Al Wahat 0.0062 1073.1 509.2 61.3 13 Az Zawiyah 0.0340 1492.4 573.9 36.1 14 Benghazi 0.1055 1273.5 484.2 122.3 15 Bani Walid 0.0131 1144.1 511.3 47.2 16 Darnah 0.0184 1256.5 507.9 102.1 17 Ghat 0.0041 1180.7 456.5 153.5 18 Ghadamis 0.0043 1271.1 413.6 196.4 19 Gharyan 0.0286 1243.3 437.9 144.4 20 Murzuq 0.0117 1297.0 535.2 74.8 21 Mizdah 0.0073 916.8 373.2 193.1 22 Misratah 0.0477 1216.2 474.8 128.2 23 Nalut 0.0136 1190.4 506.1 89.2 24 Tajura Wa Al Nawahi AlArba’ 0.0540 1202.8 481.3 126.1 25 Tarhuna Wa Msalata 0.0486 1117.3 452.5 135.5 26 Tarabulus 0.1662 1357.5 496.2 113.8 27 Sabha 0.0176 1129.5 487.5 108.7 28 Surt 0.0254 1233.4 552.6 57.4 29 Sabratha Wa Surman 0.0260 1353.5 500.4 93.7 30 Wadi Al Hayaa 0.0123 1164.4 402.3 184.3 31 Wadi Al Shatii 0.0149 1141.3 453.8 126.7 32 Yafran 0.0216 1150.3 494.2 95.4


64

ANNEX M. EQUITY IN ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION

Universal access to electricity has been achieved in Libya. The number of customers connected to the electricity grid in 2006 is estimated at 1,189,212, of which 916,877 are residential customers. The evolution in the number of customers during 1997–2006 is depicted in Figure M.1. However, there are many inconsistencies observed in the data series, particularly between data for 2005 and 2006. In this section, a partial incidence analysis is done using data from the 2002–2003 Household Survey conducted in Libya by the National Statistical Office. By design, this survey does not include all relevant questions needed to properly capture households’ access to main infrastructure networks or their consumption of corresponding services. For instance, the questionnaire does not include explicit questions on household connectivity to electricity (grid or off-grid). Conversely, it includes many questions on household equipment with a variety of electrical appliances.

Figure M.1: Evolution of Electricity Customers, 1997–2006

Distribution of Customers in 1997

74%

10%

0%6%

0%8% 2%0%

Residential Small Farms Large FarmsLight Industry Heavy Industry CommercialGovernment Offices Street Lights

Distribution of customers in 2006

77%

9%0%3%0% 10% 1%0%

Residential Small Farms Large FarmsLight Industry Heavy Industry CommercialGovernment Offices Street Lights


Households surveyed are distributed over seven regions of the country.23 These are numerically identified in the rest of the analysis as follows: Region 1: Al Zawya (11.23 percent); Region 2: Al Jabal Al Akhdar (12.88 percent); Region 3: Al Bayan (16.26 percent); Region 4: Tripoli (35.91 percent); Region 5: Al Sharara Al Oula (10.76 percent); Region 6: Surt Bay ((7.43 percent); and Region 7: Jabal Al Gharby (5.43 percent). Tables M.1 and M.2 provide an overview of the percentage of Libyan households that own and use electrical appliances such as refrigerators, freezers, air conditioners, and TVs. Table M.2 provides an overview of the percentage of households that own the same electrical appliances in the different regions or provinces of the country. Both Tables confirm that across regions, most Libyan households are equipped with basic electrical appliances such as refrigerators and TVs. Although these appliances can operate with sources of energy other than electricity, these two indicators (ownership of a refrigerator and a TV) are used here as good proxies to capture the households’ connectivity index to electricity. As a result, throughout this analysis, it is assumed that around 95 percent of Libyan households have access to electricity.

Table M.1: Percentage of Households that Own Electrical Appliances in Urban and Rural Areas

Urbain RuralRefrigerator 95.2 93.1Freezer 31.5 23.0Air Conditioner 26.0 16.2Washing Machine 72.4 62.7TV set 95.3 93.3

Source: Household Survey 2002–2003.

23 The survey was conducted with a sample of 11,111 Libyan households of which 9,495 were in urban areas and 1,616 were in rural areas.

65

Table M.2: Percentage of Households that Own, per Region

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total

Refrigerator 94.6 93.9 93.8 96.2 95.9 91.2 95.3 94.9Freezer 15.4 29.1 41.3 31.2 21.2 18.3 57.5 30.2Air Conditioner 5.3 12.8 35.7 29.2 18.7 12.6 56.5 24.6Washing Machine 79.0 85.5 72.6 64.8 68.9 59.8 76.1 71.0TV set 94.1 96.2 93.9 96.6 93.6 91.2 95.1 95.0

Source: Household Survey 2002–2003. How Do Libyan Households Use Electricity? The distribution of electricity consumption in Libya is depicted in Table M.3. On average, households spend LD11.02 per month for electricity in urban areas compared to LD10.58 in rural areas. The distribution of households’ expenditure on electricity consumption per region is roughly uniform across the country (Table M.4). These results should nevertheless be treated with great caution because many of the households surveyed did not disclose the amount of their average monthly electricity bill. Survey data show that only 35 percent of households reported having paid an electricity bill in the four weeks preceding the survey. Among households declaring paying their electricity bill, the average amount spent on electricity consumption was around LD33 per month.

Table M.3: Average Monthly HH Expenditure on Water and Electricity

Source: Household Survey 2002–2003.

Table M.4: Average Monthly Consumption, per Region

Source: Household Survey 2002–2003. Figure M.2 shows the distribution of the percentage of households’ expenditures on electricity consumption per income classes. It compares distributions of households’ expenditures on electricity at the national, urban, and rural levels. The results are consistent with international experience in that poor households spent more on basic services than non-poor households. The expenditure trend for rural households, nevertheless, shows wide variations for income classes 5 and 10.

Figure M.2: Percentage of Household Expenditures on Electricity. Consumption, by Income Deciles

0.0%

0.2%

0.4%

0.6%

0.8%

1.0%

1.2%

1.4%

1.6%

1.8%

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Decile

% Nat HH exp to Elec % of URB HH exp to Elec

% Rural HH exp to Elec

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Totalwater expenses 4.01 3.64 4.35 2.76 3.83 6.51 2.96 3.68Sewage system expenses 0.44 1.27 1.16 0.81 1.90 0.91 1.97 1.07Real estate insurance 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01House registration taxes 0.00 0.10 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.00 0.05Building authorization taxes 0.06 0.13 0.28 0.07 0.48 0.07 0.00 0.15Electricity expenses 10.30 10.62 11.84 10.76 13.01 9.81 9.28 10.96

1 2Urbain Rural

water expenses 3.34 5.67Sewage system expenses 1.06 1.17Real estate insurance 0.01 0.01House registration taxes 0.05 0.03Building authorization taxes 0.17 0.06Electricity expenses 11.02 10.58

66

Source: Household Survey 2003 and Bank staff’s estimates.

To analyze the distributional characteristics of electricity subsidies, we use the framework proposed by Komives and others (2005). To do this, we need to determine a parameter labeled , which is the share of cross-subsidies in the tariff structure that is captured by the poor households divided by the share of the poor in the total population.24 In this case, we assume that the part of the population belonging to the bottom three deciles constitutes the poor component of the total population. Figure M.3. summarizes the incidence analysis. It shows that the current tariff structure is relatively neutral from a distributional point of view. All calculated are close to 1 in most regions of the country, except in region 7 where the value was close to 0.68. At the national, urban, and rural levels we found around 0.93, 0.93, and 0.94, respectively. These high values of are reflective of the good connectivity to electricity service achieved in Libya.

Figure M.3: Distribution of Omega per Libyan Region

O m e g a

0 .9 3 0 2

0 . 9 4 2 3

0 .9 2 2 9

0 . 9 4 3 5

0 .9 1 9 4

0 .9 2 4 6

1 .0 0 1 5

0 .9 0 5 4

0 .8 8 8 4

0 .6 7 5 6

- 0 .1 6 0 .0 4 0 .2 4 0 .4 4 0 .6 4 0 .8 4 1 .0 4

N a t io n a l

R u r a l

U rb a n

R e g io n 1

R e g io n 2

R e g io n 3

R e g io n 4

R e g io n 5

R e g io n 6

R e g io n 7

O m e g a Source: Household Survey 2003.

In sum, the most critical issue that Libyan authorities should quickly tackle is to improve the targeting of the subsidies to the people who most need them. The current tariff structure does not present “exclusion errors,” because most households are already connected to the electricity network and benefit from the subsidies. In contrast, the authorities should urgently minimize “inclusion errors,” because many of the better-off households are subsidized even though they do not need the subsidies.

24 P

Hx

SS

H

p=Ω, where Sp stands for nominal cross-subsidies captured by the poor portion of the population, and Sh denotes the total cross-subsidies transferred through the tariff

structure. H is total population and P is the portion of the total population made of poor. If takes a value 1, this implies that the subsidy (cross-subsidies) is roughly neutral from a distribution

viewpoint. If > 1, this implies that the tariff structure is progressive, because the poor portion of the population captures most of the cross-subsidies. Conversely, if < 1, this implies that the tariff structure is regressive from a distribution point of view.

67

ANNEX N. EQUITY IMPLICATIONS OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE IN HEALTH: CARE UTILIZATION AND OUT-OF POCKET EXPENSES

To evaluate factors associated with out-of-pocket expenditures, empirical evidence was used to assess how utilization and socioeconomic status are associated with health expenditures. Evidence from the 2002–2003 Libyan Household Survey25 suggests 64 percent of households reported having used public and/or private health services, as shown in Figures N.1 and N.2. While this proportion appears similar to neighboring countries such as Tunisia and Morocco, it may be too low given the universal health care coverage provided in Libya. For example, utilization rates are nearly 80% in other countries with universal systems such as the United Kingdom and France.

Figure N.1: Global Trends in Utilization Rates, 2002-2003

Source: Libyan Household Survey, 2002-3. Other countries: World Health Survey, 2002-3, World Health Organization.

Figure N.2: Percentage of Respondents Utilizing Health Services, 2002–03 (a) All respondent

68.8

61.462.1 61.8

63.464.0

56

58

60

62

64

66

68

70

1 2 3 4 5 Total

Expenditure quintiles

Perc

enta

geof

resp

ond

ents

repo

rtin

gan

yvi

sits

topr

ovid

ers

(%)

25 Libya Household Survey 2002–03 background available from: Libya Household Survey 2002–2003 Questionnaire; Libya Household Survey 2002–2003 Guide to Respondents; Libya

Household Survey 2002–2003 Questionnaire Index.

68

Figure N.2: (continued) Percentage of Respondents Utilizing Health Services, 2002–03 (b) Respondents with disability and/or chronic health conditions

70.1

62.3 62.1

60.3

62.0

64.3

54

56

58

60

62

64

66

68

70

72

1 2 3 4 5 Total


Perc

enta

ge

ofre

spon

den

tsw

ith

chro

nic

con

ditio

ns

with

any

visi

tsto

prov

ider

s(%

)

Source: Staff calculations, Libya HHS 2002–2003. Expenditure quintiles: 1 = lowest-income group, 5 = highest-income group.

The poorest and wealthiest expenditure quintiles26 in Libya were most likely to use health services. Of all services, 60 percent of households in 2003 used public services and 26 percent reported using private services, although these values are not necessarily mutually exclusive, as shown in Figure N.3. At the same time, a relatively large proportion of respondents reported that they chose not to seek care despite medical need: approximately 24 percent of households reported foregoing care, which was similar across income and location. Amongst this 24 percent, the majority (75 percent) indicated that this was due to ‘a lack of financial resources’, although this may also be due to other reasons which were not explicitly included in the survey questionnaire.

Figure N.3: Distribution of Public/Private Health Service Use by Expenditure Quintiles, 2002–03

57.7 58.1 58.0 59.7 60.6

68.8

61.4 62.1 61.8 63.4 64.0

26.426.826.326.126.526.2

66.3

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

1 2 3 4 5 TotalExpenditure Quintiles

Private providers Public providers Any type of provider

Source: Staff calculations, Libya HHS 2002-2003. For expenditure quintiles, 1=lowest income group; 5=highest income group.

Figure N.4 illustrates the distribution of the use of selected services, namely, hospital care, physicians, and laboratory tests and X-rays. As indicated, approximately 9 percent of all adults

26 Expenditure quintiles are calculated based on reported consumption expenditure per household per year, with 1 = poorest 20 percent of households, 5 = richest 20 percent of households. For

individuals, reported income quintiles per person per year are also used where cited.

69

reported having been admitted to hospital over the past year. 32% percent had consulted a physician, and 35 percent had received at least one of the following: laboratory tests, X-rays, and/or medical treatment. The use of these services appears to decrease as income increases, which may reflect the use of health services abroad among wealthier households. Furthermore, the proportion of households in the richest income bracket that utilized private services appears to be slightly higher compared to the poorest for overnight admissions, medications, and laboratory tests and X-rays. While 60 percent of the poorest households visited public overnight hospitals, only 48 percent of the richest did (See Statistical Appendix).

Figure N.4: Percentage of Individuals Using Various Types of Health Services by Expenditure Quintiles, 2002–03

32.0

25.4

28.1

32.034.4

41.6

11.79.1 9.4

7.6 6.78.8

34.5

28.1

30.9

35.236.6

43.0

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

50.0

1 2 3 4 5 Total

Expenditure Quintiles

Physician Visits Inpatient Hospital Stays Laboratory tests, X-rays, and/or Medical Treatment

Source: Staff calculations, Libya HHS 2002-2003. For expenditure quintiles, 1=lowest income group; 5=highest income group. The intensity of health service utilization across expenditure quintile and region is depicted in FigureN.5. Overall, over a 12-month period, the average length of stay reported for hospital care was 3.02 days, and the average number of outpatient physician visits reported was 3.6 visits. Adults in the poorest income bracket spent slightly more days in hospital per year than individuals in the richest income bracket (4.6 days compared to 3.0 days), and had a greater number of physician visits (4.2 visits compared to 3.2 visits). Adults in urban settings reported a slightly longer average length of stay in hospital than did their rural counterparts. Chronic health conditions tend to increase the intensity of health services, as shown in Figure N.6, where length of stay increases to 13.7 days and physician visits to 8.8 visits. Among individuals diagnosed with chronic health conditions, length of stay is nearly seven times as long in urban households as in rural households, while physician visits are nearly three times as numerous.

70

Figure N.5. Intensity of Health Service Use by Region and Expenditure Quintiles, 2002–03

4.6

3.3

4.1

3.2

3.7

3.0 3.0 3.0

4.2 4.1 3.93.6

3.43.7

3.23.6

0.0

0.51.0

1.52.0

2.5

3.03.5

4.04.5

5.0

1 2 3 4 5 Urban Rural Total

Expenditure Quint iles

Inte

nsity

ofse

rvic

eus

e

Average no. of days in hospital per person per year

Average no. of physician visits per person per year

Figure N.6. Intensity of Health Service Use Among Individuals Diagnosed with Chronic Conditions, 2002–03

16.1

11.8

14.3

11.4

14.7

12.1

1.8

13.7

10.2 9.99.0

7.7 7.88.9

3.0

8.8

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

18.0

1 2 3 4 5 Urban Rural Total


Inte

nsity

ofse

rvic

eus

e

Average no. of hospital days per person per year

Average no. of physician visits per person per year

Source: Staff calculations, Libya HHS 2002–2003. For expenditure quintiles, 1 = lowest income group; 5 = highest income group.

Determinants of utilization. While some patterns of utilization appear evident based on aforementioned results of bivariate analyses, determinants of the use of services is best assessed by examining a multitude of factors including demographics, socioeconomic status, insurance coverage, health need, and setting. Tables N.1 and N.2 and N.3 illustrate the factors that appear to determine the number of days spent in hospital and the number of physician visits per person per year, respectively. All else being equal, lengthier stays are predicted for adults who are males, living in urban areas, or who have chronic health conditions. Regarding the number of physician visits, older age, being female, being married, having a lower level of education, being unemployed, living in urban settings, and having a chronic health condition are associated with a higher likelihood of visiting physicians.

71

Table N.1: Determinants of the Number of Physician Visits Per Person Per Year, among Adults Age 18 and Over, 2002–03

Dependent Variable: Number of Visits Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| Beta Age 0.020 0.005 3.650 0.000 0.057 Male -0.976 0.140 -6.990 0.000 -0.081 Married 0.349 0.144 2.430 0.015 0.029 Secondary education or above -0.422 0.150 -2.810 0.005 -0.030 Employed -0.540 0.193 -2.800 0.005 -0.042 Urban household 0.581 0.180 3.220 0.001 0.033 Chronic illness or disability 4.928 0.172 28.630 0.000 0.306 Private insurance coverage 1.752 1.099 1.590 0.111 0.047 Public insurance coverage 0.777 1.033 0.750 0.452 0.022 Log Income -0.128 0.112 -1.140 0.254 -0.015 _constant term 4.210 1.341 3.140 0.002 —Number of obs = 8,418, Prob > F = 0.000 F (10, 8407) = 124.47, R-squared = 0.129 Adj R-squared = 0.128, Root MSE = 5.354

Note: Based on multivariate linear regression analysis. Dependent variable NUMVIS = number of physician visits per person per year. Independent variables: AGE18 = age in years if 18 years or over (continuous); MALE_i = dummy variable for gender, 1 = male, 0 = female (binary); MARITAL_i = dummy variable for marital status, 1 = married, 0 = otherwise (binary); EDLEV_i = dummy variable for educational level, 1 = secondary education or above, 0 = lower than secondary education (binary); EMPLOY_i = dummy variable for employment status, 1 = employed, 0 = otherwise (binary); SETTING_i = dummy variable for setting, 1 = urban, 0 = rural (binary); CHRONIC_i = dummy variable for health status, 1 = has chronic illness or disability, 0 = otherwise (binary); PRIVINS_i = dummy variable for private insurance coverage, 1 = has private insurance coverage, 0 = otherwise (binary); PUBINS_i = dummy variable for public insurance coverage, 1 = has public insurance coverage, 0 = otherwise (binary); LOGINC18 = log of annual income for adults 18 years and over (continuous). Source: Staff calculations, Libya HHS 2002–03.

Table N.2: Determinants of Hospital Length of Stay Per Person Per Year, among Adults Age 18 and Over, 2002–03

Dependent Variable: No. of Days in Hospital

Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| Beta

Age 0.032 0.025 1.280 0.199 0.043 Male 3.175 0.687 4.620 0.000 0.118 Married -0.069 0.726 -0.090 0.924 -0.002 Secondary education or above -1.505 0.818 -1.840 0.066 -0.042 Employed -1.447 0.907 -1.600 0.111 -0.053 Urban household 2.526 0.825 3.060 0.002 0.067 Chronic illness or disability 5.087 0.695 7.320 0.000 0.171 Private insurance coverage 7.709 6.735 1.140 0.253 0.085 Public insurance coverage 5.996 6.463 0.930 0.354 0.069 Log Income -0.827 0.571 -1.450 0.148 -0.038 _constant term 5.769 7.813 0.740 0.460 —Number of obs = 1983, Prob > F = 0.000 F (10, 1972) = 16.86, R-squared = 0.079 Adj R-squared = 0.074, Root MSE = 12.87

Note: Based on multivariate linear regression analysis. Dependent variable LOS = number of days in hospital per person per year. Source: Staff calculations, Libya HHS 2002–2003.

72

Regarding the determinants of the use of public or private services, which were assessed separately by controlling for a host of factors, the only significant predictor of using public services appears to be household setting, with adults in urban settings more likely to use public services than those in rural settings. Regarding the likelihood of using private services, all else being equal, adults who are older, employed, and living in urban settings are more likely to use private services. National out-of-pocket expenditures. A comparison of the extent of out-of-pocket expenditures in Libya with other countries is presented in Figure N.7(a) and N.7(b) for 2004. Figure N.7a suggests that Libya’s level of out-of-pocket expenditures is relatively average in relation to other middle-income countries. Yet, as shown in Figure N.7b, given the high degree of total government expenditure as a percent of GDP, the amount of out-of-pocket expenditure is relatively high.

Figure N.7: Global Trend Analysis of Out-of-Pocket Expenditures, 2004

(a) Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditures by Per Capita GDP

y = -9.1765Ln(x) + 114.31

R2 = 0.283

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

100 1,000 10,000 100,000

Per capita GDP,2004 (Current International $)

Out

-of-

Pock

etas

%of

Tota

lHea

lthEx

pend

iture

Libya

(b) Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure and Fiscal Capacity

y = -26.876Ln(x) + 109.04R2 = 0.3191

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Government Spending as % of GDP, 2004

Ou

t-o

f-P

ock

et

as

%o

fT

ota

lH

ealt

hE

xp

en

dit

ure

Libya

Source: World Development Indicators 2009; International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database, October 2008, IMF Country Report No. 07/148.

Household out-of-pocket expenditures. On average, the amount of out-of-pocket expenditure on health per capita (adult equivalent) was LD64, as shown in Figure N.8. The average amount spent by the household on health care out-of-pocket payments was approximately LD288 per year, which equals 3.0 percent of total household expenditure, as shown in Figure N.9. The poorest households tend to spend less on health care as a proportion of total household expenditure, at 2.1 percent, compared to the richest, at 3.7 percent. Those households with members who have chronic conditions also tend to spend more of

73

their total expenditure on health compared to those without chronic conditions. Regionally, setting does not appear to influence the levels of out-of-pocket spending.

Figure N.8: Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure Per Adult Equivalent (Libyan Dinars), 2002–03

4154

124

6557

63 64

27

66

88

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1 2 3 4 5Urba

nRural

No Chronic Illn

ess

Chronic I lln

ess Total


Health

Expen

diture

PerAd

ultEq

uivale

ntPer

Year

(LYD)


Figure N.9: Health Expenditure as a Share of Total Household Expenditure, 2002–03 (%)

2.1

2.6

3.03.3

3.7

3.0 2.9 2.9

3.7

3.0

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

1 2 3 4 5 Urban Rural NoChronic

Illness

ChronicIllness

Total



The percentage of households that spent out-of-pocket expenditure on health and the distribution of households spending by health care service, are illustrated in Table N.3. In 2003, an estimated 30 percent of households paid out-of-pocket expenditures for health care over a 12-month period. Out-of-pocket payments tend to go toward medications (66 percent of households) than for other services, followed by medical examinations (55 percent), laboratory tests and X-rays (44 percent), and physician consultations (33 percent). This may be due to the fact that the use of private pharmacies and private physicians is linked in Libya.

Table N.3. Percentage of Households that Paid for Health Care Services by Expenditure Quintilesand Type of Service, 2002–03

% of Households Reporting Payments for Each Service

Household Expenditure Groups

Type of health care service Lowest-income

2nd Lowest income

Middle income

2nd Highest income

Highest income Total

74

Medical examinations 55.5 55.1 53.7 54.9 55.9 55.1 Overnight hospital admission 10.8 9.3 9.5 9.3 9.9 9.9

Medications 64.4 67.1 65.3 68.1 68.2 66.5

Physician consultation 33.1 32.8 33.3 34.5 32.6 33.2

Laboratory tests and X-rays 44.3 42.9 42.4 44.0 45.2 43.8

Physiotherapy 3.2 4.5 4.6 4.2 4.5 4.1

Dental care 24.0 20.4 19.0 19.0 18.5 20.5

Vaccination 1.8 2.2 2.6 2.2 2.8 2.3

Total 29.6 29.3 28.8 29.5 29.7 29.4 Source: Staff calculations, Libya HHS 2002–2003. *For expenditure groups, quintile calculations are based on total household consumption expenditure.

Overall, the proportion of households that spent out-of-pocket on health care was the same across incomes, although there were some differences by the nature of the service, suggesting that poorer households are willing to pay for private care over public care. As shown in the Statistical Appendix, slightly more households in the richest quintile reported spending out-of-pocket for medications compared to the poorest quintile. By contrast, a larger proportion in the poorest quintile spent out-of-pocket on dental treatment. A similar proportion of households in urban and in rural settings reported having spent out-of-pocket on health care. However, slightly more households in rural settings reported having spent out-of-pocket for medications, laboratory tests, and X-rays than in urban settings. The share of out-of-pocket expenditure by household on all services captured in the survey is presented in the Statistical Appendix (see Volume III). Overall, the biggest component of out-of-pocket expenditure was medications, at 28 percent, followed by payments to private clinics or providers at 21 percent, and laboratory tests at 11 percent. A breakdown by expenditure quintile shows that the poorest income group spent a greater share of health expenditures on medications, private clinics, and laboratory tests than did the wealthiest income group. Urban households tended to spend a greater share on private clinics and laboratory tests than did rural households. By contrast, rural households tend to spend a substantially greater share on long-term hospital admissions than urban households (13.5 percent compared to 2.5 percent). The latter suggests that rural, largely poorer households are spending out-of-pocket on hospital care, although more evidence is needed to understand the willingness-to-pay for health services. The percentage of households that paid especially high out-of-pocket payments for health care, or ‘catastrophic’ payments27, is shown in Figure N.10. Despite the comprehensive coverage afforded by the Libyan health care system, nearly 8 percent of households in Libya faced catastrophic payments for health care in 2003. Among the poorest income bracket, 8.3 percent of all households faced catastrophic payments, compared to 9.5 percent among the richest. Among rural households, 7.5 percent faced catastrophic payments, compared to 8.4 percent among urban households.

27 Catastrophic health expenditures are defined as out-of-pocket expenditures that account for 10 percent or more of total household consumption expenditure. For more details on the analysis of

catastrophic expenditure and the impact of health expenditures on poverty, see Wagstaff and others 2003.

75

Figure N.10. Percentage of Households Facing Catastrophic Health Expenditures, 2002–03 (%)

8.37.8

6.6

9.19.5

8.47.5

8.3 8.2 8.3

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1 2 3 4 5 Urban Rural NoChronicIllness

ChronicIllness

Total

Expenditure quintilesPe

rcenta

geof

house

holds

facing

catast

rophic

healt

hexp

endit

ures

Source: Staff calculations, Libya HHS 2002-2003. For expenditure quintiles, 1=lowest income group; 5=highest income group. Overall, the proportion of households that fall below the poverty line does not change substantially before and after accounting for health care payments. Before accounting for health care payments, average household consumption expenditure was estimated as LYD 8,304 per year, with 1.8 percent of households falling below the relative poverty line, defined as a third of mean per capita income, of LYD 2,746.28 After accounting for health care payments, average total expenditure was estimated as LYD 8,592 per year, of which LYD 288 was spent out-of-pocket on health care. Of all households, 1.7 percent fell below the poverty line after accounting for health care payments. Poverty rates differed somewhat by setting, but the percentage change pre- and post-health care payments remained the same in both settings. Among urban households, 1.4 percent of households fell below the poverty line, compared to 3.7 percent of rural households. Overall Findings Based on results of this analysis, two main conclusions regarding the efficiency and use of public expenditure and services were found:

• First, observed differences in the use of public services between urban and rural dwellers suggest that the amount of public resources allocated to and the use of those resources in each shaabia warrants further evaluation. Based on this analysis, it appears that there may be variations across shaabiats regarding the efficiency of public investment in health services and the quality of care. In particular, the barriers to using outpatient services for various populations should be further evaluated in order to assess investment in these services.

• Second, while the use of public facilities is generally higher among poorer groups for hospital care, it appears that the poor are paying for private services, especially outpatient care, but increasingly, for long-term hospital admissions. This trend may shift even further toward private services and health care abroad unless the issue of quality of care among services that cater to poorer areas and households is addressed. Therefore, this analysis indicates that future demand for private and public health services in Libya is an important area to investigate. Importantly, such an evaluation can help to support shaabiats-specific resource allocation mechanisms that account for variances in ability to pay and health care needs.

28 Recent estimates from the General Popular Committee for Finance indicate an average total consumption expenditure of LYD 8,141 and health expenditure of LYD 263 per household per

year, yielding similar estimates as far as the proportion of total expenditure dedicated to health. Differences in the absolute amounts may reflect differences in tabulation methods or in items used

in the tabulation. See “The Follow-Up Report on the Implementation of the Management Budget and the Defense and Support Budget for the Year 2006” (English translation provided) for more

details.

76

STATISTICAL APPENDIX

77

78

MACROECONOMIC SECTOR

Table A.1.1: Key Macroeconomic Indicators, 2001-2008

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Prel. 2007

Proj. 2008

(Annual percentage change, unless otherwise specified) National income and prices

Real GDP, at factor cost -0.4 12.9 6.0 9.9 5.9 6.8 7.1 Non-hydrocarbons 8.4 4.5 6.8 13.6 7.9 10.3 11.0 Hydrocarbons -6.8 20.0 5.5 7.2 4.3 3.9 3.8 Nominal GDP in billions of Libyan Dinars 25.2 30.8 39.8 54.6 66.1 75.3 111.7 Nominal GDP in billions of U.S. dollars 21.9 26.4 33.3 45.5 55.1 69.9 115.8 Per capita GDP in thousands of U.S. dollars … … 5.8 7.8 9.2 11.5 18.7 CPI inflation (average) -9.9 -2.1 1.0 2.9 1.4 6.2 12.0 CPI inflation (e-o-p) -7.3 -1.3 -3.5 9.8 2.8 7.3 11.8 (In percent of GDP) Central government finances

Revenue 46.2 49.0 53.6 62.9 65.1 61.4 66.3 Of which: Hydrocarbon 36.5 42.8 46.4 58.5 60.2 55.2 60.9 Expenditure and net lending 36.1 39.5 39.7 32.1 29.5 35.2 31.4 Of which: capital expenditure 12.0 8.3 16.2 18.2 16.2 21.0 18.0 Overall position (deficit -) 10.0 9.5 13.9 30.9 35.5 26.2 35.0 Non-oil deficit -32.5 -27.6 -24.7 -29.0 -25.9 (Changes as a percent of beginning of the year money stock) Money and credit

Money and quasi-money -1.6 7.1 13.3 30.6 15.3 40.8 40.0 Net credit to the government -10.0 -37.0 -106.5 -115.5 -115.9 -52.3 -106.3 Credit to the economy 8.3 7.4 -0.8 4.9 5.7 6.9 8.5 Of which: Credit to the private sector -0.5 -1.2 1.2 0.9 0.9 2.6 3.0 Deposit rate (1-year deposits, in percent) 5.5 5.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 (In billions of U.S. dollars; unless otherwise indicated) Balance of payments

Exports, f.o.b. 9.8 14.6 20.4 31.3 39.2 44.5 73.6 Of which: hydrocarbons 9.6 14.2 19.5 30.4 38.2 43.4 72.3 Imports, f.o.b. 7.4 7.2 8.8 11.2 13.1 17.4 23.0 Current account balance 0.7 5.3 7.4 17.4 25.2 23.8 43.8 (As percent of GDP) 3.0 19.9 22.3 38.4 45.8 34.0 37.8 Overall balance (deficit -) 0.3 6.2 4.6 15.4 19.4 20.1 44.7 (As percent of GDP) 1.4 23.6 13.9 33.9 35.2 28.7 38.6 Reserves

Net official reserves 14.3 19.5 25.9 39.3 58.7 78.8 123.5 (In months of next year's imports of GNFS) 19.4 22.1 23.0 29.6 34.1 34.7 … Exchange rate 1/

Official exchange rate (LD/US$, period average) 1.27 1.28 1.30 1.31 1.31 1.26 1.20 Official exchange rate (LD/US$, end of period) 1.21 1.30 1.24 1.35 1.28 1.22 1.20 Real effective exchange rate (percent change) 2/ … -13.91 -8.50 9.11 -3.14 0.40 5.53 Memo items: Crude oil production (millions of barrels per day) 1.30 1.53 1.62 1.69 1.76 1.83 1.90 Libyan crude oil price (US$/bbl) 24.4 28.2 36.9 51.9 62.5 69.1 113.2

Sources: Ministry of Finance; and IMF staff estimates and projections by mid-2008. 1/ Data for 2008 refer to end-April. 2/ Data for 2008 refer to end-February.

79

Table A.1.2: Real GDP by Economic Sectors (In million of 1997 LD)

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Hydrocarbons sector 17,934 21,514 22,689 24,327 25,381 26,375 Non-hydrocarbons sector 15,171 15,857 16,933 19,234 20,751 22,894 Agriculture. Forestry and Fishing 1,287 1,333 1,395 1,502 1,650 1,716 Manufacturing 635 706 804 848 890 1,045 Electricity, Gas and Water 657 755 787 924 1,002 1,141 Construction 2,031 1,787 1,949 2,291 2,465 3,076 Transportation, Storage and Communication 1,633 1,755 1,935 2,421 2,730 3,067 Trade,. Restaurants and Hotels 1,718 1,817 1,968 2,406 2,613 2,901 Finance Insurance 542 572 590 662 733 826 Housing 3,630 3,744 3,886 4,062 4,224 4,574 Public services 2,998 3,347 3,576 4,075 4,399 4,497 Other services 39 41 42 43 46 49 GDP at factor cost 33,104 37,371 39,622 43,562 46,132 49,269

Sources: Ministry of Finance; and IMF staff estimates.

Table A.1.3: Growth of Real GDP by Economic Sectors (In percent)

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Hydrocarbons sector -6.8 20.0 5.5 7.2 4.3 3.9 Non-hydrocarbons sector 8.4 4.5 6.8 13.6 7.9 10.3 Agriculture. Forestry and Fishing 3.7 3.5 4.7 7.6 9.8 4.0 Manufacturing 0.6 11.1 13.8 5.5 5.0 17.4 Electricity, Gas and Water 17.5 14.9 4.3 17.4 8.4 13.9 Construction 17.3 -12.0 9.1 17.5 7.6 24.9 Transportation, Storage and Communication 20.8 7.5 10.3 25.1 12.8 12.3 Trade, Restaurants and Hotels 22.9 5.8 8.3 22.3 8.6 11.0 Finance Insurance 17.6 5.5 3.1 12.1 10.8 12.7 Housing 8.6 3.2 3.8 4.5 4.0 8.3 Public Services -7.6 11.6 6.8 14.0 8.0 2.2 Other services 8.0 3.8 4.5 1.8 6.7 6.4 GDP at factor cost -0.4 12.9 6.0 9.9 5.9 6.8


Table A.1.4: GDP by Economic Sectors at Current Prices (In million of LD)

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Hydrocarbons sector 15,210 21,514 30,848 46,206 58,358 69,275 Non-hydrocarbons sector 15,121 15,846 17,257 20,245 22,372 27,426 Agriculture. Forestry and Fishing 1,295 1,333 1,329 1,448 1,643 1,905 Manufacturing 654 695 828 873 898 1,162 Electricity. Gas and Water 662 755 734 877 973 1,019 Construction 1,935 1,787 2,159 2,683 3,129 4,198 Transportation. Storage and Communication 1,505 1,755 1,876 2,336 2,635 3,202 Trade, Restaurants and Hotels 1,720 1,817 2,118 2,573 2,770 3,296 Finance Insurance 513 572 606 694 790 952 Housing 3,803 3,744 3,858 4,187 4,491 5,065 Public services 2,994 3,347 3,708 4,522 4,984 6,560 Other services 41 42 43 53 62 69 GDP at factor cost 30,330 37,361 48,105 66,451 80,730 96.701 Hydrocarbons 15,210 21,514 30,848 46,206 58,358 69,275 Non-hydrocarbons 12,634 12,407 12,598 13,262 13,990 18,790 GDP at market prices 27,843 33,922 43,446 59,468 72,348 88,065


80

Table A.1.5: Consolidated Public Sector Operations (In millions of LD) 1/ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Total Revenue 2,985 3,524 2,686 2,494 2,818 3,673 5,604 4,635 4,408 5,622

Hydrocarbon 1,993 2,230 1,267 1,069 1,411 2,284 3,908 2,948 2,540 2,490 Nonhydrocarbon 992 1,294 1,419 1,425 1,408 1,389 1,695 1,687 1,868 3,132

Nonhydrocarbon Tax Revenue 508 587 666 649 975 928 985 982 1,143 2,509 Tax on income and profits 196 287 333 355 608 354 389 336 376 338 Tax on international trade 230 241 268 240 284 484 499 546 653 2,026 Other tax revenue 83 58 65 54 83 90 98 100 114 145

Nontax Revenue 2/ 276 600 620 620 298 235 495 421 441 273 of which LIA … … … … … … … … … …

GMR Revenue 208 107 133 155 135 226 215 284 284 351 Total Expenditure 2,874 2,724 2,698 3,083 3,109 3,230 4,096 4,937 4,749 4,642

Current expenditure 2,306 2,224 2,053 2,218 2,334 2,516 3,072 3,855 3,964 3,669 Administrative budget 1,806 1,650 1,672 1,855 1,922 2,124 2,599 3,037 3,164 2,967

Expenditure on gds & svcs. 1,500 1,508 1,533 1,699 1,769 1,910 2,332 2,754 2,924 2,714 Wages and salaries 3/ 1,100 1,118 1,202 1,325 1,342 1,335 1,553 2,062 2,264 2,158 Goods and services 400 390 331 374 427 575 780 692 660 556

Subsidies and transfers 190 26 23 41 37 98 144 160 117 130 Food Subsidies 0 0 0 41 37 98 144 160 117 130 Wealth distribution program … … … … … … … … … … Other transfers 190 26 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Extrabudgetary current exp. 4/ 500 574 381 363 412 392 473 819 800 702 Errors and Omissions 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Capital expenditure 568 500 645 865 775 714 1,025 1,082 785 973 Development budget 355 312 403 540 383 319 668 645 555 794 Extrabudgetary capital expend. 213 188 242 325 392 395 357 437 231 179 Net lending 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Overall balance 110 800 -12 -589 -291 443 1,507 -303 -341 980 Nonhydrocarbon balance -1,883 -1,430 -1,279 -1,658 -1,701 -1,841 -2,401 -3,250 -2,881 -1,510 Domestic Financing -110 -800 12 589 291 -443 -1,507 303 341 -980

Banking system ... ... ... ... 212 497 -827 -426 137 -710 Nonbank financing … … … … 78 -940 -680 729 205 -271

Contd.

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Budget

2007 Prel. 2007

Budget 2008

Proj. 2008

Total Revenue 8,175 7,891 12,850 16,614 23,272 37,413 47,088 32,244 54,114 51.623 93,979 Hydrocarbon 5,567 5,296 10,150 14,506 20,141 34,764 43,566 24,016 48,639 43.656 86,250 Nonhydrocarbon 2,608 2,596 2,700 2,108 3,131 2,650 3,523 8,229 5,475 7.967 7,729

Nonhydrocarbon tax revenue 2,061 2,056 1,150 725 1,617 1,526 1,786 2,043 2,531 3.020 2,746 Tax on income and profits 337 381 506 70 309 397 691 1,115 1,376 2.169 1,726 Tax on international trade 1,586 1,531 379 ... 602 517 527 400 528 600 722 Other tax revenue 139 143 266 270 705 611 569 528 627 251 298

Nontax Revenue 2/ 241 179 944 962 1,222 873 1,464 6,186 2,714 4.947 4,697 of which LIA … … … … … … … 1,580 1,438 3.000 3,097

GMR Revenue 306 361 606 421 292 251 272 0 231 0 286 Total Expenditure 5,528 8,485 11,292 12,063 16,371 22,490 21,590 32,245 31,018 51.623 44,438

Current expenditure 3,721 6,673 7,953 9,231 9,336 11,675 9,906 13,074 12,511 18.556 18,988 Administrative budget 3,044 3,537 4,183 4,228 6,505 8,146 8,988 13,074 12,511 18.556 18,988

Goods & svcs. 2,801 3,161 3,684 3,499 5,541 6,649 7,424 11,067 10,414 10.481 11,021 Wages and salaries 3/ 1,999 2,297 2,546 2,812 3,675 4,258 4,772 7,787 7,286 7.424 7,424 Goods and services 802 863 1,139 688 1,867 2,391 2,652 3,280 3,128 3.057 3,597

Subsidies and transfers 243 301 499 728 964 1,497 1,564 2,007 2,097 8.074 7,967 Food Subsidies 130 140 431 480 832 1,050 1,050 806 1,006 1.300 1,300 Wealth distribut. progr. … … … … … … … … … 4.622 4,622 Other transfers 113 161 67 248 132 447 514 1,201 1,091 2.152 2,044

Extrabudget. curr. exp. 4/ 677 2,689 2,541 6,336 3,690 99 705 0 0 0 0Errors and Omissions 0 -447 1,229 -1,333 -859 3,430 213 0 0 0 0

Capital expenditure 1,807 1,813 3,339 2,832 7,035 10,815 11,685 19,170 18,506 33.067 25,450 Development budget 1,541 1,539 2,936 2,204 6,135 7,570 10,079 14,367 12,137 31.567 20,297 Extrabudget. capital expend. 266 274 403 628 798 825 1,026 3,903 4,134 0 3,653 Net lending 0 0 0 0 102 2,420 580 900 2,235 1.500 1,500

Overall balance 2,647 -594 1,559 4,552 6,901 14,924 25,498 0 23,096 0 49,542

Nonhydrocarbon balance -

2,920 -5,890 -8,592 -9,955 -13,240 -19,840 -18,068 -24,016 -25,543 -43.656 -36,709

Domestic Financing -

2,647 594 -1,559 -4,552 -6,901 -14,924 -25,498 0 -23,096 0 -49,541

Banking system -

3,275 -213 -1,134 -4,207 -6,654 -14,426 -20,675 0 -10,917 0 -31,541 Nonbank financing 628 807 -425 -344 -247 -498 -4,823 0 -12,180 0 18,000

Sources: Ministry of Finance; and IMF staff estimates and projections. 1/ Budget total includes a 5% earmarked for pensions payments and other transfers in 2007 and 2008. 2/ For 2007 budget includes LD 3,200 million carried over from 2006 budget. 3/ It excludes severance payment of LD 1,050 million in 2008 for employees being retrenched. 4/ Includes Lockerbie settlements of LD 1,404 million from the oil reserve fund in 2004.

81

Table A.1.6: Growth of Nominal GDP by Economic Sectors (In percent)

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Hydrocarbons sector 101.1 41.5 43.4 49.8 26.3 18.7 Non-hydrocarbons sector 7.6 4.8 8.9 17.3 10.5 22.6 Agriculture. Forestry and Fishing -1.9 3.0 -0.3 8.9 13.5 16.0 Manufacturing 7.0 6.4 19.0 5.4 2.9 29.4 Electricity, Gas and Water 11.5 14.1 -2.7 19.4 11.0 4.8 Construction 25.8 -7.7 20.8 24.3 16.6 34.2 Transportation. Storage and Communication 14.2 16.6 6.9 24.5 12.8 21.5 Trade. Restaurants and Hotels 20.5 5.7 16.6 21.5 7.6 19.0 Finance Insurance 16.2 11.5 5.9 14.6 13.7 20.5 Housing 7.5 -1.5 3.0 8.5 7.3 12.8 Public services -7.3 11.8 10.8 22.0 10.2 31.6 Other services 5.0 2.2 2.8 23.6 16.1 12.2 GDP at factor cost 40.3 23.2 28.8 38.1 21.5 19.8 Hydrocarbons sector 101.1 41.5 43.4 49.8 26.3 18.7 Non-hydrocarbons sector -3.2 -1.8 1.5 5.3 5.5 34.3 GDP at market prices 35.1 21.8 28.1 36.9 21.7 21.7


Table A.1.7: Consolidated Public Sector Operations (In percent of GDP)

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Total Revenue 34.5 37.1 26.6 25.3 26.7 32.5 43.5 33.3 31.5 33.7

Hydrocarbon 23.0 23.5 12.6 10.8 13.4 20.2 30.3 21.2 18.2 14.9

Nonhydrocarbon 11.5 13.6 14.1 14.4 13.4 12.3 13.2 12.1 13.4 18.8

Total Expenditure 33.2 28.7 26.7 31.2 29.5 28.6 31.8 35.5 34.0 27.9

Current expenditure 26.6 23.4 20.3 22.5 22.1 22.3 23.8 27.7 28.3 22.0

Wage and salaries 12.7 11.8 11.9 13.4 12.7 11.8 12.1 14.8 16.2 13.0

Subsidies and transfers 2.2 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.9 1.1 1.1 0.8 0.8

Capital expenditure 6.6 5.3 6.4 8.8 7.3 6.3 8.0 7.8 5.6 5.8

Overall balance 1.3 8.4 -0.1 -6.0 -2.8 3.9 11.7 -2.2 -2.4 5.9

GDP at market prices 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Nonhydrocarbons 58.0 62.9 66.6 70.8 68.2 65.7 64.9 70.5 75.0 74.0

Hydrocarbons 42.0 37.1 33.4 29.1 31.8 34.3 35.1 29.5 25.0 26.0

Contd.

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Budget

2007 Prel. 2007

Budget 2008

Proj. 2008

Total Revenue 41.8 38.3 46.2 49.0 53.6 62.9 65.1 36.6 61.4 36.4 66.3

Hydrocarbon 28.4 25.7 36.5 42.8 46.4 58.5 60.2 27.3 55.2 30.8 60.9

Nonhydrocarbon 13.3 12.6 9.7 6.2 7.2 4.5 4.9 9.3 6.2 5.6 5.5

Total Expenditure 28.2 39.0 36.1 39.5 39.7 32.1 29.5 36.6 35.2 36.4 31.4

Current expenditure 19.0 30.2 24.1 31.1 23.5 13.9 13.4 14.8 14.2 13.1 13.4

Wage and salaries 10.2 11.1 9.1 8.3 8.5 7.2 6.6 8.8 8.3 5.2 5.2

Subsidies and transfers 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.2 2.5 2.2 2.3 2.4 5.7 5.6

Capital expenditure 9.2 8.8 12.0 8.3 16.2 18.2 16.2 21.8 21.0 23.3 18.0

Overall balance 13.5 -0.7 10.0 9.5 13.9 30.9 35.5 0.0 26.2 0.0 35.0

GDP at market prices 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 … 100.0 … 100.0

Nonhydrocarbons 63.8 63.3 45.4 36.6 29.0 22.3 19.3 … 20.3 … 16.6

Hydrocarbons 36.2 36.7 54.6 63.4 71.0 77.7 80.7 … 79.7 … 83.4

Sources: Ministry of Finance; and IMF staff estimates and projections.

82

Table A.1.8: Monetary Survey 1/

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007March

2008Proj.2008

(In millions of Libyan dinars)

Net foreign assets 19,123 27,123 34,237 56,422 79,435 100,516 105,972 140,562Central bank 18,440 26,573 33,066 54,448 77,241 98,309 103,404 137,934

Foreign assets 18,444 26,578 33,073 54,460 77,253 98,326 103,418 137,954Foreign liabilities 4 5 7 12 13 17 14 20

Deposit money banks 683 550 1,171 1,974 2,195 2,206 2,568 2,628Foreign assets 778 794 1,312 2,046 2,299 2,457 2,860 2,958Foreign liabilities 94 244 141 72 105 250 293 329

Net domestic assets -6,119 -13,071 -17,402 -38,149 -58,374 -70,835 -75,946 -99,040Domestic credit 6,899 3,486 -9,762 -25,237 -45,362 -54,927 -60,670 -83,997

Net claims on government -555 -4,820 -17,973 -34,137 -55,308 -66,316 -72,804 -97,858Central bank claims 2/ 7,010 7,012 828 828 2,560 3,163 9,182 9,489Government deposits with central bank 8,587 12,964 18,028 34,112 56,329 68,940 81,487 106,767Commercial banks’ claims 2/ 1,811 1,811 373 373 373 328 328 328Governments’ deposits with comm. banks 788 678 1,147 1,227 1,912 868 826 908

Claims on the rest of the economy 7,453 8,305 8,212 8,900 9,946 11,389 12,134 13,945Claims on nonfinancial public enterprise 2/ 2,838 3,784 3,477 4,271 5,128 6,019 6,589 7,674Claims on private sector 4,438 4,298 4,452 4,576 4,742 5,286 5,463 6,186Claims on specialized banking institutions 82 77 67 45 68 76 70 76Claims on nonbank financial institutions 96 146 215 7 7 8 12 8

Other items (net) 2/ -13,018 -16,557 -7,640 -12,912 -13,012 -15,908 -15,276 -14,203Broad money 13,004 14,052 13,992 18,273 21,059 29,659 30,026 41,522

Money 8,705 9,029 10,537 14,028 16,343 22,837 23,187 31,889Currency in circulation 2,614 2,764 2,613 3,309 3,933 4,581 4,969 5,605Demand deposits 6,092 6,266 7,924 10,719 12,410 18,256 18,218 26,284

Quasi-money 4,299 5,023 3,455 4,245 4,716 6,821 6,840 9,633Memorandum items:

Net Claims on the Government 3/ -77 -4,284 -17,447 -33,364 -54,038 -64,955 -72,583 -96,496(Annual rate of change in percent)

Broad money -1.6 7.1 13.3 30.6 15.3 40.8 41.7 40.0Money 13.0 3.7 16.7 33.1 16.5 39.7 42.3 39.6Quasi-money -29.6 17.3 4.1 22.8 11.1 44.6 39.6 41.2Net claims on Government -190.1 769.0 -272.9 -89.9 -62.0 -19.9 -17.1 -47.6Claims on the economy 15.1 11.4 -1.1 8.4 11.7 14.5 16.9 22.4Claims on nonfinancial public enterprises 55.0 33.3 -8.1 22.8 20.1 17.4 21.3 27.5Claims on private sector -1.2 -3.1 3.6 2.8 3.6 11.5 12.1 17.0

(Percent change over beginning broad money stock)

Net foreign assets 78.0 69.3 57.6 158.6 125.9 100.0 18.4 135.1Domestic credit -1.7 -29.6 -107.3 -110.6 -110.1 -45.4 -19.4 -98.0Net claims on government -10.0 -37.0 -106.5 -115.5 -115.9 -52.3 -21.9 -106.3Claims on the economy 8.3 7.4 -0.8 4.9 5.7 6.9 2.5 8.6Claims on nonfinancial public enterprises 8.6 8.2 -2.5 5.7 4.7 4.2 1.9 5.6Claims on the private sector -0.5 -1.2 1.2 0.9 0.9 2.6 0.6 3.0

Sources: Central Bank of Libya; and IMF staff estimates and projections. 1/ Data include the local (“regional”) banks. 2/ In 2004, data reflect the government’s debt buyback operation. 3/ Excludes the Social Security Fund. Consistent with the corresponding aggregate in the fiscal table, except for 2004. For the latter, the difference represents the amount of the debt buyback operation reflected in the monetary table but not in the fiscal table.

83

Table A.1.9: Balance of Payments (In million of LD, unless otherwise indicated) 1/

Est. Projected 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Current Account 7,410 17,444 25,232 23,786 43,791 46,869 51,128 54,490 59,973 65,563

In percent of GDP 22.3 38.4 45.8 34.0 37.8 35.3 34.2 32.5 32.2 31.9

Goods and Services 10,165 18,359 24,230 25,206 48,041 49,566 50,082 51,715 55,741 59,291

Goods 11,642 20,175 26,125 27,122 50,578 52,816 54,225 56,748 61,441 65,726

Exports (fob) 20,410 31,358 39,187 44,523 73,610 82,326 91,840 102,439 113,186 124,147

Hydrocarbon sector 1/ 19,533 30,458 38,207 43,395 72,302 80,808 90,079 100,397 110,817 121,399

Other exports 877 900 980 1,128 1,308 1,518 1,761 2,042 2,369 2,748

Imports (fob) -8,768 -11,183 -13,062 -17,401 -23,033 -29,510 -37,615 -45,692 -51,746 -58,421

Services -1,477 -1,816 -1,895 -1,917 -2,537 -3,250 -4,143 -5,032 -5,699 -6,435

Receipts 437 534 967 1,334 1,686 2,081 2,552 3,000 3,347 3,729

Payments -1,914 -2,350 -2,862 -3,251 -4,223 -5,331 -6,695 -8,032 -9,047 -10,164

Income -246 -281 1,128 -21 -2,318 -386 3,733 5,861 7,735 10,229

Direct investment income 2/ -1,337 -1,834 -2,225 -4,301 -6,106 -6,719 -7,402 -8,165 -8,928 -9,698

Other investment income 1,091 1,553 3,353 4,280 3,788 6,333 11,135 14,026 16,663 19,927

Current transfers -2,509 -634 -126 -1,399 -1,931 -2,311 -2,687 -3,086 -3,504 -3,958

General government 3/ -1,741 -112 926 -277 -291 -305 -321 -337 -354 -371

Private -768 -522 -1,052 -1,122 -1,640 -2,006 -2,366 -2,750 -3,150 -3,586

Oil sector -210 -259 -220 -370 -616 -689 -768 -856 -945 -1,035

Workers transfers abroad -558 -588 -882 -1,014 -1,230 -1,529 -1,816 -2,119 -2,437 -2,790

Capital and Financial Account -1,830 72 -4,992 -1,673 883 1,280 1,763 2,435 2,996 3,617

Direct investment -643 1,499 1,479 2,062 2,429 2,903 3,467 4,224 4,875 5,590

Portfolio investment -187 -393 -1,960 -811 -852 -894 -939 -986 -1,035 -1,087

Other investment 4/ -1,000 -1,034 -4,511 -2,924 -695 -729 -766 -804 -844 -886

Errors and Omissions -944 -2,094 -839 -2,018 0 0 0 0 0 0

Overall Balance 4,637 15,422 19,401 20,095 44,674 48,149 52,891 56,925 62,969 69,180

(In percent of GDP) 13.9 33.9 35.2 28.7 38.6 36.3 35.4 33.9 33.8 33.7

Memo Items :

Net official reserves (US$ bn.) 5/ 25.9 39.3 58.7 78.8 123.5 171.6 224.5 281.5 344.4 413.6

Exports of goods and services (% change) 40.4 53.4 26.4 9.5 59.4 12.1 11.8 11.7 10.5 9.7

Non-hydrocarbon exports (% change) 79.5 2.6 8.9 15.1 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0

Imports of goods and services (% change) 23.4 27.0 18.1 24.3 28.2 27.8 27.2 21.2 13.2 12.8

Nominal GDP (US$ bn.) 33.3 45.5 55.1 69.9 115.8 132.7 149.5 167.7 186.2 205.4

Sources: Central Bank of Libya, and IMF staff estimates and projections. 1/ Includes foreign partners’ oil share. 2/ Includes partners’ profit remittances from oil investments. For 2003 and 2004, includes payments for the Lockerbie Settlement of US$1,076 million and US$1,080, respectively. 4/ For 2006, includes payments for Libya Africa Investment Bank (LAIF) of US$4.5 billion. 5/ Includes allocations to the Oil Reserve Fund and the Libyan Investment Authority.

84

Table A.1.10: Medium-Term Macroeconomic Outlook, 2003-2012 (In percent of GDP, unless otherwise indicated)

Prel. Projected 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Real GDP growth rate (In percent) 6.0 9.9 5.9 6.8 7.1 8.1 10.5 9.3 8.3 7.9

Real nonhydrocarbon GDP (In percent) 6.8 13.6 7.9 10.3 11.0 12.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 7.0

Crude oil production (In millions of barrels/day) 1.62 1.69 1.76 1.83 1.90 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00

Libyan crude oil export price (US$ per barrel) 36.9 51.9 62.5 69.1 113.2 121.5 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.3

CPI (Percent change; average) 1.0 2.9 1.4 6.2 12.0 10.0 8.0 7.0 6.5 6.0

Total revenue, of which: 53.6 62.9 65.1 61.4 66.3 66.6 68.0 68.1 68.1 68.2

Hydrocarbon 46.4 58.5 60.2 55.2 60.9 59.9 59.1 58.6 58.1 57.5

Nonhydrocarbon 7.2 4.5 4.9 6.2 5.5 6.8 8.8 9.5 10.0 10.7

Total expenditure 39.7 32.1 29.5 35.2 31.4 31.7 31.3 31.3 31.3 31.3

Current 23.5 13.9 13.4 14.2 13.4 13.4 13.5 13.5 13.6 13.6

Capital 16.2 18.2 16.2 21.0 18.0 18.3 17.8 17.7 17.8 17.7

Overall budget balance 13.9 30.9 35.5 26.2 35.0 34.9 36.7 36.8 36.8 36.9

Non-hydrocarbon balance (deficit -) -32.5 -27.6 -24.7 -29.0 -25.9 -25.0 -22.4 -21.7 -21.3 -20.6

Consumption 1/ 32.4 28.7 28.2 37.8 35.8 35.8 38.7 41.1 41.6 42.5

Private 18.8 17.6 17.7 26.0 28.0 27.9 30.7 33.1 33.5 34.4

Public 13.6 11.1 10.5 11.8 7.8 7.9 8.0 8.0 8.1 8.1

Gross domestic investment 24.8 24.0 20.7 26.6 25.9 26.8 27.8 28.1 28.5 28.7

Private 9.8 6.1 5.4 7.0 9.4 9.9 11.5 11.7 12.2 12.4

Public 15.0 17.9 15.3 19.7 16.5 16.9 16.3 16.3 16.3 16.3

Gross savings 1/ 59.0 62.4 66.5 60.6 63.7 62.1 62.0 60.6 60.7 60.6

Private 28.9 20.3 21.9 12.9 7.6 8.9 7.5 6.0 6.2 6.0

Public 30.1 49.0 51.7 47.2 52.9 53.2 54.5 54.6 54.5 54.6

Saving-Investment gap 34.2 38.4 45.8 34.0 37.8 35.3 34.2 32.5 32.2 31.9 Real per capita private consumption (In LD) 1,570 1,923 2,272 3,742 5,681 5,794 6,512 7,206 7,461 7,813

Sources: Libyan authorities, and IMF staff estimates and projections. 1/ The shift in the distribution of consumption (and savings) between the public and the private sectors in 2008 reflects mostly transfers under the Wealth Distribution Program.

85

RECURRENT AND INVESTMENT BUDGETS

Table A.2.1: Recurrent Budget, 2006 (In million of LD)

Budget Achievements Achievement rate

Resources Salaries and

remunerationsOther current expenditure



ResourcesSalaries and

remunerations

Other current

expenditureSecretariat of the GPC 1.6 30.7 110.4 1.6 29.0 113.8 100% 94% 103%General People’s Committee 37.2 109.2 104.2 58.8 104.9 104.0 158% 96% 100%GPC Public Security 15.0 258.4 49.4 11.2 273.3 75.7 79% 106% 153%GPC Justice 15.0 91.2 31.3 19.5 79.2 44.3 130% 87% 142%GPC International Cooperation 8.3 204.6 268.1 8.3 191.0 206.2 100% 93% 77%GPC Finances 0.0 68.5 246.9 0.0 63.5 268.6 0% 93% 109%GPC Health 0.0 1.0 0.8 0.0 0.5 0.4 0% 55% 48%GPC General Education 0.0 1.6 3.4 0.0 2.2 4.3 0% 137% 125%GPC Higher Education 8.7 380.0 79.1 9.0 306.7 92.2 104% 81% 117%GPC Economy 83.2 1.9 2.1 31.6 1.8 3.2 38% 93% 153%GPC Planning 1.0 2.1 1.6 1.1 1.8 1.5 118% 85% 93%GPC Transportation and Telecom. 4.0 1.7 1.1 3.0 1.9 1.1 76% 110% 102%GPC Manpower 1.4 3.3 4.8 2.5 3.1 7.9 182% 93% 165%GPC Tourism 0.8 1.8 1.0 0.7 1.6 1,225 88% 92% 122%GPC Youths and Sports 0.0 2.5 3.7 0.0 2.2 3.4 0% 87% 91%GPC Culture and Information 1.7 24.3 40.0 3.1 22.0 37.2 180% 90% 93%GPC Industry 0.0 1.8 1.6 0.0 0.4 1.1 0% 21% 69%GPC Electricity and Water 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0% 0% 0%GPC Agriculture 0.0 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.8 0.9 0% 112% 256%GPC Social Affairs 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0% 0% 0%GPC Housing 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0% 0% 0%Interim Committee for the Defense 0.0 0.0 707.0 0.0 0.0 707.0 0% 0% 100%National Petroleum Corporation 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0% 0% 0%Great Man- Made River Project 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0% 0% 0%Support of goods 0.0 0.0 700.0 0.0 0.0 700.0 0% 0% 100%Provision of medicines 0.0 0.0 260.0 0.0 0.0 259,9 0% 0% 100%Liquidation of obligations 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0% 0% 0%Reserve 0.0 0.0 1,000.0 0.0 0.0 955.4 0% 0% 96%Shabiet 580.3 2,980.1 148.3 58.5 2,860.5 139.3 10% 96% 94%

Total 758.2 4,165.6 3,765.2 209.8 3,946.4 3,728.6 28% 95% 99%

Source: GPC Finance. Note: The data contained in Tables A.2.1-A.2.3 show discrepancies with those included in Tables A.2.14-A.2.15, even in some cases when they they were provided by the same source.

86

Table A.2.2: Recurrent Budget, 2007 (In million of LD)

Budget Achievements Achievement Rate






remunerations

Other current

expenditureSecretariat of the GP Congress 9.2 72.7 57.4 13.7 64.9 51.3 149% 89% 89%General People’s Committee 6.8 91.1 497,4 5.6 87.4 488.9 82% 96% 98%GPC Public Security 40.3 602.5 115.1 46.5 608.2 111.3 115% 101% 97%GPC Justice 23.3 130.1 42.3 19.4 105.6 31.3 83% 81% 74%GPC International Cooperation 8.5 221.6 462.9 8.7 219.0 500.8 103% 99% 108%GPC Finances 0.0 195.2 41.9 0.0 157.7 36,7 0% 81% 87%GPC Health 9.6 540.5 309.7 14.7 539.1 282.0 154% 100% 91%GPC General Education 10.1 1,653.8 66.3 0.0 1,600.5 44,0 0% 97% 66%GPC Higher Education 7.9 427.6 138.7 10.4 378.9 119.7 132% 89% 86%GPC Economy 7.1 34.6 15.5 7.5 22.1 7.9 105% 64% 51%GPC Planning 0.8 9.3 5.2 0.4 10.4 4.6 58% 112% 89%GPC Transportation and Telecom 40.6 54.1 20.2 46.5 59.8 18.00 115% 111% 89%GPC Manpower 4.9 312.9 51.9 3.4 276.3 45.7 69% 88% 88%GPC Tourism 5.6 21.1 9.3 4.4 21.4 5.7 79% 101% 61%GPC Youths and Sports 0.2 14.0 99.0 0.2 15.0 97.7 122% 107% 99%GPC Culture and Information 1.6 54.7 83.7 1.2 56.1 74.1 76% 103% 89%GPC Industry 3.4 31.5 4.5 0.0 26,669 2.9 0% 85% 65%GPC Electricity and Water 0.0 0.8 1.3 3.0 0.0 1.2 0% 0% 96%GPC Agriculture 6.7 122.3 10.0 3.2 116.8 9.4 47% 95% 94%GPC Social Affairs 143.5 51.5 348.8 306.4 37.8 400.5 214% 73% 115%GPC Housing 3.8 116.6 29.0 3.1 123.0 11.9 82% 105% 41%Interim Committee for the Defense 0.0 600.0 207.0 0.0 600.0 207.0 0% 100% 100%National Petroleum Corporation 0.0 651.2 134.0 0.0 645.0 130.0 0% 99% 97%Great Man- Made River Project 24.1 25.9 28.2 0.0 25.9 28.3 0% 100% 100%Support of goods 0.0 0.0 500.0 0.0 0.0 500.0 0% 0% 100%Provision of medicines 0.0 0.0 306.0 0.0 0.0 306.0 0% 0% 100%Liquidation of obligations 0.0 0.0 150.0 0.0 0.0 183.0 0% 0% 122%Reserve 0.0 1,751.5 350.8 0.0 1,488.7 234.2 0% 85% 67%

Total 358.0 7,787.3 4,086.1 495,448 7,286.5 3,934.1 138% 94% 96%

Source: GPC Finance.

87

Table A.2.3: Investment Projectsby Sector , asof 31 December 2006 (In million of LD)

Completed Dur ing Arrested Not star ted TotalNumber Value Committed Number Value Committed Number Value Committed Number Value Committed Number Value Committed

Agriculture 684 114.4 23.2 563 470.1 274.6 52 18.4 12.3 193 128.3 27.9 1,392 631.3 338.0Industry and Minerals 148 34.1 3.5 143 43.0 24.1 31 7.1 4.4 54 19..0 18.3 376 103.2 50.3General Company for Electricity 10 302.4 4.7 68 5,781.2 2,646.2 1 363.6 355.4 2 330.3 330.3 81 6,777.6 3,336.6Education 538 454.3 109.0 509 261.4 176.9 605 305.4 231.5 295 128.2 115.7 1,947 1,149.3 633.2Higher Education 236 75.5 15.7 175 115.0 76.4 28 17.1 10.9 83 47.6 47.5 522 255.3 150.5Manpower, Training and Labor 195 55.7 17.3 251 271.4 130.7 47 127.0 123.4 54 16.3 16.2 547 470.3 287.6Cultureand Information 113 26.1 12.5 75 53.7 37.9 62 19.5 15.8 22 10.9 10.5 272 110.2 76.8Youth and Sports 120 23.7 5.8 221 90.8 47.7 129 38,1 29.5 93 33.8 33.8 563 186.4 116.9Tourism 92 23.6 5.3 140 67.9 51.8 52 15.4 12.8 4 3.8 3.8 288 110.6 73.6Health and theEnvironment 649 285.2 31.5 498 263.5 177.9 162 97.7 49.6 124 38.2 38.0 1,433 684.6 297.1Communicationsand Transport 758 666.2 317.5 1,328 1,850.0 1,130.2 332 326.1 190.1 369 227.2 212.1 2,787 3,069.5 1,849.9Housing and Utilities 140 53.6 18.6 1,471 3,866.2 2,730.7 1,132 687.2 422.9 825 840.1 766.7 3,568 5,447.1 3,938.9Economy, Tradeand Investment 81 20.1 3.6 60 35.7 19.2 15 5.9 3.9 16 12.6 12.6 172 74.3 39.4Planning 4 0.8 0.2 18 143.1 89.2 0.0 0.0 1 2.0 2.0 23 145.9 91.4Finances 53 7.2 0.1 5 36.6 33.3 7 1.0 0.3 3 0.8 0.8 68 45.7 34.7Justice 95 35.7 0.0 25 37.3 27.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 120 73.0 27.9Public Security 271 38.6 14.3 283 93.1 66.5 48 6.9 5.1 101 25.3 24.8 703 164.0 110.8Railroads 710 268.4 1.3 135 46.3 27.3 0.0 0.0 26 9.5 9.4 871 324.2 38.1Financial Audit 1 0.5 0.0 3 8.0 4.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4 8.5 4.3Popular searches and control 34 6.9 0.0 11 9.2 5.6 0.0 0.0 4 4.0 3.9 49 20.2 9.5Social Affairs 7 1.8 0.0 1 4.9 3.8 1 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 9 7.7 4.8Organ of Development Mgmt. 3 38.9 0.5 23 1,055.7 557.4 12 8.7 7.9 4 23.0 23.0 42 1,126.3 588.9Thegreat man-maderiver 18 341.5 8.1 103 4,722.9 1,635.5 0.0 0.0 22 3,414.3 3,380.1 143 8,478.7 5,023.8Research Centers 35 35.0 1.3 24 45.5 25.5 17 42.2 34,987 14 30.0 30.0 90 152.8 91.8

Total 4,995 2,910.4 594.4 6,133 19,372.8 10,000.8 2,733 2,088.5 1,511,883 2,209 5,245.3 5,107.7 16,070 29,616.9 17,214.8

Source: GPC Planning.

88

Table A.2.4: Government Administrative (Recurrent) Expenditure, 2001-2005 (In millions of LD) 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Expenditure of central secretariats

General people’s Congress 49 43 44 47 48General people’s Committee 218 222 204 190 178Justice and public security 202 219 244 284 313Education and scientific research * 170 175 196 0 0Finance 133 42 41 47 53Foreign affairs 68 178 175 233 240Planning, economy, and trade 1 1 1 5 6Tourism 0 0 0 4 5Miscellaneous and Contingencies 0 129 119 180 227Transfers to public institutions 85 67 58 72 172Public debt 255 60 60 60 60Investment expenditure 100 100 0 0 0Subsidies 301 499 480 832 1,050

Allocations to the regions 2,198 2,042 2,140 2,687 2,665Others 0 501 297 336 0Total administrative expenditures 3,779 4,278 4,058 4,977 5,017Memo: Allocations to the regions (% of total)

58 48 53 54 53

Sources: GPC Finance, and IMF. (*) Expenditures for 2004, 2005 and 2006 are recorded in allocations to the regions.

Table A.2.5: Budget Authorizations, as of November 11, 2007 Sectors and other administrations Million of LD General Peoples’s commitee for culture and communication 10.9 National bureau for research and development 30.9 General Peoples’s commitee for planning 13.7 General Peoples’s commitee for foreign cooperation and communication 115.0 General Peoples’s commitee for general security 217.3 General Peoples’s commitee for justice 57.1 General Peoples’s commitee for finance 1,740.1 General Peoples’s commitee for economy, trade and investment 39.1 General Peoples’s commitee for industry and mining 75.6 General Peoples’s commitee for tourism and traditional manufacturing 40.7 General Peoples’s commitee for youth and sport 50.1 National counsel for planning and planning counsels for shaabiat 11.8 High Court 2.2 General Peoples’s commitee for the financial audit system 9.0 General Peoples’s commitee for the popular inquiry and control system 8.7 Food and drug control center 14.0 The general enterprise for accomodation and equipements 282.3 Implementation of accomodation and equipement projects system 2,284.8 Implementation and administration new roads project system 364.3 Growth and development administrative centers system 1,321.5 Growth and development of Benghazi town system 26.9 Urban planning service 42.9 General organ for data 33.6 Development bank 130.0 Agriculture bank 95.0 Rural bank 90.0 Employment fund 165.0 General temporary committe for defense 812.0 National security counsel 50.0 Coast protection system 1.0 Adminsitration and implementation of the great river project system 100.0 Adminsitration and operating of Ouagadougou halls 4.8 Growth and development of Ghadames town system 20.0 National counsel for economic development 15.0 Secretary of the general peole’s congress 22.0 Public properties service 1.8 Total 8,390.7

Source: GPC Finance.

89

Table A.2.6: Development Budget by Sector, 1994-2000 (In million of LD)

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000Agriculture 14.0 5.9 57.4 173.7 61.5 53.5 141.2Industry 35.5 26.0 71.3 0.0 3.8 5.3 7.3Hydrocarbons 26.8 30.2 61.9 155.0 42.8 109.5 77.1Electricity 189.7 15.6 47.3 100.0 36.3 92.9 65.4Education and Research 34.2 52.5 69.0 47.0 64.8 102.9 260.0Information and Communication 0.0 0.0 6.7 7.2 4.2 7.2 9.2Learning and Professional Training 10.0 10.0 12.0 30.5 12.0 18.6 48.1Health and Social Insurance 20.6 22.3 66.0 52.8 27.3 69.2 107.4People’s Sports 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 5.3 8.9 15.9Housing and Equipments 43.6 49.0 86.6 95.0 80.9 130.5 234.1Communications and Transportation 12.6 12.5 53.0 47.3 65.1 94.0 197.9Economy 0.0 0.5 1.5 5.2 5.7 9.2 6.3Planning 0.5 6.5 4.0 3.0 4.5 5.4 240.5Administrative Areas Growth 110.8 86.1 112.2 112.0 48.5 50.0 98.3Sea Resources 7.6 1.5 7.3 9.9 6.0 8.3 22.0Justice and General Security 1.4 0.3 4.7 6.3 10.5 11.7 10.3Equipments and Work Groups 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.0 17.0 0.0

Total 507.3 318.9 660.9 847.1 485.2 794.1 1,541.0

Source: General People’s Committee for Planning.

Table A.2.7: Development Budget by Sector, 2001-06 (In million of LD)

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006Agriculture, Animal and Sea Resources 149.8 166.6 123.5 262.7 367.3 175.2Industry and Mining 155.5 351.5 586.4 61.3 79.9 9.0General Enterprise for Electricity … … … 541.4 1,495.8 1,000.0Energy … … … … … …Education 216.1 741.6 307.1 498.4 369.8 340.2Higher Education … … … … 295.6 259.0General Forces, Learning and Training 0.0 0.0 0.0 62.0 172.4 142.8Culture and Information 13.9 52.0 5.4 25.8 77.7 18.9Youth and Sports 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.9 32.2 36.4Tourism 1.1 … … 18.6 21.9 27.6Health and Environment 135.7 397.3 326.0 249.1 179.0 273.7Communications and Transportation 189.7 213.3 97.7 188.4 469.0 524.3Housing and Equipments 292.5 471.7 195.4 339.7 343.1 2,733.2Economy, Trade and Investment 5.7 26.7 302.7 14.3 25.9 15.5Planning 12.0 80.8 4.6 57.2 122.8 81.4Finance 0.0 … 223.7 26.0 750.4 713.8Justice and General Security 43.3 75.4 31.1 3.2 33.6 42.3General Security … … … 88.1 184.0 121.4Domestic and External Commitments 188.0 376.4 … 366.2 400.0 746.2New Roads … 18.0 0.0 8.0 15.0 102.9Financial Audit System … … … 4.0 7.6 3.0People's Inquiry and Control Organ 2.0 0.0 1.4 0.9 7.7 12.9Social Affairs … … … … … 2.8Administrative Centers Development and Growth Organ 103.9 177.4 144.0 183.0 270.0 509.9Great Made Man River Organ 365.3 160.6 154.1 3,333.0 88.7External Communications 22.8 22.8 10.0 49.9 49.2 45.0Documentation and Information National Organ … … 1.1 … … …National Organ for Scientific Research … 169.2 9.3 … … …Executive Organ for Growth and Industrial Investment … … … 6.9 … …National Center for Research and Development … … … 21.8 … …Executive Organs 7.0 … … … … …Development Projects Loans … … … 184.0 165.0 669.9National Programs … … … 145.2 329.1 …Research Centers … … … … … 45.4

Total 1,539.0 3,706.0 2,530.0 3,581.1 9,597.0 8,741.4

Source: General People’s Committee for Planning.

90

Table A.2.8: Development Expenditure per Sector, Added for 1994-2000 Million of LD % Rank Agriculture 507.2 9.8 5Industry 149.2 2.9 10 Hydrocarbons 503.3 9.8 5Electricity 547.2 10.6 4Education and Research 630.4 12.2 2Information and Communication 34.5 0.7 14 Learning & vocational training 141.2 2.7 11 Health and social insurance 365.6 7.1 8People’s Sports 32.3 0.6 15 Housing and Equipments 719.7 14.0 1Communications and Transportation 482.4 9.4 7Economy 28.4 0.6 15 Planning 264.4 5.1 9Administrative Areas Growth 617.9 12.0 3Sea Resources 62.6 1.2 12 Justice and General Security 45.2 0.9 13 Equipments and Work Groups 23.0 0.4 17 Total 5,154.5 100.0

Sources: General People’s Committee for Planning, and author’s calculations.

Table A.2.9: Development Expenditure per Sector, Added for 2001-2006

Million of LD % Rank Agriculture, Animal and Sea Resources 1,245.1 4.2 10 Industry and Mining 1,243.6 4.2 10 General enterprise for Electricity 3,037.2 10.2 3Energy 0.0 0.0 29 Education 2,473.2 8.3 4Higher Education 554.6 1.9 13 General Forces, Learning and Training 377.2 1.3 15 Culture and Information 193.7 0.7 20 Youth and Sports 89.5 0.3 24 Tourism 69.2 0.2 25 Health and Environment 1,560.8 5.3 8Communications and Transportation 1,682.4 5.7 7Housing and Equipments 4,375.6 14.7 1Economy, Trade and Investment 390.8 1.3 15 Planning 358.8 1.2 18 Finance 1,713.9 5.8 6Justice and General Security 228.9 0.8 19 General Security 393.5 1.3 15 Domestic and External Commitments 2,076.8 7.0 5New Roads 143.9 0.5 23 Financial Audit System 14.6 0.0 29 People's Inquiry and Control Body 24.9 0.1 27 Social Affairs 2.8 0.0 29 Administrative Centers Development and Growth 1,388.2 4.7 9Great Made Man River Body 4,101.7 13.8 2External Communications 199.7 0.7 20 Documentation and Information National Body 1.1 0.0 29 National Organ for Scientific Research 178.5 0.6 22 Human Resources Development 0.0 0.0 29 Executive Body for Growth and Industrial Investment 6.9 0.0 29 National Center for Research and Development 21.8 0.1 27 Executive Body 7.0 0.0 29 Development Projects Loans 1,018.9 3.4 12 National Programs 474.3 1.6 14 Research Centers 45.4 0.2 25 Total 29,694.5 100.0


91

Table A.2.10: Development Expenditure by Sector, 2007 (Up to 11/11/07) Million of LD %Purchase and Replacement of Fixed Items 528.6 3.8Housing Construction 1,019.9 7.3Purchase and Replacement Other than for Housing 10.7 0.1Building, including Agriculture 4,431.0 31.7Agriculture Improvement 10.0 0.1Cars and Buses for Passengers 58.5 0.4Cars for Goods Transportation 79.9 0.6Furnishings and Equipments 582.6 4.2Machines and Devices 1,684.9 12.1Animals for Capital Accumulation 0.8 0.0Participation in Capital 20.0 0.1Employment Dxpenses 94.0 0.7Development Expenses 252.0 1.8Loans 2,151.8 15.4Subsidies for Production 0.6 0.0Training 277.8 2.0Expenses for Labor (workers, experts) 56.0 0.4Insurance Expenses 5.0 0.0Services of Consultant Offices 544.5 3.9Leasing of Machines, Devices and Transportation Means 10.0 0.1Purchasing of Agriculture Outputs for Consumption 0.3 0.0Purchasing of Drugs and Chemicals 9.2 0.1Other Development Expenses 2,138.0 15.3

Total 13,966.1 100.0


Table A.2.11. Status of the Public Investment Program by Sector, 2006

Finished contracts

Contracts underway

Stopped contracts

Not started contracts Total

Number Value Number Value Number Value Number Value Number Value

Agriculture, Animal and Sea Resources 684 114.4 563 470.1 52 18.4 93 28.3 1,392 631.3

Industry and Mining 148 34.1 143 43.1 31 7.1 54 19.0 376 103.2

General Enterp.for Electricity 10 302.4 68 5,781.2 1 363.6 2 330.3 81 6,777.6

Education 538 454.3 509 261.4 605 305.4 295 128.2 1,947 1,149.3

Higher Education 236 75.6 175 115.0 28 17.1 83 47.6 522 255.3

Army Learning and Training 195 55.7 251 271.4 47 127.0 54 16.3 547 470.4

Culture and Information 113 26.1 75 53.7 62 19.5 22 10.9 272 110.2

Youth and Sports 120 23.7 221 90.8 129 38.1 93 33.8 563 186.4

Tourism 92 23.6 140 67.9 52 15.4 4 3.8 288 110.6

Health and Environment 649 285.2 498 263.5 162 97.7 124 38.2 1,433 684.6

Communications and Transportation 758 666.2 1328 1,850.0 332 326.1 369 227.2 2,787 3,069.5

Housing and Equipment 140 53.6 1471 3,866.2 1,132 687.2 825 840.1 3,568 5,447.1

Economy, Trade and Investment 81 20.1 60 35.7 15 5.9 16 12.6 172 74.3

Planning 4 0.8 18 143.1 0 0.0 1 2.0 23 145.9

Finance 53 7.2 5 36.6 7 1.0 3 0.8 68 45.7

Justice 95 35.7 25 37.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 120 73.0

General Security 271 38.6 283 93.2 48 6.9 101 25.3 703 164.0

New Roads 710 268.4 135 46.3 0 0.0 26 9.4 871 324.2

Financial Audit System 1 0.5 3 8.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 8.5

People's Inquiry and Control Body 34 7.0 11 9.2 0 0.0 4 4.0 49 20.2Social Affairs 7 1.8 1 4.9 1 1.0 0 0.0 9 7.7

Adm.Cent.Dev. & Growth Body 3 38.9 23 1055.7 12 8.7 4 23.0 42 1,126.3

Great Made Man River Body 18 341.5 103 4722.9 0 0.0 22 3,414.3 143 8,478.7

Research Centers 35 35.0 24 45.5 17 42.3 14 30.0 90 152.8

Total 4,995 2,910.4 6,133 19,372.8 2,733 2,088.5 2,209 5,245.3 16,070 29,616.9


92

Table A.2.12: Average Value of the Contracts Underway (in Thousand LD)

% value % number Average value Agriculture, Animal and Sea Resources 2.4 9.2 835.1 Industry and Mining 0.2 2.3 301.1 General Entreprise for Electricity 29.8 1.1 85,017.4 Education 1.3 8.3 513.6 Higher Education 0.6 2.9 657.0 General Forces, Learning and Training 1.4 4.1 1,081.3 Culture and Information 0.3 1.2 716.6 Youth and Sports 0.5 3.6 410.9 Tourism 0.4 2.3 484.7 Health and Environment 1.4 8.1 529.2 Communications and Transportation 9.5 21.7 1,393.1 Housing and Equipment 20.0 24.0 2,628.3 Economy, Trade and Investment 0.2 1.0 594.6 Planning 0.7 0.3 7,950.1 Finance 0.2 0.1 7,329.2 Justice 0.2 0.4 1,490.5 General Security 0.5 4.6 329.2 New Roads 0.2 2.2 343.0 Financial Audit System 0.0 0.0 2,679.7 People’s Inquiry and Control Body 0.0 0.2 836.5 Social Affairs 0.0 0.0 4,915.0 Administrative Centers Development and Growth Organ 5.4 0.4 45,898.1 Great Made Man River Body 24.4 1.7 45,853.9 Research Centers 0.2 0.4 1,897.5 Total 100.0 100.0


Table A.2. 13: Project Execution Status of the Great Man Made River, 2005

(In million of LD, unless otherwise indicated) Achieved

Number Value Committed Implementation and management Authority of Big River … … … Central region investment authority 11 100.4 7.1 Hassawna mountain investment Authority 17 26.3 … Benghazi valley investment Authority 9 5.5 1.0 Total 37 132.2 8.1 On-going Number Value Committed Implementation and management Authority of Big River 45 4,558.8 1,988.5 Central region investment authority 12 172.2 99.1 Hassawna mountain investment Authority 11 137.2 84.6 Benghazi valley investment Authority 13 250.6 140.7 Total 81 5,119.0 2,313.0

Total Number Value Committed Implementation and management Authority of Big River 45 4,558.8 1,988.5 Central region investment authority 23 272.6 106.2 Hassawna mountain investment Authority 28 163.4 84.6 Benghazi valley investment Authority 22 256.1 141.8

Total 118 5,251.0 2,321.1 Source: GPCP

93

Table A.2.14a: Investment Budget for Selected Ministries in 2005 in Thousand of LD

Budget Expenditures Exec. Rate (%) 1 Agriculture, Livestock and Fishing 427,426 367,298 85.9 2 Industry and mining 84,997 79,873 94.0 3 General Company of Electricity 1,500,000 1,495,800 99.7 4 Education 403,525 369,844 91.7 5 Higher Education 330,000 295,574 89.6 6 Manpower, Training and Employment 201,944 172,434 85.4 7 Culture and information 89,005 77,665 87.3 8 Youth and Sports 58,298 32,202 55.2 9 Tourism 32,429 21,936 67.6 10 Health and Social Security 407,664 179,004 43.9 11 Communications and Transports 327,971 469,013 143.0 12 Housing, Facilities and Environment 1,536,451 672,317 43.8 13 Economy, Trade and investment 26,731 25,929 97.0 14 Planning 138,489 122,831 88.7 15 Finance (*) 780,440 750,444 96.2 16 Justice 46,932 33,573 71.5 17 National Security 192,367 184,016 95.7 18 External Affairs 81,646 49,237 60.3 19 Railway 15,000 15,000 100.0 20 Domestic and External Commitments Liquidation 569,268 400,000 70.3 Total Selected Department 7,250,583 5,813,990 80.2

Total Budget 11,104,997 9,597,373 86.4

(*) includes the Committee of Defense and Islamic Affairs Authority Source: GPCP

Table A.2.14b: Investment Budget for Selected Ministries in 2006- in Thousand of LD

Budget Expenditures Exec. Rate (%) 1 Agriculture, Livestock and Fishing 128,000 175,250 136.9 2 Industry and mining 10,000 8,950 89.5 3 General Company of Electricity 0 1,000,000 4 Education 360,000 340,348 94.5 5 Higher Education 380,000 259,051 68.2 6 Manpower, Training and Employment 70,000 142,791 204.0 7 Culture and information 25,000 18,859 75.4 8 Youth and Sports 20,000 36,351 181.8 9 Tourism 15,000 27,585 183.9 10 Health and Environment (*) 396,500 273,720 69.0 11 Communications Transport 880,000 524,329 59.6 12 Housing and Facilities (**) 5,190,000 2,733,151 52.7 13 Economy, Trade and investment 16,500 15,462 93.7 14 Planning 390,500 81,440 20.9 15 Finance 33,500 9,938 29.7 16 Justice 45,000 42,326 94.1 17 National Security 75,000 121,417 161.9 18 External Affairs 45,000 44,997 100.0 19 Railway 50,000 102,934 205.9

20 Domestic and External Commitments Liquidation 650,000 746,250 114.8

Total Selected Department 8,780,000 6,705,151 76.4

Total Budget 11,356,000 8,740,939 77.0

(*) Includes Environment in 2006 (**) Does not include environment in 2006 Source: GPCP

94

Table A.2.14c: Investment Budget for Selected Ministries in 2007 - in Thousand of LD

Budget Expenditures Exec. Rate (%) 1 Agriculture, Livestock and Fishing 318,543 299,489 94.0 2 Industry and mining 71,767 70,203 97.8 3 General Company of Electricity 750,000 750,000 100.0 4 Education 425,851 418,197 98.2 5 Higher Education 684,477 668,320 97.6 6 Manpower, Training and Employment 225,800 192,402 85.2 7 Culture and information 102,922 99,813 97.0 8 Youth and Sports 74,918 74,918 100.0 9 Tourism 39,650 39,620 99.9 10 Health and Environment 537,382 462,603 86.1 11 Communications Transport 1,279,571 975,906 76.3 12 Housing and Facilities 2,618,231 2,318,646 88.6 13 Economy, Trade and investment 20,046 15,369 76.7 14 Planning 28,869 15,206 52.7 15 Finance 36,971 32,192 87.1 16 Justice 72,142 72,142 100.0 17 National Security 291,586 284,409 97.5 18 External Affairs 158,726 138,909 87.5 19 Railway 455,785 384,961 84.5

20 Domestic and External Commitments Liquidation 650,000 440,266 67.7

Total Selected Department 8,843,236 7,753,571 87.7

Total Budget 18,085,367 16,875,090 93.3

Source: GPCP

Table A.2.15a: Recurrent Expenditure for 2005 - in thousand LD

Budget. Execut. Exec. Rate (%)

1 Agriculture, Livestock and Fishing NA NA 2 Industry and mining NA NA 3 Electricity, water and Gaz NA NA 4 Education NA NA 5 Higher education 2,200 1,531 69.6 6 Manpower,Training and Employment 9,716 8,043 82.8 7 Culture and information 17,065 17,483 102.5 8 Youth and sport 6,535 4,027 61.6 9 Tourisme and Handicraft 2,800 2,271 81.1 10 Health and Environment NA NA 11 Communications and Transport NA NA 12 Housing NA NA 13 Economy, trade and investment 2,040 2,394 117.4 14 Planning 9,655 9,098 94.2 15 Finance 355,685 407,087 114.5 16 Justice 104,666 96,552 92.2 17 National security 348,140 349,659 100.4 18 External Affairs 437,270 397,272 90.9 19 Secretary of the general People’s congress 124,517 121,294 97.4 20 General People’s Committee 330,114 305,300 92.5 21 Energy 3,522 3,073 87.3 22 Social affairs NA NA 23 National company of oil NA NA Regions (Shaabiyas) 2,930,747 3,015,460 102.9 Others 2,483,108 2,474,329 99.6

Total Budget 7,167,780 7,214,874 100.7

Source: GPCP

95

Table A.2.15b: Recurrent Expenditure for 2006 - in thousand LD


1 Agriculture, Livestock and Fishing 1,074 1,714 159.6 2 Industry and mining NA NA 3 Electricity, water and Gaz NA NA 4 Education 5,021 6,467 128.8 5 Higher education 459,047 398,885 86.9 6 Manpower,Training and Employment 8,161 11,057 135.5 7 Culture and information 64,306 59,165 92.0 8 Youth and sport 6,189 5,532 89.4 9 Tourisme and Handicraft 2,792 2,875 103.0 10 Health and Environment 1,836 958 52.2 11 Communications and Transport 3,018 2,937 97.3 12 Housing NA NA 13 Economy, trade and investment 4,051 5,036 124.3 14 Planning 3,784 3,339 88.2 15 Finance 315,362 332,031 105.3 16 Justice 122,537 123,513 100.8 17 National security 307,777 348,955 113.4 18 External Affairs 472,700 451,175 95.4 19 Secretary of the general People’s congress 141,098 142,791 101.2 20 General People’s Committee 213,421 208,913 97.9 21 Energy 3,471 1,535 44.2 22 Social affairs NA NA 23 National company of oil NA NA Regions (Shaabiyas) 3,128,436 2,999,820 95.9 Others 66,018 59,588 90.3

Total Budget 5,330,099 5,166,285 96.9

Source: GPCP

96

Table A.2.15c: Recurrent Expenditure for the period 01/01/2007 to 09/30/2007 - in thousand LD


1 Agriculture, Livestock and Fishing 101,741 94,188 92.6 2 Industry and mining 27,273 25,881 94.9 3 Electricity, water and Gaz 963 58 6.1 4 Education 1,301,158 1,110,119 85.3 5 Higher education 424,633 362,257 85.3 6 Manpower,Training and Employment 266,820 361,743 135.6 7 Culture and information 114,852 101,438 88.3 8 Youth and sport 99,526 75,637 76.0 9 Tourisme and Handicraft 22,841 11,703 51.2 10 Health and Environment 645,501 589,959 91.4 11 Communications and Transport 60,005 56,768 94.6 12 Housing 103,719 98,218 94.7 13 Economy, trade and investment 35,860 26,668 74.4 14 Planning 11,487 9,800 85.3 15 Finance 215,276 89,383 41.5 16 Justice 139,902 106,510 76.1 17 National security 560,392 520,248 92.8 18 External Affairs 521,699 356,954 68.4 19 Secretary of the general People’s congress 97,585 82,390 84.4 20 General People’s Committee 464,145 441,775 95.2 21 Energy NA NA 22 Social affairs 304,318 305,818 100.5 23 National company of oil 588,375 581,250 98.8 Regions (Shaabiyas) NA NA Others 2,796,935 2,583,111 92.4

Total Budget 8,905,006 7,991,874 89.7

Source: GPCP

97

Table A.2. 16: Shaabiat Contractsby Sector , 1999-2006 (In millionsof LD, unlessotherwise indicated)

Finished Contracts ContractsUnderway Stopped contracts Not started contracts Total

Sector No.

% oftotalNo.

% oftotalvalue Value No.

% oftotalNo.


% oftotalNo.


% oftotalNo.

% oftotalvalue Value No. Value

Higher Education 71 58.6 44.5 13.52 28 23.1 35.9 10.88 6 5.0 6.4 1.93 16 13.2 13.2 4.01 121 30.35General Education 1,043 57.6 41.7 153.00 345 19.1 28.9 106.05 228 12.6 16.3 59.89 194 10.7 13.1 48.22 1,810 367.16General forces, learning and training 70 39.1 89.6 340.75 61 34.1 6.1 23.30 21 11.7 2.1 8.13 27 15.1 2.1 8.15 179 380.33Housing and equipment 2,173 50.6 14.4 302.63 787 18.3 41.8 878.60 694 16.1 21.0 441.74 643 15.0 22.8 479.06 4,297 2,102.02Electricity 5 38.5 15.3 0.51 3 23.1 41.0 1.36 4 30.8 30.4 1.01 1 7.7 13.3 0.44 13 3.31Communication and transportation 505 34.5 13.1 115.88 398 27.2 60.5 533.56 261 17.8 13.8 122.13 298 20.4 12.5 110.64 1,462 882.22Health and environment 491 52.4 20.4 60.79 250 26.7 49.2 146.35 77 8.2 11.0 32.70 119 12.7 19.3 57.41 937 297.25Total 4,358 987.08 1,872 1,700.10 1,291 667.52 1,298 707.93 8,819 4,062.63

Source: GPCP

Table A.2. 17: Shaabiat Contractsby Sector , 1999 (In millionsof LD, unlessotherwise indicated)


Sector No.

% oftotalNo.


% oftotalNo.


% oftotalNo.


% oftotalNo.


Higher Education 2 66.7 59.1 0.72 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 1 33.3 40.9 0.50 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 3 1.22Education 246 58.6 52.0 73.25 69 16.4 19.5 27.56 43 10.2 11.4 16.03 62 14.8 17.1 24.08 420 140.92General forces, learning and training 29 53.7 40.6 6.75 7 13.0 14.3 2,38 11 20.4 34.1 5.66 7 13.0 11.0 1.83 54 16.62Housing and equipment 244 69.9 54.0 81.49 29 8.3 10.7 16.10 51 14.61 29.0 43.71 25 7.2 6.4 9.64 349 150.94Electricity 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0 0.00Communication and transportation 94 43.3 33.8 28.15 56 25.8 30.4 25.30 8 3.7 3.5 2.92 59 27.2 32.4 26.98 217 83.35Health and environment 63 84.0 50.4 12.68 5 6.7 11.1 2.79 5 6.7 7.9 1.99 2 2.7 30.6 7.70 75 25.16

Source: GPCP



Sector No.

% oftotalNo.


% oftotalNo.


% oftotalNo.


% oftotalNo.


Higher Education 27 96.4 95.3 12.10 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 1 3.6 4.7 0.60 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 28 12.70Education 628 78.5 70.1 162.08 31 3.9 7.5 17.43 121 15.1 19.4 44.95 20 2.5 2.9 6.81 800 231.27General forces, learning and training 40 64.5 63.9 13.84 3 4.8 6.8 1.47 14 22.6 18.7 4.06 5 8.1 10.5 2.28 62 21.66Housing and equipment 617 66.0 48.9 161.36 79 8.4 11.8 38.82 220 23.5 34.7 114.43 19 2.0 4.7 15.36 935 329.97Electricity 2 100.0 100.0 0.16 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 2 0.16Communication and transportation 297 66.7 43.9 83.90 54 12.1 27.2 51.91 79 17.7 18.0 34.38 15 3.4 10.9 20.90 445 191.10Health and environment 153 84.1 76.8 29.19 11 6.0 9.7 3.68 14 7.7 11.3 4.29 4 2.2 2.2 0.85 182 38.00

Source: GPCP

98



Sector No.

% oftotalNo.


% oftotalNo.


% oftotalNo.


% oftotalNo.


Higher Education 16 100.0 100.0 6.91 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 16 6.91Education 507 85.2 74.7 77.23 22 3.7 6.9 7.11 48 8.1 13.9 14.38 18 3.0 4.5 4.63 595 103.35General forces, learning and training 17 58.6 47.7 2.67 2 6.9 15.2 0.85 6 20.7 18.1 1.01 4 13.8 19.0 1.06 29 5.59Housing and equipment 643 67.6 43.1 147.48 82 8.6 18.3 62.50 191 20.1 34.9 119.33 35 3.7 3.7 12.71 951 342.03Electricity 2 100.0 100.0 0.48 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 2 0.48Communication and transportation 243 50.1 39.0 74.81 110 22.7 29.7 56.96 94 19.4 21.6 41.49 38 7.8 9.6 18.44 485 191.70Health and environment 207 79.0 53.8 28.30 9 3.4 25.4 13.37 36 13.7 17.3 9.08 10 3.8 3.4 1.81 262 52.56

Source: GPCP



Sector No.

% oftotalNo.


% oftotalNo.


% oftotalNo.


% oftotalNo.


Higher Education 11 78.6 83.2 4.82 1 7.1 5.7 0.33 1 7.1 2.7 0.16 1 17.3 8.5 0.49 14 5.79Education 559 73.3 62.3 117.82 60 7.9 11.3 21.34 127 16.6 23.7 44.79 17 9.0 2.7 5.03 763 188.98General forces, learning and training 38 62.3 53.3 8.84 5 8.2 11.3 1.88 17 27.9 33.4 5.55 1 6.0 1.9 0.32 61 16.59Housing and equipment 1239 61.9 42.7 219.41 171 8.5 13.8 70.78 467 23.3 32.3 166.15 125 24.3 11.2 57.44 2,002 513.77Electricity 2 50.0 41.3 0.68 1 25.0 30.3 0.50 1 25.0 28.4 0.47 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 4 1.64Communication and transportation 256 55.3 9.1 62.39 67 14.5 71.7 490.85 122 26.3 17.3 118.33 18 2.6 1.9 12.92 463 684.48Health and environment 351 70.5 50.0 68.72 61 12.2 31.9 43.94 49 9.8 9.9 13.65 37 26.9 8.1 11.21 498 137.52

Source: GPCP



Sector No.

% oftotalNo.


% oftotalNo.


% oftotalNo.


% oftotalNo.


Higher Education 16 84.2 88.3 4.92 1 5.3 8.4 0.47 1 5.3 2.4 0.14 1 5.3 0.9 0.05 19 5.58Education 184 76.0 55.4 25.19 17 7.0 16.1 7.31 35 14.5 23.9 10.88 6 2.5 4.5 2.06 242 45.45General forces, learning and training 1 25.0 5.6 0.04 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 2 50,.0 48.9 0.35 1 25.0 45.4 0.33 4 0.72Housing and equipment 631 67.8 49.6 90.68 65 7.0 13.7 25.04 171 18.4 29.6 54.04 63 6.8 7.0 12.86 930 182.62Electricity 4 100.0 100.0 0.11 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 4 0.11Communication and transportation 152 45.8 24.9 28.18 48 14.5 23.2 26.26 79 23.8 35.0 39.63 53 16.0 16.8 19.01 332 113.09Health and environment 138 73.0 21.5 18.29 31 16.4 70.8 60.12 12 6.3 4.1 3.46 8 4.2 3.5 3.00 189 84.87

Source: GPCP

99



Sector No.

% oftotalNo.


% oftotalNo.


% oftotalNo.


% oftotalNo.


Higher Education 38 65.5 51.3 5.42 4 6.9 11.6 1.23 5 8.6 17.0 1.80 11 19.0 20.0 2.1 58 10.57Education 418 68.7 52.4 54.80 103 16.9 33.1 34.65 56 9.2 10.4 10.89 31 5.1 4.0 4.2 608 104.52General forces, learning and training 17 54.8 33.7 4.10 7 22.6 32.5 3.95 5 16.1 26.9 3.27 2 6.4 6.9 0.8 31 12.17Housing and equipment 808 60.9 20.7 101.62 213 16.1 37.8 185.64 201 15.2 17.9 87.64 104 7.8 23.6 115.6 1,326 490.48Electricity 1 14.3 13.9 0.40 3 42.9 47.6 1.36 2 28.6 23.0 0.66 1 14.3 15.5 0.4 7 2.85Communication and transportation 189 42.3 24.1 42.56 131 29.3 40.4 71.48 81 18.1 25.0 44.21 46 10.3 10.5 18.5 447 176.78Health and environment 172 63.5 26.8 16.72 69 25.5 52.8 32.88 16 5.9 9.2 5.71 14 5.2 11.2 7.0 271 62.31

Source: GPCP



Sector No.

% oftotalNo.


% oftotalNo.


% oftotalNo.


% oftotalNo.


Higher Education 16 51.6 28.2 3.13 13 41.9 60.8 6.76 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 2 6.4 11.1 1.23 31 11.12Education 345 43.0 29.6 52.85 186 23.2 29.5 52.62 128 16.0 20.2 36.04 143 17.8 20.6 36.78 802 178.28General forces, learning and training 51 38.1 92.2 336.46 51 38.1 5.0 18.43 14 10.4 1.2 4.51 18 13.4 1.5 5.67 134 365.07Housing and equipment 617 37.5 7.6 81.48 405 24.6 52.5 561.36 281 17.1 26.7 286.23 344 20.9 13.2 140.81 1647 1,069.87Electricity 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 2 100.0 100.0 0.35 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 2 0.35Communication and transportation 155 26.0 7.6 43.02 196 32.8 75.5 426.33 73 12.2 5.2 29.19 173 29.0 11.7 65.80 597 564.33Health and environment 170 39.8 19.5 24.20 126 29.5 31.9 39.53 44 10.3 18.1 22.46 87 20.4 30.4 37.73 427 123.92

Source: GPCP



Sector No.

% oftotalNo.


% oftotalNo.


% oftotalNo.


% oftotalNo.


Higher Education 1 7.7 1.4 0.04 10 76.9 78.8 2.42 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 2 15.4 19.8 0.61 13 3.08Education 96 60.8 51.8 20.17 39 24.7 29.5 11.46 9 5.7 5.3 2.07 14 8.9 13.4 5.20 158 38.91General forces, learning and training 1 10.0 6,1 0.15 3 30.0 38.7 0.92 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 6 60.0 55.1 1.31 10 2.37Housing and equipment 117 29.7 8.0 28.86 104 26.4 29.7 106.56 41 10.4 3.8 13.82 132 33.5 58.4 209.81 394 359.04Electricity 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0 0.00Communication and transportation 9 10.5 7.6 2.13 23 26.7 33.9 9.49 28 32.6 32.5 9.10 26 30.2 26.1 7.30 86 28.02Health and environment 11 22.0 6.1 1.59 24 48.0 52.9 13.83 5 10.0 4.0 1.06 10 20.0 37.0 9.67 50 26.14

Source: GPCP

100

EDUCATION SECTOR

Table A.3.1: Estimation of the population by age group

Population 2005 UN Population 2006 Libya Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female 0-4 years 662,000 339,000 323,000 634,812 325,433 309,3695-9 years 589,000 301,000 288,000 564,810 288,954 275,846

10-14 years 544,000 278,000 266,000 521,658 266,874 254,77515-19 years 586,000 299,000 287,000 561,933 287,034 274,88820-24 years 698,000 355,000 343,000 669,333 340,793 328,52525-29 years 600,000 305,000 295,000 575,358 292,794 282,55130-34 years 515,000 261,000 254,000 493,849 250,555 243,28135-39 years 404,000 207,000 197,000 387,408 198,716 188,68740-44 years 325,000 173,000 152,000 311,652 166,077 145,58645-49 years 270,000 157,000 113,000 258,911 150,717 108,23150-54 years 209,000 118,000 91,000 200,416 113,278 87,16055-59 years 161,000 92,000 69,000 154,388 88,318 66,08860-64 years 130,000 72,000 58,000 124,661 69,119 55,55265-69 years 92,000 48,000 44,000 88,222 46,079 42,14370-74 years 65,000 34,000 31,000 62,330 32,639 29,69275-79 years 37,000 17,000 20,000 35,480 16,320 19,15680-84 years 19,000 8,000 11,000 18,220 7,680 10,536

85 and + 10,000 4,000 6,000 9,589 3,840 5,747Total 5,916,000 3,068,000 2,848,000 5,673,031 2,945,218 2,727,813

Source: World Population Prospects, The 2006 Revision Population Database, United Nations, Population Division.; Data from General Authority for Information for total and UN Structure by Age group.

Table A.3.2: Estimation of the school-age population by age

Population 2005 UN Population 2006 Libya

Age Total Male Female Total Male Female

0 years 137,602 70,586 67,016 131,950 67,761 64,1881 year 135,296 69,328 65,968 129,739 66,553 63,1842 years 132,648 67,912 64,736 127,200 65,194 62,0043 years 129,752 66,384 63,368 124,423 63,727 60,6944 years 126,702 64,790 61,912 121,499 62,197 59,2995 years 123,594 63,178 60,416 118,518 60,649 57,8666 years 120,520 61,592 58,928 115,570 59,127 56,4417 years 117,576 60,080 57,496 112,747 57,676 55,0708 years 114,856 58,688 56,168 110,139 56,339 53,7989 years 112,454 57,462 54,992 107,836 55,163 52,67110 years 110,344 56,389 53,955 105,812 54,132 51,67811 years 108,498 55,453 53,045 104,042 53,234 50,80612 years 107,618 55,005 52,613 103,198 52,803 50,39313 years 108,042 55,213 52,829 103,604 53,003 50,59914 years 109,499 55,941 53,558 105,002 53,702 51,29815 years 110,934 56,659 54,275 106,378 54,392 51,98516 years 112,021 57,203 54,818 107,420 54,914 52,50417 years 114,957 58,675 56,282 110,236 56,327 53,90618 years 120,557 61,483 59,074 115,606 59,023 56,58119 years 127,531 64,979 62,552 122,294 62,379 59,91220 years 134,133 68,286 65,846 128,624 65,554 63,06821 years 141,139 71,795 69,344 135,343 68,922 66,41822 years 144,499 73,467 71,032 138,565 70,527 68,03423 years 142,155 72,267 69,888 136,317 69,375 66,93924 years 136,074 69,184 66,890 130,485 66,415 64,06725 years 130,216 66,216 64,000 124,868 63,566 61,29926 years 123,715 62,933 60,782 118,634 60,414 58,21727 years 118,219 60,133 58,086 113,364 57,726 55,63528 years 114,923 58,405 56,518 110,203 56,067 54,13329 years 112,926 57,314 55,613 108,289 55,020 53,266

Source: See Table A.3.1.

101

Table A.3.3: Estimation of the school-age population by Shaabiat

Shaabiat 5 years 6 years 6-11 years 6-14 years 15 years 15-18 years 19-23 years

Al Batnan 3,333 3,250 18,452 27,221 2,992 12,363 18,593Al DjebAl Al Akhdar 4,244 4,139 23,497 34,663 3,809 15,744 23,676Al DjebAl Al Gharbi 6,354 6,196 35,179 51,897 5,703 23,571 35,447Al Jofra 1,093 1,066 6,054 8,931 981 4,056 6,100Al Zaouia 6,079 5,928 33,656 49,650 5,457 22,551 33,913Al Kofra 1,047 1,021 5,795 8,549 940 3,883 5,839Al Marj 3,883 3,786 21,495 31,710 3,485 14,403 21,659Al Markeb 9,029 8,805 49,989 73,744 8,104 33,494 50,369Al Nikat Elkoms 6,010 5,860 33,271 49,082 5,394 22,293 33,524Al Wahat 3,699 3,607 20,477 30,208 3,320 13,721 20,633Benghazi 14,014 13,665 77,585 114,453 12,579 51,984 78,175Al Jafara 9,468 9,232 52,417 77,326 8,498 35,121 52,816Darna 3,413 3,328 18,893 27,871 3,063 12,659 19,037Sebha 3,022 2,946 16,728 24,677 2,712 11,208 16,855Syrt 2,954 2,880 16,352 24,122 2,651 10,956 16,476Tripoli 22,258 21,704 123,225 181,783 19,978 82,565 124,164Ghat 491 479 2,720 4,013 441 1,823 2,741Marzek 1,643 1,602 9,093 13,415 1,474 6,093 9,163Misrata 11,510 11,224 63,722 94,003 10,331 42,696 64,207Nalout 1,948 1,899 10,782 15,906 1,748 7,225 10,864Wadi Al Hayet 1,606 1,566 8,889 13,114 1,441 5,956 8,957Wadi Al Chati 1,422 1,387 7,872 11,613 1,276 5,275 7,932

Jamahiriya 118,518 115,570 656,146 967,950 106,378 439,640 661,142

Sources: World Population Prospects, The 2006 Revision Population Database, United Nations, Population Division, General Authority for Information, and our calculations

102

Table A.3.4: Gross enrolment ratio in Pre-primary (Arab States, 2000-2006)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Female 13.9 13.9 14.3 15.0 15.4 16.3 17.4Male 17.4 16.8 17.2 17.9 17.7 18.6 19.5Arab States

Total 15.7 15.4 15.8 16.5 16.6 17.5 18.4Female 2.8 3.4 4.4 4.0 4.6 6.0 14.0Male 2.8 3.4 4.4 4.0 4.8 6.3 15.1Algeria

Total 2.8 3.4 4.4 4.0 4.7 6.1 14.5Female 36.5 37.8 39.2 41.3 46.2 48.9 51.0Male 37.8 39.8 41.0 43.5 48.1 50.4 52.2Bahrain

Total 37.2 38.8 40.1 42.4 47.2 49.7 51.6Female 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.3 1.9 1.2 1.7Male - - 0.7 1.3 1.9 1.1 1.9Djibouti

Total 0.5 0.5 0.8 1.3 1.9 1.1 1.8Female 11.2 12.2 13.0 13.9 14.3 16.1 17.1Male 11.8 12.9 13.8 14.6 15.1 17.1 18.2Egypt

Total 11.5 12.5 13.4 14.3 14.7 16.6 17.7Female 4.9 4.9 ... 3.4 5.7 5.8 ...Male 4.9 4.9 ... 3.5 5.7 5.8 ...Iraq

Total 4.9 4.9 5.1 3.4 5.7 5.8 ...Female 29.2 ... 30.2 29.5 29.7 30.4 31.4Male 32.0 ... 33.1 32.0 31.6 32.8 33.4Jordan

Total 30.6 ... 31.7 30.8 30.7 31.6 32.4Female 78.2 77.6 76.4 74.5 71.0 75.4 73.3Male 77.3 76.7 76.5 74.3 72.7 73.2 76.1Kuwait

Total 77.7 77.1 76.4 74.4 71.9 74.3 74.7Female 61.9 64.2 63.2 63.0 64.3 63.5 63.1Male 63.8 65.8 64.4 64.5 65.8 64.9 65.2Lebanon

Total 62.9 65.0 63.8 63.7 65.0 64.2 64.1Female 6.4 7.8 7.3 7.3 ... 8.7 8.7Male 6.4 7.8 7.6 7.6 ... 9.0 9.0Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

Total 6.4 7.8 7.4 7.4 ... 8.9 8.9Female 44.3 42.3 42.9 42.8 43.6 45.3 48.3Male 80.9 74.9 74.4 69.9 68.8 69.3 69.8Morocco

Total 62.9 58.9 58.9 56.6 56.4 57.5 59.2Female 5.7 5.8 5.6 6.0 6.0 7.0 8.0Male 6.4 6.3 6.4 7.1 6.6 7.4 8.5Oman

Total 6.1 6.1 6.0 6.6 6.3 7.2 8.3Female 37.5 32.2 29.8 26.7 29.0 29.0 29.9Male 39.6 34.6 31.7 27.9 30.2 30.2 30.6

Palestinian Autonomous Territories

Total 38.6 33.4 30.8 27.3 29.6 29.6 30.2Female 26.7 27.8 31.9 33.1 33.8 37.9 43.2Male 28.6 29.5 31.8 35.5 33.8 38.8 43.3Qatar

Total 27.7 28.7 31.9 34.3 33.8 38.3 43.3Female ... 17.6 17.5 22.2 21.8 23.8 23.9Male ... 17.5 17.8 25.7 21.2 23.7 23.9Sudan

Total 19.8 17.6 17.7 24.0 21.5 23.8 23.9Female 8.5 8.9 9.1 9.9 10.2 10.2 10.5Male 9.2 9.6 10.0 10.7 11.2 11.2 11.3Syrian Arab Republic

Total 8.8 9.3 9.6 10.3 10.7 10.7 10.9Female 15.3 16.5 19.7 21.6 ... ... ...Male 15.5 16.8 20.1 21.8 ... ... ...Tunisia

Total 15.4 16.7 19.9 21.7 ... ... ...Female 64.5 66.5 69.0 70.7 71.6 73.4 76.9Male 66.7 67.6 68.8 71.6 72.7 74.9 78.8United Arab Emirates

Total 65.6 67.0 68.9 71.2 72.1 74.2 77.9Female 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 1.0Male 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.1Yemen

Total 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0

Source: UNESCO, 2008.

103

Table A.3.5: Enrollment in Preschooler level (2005-2006)

Public Private Grand Total

Girl Boy Total Girl Boy Total Girl Boy Total

3 years 1,103 1,086 2,189 456 557 1,013 1,559 1,643 3,202

4 years 3,684 3,953 7,637 789 1,000 1,789 4,473 4,953 9,426

5 years 4,224 4,433 8,657 436 525 961 4,660 4,958 9,618

Total 9,011 9,472 18,483 1,681 2,082 3,763 10,692 11,554 22,246

Structure by gender 48.8% 51.2% 100.0% 44.7% 55.3% 100.0% 48.1% 51.9% 100.0%

Structure by sector 83.1% 16.9% 100.0%

Source: GPC General Education, Yearbook 2005-2006.

Table A.3.6: Enrollment by level (2005, 2006 and 2007)

2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total

Students Basic Education 526,437 555,910 1,082,347 532,264 555,856 1,088,120 528,441 553,664 1,082,105

Secondary 190,058 143,033 333,091 201,979 146,893 348,872 191,773 141,855 333,628

Higher Education 147,875 109,238 257,113 129,711 121,946 251,657 147,940 102,732 250,672

University 142,645 106,405 249,050 248,278 141,551 99,279 240,830

Higher Institutes 5,230 2,833 8,063 3,379 6,389 3,453 9,842

Source: GPC General Education and GPC Higher Education.

Table A.3.7: Success rate in baccalaureate exam by Shaabiat (2006-2007)

First round Second round Overall

Candidates Admitted Success rate Candidates Admitted Success rate Admitted Success rate

El Batnan 2 843 470 16,5% 2 373 1 774 74,8% 2 244 78,9%

El Djebel El Akhdar 4 430 448 10,1% 3 982 1 063 26,7% 1 511 34,1%

El Djebel El Gharbi 4 877 2 432 49,9% 2 445 2 037 83,3% 4 469 91,6%

El Jafara 6 899 4 285 62,1% 2 614 1 695 64,8% 5 980 86,7%

Zaouia 4 238 1 955 46,1% 2 283 2 011 88,1% 3 966 93,6%

El Kofra 934 119 12,7% 815 547 67,1% 666 71,3%

El Marj 3 261 1 397 42,8% 1 894 1 814 95,8% 3 211 98,5%

El Markeb 7 281 3 689 50,7% 3 592 2 939 81,8% 6 628 91,0%

El Nikat Elkoms 4 939 2 586 52,4% 2 153 1 582 73,5% 4 168 84,4%

El Wahat 3 178 625 19,7% 2 553 1 210 47,4% 1 835 57,7%

Benghazi 11 917 3 402 28,5% 8 515 4 737 55,6% 8 139 68,3%

El Jofra 593 161 27,2% 432 206 47,7% 367 61,9%

Darna 2 917 739 25,3% 2 178 1 410 64,7% 2 149 73,7%

Sebha 2 306 984 42,7% 1 322 978 74,0% 1 962 85,1%

Syrt 2 526 1 143 45,2% 1 383 1 114 80,5% 2 257 89,4%

Tripoli 17 155 12 037 70,2% 5 118 3 672 71,7% 15 709 91,6%

Ghat 440 11 2,5% 429 149 34,7% 160 36,4%

Marzek 1 725 378 21,9% 1 347 983 73,0% 1 361 78,9%

Misrata 8 654 4 035 46,6% 4 619 3 759 81,4% 7 794 90,1%

Nalout 1 583 602 38,0% 981 818 83,4% 1 420 89,7%

Wadi El Hayet 1 786 94 5,3% 1 692 919 54,3% 1 013 56,7%

Wadi El Chati 1 566 183 11,7% 1 383 838 60,6% 1 021 65,2%

Outside Libya 95 70 73,7% 25 20 80,0% 90 94,7%

Total 96 143 41 845 43,5% 54 128 36 275 67,0% 78 120 81,3%


104

Table A.3.8: Capital Expenditure in the Education Sector (In million of LD)

General Education Manpower and Training Higher Education Total

Budget Achievements Budget Achievements Budget Achievements Budget Achievements

1970 17.1 6.6 0.5 1.0 0.0 0.0 17.6 7.6

1971 27.6 16.1 0.5 1.8 0.0 0.0 28.1 17.9

1972 39.9 31.6 0.5 3.5 0.0 0.0 40.4 35.1

1973 47.8 36.8 6.6 3.4 0.0 0.0 54.4 40.2

1974 62.9 56.5 8.7 7.5 0.0 0.0 71.6 64.0

1975 110.0 81.5 8.7 4.8 0.0 0.0 118.7 86.3

1976 112.0 80.9 7.3 5.7 0.0 0.0 119.3 86.6

1977 121.0 79.9 11.5 7.5 0.0 0.0 132.5 87.4

1978 122.0 72.0 14.5 9.8 0.0 0.0 136.5 81.8

1979 98.7 112.0 10.7 9.6 0.0 0.0 109.4 121.6

1980 145.0 137.1 13.0 10.8 0.0 0.0 158.0 147.9

1981 202.7 191.7 23.4 15.9 0.0 0.0 226.1 207.6

1982 209.2 182.5 14.4 11.8 0.0 0.0 223.6 194.3

1983 161.4 133.9 10.3 8.5 0.0 0.0 171.7 142.4

1984 138.6 114.6 12.1 8.9 0.0 0.0 150.7 123.5

1985 117.4 73.2 10.2 7.2 0.0 0.0 127.6 80.4

1986 140.0 74.9 18.1 6.9 0.0 0.0 158.1 81.8

1987 160.0 57.9 19.9 5.7 0.0 0.0 179.9 63.6

1988 133.0 60.1 38.3 19.2 0.0 0.0 171.3 79.3

1989 82.3 68.3 28.1 14.9 0.0 0.0 110.4 83.2

1990 97.5 63.9 26.0 9.3 0.0 0.0 123.5 73.2

1991 275.0 60.1 31.0 13.7 0.0 0.0 306.0 73.8

1992 133.6 53.3 29.0 19.2 0.0 0.0 162.6 72.5

1993 125.9 17.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 125.9 17.8

1994 125.0 34.2 10.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 135.0 44.2

1995 80.0 52.5 10.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 90.0 62.5

1996 27.0 69.0 12.0 12.0 0.0 0.0 39.0 81.0

1997 59.6 47.0 36.9 30.5 0.0 0.0 96.5 77.5

1998 115.9 64.8 24.2 12.0 0.0 0.0 140.1 76.8

1999 103.0 102.9 21.1 18.6 0.0 0.0 124.1 121.5

2000 249.3 260.0 46.1 48.1 0.0 0.0 295.4 308.1

2001 305.3 216.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 305.3 216.1

2002 823.5 741.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 823.5 741.5

2003 381.5 307.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 381.5 307.1

2004 618.1 498.4 78.2 62.1 0.0 0.0 696.3 560.5

2005 229.5 176.4 59.4 47.6 330.0 295.6 618.9 519.6

2006 360.0 340.3 160.0 142.8 380.0 265.6 900.0 748.7

2007 347.8 347.4 150.8 150.8 347.5 347.1 846 1 845.4


105

Table A.3.9: Pupil-Teacher Ratio in Primary and secondary (2005) Country Primary Secondary Country Primary SecondaryCountry Primary SecondaryArab States 22 17 Niue 12 8 Israel 13 10 Algeria 25 21 Palaos 16 15 Italy 10 11 Bahrain 16 12 Papua New Guinea 35 23 Liechtenstein 9 6Djibouti 35 28 Philippines 35 38 Luxemburg 11 10 Egypt 26 17 Republic of Korea 29 18 Malta 11 10 Iraq 21 19 Thailand 19 24 Monaco 14 9Jordan 20 18 Timor-ballast 34 24 Norway 11 9Kuwait 12 10 Tonga 20 14 Portugal 11 7Lebanon 14 9 Vanuatu 20 14 Spain 14 11 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 4 4 Viet Nam 22 24 Sweden 10 10 Mauritania 40 31 Latin America and Caribbean 23 17 United Kingdom 17 15 Morocco 27 19 Anguilla 15 12 United States 14 15 Oman 16 16 Antigua-and-Barbuda 19 13 Asia of the South and the west 39 30 Palestinian autonomous territories 25 28 Argentina 17 17 Bangladesh 51 27 Qatar 11 12 Aruba 18 14 Bhutan 31 28 Sudan 29 22 Bahamas 16 14 India 40 32 Syrian Arabian republic 25 18 Barbados 15 16 Iran 19 19 Tunisia 20 17 Belize 24 19 Maldives 20 14 United Arab Emirates 15 13 Bolivia 24 24 Nepal 40 35 Yemen 22 25 Brazil 21 16 Pakistan 38 37 Central and oriental Europe 18 12 British Virgin islands 15 9 Sri Lanka 22 20 Belarus 16 9 Caïmanes islands 13 10 Sub-Saharan Africa 45 28 Bulgaria 16 12 Chile 26 25 Benin 47 24 Croatia 18 11 Colombia 28 26 Botswana 25 14 Czech republic 16 10 Costa Rica 21 19 Burkina 47 31 Estonia 14 10 Cuba 10 11 Burundi 49 19 Hungary 10 11 Dominique 18 15 Cameroon 48 25 Latvia 12 11 Dominican republic 24 26 Cape Verde 26 23 Lithuania 14 10 Ecuador 23 13 Chad 63 34 Poland 12 13 El Salvador 30 25 Comoros 35 14 Republic of Moldova 18 12 Grenada 18 15 Congo 83 34 Romania 17 13 Guatemala 31 16 Rep. Democratic of Congo 34 15 Federation of Russia 17 10 Guyana 28 18 Equatorial Guinea 32 23 Serbia-and-Montenegro 20 14 Honduras 33 33 Eritrea 48 51 Slovakia 18 13 Jamaica 28 18 Ethiopia 72 54 Slovenia 15 11 Mexico 28 18 Gambia 35 42 Macedonia 19 15 Montserrat 20 11 Ghana 33 19 Ukraine 19 12 Dutch Antilles 20 13 Guinea 45 36 Central Asia 21 10 Nicaragua 34 34 Kenya 40 32 Armenia 21 10 Panama 24 16 Lesotho 42 27 Azerbaijan 13 8 Paraguay 28 12 Liberia 38 26 Kazakhstan 17 11 Peru 23 17 Madagascar 54 20 Kyrgyzstan 24 13 Saint-Kitts-and-Nevis 18 10 Mali 54 29 Mongolia 34 22 Saint Lucia 22 17 Maurice 22 17 Tadzhikistan 21 16 Grenadines 18 18 Mozambique 66 32 Asia of the East and Pacific 20 18 Suriname 19 14 Namibia 31 25 Brunei Darussalam 10 10 Trinidad-and-Tobago 17 16 Niger 44 31 China 19 18 Uruguay 21 15 Nigeria 37 40 Cook islands 16 15 Venezuela 19 11 Rwanda 62 26 Fiji 28 22 North America and W. Europe 14 13 Sao Tomé-and-principle 31 22 Indonesia 20 12 Andorra 11 8 Senegal 42 26 Japan 19 13 Austria 12 11 Seychelles 14 13 Kiribati 25 17 Belgium 11 10 Sierra Leone 37 27 Lao 31 25 Canada 17 18 Swaziland 32 18 Macao, China 23 22 Cyprus 18 11 Togo 34 30 Malaysia 17 17 Finland 16 12 Uganda 52 21 Marshall islands 17 17 Germany 14 14 Zambia 51 34 Myanmar 31 33 Gibraltar 21 12 Zimbabwe 39 22 Nauru 22 19 Greece 11 8New Zealand 16 15 Iceland 11 11

Source: UNESCO, 2007.

106

Table A.3.10: Investment budget, Education Sectors (1970-2007) (In million of LD)

General Education Manpower and Training Higher Education Total Budget Achievements Budget Achievements Budget Achievements Budget Achievements

1970 17.1 6.6 0.5 1.0 0.0 0.0 17.6 7.6

1971 27.6 16.1 0.5 1.8 0.0 0.0 28.1 17.9

1972 39.9 31.6 0.5 3.5 0.0 0.0 40.4 35.1

1973 47.8 36.8 6.6 3.4 0.0 0.0 54.4 40.2

1974 62.9 56.5 8.7 7.5 0.0 0.0 71.6 64.0

1975 110.0 81.5 8.7 4.8 0.0 0.0 118.7 86.3

1976 112.0 80.9 7.3 5.7 0.0 0.0 119.3 86.6

1977 121.0 79.9 11.5 7.5 0.0 0.0 132.5 87.4

1978 122.0 72.0 14.5 9.8 0.0 0.0 136.5 81.8

1979 98.7 112.0 10.7 9.6 0.0 0.0 109.4 121.6

1980 145.0 137.1 13.0 10.8 0.0 0.0 158.0 147.9

1981 202.7 191.7 23.4 15.9 0.0 0.0 226.1 207.6

1982 209.2 182.5 14.4 11.8 0.0 0.0 223.6 194.3

1983 161.4 133.9 10.3 8.5 0.0 0.0 171.7 142.4

1984 138.6 114.6 12.1 8.9 0.0 0.0 150.7 123.5

1985 117.4 73.2 10.2 7.2 0.0 0.0 127.6 80.4

1986 140.0 74.9 18.1 6.9 0.0 0.0 158.1 81.8

1987 160.0 57.9 19.9 5.7 0.0 0.0 179.9 63.6

1988 133.0 60.1 38.3 19.2 0.0 0.0 171.3 79.3

1989 82.3 68.3 28.1 14.9 0.0 0.0 110.4 83.2

1990 97.5 63.9 26.0 9.3 0.0 0.0 123.5 73.2

1991 275.0 60.1 31.0 13.7 0.0 0.0 306.0 73.8

1992 133.6 53.3 29.0 19.2 0.0 0.0 162.6 72.5

1993 125.9 17.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 125.9 17.8

1994 125.0 34.2 10.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 135.0 44.2

1995 80.0 52.5 10.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 90.0 62.5

1996 27.0 69..0 12.0 12.0 0.0 0.0 39.0 81.0

1997 59.6 47.0 36.9 30.5 0.0 0.0 96.5 77.5

1998 115.9 64.8 24.2 12.0 0.0 0.0 140.1 76.8

1999 103.0 102.9 21.1 18.6 0.0 0.0 124.1 121.5

2000 249.3 260.0 46.1 48.1 0.0 0.0 295.4 308.1

2001 305.3 216.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 305.3 216.1

2002 823.5 741.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 823.5 741.5

2003 381.5 307.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 381.5 307.1

2004 618.1 498.4 78.2 62.1 0.0 0.0 696.3 560.5

2005 229.5 176.4 59.4 47.6 330.0 295.6 618.9 519.6

2006 360.0 340.3 160.0 142.8 380.0 265.6 900.0 748.7

2007 347.8 347.4 150.8 150.8 347.5 347.1 846.1 845.4


107

Table A.3.11: Expenditure in Education by Region, Household and Person

Aj Jebel Akhdar Al Bayen Awel Golf of Syrt Tripoli Zawia Al Jebel Garbi Sharara Oula Jamahiriya

Hou

seho

ld

Pers

on

Hou

seho

ld

Pers

on

Hou

seho

ld

Pers

on

Hou

seho

ld

Pers

on

Hou

seho

ld

Pers

on

Hou

seho

ld

Pers

on

Hou

seho

ld

Pers

on

Hou

seho

ld

Pers

on

Entertainment

Urban 60.7 7.9 44.1 6.7 46.0 7.0 46.7 7.2 36.1 6.1 63.8 10.5 63.2 9.0 48.1 7.3

Rural 30.1 4.2 37.7 5.3 29.4 4.2 18.4 2.8 24.5 4.2 42.8 6.4 73.7 10.7 35.5 5.2

Total 53.6 7.1 43.6 6.6 43.7 6.6 44.6 6.9 34.8 5.9 55.4 8.7 66.4 9.5 46.3 7.0

Culture and sports

Urban 230.2 30.1 184.9 28.2 107.6 16.4 276.1 42.7 177.3 29.9 176.6 29.0 38.0 5.4 204.4 31.1

Rural 93.5 13.0 46.6 6.6 155.3 22.0 50.5 7.6 49.9 8.5 156.2 23.3 147.0 21.3 107.2 15.7

Total 198.3 26.3 173.5 26.3 114.3 17.2 259.2 40.0 162.9 27.5 168.4 26.6 70.9 10.2 190.2 28.8

Hotels and travel

Urban 8.1 1.1 16.0 2.5 6.7 1.0 8.8 1.4 4.7 0.8 4.6 0.8 3.2 0.5 8.4 1.3

Rural 12.7 1.8 0.0 0.0 5.6 0.8 2.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 2.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.6

Total 9.2 1.2 14.7 2.2 6.6 1.0 8.3 1.3 4.1 0.7 3.6 0.6 2.3 0.3 7.8 1.2

Education

Urban 190.7 24.9 217.3 33.1 156.4 23.8 132.5 20.5 147.0 24.8 142.2 23.3 233.7 33.4 160.7 24.5

Rural 135.9 18.9 257.5 36.3 119.0 16.8 170.5 25.7 90.0 15.3 164.5 24.5 119.1 17.3 148.6 21.8

Total 177.9 23.6 220.6 33.4 151.1 22.7 135.4 20.9 140.5 23.8 151.1 23.8 199.2 28.6 158.9 24.1

Educational materials

Urban 4.5 0.6 4.1 0.6 4.4 0.7 3.2 0.5 5.3 0.9 2.5 0.4 7.3 1.1 4.0 0.6

Rural 3.2 0.4 4.7 0.7 3.8 0.5 3.5 0.5 7.7 1.3 1.4 0.2 3.8 0.6 3.5 0.5

Total 4.2 0.6 4.2 0.6 4.3 0.7 3.2 0.5 5.6 0.9 2.1 0.3 6.3 0.9 4.0 0.6

Total Entertainment, Culture and Education

Urban 494.1 64.6 466.5 71.1 321.2 48.8 467.3 72.2 370.3 62.5 389.6 63.9 345.4 49.4 425.6 64.9

Rural 275.4 38.4 346.5 48.8 313.0 44.2 245.0 37.0 172.1 29.3 367.0 54.7 343.7 49.9 298.9 43.9

Total 443.1 58.7 456.6 69.1 320.0 48.1 450.6 69.5 347.9 58.8 380.5 60.0 344.9 49.5 407.2 61.7

Total expenditures

Urban 8607.4 1124.6 8314.8 1267.4 7727.6 1175.3 8402.6 1298.1 8630.3 1457.4 7531.7 1236.1 8185.4 1170.1 8271.2 1260.3

Rural 7455.9 1038.6 7990.9 1125.2 7356.3 1039.9 6881.8 1038.5 7532.8 1284.0 7165.0 1068.8 8382.1 1216.2 7425.5 1089.7

Total 8338.9 1105.5 8288.1 1254.8 7675.0 1154.9 8288.3 1278.2 8506.4 1438.0 7384.6 1165.1 8244.7 1183.9 8148.2 1234.7

Expenditures in Education

In LD

Urban 195.1 25.5 221.4 33.8 160.9 24.5 135.7 21.0 152.3 25.7 144.7 23.7 241.0 34.5 164.7 25.1

Rural 139.0 19.4 262.2 36.9 122.7 17.3 174.1 26.3 97.7 16.7 165.8 24.7 123.0 17.9 152.2 22.3

Total 182.1 24.1 224.8 34.0 155.4 23.4 138.6 21.4 146.1 24.7 153.2 24.2 205.4 29.5 162.9 24.7

As % of Total

Urban 2.3% 2.3% 2.7% 2.7% 2.1% 2.1% 1.6% 1.6% 1.8% 1.8% 1.9% 1.9% 2.9% 2.9% 2.0% 2.0%

Rural 1.9% 1.9% 3.3% 3.3% 1.7% 1.7% 2.5% 2.5% 1.3% 1.3% 2.3% 2.3% 1.5% 1.5% 2.0% 2.0%

Total 2.2% 2.2% 2.7% 2.7% 2.0% 2.0% 1.7% 1.7% 1.7% 1.7% 2.1% 2.1% 2.5% 2.5% 2.0% 2.0%

Source : GPC Planning and HHS 2002/03 from GAI

108

Table A.3.12: Student by sector, region, level of education and area Urban Rural Total

Public Private Total Public Private Total Public Private Total

Primary

Aj Jebel Akhdar 86,174 769 86,943 23,288 301 23,589 109,462 1,070 110,532

Al Bayen Al Awel 86,840 3,246 90,086 9,476 … 9,476 96,316 3,246 99,562

Golf of Syrt 110,083 2,130 112,213 21,450 … 21,450 131,533 2,130 133,663

Tripoli 227,585 4,024 231,609 22,041 351 22,392 249,626 4,375 254,001

Zawia 56,290 1,363 57,653 9,386 9,386 65,676 1,363 67,039

Al Jebel Garbi 36,962 354 37,316 25,279 74 25,353 62,241 428 62,669

Sharara Oula 33,904 70 33,974 15,707 207 15,914 49,611 277 49,888

Jamahiriya 637,838 11,956 649,794 126,627 933 127,560 764,465 12,889 777,354

Low Secondary

Aj Jebel Akhdar 47,238 546 47,784 12,421 … 12,421 59,659 546 60,205

Al Bayen Al Awel 47,142 1,036 48,178 4,398 … 4,398 51,540 1,036 52,576

Golf of Syrt 54,223 614 54,837 11,692 … 11,692 65,915 614 66,529

Tripoli 121,948 1,249 123,197 10,222 146 10,368 132,170 1,395 133,565

Zawia 28,945 360 29,305 4,985 … 4,985 33,930 360 34,290

Al Jebel Garbi 14,082 … 14,082 11,654 130 11,784 25,736 130 25,866

Sharara Oula 19,688 72 19,760 7,779 … 7,779 27,467 72 27,539

Jamahiriya 333,266 3,877 337,143 63,151 276 63,427 396,417 4,153 400,570

Secondary

Aj Jebel Akhdar 46,431 543 46,974 11,484 161 11,645 57,915 704 58,619

Al Bayen Al Awel 44,903 883 45,786 3,727 … 3,727 48,630 883 49,513

Golf of Syrt 54,059 457 54,516 11,252 58 11,310 65,311 515 65,826

Tripoli 120,252 3,586 123,838 10,097 292 10,389 130,349 3,878 134,227

Zawia 29,833 364 30,197 5,792 … 5,792 35,625 364 35,989

Al Jebel Garbi 15,950 … 15,950 12,609 … 12,609 28,559 … 28,559

Sharara Oula 22,167 70 22,237 7,120 138 7,258 29,287 208 29,495

Jamahiriya 333,595 5,903 339,498 62,081 649 62,730 395,676 6,552 402,228

Higher Education

Aj Jebel Akhdar 36,332 528 36,860 6,482 … 6,482 42,814 528 43,342

Al Bayen Al Awel 33,627 493 34,120 2,324 … 2,324 35,951 493 36,444

Golf of Syrt 37,111 364 37,475 8,187 284 8,471 45,298 648 45,946

Tripoli 109,789 8,552 118,341 6,836 219 7,055 116,625 8,771 125,396

Zawia 32,069 726 32,795 4,333 … 4,333 36,402 726 37,128

Al Jebel Garbi 10,898 330 11,228 7,733 214 7,947 18,631 544 19,175

Sharara Oula 14,632 1,092 15,724 4,921 139 5,060 19,553 1,231 20,784

Jamahiriya 274,458 12,085 286,543 40,796 836 41,632 315,254 12,921 328,175

Total

Aj Jebel Akhdar 216,175 2,386 218,561 53,675 462 54,137 269,850 2,848 272,698

Al Bayen Al Awel 212,512 5,658 218,170 19,925 … 19,925 232,437 5,658 238,095

Golf of Syrt 255,476 3,565 259,041 52,561 322 52,883 308,037 3,887 311,924

Tripoli 579,574 17,411 596,985 49,196 1,008 50,204 628,770 18,419 647,189

Zawia 147,137 2,813 149,950 24,496 … 24,496 171,633 2,813 174,446

Al Jebel Garbi 77,892 684 78,576 57,275 418 57,693 135,167 1,102 136,269

Sharara Oula 90,391 1,304 91,695 35,527 484 36,011 125,918 1,788 127,706

Jamahiriya 1,579,157 33,821 1,612,978 292,655 2,694 295,349 1,871,812 36,515 1,908,327

Source: The Economic and Social Survey, 2002 – 2003, GAI.

109

Table A.3.13: Enrollment and Repeaters in Primary Schools, 2003 Total Enrollment Repeaters

Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5 Grade 6 Total Number Proportion

Primary

Urban

Aj Jebel Akhdar 14,208 13,812 14,336 15,358 15,904 13,325 86,943 6,951 8.0%

Al Bayen Al Awel 15,844 14,231 16,387 15,676 12,677 15,271 90,086 8,356 9.3%

Golf of Syrt 19,778 20,994 17,164 20,061 17,027 17,189 112,213 8,599 7.7%

Tripoli 36,496 39,848 39,764 39,138 38,792 37,571 231,609 17,687 7.6%

Zawia 9,101 10,323 10,385 9,750 9,044 9,050 57,653 3,445 6.0%

Al Jebel Garbi 5,764 5,058 7,966 6,602 6,452 5,474 37,316 3,836 10.3%

Sharara Oula 5,705 4,752 5,111 6,947 5,610 5,849 33,974 2,488 7.3%

Jamahiriya 106,896 109,018 111,113 113,532 105,506 103,729 649,794 51,362 7.9%

Rural

Aj Jebel Akhdar 4,417 4,419 3,524 3,497 3,927 3,805 23,589 2,395 10.2%

Al Bayen Al Awel 2,421 1,413 1,191 1,519 1,413 1,519 9,476 738 7.8%

Golf of Syrt 3,452 4,338 2,994 3,452 3,860 3,354 21,450 1,809 8.4%

Tripoli 3,647 3,523 3,011 4,319 3,896 3,996 22,392 1,555 6.9%

Zawia 1,669 1,786 964 1,588 1,772 1,607 9,386 799 8.5%

Al Jebel Garbi 4,359 5,012 3,935 4,396 4,361 3,290 25,353 1,855 7.3%

Sharara Oula 1,546 3,198 2,897 2,690 2,886 2,697 15,914 1,178 7.4%

Jamahiriya 21,511 23,689 18,516 21,461 22,115 20,268 127,560 10,329 8.1%

Total

Aj Jebel Akhdar 18,625 18,231 17,860 18,855 19,831 17,130 110,532 9,346 8.5%

Al Bayen Al Awel 18,265 15,644 17,578 17,195 14,090 16,790 99,562 9,094 9.1%

Golf of Syrt 23,230 25,332 20,158 23,513 20,887 20,543 133,663 10,408 7.8%

Tripoli 40,143 43,371 42,775 43,457 42,688 41,567 254,001 19,242 7.6%

Zawia 10,770 12,109 11,349 11,338 10,816 10,657 67,039 4,244 6.3%

Al Jebel Garbi 10,123 10,070 11,901 10,998 10,813 8,764 62,669 5,691 9.1%

Sharara Oula 7,251 7,950 8,008 9,637 8,496 8,546 49,888 3,666 7.3%

Jamahiriya 128,407 132,707 129,629 134,993 127,621 123,997 777,354 61,691 7.9%


110

Table A.3.14: Enrollment and Repeaters in Secondary Schools, 2003 Total Enrollment Repeaters


Lower Secondary Urban

Aj Jebel Akhdar 16,209 16,767 14,808 … … … 47,784 6,080 12.7%Al Bayen Al Awel 16,515 15,775 15,888 … … … 48,178 8,415 17.5%Golf of Syrt 19,196 18,192 17,449 … … … 54,837 8,654 15.8%Tripoli 41,854 38,183 43,160 … … … 123,197 13,504 11.0%Zawia 8,458 8,637 12,210 … … … 29,305 4,397 15.0%Al Jebel Garbi 4,896 5,214 3,972 … … … 14,082 1,768 12.6%Sharara Oula 6,313 6,342 7,105 … … … 19,760 3,077 15.6%Jamahiriya 113,441 109,110 114,592 … … … 337,143 45,895 13.6%

Rural Aj Jebel Akhdar 4,583 4,231 3,607 … … … 12,421 1,465 11.8%Al Bayen Al Awel 1,437 1,601 1,360 … … … 4,398 926 21.1%Golf of Syrt 3,989 3,128 4,575 … … … 11,692 1,936 16.6%Tripoli 3,539 3,194 3,635 … … … 10,368 1,007 9.7%Zawia 2,132 1,791 1,062 … … … 4,985 631 12.7%Al Jebel Garbi 4,686 3,208 3,890 … … … 11,784 1,768 15.0%Sharara Oula 2,767 3,356 1,656 … … … 7,779 3,077 39.6%Jamahiriya 23,133 20,509 19,785 … … … 63,427 10,810 17.0%

Total Aj Jebel Akhdar 20,792 20,998 18,415 … … … 60,205 7,545 12.5%Al Bayen Al Awel 17,952 17,376 17,248 … … … 52,576 9,341 17.8%Golf of Syrt 23,185 21,320 22,024 … … … 66,529 10,590 15.9%Tripoli 45,393 41,377 46,795 … … … 133,565 14,511 10.9%Zawia 10,590 10,428 13,272 … … … 34,290 5,028 14.7%Al Jebel Garbi 9,582 8,422 7,862 … … … 25,866 3,536 13.7%Sharara Oula 9,080 9,698 8,761 … … … 27,539 6,154 22.3%Jamahiriya 136,574 129,619 134,377 … … … 400,570 56,705 14.2%

Total Enrollment Repeaters


Upper Secondary Urban

Aj Jebel Akhdar 16,276 16,321 13,765 612 … … 46,974 5,954 12.7%Al Bayen Al Awel 15,040 13,634 15,958 1,154 … … 45,786 8,105 17.7%Golf of Syrt 17,631 15,300 19,174 2,411 … … 54,516 10,090 18.5%Tripoli 39,709 36,379 45,849 1,901 … … 123,838 15,806 12.8%Zawia 8,915 9,246 11,537 499 … … 30,197 4,371 14.5%Al Jebel Garbi 5,846 4,808 5,296 … … … 15,950 2,548 16.0%Sharara Oula 6,671 6,599 8,363 604 … … 22,237 3,875 17.4%Jamahiriya 110,088 102,287 119,942 7,181 … … 339,498 50,749 14.9%

Rural Aj Jebel Akhdar 4,981 2,881 3,643 140 … … 11,645 2,282 19.6%Al Bayen Al Awel 1,027 752 1,948 … … … 3,727 1,234 33.1%Golf of Syrt 3,786 3,337 4,129 58 … … 11,310 1,788 15.8%Tripoli 3,493 3,044 3,308 544 … … 10,389 1,365 13.1%Zawia 1,604 1,425 2,672 91 … … 5,792 1,089 18.8%Al Jebel Garbi 3,677 4,090 4,694 148 … … 12,609 1,943 15.4%Sharara Oula 2,326 2,255 2,677 … … 7,258 1,616 22.3%Jamahiriya 20,894 17,784 23,071 981 … … 62,730 11,317 18.0%

Total Aj Jebel Akhdar 21,257 19,202 17,408 752 … … 58,619 8,236 14.1%Al Bayen Al Awel 16,067 14,386 17,906 1,154 … … 49,513 9,339 18.9%Golf of Syrt 21,417 18,637 23,303 2,469 … … 65,826 11,878 18.0%Tripoli 43,202 39,423 49,157 2,445 … … 134,227 17,171 12.8%Zawia 10,519 10,671 14,209 590 … … 35,989 5,460 15.2%Al Jebel Garbi 9,523 8,898 9,990 148 … … 28,559 4,491 15.7%Sharara Oula 8,997 8,854 11,040 604 … … 29,495 5,491 18.6%Jamahiriya 130,982 120,071 143,013 8,162 … … 402,228 62,066 15.4%


111

Table A.3.15: Enrollment and Repeaters in Higher Education, 2003 Total Enrollment Repeaters


Higher Education

Urban

Aj Jebel Akhdar 14,239 9,271 6,957 6,393 36,860 5,651 15.3%

Al Bayen Al Awel 9,466 9,530 7,843 7,281 34,120 4,740 13.9%

Golf of Syrt 10,078 9,882 9,236 8,279 37,475 8,396 22.4%

Tripoli 38,810 30,634 25,548 23,349 118,341 13,483 11.4%

Zawia 9,569 9,197 7,596 6,433 32,795 4,511 13.8%

Al Jebel Garbi 3,590 3,346 2,364 1,928 11,228 1,772 15.8%

Sharara Oula 45,200 3,990 3,843 3,371 15,724 1,783 11.3%

Jamahiriya 90,272 75,850 63,387 57,034 286,543 40,336 14.1%

Rural

Aj Jebel Akhdar 3,218 1,473 860 931 6,482 1,481 22.8%

Al Bayen Al Awel 863 458 704 299 2,324 347 14.9%

Golf of Syrt 2,913 1,909 2,492 1,117 8,431 1,400 16.6%

Tripoli 2,519 1,836 1,758 942 7,055 588 8.3%

Zawia 1,058 983 1,149 1,143 4,333 1,067 24.6%

Al Jebel Garbi 2,444 2,237 1,572 1,694 7,947 892 11.2%

Sharara Oula 1,643 1,547 1,013 857 5,060 806 15.9%

Jamahiriya 14,658 10,443 9,548 6,983 41,632 6,581 15.8%

Total

Aj Jebel Akhdar 17,457 10,744 7,817 7,324 43,342 7,132 16.5%

Al Bayen Al Awel 10,329 9,988 8,547 7,580 36,444 5,087 14.0%

Golf of Syrt 12,991 11,791 11,728 9,396 45,906 9,796 21.3%

Tripoli 41,329 32,470 27,306 24,291 125,396 14,071 11.2%

Zawia 10,627 10,180 8,745 7,576 37,128 5,578 15.0%

Al Jebel Garbi 6,034 5,583 3,936 3,622 19,175 2,664 13.9%

Sharara Oula 46,843 5,537 4,856 4,228 20,784 2,589 12.5%

Jamahiriya 104,930 86,293 72,935 64,017 328,175 46,917 14.3%


112

Table A3.16: Dropout by grade, 2003 Total Dropout by Grade

Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5 Grade 6 Total

Primary

Aj Jebel Akhdar … … 75 … 317 226 618

Al Bayen Al Awel 238 … 69 304 … 296 907

Golf of Syrt 58 84 84 73 237 549 1,085

Tripoli … 221 157 289 223 291 1,181

Zawia … … … 148 140 140 428

Al Jebel Garbi … … … … 73 … 73

Sharara Oula 69 72 72 … … 72 285Jamahiriya 365 377 457 814 990 1,574 4,577

Lower Secondary

Aj Jebel Akhdar 473 456 1,012 … … … 1,941

Al Bayen Al Awel 1,391 370 1,084 … … … 2,845

Golf of Syrt 440 678 1,061 … … … 2,179

Tripoli 785 659 674 … … … 2,118

Zawia 542 232 239 … … … 1,013

Al Jebel Garbi 166 395 202 … … … 763

Sharara Oula 140 208 … … … 348Jamahiriya 3,797 2,930 4,480 … … … 11,207

Upper Secondary

Aj Jebel Akhdar 567 536 843 … … … 1,946

Al Bayen Al Awel 1,935 645 566 … … … 3,146

Golf of Syrt 294 298 295 … … … 887

Tripoli 429 389 915 … … … 1,733

Zawia 236 71 509 … … … 816

Al Jebel Garbi 160 161 306 … … … 627

Sharara Oula … … 141 … … … 141Jamahiriya 3,621 2,100 3,575 … … … 9,296

Higher Education

Aj Jebel Akhdar 75 … 87 150 … … 312

Al Bayen Al Awel 497 106 … … … … 603

Golf of Syrt 219 148 148 84 … … 599

Tripoli 898 447 222 … … … 1,567

Zawia … 86 74 … … … 160

Al Jebel Garbi 278 73 … … … … 351

Sharara Oula 163 79 79 69 … … 390Jamahiriya 2,130 939 610 303 … … 3,982


113

Table A.3.17: Reasons for dropping out, Primary Schools, 2003 Reasons for dropping out Reasons for dropping out

Total Dropout No desire

to study Needs to

work Others

Proportion No desire to

study Needs to

work Others

Primary

Urban … … … … … … … …

Aj Jebel Akhdar 527 372 … 155 0.6% 70.6% … 29.4%

Al Bayen Al Awel 661 222 74 365 0.7% 33.6% 11.2% 55.2%

Golf of Syrt 850 613 73 164 0.8% 72.1% 8.6% 19.3%

Tripoli 1,042 234 74 734 0.4% 22.5% 7.1% 70.4%

Zawia 428 … 140 288 0.7% … 32.7% 67.3%

Al Jebel Garbi … … … … … … … …

Sharara Oula 216 72 144 0.6% 33.3% 66.7% …

Jamahiriya 3,724 1,513 505 1,706 0.6% 40.6% 13.6% 45.8%

Rural

Aj Jebel Akhdar 91 … … 91 0.4% … … 100.0%

Al Bayen Al Awel 246 82 … 164 2.6% 33.3% … 66.7%

Golf of Syrt 235 88 … 147 1.1% 37.4% … 62.6%

Tripoli 139 … … 139 0.6% … … 100.0%

Zawia … … … … … … … …

Al Jebel Garbi 73 … … 73 0.3% … … …

Sharara Oula 69 … … 69 0.4% … … 100.0%

Jamahiriya 853 170 … 683 0.7% 19.9% … 80.1%

Total

Aj Jebel Akhdar 618 372 … 246 0.6% 60.2% … 39.8%

Al Bayen Al Awel 907 304 74 529 0.9% 33.5% 8.2% 58.3%

Golf of Syrt 1,085 701 73 311 0.8% 64.6% 6.7% 28.7%

Tripoli 1,181 234 74 873 0.5% 19.8% 6.3% 73.9%

Zawia 428 … 140 288 0.6% … … …

Al Jebel Garbi 73 … … 73 0.1% … … …

Sharara Oula 285 72 144 69 0.6% 25.3% 50.5% 24.2%

Jamahiriya 4,577 1,683 505 2,389 0.6% 36.8% 11.0% 52.2%


114

Table A.3.18: Reasons for dropping out, Secondary Schools, 2003 Reasons for dropping out Reasons for dropping out


to study Needs to

work Others


study Needs to

work Others

Low Secondary Urban

Aj Jebel Akhdar 1,801 1,263 387 151 3.8% 70.1% 21.5% 8.4%Al Bayen Al Awel 2,575 2,205 222 148 5.3% 85.6% 8.6% 5.7%Golf of Syrt 1,850 1,622 148 80 3.4% 87.7% 8.0% 4.3%Tripoli 1,986 1,615 74 297 1.6% 81.3% 3.7% 15.0%Zawia 650 502 74 74 2.2% 77.2% 11.4% 11.4%Al Jebel Garbi 342 342 … … 2.4% … … …Sharara Oula 210 140 70 … 1.1% 66.7% 33.3% …Jamahiriya 9,414 7,689 975 750 2.8% 81.7% 10.4% 8.0%

Rural Aj Jebel Akhdar 140 70 … 70 1.1% 50.0% 50.0%Al Bayen Al Awel 270 164 53 53 6.1% 60.7% 19.6% 19.6%Golf of Syrt 329 241 88 … 2.8% 73.3% 26.7% …Tripoli 132 66 66 … 1.3% 50.0% 50.0% …Zawia 363 363 … … 7.3% … … …Al Jebel Garbi 421 219 146 56 3.6% … … …Sharara Oula 138 138 … … 1.8% 100.0% … …Jamahiriya 1,793 1,261 353 179 2.8% 70.3% 19.7% 10.0%

Total Aj Jebel Akhdar 1,941 1,333 387 221 3.2% 68.7% 19.9% 11.4%Al Bayen Al Awel 2,845 2,369 275 201 5.4% 83.3% 9.7% 7.1%Golf of Syrt 2,179 1,863 236 80 3.3% 85.5% 10.8% 3.7%Tripoli 2,118 1,681 140 297 1.6% 79.4% 6.6% 14.0%Zawia 1,013 865 74 74 3.0% … … …Al Jebel Garbi 763 561 146 56 2.9% … … …Sharara Oula 348 278 70 … 1.3% 79.9% 20.1% …Jamahiriya 11,207 8,950 1,328 929 2.8% 79.9% 11.8% 8.3%

Upper Secondary Urban

Aj Jebel Akhdar 1,640 1,109 458 73 3.5% 67.6% 27.9% 4.5%Al Bayen Al Awel 2,881 1,554 809 518 6.3% 53.9% 28.1% 18.0%Golf of Syrt 887 739 75 73 1.6% 83.3% 8.5% 8.2%Tripoli 1,534 1,063 314 157 1.2% 69.3% 20.5% 10.2%Zawia 361 145 145 71 1.2% 40.2% 40.2% 19.7%Al Jebel Garbi 498 168 242 88 3.1% … … …Sharara Oula 72 … 72 … 0.3% … 100.0% …Jamahiriya 7,873 4,778 2,115 980 2.3% 60.7% 26.9% 12.4%

Rural Aj Jebel Akhdar 306 140 166 … 2.6% 45.8% 54.2% …Al Bayen Al Awel 265 265 … … 7.1% 100.0% … …Golf of Syrt … … … … … … … …Tripoli 199 199 … 1.9% 100.0% … …Zawia 455 364 91 … 7.9% … … …Al Jebel Garbi 129 129 … 1.0% … … …Sharara Oula 69 69 … 1.0% … 100.0% …Jamahiriya 1,423 1,097 326 … 2.3% 77.1% 22.9% …

Total Aj Jebel Akhdar 1,946 1,249 624 73 3.3% 64.2% 32.1% 3.8%Al Bayen Al Awel 3,146 1,819 809 518 6.4% 57.8% 25.7% 16.5%Golf of Syrt 887 739 75 73 1.3% 83.3% 8.5% 8.2%Tripoli 1,733 1,262 314 157 1.3% 72.8% 18.1% 9.1%Zawia 816 509 236 71 2.3% … … …Al Jebel Garbi 627 297 242 88 2.2% … … …Sharara Oula 141 … 141 … 0.5% … 100.0% …Jamahiriya 9,296 5,875 2,441 980 2.3% 63.2% 26.3% 10.5%


115

Table A.3.19: Reasons for dropping out, Higher Education, 2003 Reasons for dropping out Reasons of dropping out


to study Needs to

work Others


study Needs to

work Others

Higher Education Urban

Aj Jebel Akhdar 312 75 237 … 0.8% 24.0% 76.0%Al Bayen Al Awel 444 296 74 74 1.3% 66.7% 16.7% 16.7%Golf of Syrt 599 223 73 303 1.6% 37.2% 12.2% 50.6%Tripoli 1,567 593 601 373 1.3% 37.8% 38.4% 23.8%Zawia 74 74 … … 0.2% 100.0% … …Al Jebel Garbi 278 176 … 102 2.5% … … …Sharara Oula 252 173 … 79 1.6% 68.7% … 31.3%Jamahiriya 3,526 1,610 985 931 1.2% 45.7% 27.9% 26.4%

Rural Aj Jebel Akhdar … … … … … … … …

Al Bayen Al Awel 159 106 … 53 6.8% 66.7% … 33.3%Golf of Syrt … … … … … … … …Tripoli … … … … … … … …Zawia 86 86 … … 2.0% … … …Al Jebel Garbi 73 73 … … 0.9% … … …Sharara Oula 138 … … 138 2.7% … … 100.0%Jamahiriya 456 265 … 191 1.1% 58.1% … 41.9%

Total Aj Jebel Akhdar 312 75 237 … 0.7% 24.0% 76.0% …Al Bayen Al Awel 603 402 74 127 1.7% 66.7% 12.3% 21.1%Golf of Syrt 599 223 73 303 1.3% 37.2% 12.2% 50.6%Tripoli 1,567 593 601 373 1.2% 37.8% 38.4% 23.8%Zawia 160 160 … … 0.4% … … …Al Jebel Garbi 351 249 … 102 1.8% … … …Sharara Oula 390 173 … 217 1.9% 44.4% … 55.6%Jamahiriya 3,982 1,875 985 1,122 1.2% 47.1% 24.7% 28.2%


116

Table A.3.20: Student, Teacher School and Classroom, 2005-2006

Pupils Teachers General Education Population

Surface km²

Density Basic

Education Secondary Total

Basic Education

Secondary Total School Classes

Ijdabia 165,839 91,620 1.8 30,405 7,802 38,207 4,464 1,507 5,971 81 831

Butnan 144,527 83,860 1.7 31,478 11,564 43,042 6,879 2,839 9,718 125 1,208

Jebal Akhdar 194,185 7,800 24.9 42,435 11,534 53,969 12,101 2,763 14,864 178 1,643

Jfara 289,340 1,940 149.1 51,339 16,592 67,931 17,289 4,859 22,148 250 2,559

Jufrah 45,117 117,410 0.4 9,479 2,184 11,663 2,180 544 2,724 46 446

Hizem Akhdar 108,860 12,000 9.1 23,133 7,244 30,377 3,945 1,660 5,605 143 909

Zawia 199,177 1,520 131.0 37,231 12,473 49,704 12,781 5,023 17,804 185 1,750

Kobba 93,895 14,723 6.4 16,697 5,307 22,004 2,691 994 3,685 79 736

Kofra 51,433 483,510 0.1 11,891 2,340 14,231 1,396 195 1,591 31 324

Marj 116,318 10,000 11.6 26,148 7,545 33,693 5,145 1,436 6,581 114 956

Margheb 328,292 3,000 109.4 69,748 23,472 93,220 11,691 2,960 14,651 303 2,613

Nikat Khoms 208,954 5,250 39.8 37,158 12,759 49,917 15,964 4,616 20,580 225 2,142

Wahat 29,257 108,670 0.3 5,887 1,535 7,422 684 280 964 43 360

Benghazi 636,992 800 796.2 120,801 37,318 158,119 13,724 4,397 18,121 252 3,864

Beni Walid 77,424 19,710 3.9 13,381 5,860 19,241 2,838 1,084 3,922 60 674

Tajoura & Nawahi 267,031 1,430 186.7 58,859 14,924 73,783 9,907 2,680 12,587 261 2,243Tarhunah and Mislata

296,092 5,840 50.7 55,723 20,072 75,795 10,028 2,500 12,528 433 3,150

Darna 81,174 4,908 16.5 18,377 4,054 22,431 6,100 1,378 7,478 55 736

Sebha 126,610 15,330 8.3 29,496 8,852 38,348 4,026 1,415 5,441 70 691

Syrt 156,389 77,660 2.0 31,065 9,652 40,717 4,297 1,137 5,434 128 1,280

Sabratha & Surman 152,521 1,370 111.3 26,347 10,786 37,133 11,003 4,447 15,450 157 1,349

Tripoli 882,926 400 2,207.3 144,685 52,186 196,871 28,768 11,314 40,082 304 5,006

Ghat 22,770 72,700 0.3 5,637 1,178 6,815 638 146 784 26 219

Ghadames 19,000 51,750 0.4 3,933 1,128 5,061 698 327 1,025 25 184

Ghiryan 161,408 4,660 34.6 29,551 10,865 40,416 9,589 3,188 12,777 220 1,723Murzuk and Alktron

68,718 349,790 0.2 16,078 5,646 21,724 2,875 1,079 3,954 83 785

Mizdah 41,476 72,180 0.6 8,634 2,888 11,522 1,381 560 1,941 54 383

Misurata 360,521 2,770 130.2 65,023 15,816 80,839 7,553 1,947 9,500 204 2,212

Nalut 86,801 13,300 6.5 13,345 4,440 17,785 3,263 1,092 4,355 106 556

Wadi Hayet 72,587 31,890 2.3 16,067 4,903 20,970 2,801 1,260 4,061 82 675

Wadi Shati 77,263 97,160 0.8 15,915 5,783 21,698 5,433 2,042 7,475 99 605

Ifrane 117,647 9,310 12.6 20,966 6,840 27,806 5,242 1,610 6,852 168 1,041

Jamahiriya 5,680,544 1,774,261 3.2 1,086,912 345,542 1,432,454 227,374 73,279 300,653 373,932 674,585


117

Table A.3.21: Pupil/Teacher Ratio and Density Pupils/Teacher ratio Density (Pupils/km²) Density (Teacher/km²)

Basic Education

Secondary Total Basic

Education Secondary Total

Basic Education

Secondary Total

Ijdabia 6.8 5.2 6.4 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1Butnan 4.6 4.1 4.4 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.1Jebal Akhdar 3.5 4.2 3.6 5.4 1.5 6.9 1.6 0.4 1.9Jfara 3.0 3.4 3.1 26.5 8.6 35.0 8.9 2.5 11.4Jufrah 4.3 4.0 4.3 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0Hizem Akhdar 5.9 4.4 5.4 1.9 0.6 2.5 0.3 0.1 0.5Zawia 2.9 2.5 2.8 24.5 8.2 32.7 8.4 3.3 11.7Kobba 6.2 5.3 6.0 1.1 0.4 1.5 0.2 0.1 0.3Kofra 8.5 12.0 8.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Marj 5.1 5.3 5.1 2.6 0.8 3.4 0.5 0.1 0.7Margheb 6.0 7.9 6.4 23.2 7.8 31.1 3.9 1.0 4.9Nikat Khoms 2.3 2.8 2.4 7.1 2.4 9.5 3.0 0.9 3.9Wahat 8.6 5.5 7.7 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0Benghazi 8.8 8.5 8.7 151.0 46.6 197.6 17.2 5.5 22.7Beni Walid 4.7 5.4 4.9 0.7 0.3 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.2Tajoura & Nawahi 5.9 5.6 5.9 41.2 10.4 51.6 6.9 1.9 8.8Tarhunah and Mislata 5.6 8.0 6.1 9.5 3.4 13.0 1.7 0.4 2.1Darna 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.7 0.8 4.6 1.2 0.3 1.5Sebha 7.3 6.3 7.0 1.9 0.6 2.5 0.3 0.1 0.4Syrt 7.2 8.5 7.5 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.1Sabratha & Surman 2.4 2.4 2.4 19.2 7.9 27.1 8.0 3.2 11.3Tripoli 5.0 4.6 4.9 361.7 130.5 492.2 71.9 28.3 100.2Ghat 8.8 8.1 8.7 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0Ghadames 5.6 3.4 4.9 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0Ghiryan 3.1 3.4 3.2 6.3 2.3 8.7 2.1 0.7 2.7Murzuk and Alktron 5.6 5.2 5.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0Mizdah 6.3 5.2 5.9 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0Misurata 8.6 8.1 8.5 23.5 5.7 29.2 2.7 0.7 3.4Nalut 4.1 4.1 4.1 1.0 0.3 1.3 0.2 0.1 0.3Wadi Hayet 5.7 3.9 5.2 0.5 0.2 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.1Wadi Shati 2.9 2.8 2.9 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1Ifrane 4.0 4.2 4.1 2.3 0.7 3.0 0.6 0.2 0.7

Jamahiriya 4.8 4.7 4.8 0.6 0.2 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.2


118

Table A.3.22: Universities: Operating Budget (In million of LD) Budget Achievements Execution rate 2003

Title 1 Title 2 Total Title 1 Title 2 Total Title 1 Title 2 Total 1 Omar Mokhtar 12,3 3,2 15,5 13,2 4,9 18,1 107.2% 155.0% 117.0% 2 Garyounes 26,6 6,2 32,8 20,6 6,0 26,6 77.4% 95.9% 80.9% 3 Ettahaddi 11,4 3,7 15,1 9,6 4,3 13,9 83.8% 116.5% 91.8% 4 Sabha 12,9 3,5 16,3 11,8 4,1 15,9 91.5% 118.0% 97.1% 5 El Djebel Gharbi 11,4 3,2 14,6 9,0 2,5 11,4 78.6% 77.7% 78.4% 6 7 April 17,3 2,8 20,1 15,2 3,0 18,2 87.9% 107.2% 90.6% 7 El Fatah 53,0 9,2 62,1 47,4 4,8 52,2 89.4% 52.6% 84.0% 8 Naceur 1,2 489,0 1,7 704,0 488,0 1,2 60.6% 99.8% 72.2% 9 7 October 10,1 1,2 11,3 5,4 775,0 6,2 53.6% 63.6% 54.7%

10 El Markeb 15,8 4,2 19,9 13,6 4,1 17,7 86.2% 99.6% 89.0% 11 El Asmaria 1,1 578,0 1,7 1,0 608,0 1,6 92.3% 105.3% 96.7% 12 El Maftouha 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 … … …13 El Fateh Medecine … … 0,0 … … 0,0 … … … 14 El Arab Medecine … … 0,0 … … 0,0 … … …

Total 173,0 38,2 211,2 147,4 35,7 183,0 85.2% 93.3% 86.7%

Budget Achievements Execution rate 2004 Title 1 Title 2 Total Title 1 Title 2 Total Title 1 Title 2 Total

1 Omar Mokhtar 15,2 7,2 22,4 19,1 7,8 26,8 125.5% 107.6% 119.8% 2 Garyounes 30,0 9,8 39,9 29,1 6,2 35,3 97.0% 62.7% 88.5% 3 Ettahaddi 14,9 6,5 21,5 8,3 4,0 12,3 55.8% 60.7% 57.2% 4 Sabha 15,9 7,3 23,2 13,2 6,8 20,0 83.2% 92.9% 86.3% 5 El Djebel Gharbi 15,9 6,9 22,9 11,2 4,3 15,5 70.5% 61.5% 67.8% 6 7 April 20,2 5,5 25,7 21,8 4,2 26,0 107.9% 76.8% 101.3% 7 El Fatah 58,9 17,1 76,0 64,8 1,1 65,9 110.0% 6.2% 86.7% 8 Naceur 1,3 905,0 2,2 1,1 855,0 2,0 88.3% 94.5% 90.9% 9 7 October 12,0 3,1 15,1 7,2 1,9 9,1 59.5% 62.7% 60.2%

10 El Markeb 16,6 7,0 23,6 17,9 6,5 24,3 107.5% 92.8% 103.2% 11 El Asmaria 1,4 762,0 2,1 1,1 665,0 1,7 77.3% 87.3% 80.8% 12 El Maftouha 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 … … … 13 El Fateh Medecine … … 0,0 … … 0,0 … … … 14 El Arab Medecine … … 0,0 … … 0,0 … … …

Total 202,4 72,1 274,5 194,8 44,2 238,9 96.3% 61.2% 87.1%

Budget Achievements Execution rate 2005 Title 1 Title 2 Total Title 1 Title 2 Total Title 1 Title 2 Total


10 El Markeb 22,9 8,2 31,1 23,9 10,2 34,2 104.7% 124.3% 109.9% 11 El Asmaria 1,7 1,0 2,7 1,6 989,0 2,6 98.0% 98.9% 98.4% 12 El Maftouha 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 … … … 13 El Fateh Medecine … … 0,0 … … 0,0 … … … 14 El Arab Medecine … … 0,0 … … 0,0 … … …

Total 297,1 103,3 400,4 244,1 82,2 326,2 82.2% 79.5% 81.5%

119

Budget Achievements Execution rate 2006

Title 1 Title 2 Total Title 1 Title 2 Total Title 1 Title 2 Total 1 Omar Mokhtar 32,7 8,5 41,2 34,9 12,2 47,1 106.9% 143.2% 114.4% 2 Garyounes 57,3 10,6 67,9 53,1 16,2 69,3 92.6% 153.5% 102.1% 3 Ettahaddi 18,0 4,4 22,4 16,6 4,0 20,7 92.5% 91.0% 92.2% 4 Sabha 20,0 5,9 25,9 20,0 9,1 29,1 100.0% 154.8% 112.4% 5 El Djebel Gharbi 24,1 6,2 30,3 21,6 7,4 29,0 89.5% 120.4% 95.8% 6 7 April 30,9 5,0 35,9 31,9 5,2 37,1 103.2% 103.2% 103.2% 7 El Fatah 95,0 12,9 107,9 64,3 12,5 76,8 67.7% 97.0% 71.2% 8 Naceur 2,5 2,4 4,9 2,9 2,2 5,1 115.6% 94.4% 105.3% 9 7 October 16,3 3,0 19,3 16,1 3,2 19,3 98.6% 107.9% 100.0%

10 El Markeb 23,6 7,8 31,4 24,7 9,2 33,9 104.9% 117.6% 108.1% 11 El Asmaria 2,0 778,0 2,8 1,9 853,0 2,7 93.7% 109.7% 98.2% 12 El Maftouha 750,0 353,0 1,1 727,0 311,0 1,0 96.9% 88.2% 94.1% 13 El Fateh Medecine … … 0,0 … … 0,0 … … … 14 El Arab Medecine … … 0,0 … … 0,0 … … …

Total 323,1 67,8 390,9 288,7 82,5 371,2 89.4% 121.7% 95.0%

2007 Budget Achievements Execution rate 6 month Title 1 Title 2 Total Title 1 Title 2 Total Title 1 Title 2 Total


10 El Markeb 26,5 12,0 38,5 14,1 5,7 19,7 53.2% 47.2% 51.3% 11 El Asmaria 2,6 1,4 4,0 1,2 641,0 1,9 48.0% 46.2% 47.4% 12 El Maftouha 850,0 669,0 1,5 414,0 242,0 656,0 48.7% 36.2% 43.2% 13 El Fateh Medecine … … 0,0 … … 0,0 … … … 14 El Arab Medecine … … 0,0 … … 0,0 … … …

Total 304,2 103,5 407,6 165,6 53,0 218,6 54.5% 51.2% 53.6% Source: GPC Planning and Higher Education.

120

Table A.3.23: Educational statute by Shaabiat

Illiterate Pre-elementary Elementary Middle Secondary University

El-Bataan 13.8 12.7 17.4 21.5 30.4 4.2

Derna 6.7 10.6 17.6 22.2 33.0 9.9

EI-Ghobba 11.9 11.0 20.2 23.1 30.8 3.1

Gebel Akhdar 9.3 11.7 22.4 21.3 28.4 6.9

El-Marj 16.2 14.7 18.2 18.8 27.1 5.0

Hezam Akhdar 18.2 16.8 25.9 18.3 18.1 2.7

Benghazi 6.9 11.6 20.5 25.1 24.9 11.0

Ajdabia 16.4 16.0 25.9 20.3 17.1 4.2

El-Wahat 11.6 18.7 20.9 24.1 21.1 3.6

El-Kufra 20.9 27.7 16.7 16.9 16.1 1.8

Sirt 19.4 16.2 15.6 17.7 25.6 5.5

El-Joufra 14.5 12.3 15.5 17.0 36.7 4.0

Misurata 14.2 12.6 17.4 20.0 28.1 7.8

Beni Walid 17.0 11.4 13.8 18.6 32.5 6.7

Al-Mergheb 18.2 12.9 16.1 17.6 28.9 6.4

Tarhuna & Missallata 22.5 14.7 16.4 18.5 23.6 4.5

Tripoli 7.1 9.9 12.7 22.8 34.6 13.0

El-Jafara 12.2 7.5 9.8 20.1 39.8 10.6

Zawia 14.3 9.5 16.1 20.7 29.0 10.4

Sabrata & Surman 12.1 9.3 14.9 20.0 34.7 9.0

El-Nikat El-Khams 12.7 10.4 14.0 19.3 36.2 7.3

Ghanian 12.7 8.4 12.4 19.6 38.2 8.8

Mizda 20.0 14.9 16.6 20.5 24.1 3.9

Yefren & Jadu 14.2 11.5 14.3 20.6 33.9 5.7

Naloot 14.8 10.7 10.7 20.8 38.3 4.8

Ghdames 6.8 11.2 16.8 19.3 36.9 8.9

Sebha 28.0 8.8 13.8 23.2 21.4 4.8

Wadi EI-Shati 24.4 9.7 14.3 26.9 22.0 2.6

Wadi El-Haya 18.4 19.3 15.5 14.2 28.8 3.9

Murzuq 23.9 9.7 20.5 21.9 21.3 2.7

Ghat 18.0 20.3 20.6 15.7 20.7 4.7Source: HH survey 2002/03, GAI.

121

Table A.3.24: Labor Force by Sector

1995 2000 2004 2007

Number Structure Number Structure Number Structure Number Structure

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 146,214 13.0% 239,100 16.5% 113,400 7.1% 122,248 7.5%

Mining, Oil ansd gaz 25,251 2.2% 52,400 3.6% 75,600 4.7% 75,369 4.6%

Manufacturing 98,511 8.8% 169,600 11.7% 188,800 11.8% 70,820 4.3%

Electricity, gas, and water 31,933 2.8% 41,000 2.8% 55,800 3.5% 42,018 2.6%

Construction 84,537 7.5% 222,000 15.4% 49,600 3.1% 39,644 2.4%

Trade, hotels, and restaurants 105,638 9.4% 69,500 4.8% 176,800 11.1% 143,162 8.7%

Transportation and communication 66,492 5.9% 143,400 9.9% 60,900 3.8% 153,902 9.4%

Finance, insurance, and real estate 20,387 1.8% 33,000 2.3% 41,800 2.6% 32,297 2.0%

Public administrations 327,169 29.1% 118,900 8.2% 240,500 15.0% 164,568 10.0%

Education services 178,515 15.9% 198,200 13.7% 401,000 25.1% 552,306 33.7%

Health services 34,509 3.1% 86,100 6.0% 173,700 10.9% 104,607 6.4%

Other services 5,442 0.5% 71,800 5.0% 22,100 1.4% 136,842 8.4%

Total 1,124,598 100.0% 1,445,000 100.0% 1,600,000 100.0% 1,637,783 100.0%

Sources : 1995: General Census of Population, Final Results, GAI, 1998. 2000 and 2004: The Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Statistical Appendix, IMF Country Report No. 07/148, International Monetary Fund, May 2007. 2007: GPC Manpower, Development Program 2008-2012, September 2007.

122

Table A.3.25: Education: Investments by Sector, 2004-2006 (In million of LD)

General Education Manpower Higher Education

2004 2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006

Investment Budget

Sector allocations fl ž fl žflž ž−fl − žflž žfl žflž

Mandates issued −− fl fl žflž − žflž fl ž fl

Actual expenditure žfl fl žfl − fl − fl fl

Position of the projects ended

The total value of contracts fl fl fl fl fl žfl fl

Outstanding at 31. 12 flž fl fl žfl fl −fl fl

The rest commitment − fl fl −ž flž −−fl − fl fl − fl

The number of projects −fl −fl flž flž − flž − flž flž

Projects under way

The total value of contracts fl žfl −fl −ž−fl −fl − fl −− flž

Outstanding at 31. 12 − fl − fl fl flž − žfl fl fl

The rest commitment žfl flž − fl fl − žfl fl fl

The number of projects −fl −fl ž flž flž −flž flž − flž

Projects stalled

The total value of contracts fl− −− fl ž fl − fl − flž − flž − fl−

Outstanding at 31. 12 −ž fl fl fl fl fl fl fl

The rest commitment − fl flž −fl −−fl − fl −−fl −žfl

Number of projects ž−flž žžflž ž flž flž flž flž flž Projects were contracted during the year

The total value of contracts − fl− − −fl −fl− fl ž−fl fl −−−fl

Outstanding at 31. 12 žfl − fl

The rest commitment žfl fl−

Number of projects flž

Projects not start

The total value of contracts − fl − fl − fl žfl − fl − fl fl

Outstanding at 31. 12 fl fl − fl − flž flž žfl − flž

The rest commitment − fl − fl −− fl žflž − fl flž fl

Number of projects −flž flž flž flž flž flž flž


123

Table A.3.26: Standards for determining needs surface

Fields Unit area per student

Pharmacy 18.1m²

Nursing 9.1 m²

Medicine 20.5 m²

Dentistry 16.7 m²

Medical Technique 18.1 m²

Veterinarian 15.3 m²

Agriculture 15.3 m²

Engineering 16.8 m²

Information Technology 9.5 m²

Natural resources 16.8 m²

Letters 3.8 m²

Sciences 15.3 m²

Economy 5.3 m²

Management 5.3 m²

Law 3.8 m²

Languages 4.9 m²

Physical Education 9.1 m²

Art and information 3.8 m²

Source: GPC Higher Education.

124

Table A.3.27: Development Program in Higher Education: Investments (In million of LD) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Ongoing projects in universities 152.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 54.1 Maintenance of universities 60.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 20.0 National Project ICT 20.0 20.0 30.0 18.0 15.0 Centre of quality and accreditation (CQA) 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 Training Institute for CQA 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 Specialization centre CQA 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.3 Central Library CQA 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 Higher Studies inside and outside 480.0 510.0 510.0 580.0 650.0 Training 90.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 30.0 Statistics 15.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 5.0 Studies and Research 75.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 25.0 University Batnan 74.0 111.0 111.0 74.0 0.0 University Darna 74.0 111.0 111.0 74.0 0.0 University Omar Mokhtar 187.0 295.0 208.0 100.0 0.0 University Garyounes 108.0 180.0 72.0 0.0 0.0 University Arab Medical 117.0 195.0 78.0 0.0 0.0 University Tahaddi 189.0 315.0 126.0 0.0 0.0 University Sabha 152.0 240.0 168.0 80.0 0.0 University Wadi 99.0 165.0 66.0 0.0 0.0 University Misrata 140.0 217.0 179.0 102.0 0.0 University Markeb 147.0 230.0 177.0 96.0 0.0 University El Fateh 94.0 141.0 141.0 94.0 0.0 University Fateh medical 165.0 275.0 110.0 0.0 0.0 University Jafara 116.0 174.0 174.0 116.0 0.0 University Zawia 114.0 189.5 76.5 0.0 0.0 University of Energy technology 126.0 210.0 84.0 0.0 0.0 University Naser 63.0 105.0 42.0 0.0 0.0 University Nalout 120.0 200.0 80.0 0.0 0.0 University Djebel Gharbi 90.0 150.0 60.0 0.0 0.0 University Nikat El Khams 81.0 122.0 121.0 81.0 0.0 University Maftouha 7.0 4.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 University Asmaria 13.0 11.0 6.0 6.0 0.0 Higher Institutes 10.0 15.0 15.0 20.0 20.0 Private Education 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0

Total 3,202.6 4,468.6 3,030.6 1,726.1 840,7

Source: GPC Higher Education.

Table A.3.28: Distribution of teachers by education level and gender 2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007

Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total

Basic Education 171,178 39,103 210,281 186,289 41,196 227,485 204,946 46,312 251,258

Teacher in class … … … 121,943 29,226 151,169 139,937 30,035 169,972

Teacher reservist … … … 64,346 11,970 76,316 65,009 16,277 81,286

Secondary 47,392 19,650 67,042 52,078 21,251 73,329 57,321 22,903 80,224

Teacher in class … … … 39,301 15,395 54,696 39,301 15,395 54,696

Teacher reservist … … … 14,391 5,182 19,573 18,020 7,508 25,528

Vocational Training … … … … … … … 12,006

Middle Center … … … … … … … … 9,134

Advanced Center … … … … … … … … 2,872

Higher Education … … 11,918 … … … … 15,520

Permanent … … 9,026 … … … … … 10,809

Temporary … … 2,892 … … … … … 4,711

Source: GPC General Education, GPC Higher Education and GPC Manpower and Training.

125

Table A.3.29: Capital expenditure in higher education, 2006 (In million LD) Universities 120 Higher Institutes 35 Graduate interior 40 Graduate abroad 180 Academy graduate 5 Total 380


Table A.3.30: Classroom ratio by school

The following chart shows the distribution of schools of basic education and secondary divided according to their size (in terms of number of students represented by the diameter of the bubble) and according to the ratio of the number of students per classroom:

Pupils - Classroom ratio by school (Basic Education - 2006)

Source: According data GPC General Education

Pupils - Classroom ratio by school (Secondary - 2006)

Source: According data GPC General Education

126

Table A.3.31: Gross intake ratio, Primary, 2006-2007

Table A.3.31: GER, Primary (6-11 years), 2006-2007

127

Table A.3.32: Pupil Teacher ratio by Shaabiat, Basic Education, 2006-2007

Table A.3.33: Pupil Teacher ratio by Shaabiat, Secondary Education, 2006-2007

Source: Author’s calculation based on data of GPC General Education

128

Table A.3.34: Gross Enrollment Rate, by Age Group (2005–06) Female Male Total Gross intake ratio,29 primary 102.0% 103.0% 102.5% Gross Enrollment Rate

06–11 years 112.3% 114.8% 113.6% 12–14 years 125.0% 123.7% 124.3% 06–14 years 116.4% 117.7% 117.0% 12–18 years 107.3% 90.7% 98.8% 15–18 years30 94.8% 67.3% 80.8% 19–23 years 53.1% 39.4% 46.1% 06–23 years 89.1% 79.1% 84.0%

Source: GPC for General Education, World Population Prospects, The 2006 Revision Population Database, United Nations, Population Division, General Authority for Information and our calculation.

Table A.3.35: Universities, Students, and Teachers (2006–07) Students Teachers

Female Male Total Permanen

t Temporary Total

Proportion of Girls

(%)

Student- teacher Ratio

Universities

Al Fateh 35,117 25,795 60,912 2,495 0 2,495 57.7% 24.4

Garyonis 31,318 18,737 50,055 1,474 1,185 2,659 62.6% 18.8

Sabha 6,760 3,605 10,365 741 193 934 65.2% 11.1

Naser 230 570 800 244 112 356 28.8% 2.2

Omar Mukhtar 14,772 9,063 23,835 1,120 380 1,500 62.0% 15.9

Mergeb 9,544 12,412 21,956 957 508 1,465 43.5% 15.0

Al Maftouha 2,113 2,606 4,719 436 — 436 44.8% 10.8

7th April 19,817 10,884 30,701 1,270 675 1,945 64.5% 15.8

Tahadi 3,840 3,766 7,606 391 25 416 50.5% 18.3

Jabel Gharbi 9,102 5,157 14,259 657 398 1,055 63.8% 13.5

Asmarya 367 1,060 1,427 51 51 25.7% 28.0

7th October 8,571 5,624 14,195 709 349 1,058 60.4% 13.4

Total Universities 141,551 99,279 240,830 10,545 3,825 14,370 58.8% 16.8

Higher Institutes 6,389 3,453 9,842 436 1,064 1,500 64.9% 6.6

Total Higher Education 147,940 102,732 250,672 10,981 4,889 15,870 59.0% 15.8

Source: GPC for Higher Education, Yearbook 2006–2007.

Table A.3.36: Higher Institutes, Students, and Teachers (2006–07) Students Teachers

Female Male Total Permanent Temporary Total

Proportion of Girls

(%) Student-

teacher Ratio

College of Engineering 83 320 403 66 26 92 20.6% 4.4

College of Electronics 36 236 272 81 6 87 13.2% 3.1

College of Medical Technology (2 institutes) 734 665 1,399 65 99 164 52.5% 8.5

College of Civil Aviation 117 686 803 57 22 79 14.6% 10.2

College of Industry 25 371 396 37 12 49 6.3% 8.1

College of Religious Sciences 103 109 212 9 0 9 48.6% 23.6

Health Institutes (26 institutes) 5,291 1,066 6,357 121 899 1,020 83.2% 6.2

Total 6,389 3,453 9,842 436 1,064 1,500 64.9% 6.6

Source: GPC for Higher Education, Yearbook 2006–2007.

29 Total number of new entrants in the first grade of primary education, regardless of age (% of population at the entry age) 30 Adding students abroad, in postgraduate and vocational training. Data for students in private sector are not available.

129

Table A.3.37: Higher Education, Student and Teachers Composition, by Field (2006–07)

Students Formal Teachers

Female Male Total Libyan Non-

Libyan Total

Proportion of

Libyans (%)

Student-teacher Ratio

Arts and Sciences 56,938 25,089 82,027 3,257 1,149 4,406 73.9% 18.6

Economy 10,301 19,732 30,033 854 60 914 93.4% 32.9

Law and Theology 9,015 9,990 19,005 288 106 394 73.1% 48.2

Agriculture 3,324 2,416 5,740 304 82 386 78.8% 14.9

Physical Education 68 829 897 172 10 182 94.5% 4.9

Medical Technology 12,561 5,060 17,621 192 112 304 63.2% 58.0

Pharmacy 4,223 1,445 5,668 77 46 123 62.6% 46.1

Veterinary Medicine 354 626 980 68 80 148 45.9% 6.6

Medicine 13,855 9,230 23,085 983 281 1,264 77.8% 18.3

Dentistry 5,639 2,673 8,312 83 39 122 68.0% 68.1

Teacher Training 22,559 5,806 28,365 424 382 806 52.6% 35.2

Engineering 6,623 16,170 22,793 1,126 319 1,445 77.9% 15.8

Total 145,460 99,066 244,526 7,828 2,666 10,494 74.6% 23.3

Students Formal Teachers

Female Male Total Libyan Non-

Libyan Total

Proportion of

Libyans (%)

Student-teacher Ratio

Arts and Sciences 56,938 25,089 82,027 3,257 1,149 4,406 73.9% 18.6

Economy 10,301 19,732 30,033 854 60 914 93.4% 32.9

Law and Theology 9,015 9,990 19,005 288 106 394 73.1% 48.2

Agriculture 3,324 2,416 5,740 304 82 386 78.8% 14.9

Physical Education 68 829 897 172 10 182 94.5% 4.9

Medical Technology 12,561 5,060 17,621 192 112 304 63.2% 58.0

Pharmacy 4,223 1,445 5,668 77 46 123 62.6% 46.1

Veterinary Medicine 354 626 980 68 80 148 45.9% 6.6

Medicine 13,855 9,230 23,085 983 281 1,264 77.8% 18.3

Dentistry 5,639 2,673 8,312 83 39 122 68.0% 68.1

Teacher Training 22,559 5,806 28,365 424 382 806 52.6% 35.2

Engineering 6,623 16,170 22,793 1,126 319 1,445 77.9% 15.8

Total 145,460 99,066 244,526 7,828 2,666 10,494 74.6% 23.3

Source: Calculations based on data from GPC for Higher Education. Al Maftouha University (4,719 students) and Asmarya University (1,427 students) are not included.

Table A.3.38: Structure of Household Expenditures, by Area of Residence

Urban Rural Food and Tobacco 38.6 40.0 Clothing 9.1 11.1 Housing 21.9 18.0 Furnishing 6.9 8.1 Health 3.2 3.4 Transport and Communications 10.6 11.3 Culture and Recreation 3.2 2.0 Education 2.0 2.0 Other Costs 4.6 4.0

Total 100.0 100.0

Source: The Economic and Social Survey, 2002–2003, GAI.

130

Table A.3.39: Household Expenditures on Education, by Region and Area of Residence Total Expenditures Expenditures in Education

In LD by Person/Year In LD by Person/Year In % of Total Expenditures

Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Aj Jebel Akhdar 1,124.6 1,038.6 1,105.5 25.5 19.4 24.1 2.3% 1.9% 2.2% Al Bayen Al Awel 1,267.4 1,125.2 1,254.8 33.8 36.9 34.0 2.7% 3.3% 2.7% Golf of Syrt 1,175.3 1,039.9 1,154.9 24.5 17.3 23.4 2.1% 1.7% 2.0% Tripoli 1,298.1 1,038.5 1,278.2 21.0 26.3 21.4 1.6% 2.5% 1.7% Zawia 1,457.4 1,284.0 1,438.0 25.7 16.7 24.7 1.8% 1.3% 1.7% Al Jebel Garbi 1,236.1 1,068.8 1,165.1 23.7 24.7 24.2 1.9% 2.3% 2.1% Sharara Oula 1,170.1 1,216.2 1,183.9 34.5 17.9 29.5 2.9% 1.5% 2.5%

Jamahiriya 1,260.3 1,089.7 1,234.7 25.1 22.3 24.7 2.0% 2.0% 2.0%

Source: The Economic and Social Survey, 2002–2003, GAI.

131

HEALTH SECTOR

Table A.4.1: Key Economic, Demographic and Human Development Indicators, 1998-2005 Units 1998 2000 2002 2004 2005

GDP per capita: Current prices National currency 2,591 3,487 4,566 6,928 9,317 Current prices U.S. dollars 5,543 6,808 3,593 5,309 7,121 Constant prices Current international dollar (PPP) 8,886 9,253 9,950 11,178 12,027 Demographic indicators: Total population Millions of inhabitants 5.10 5.31 5.52 5.74 5.85 Aged up to 14 years old Percent of total 35,1 32,9 31.3 30.4 30.1 Aged 15-64 years old Percent of total 61,7 63.6 64.9 65.7 65.9 Aged 65 years old-above Percent of total 3,2 3.5 3.7 4.0 4.1 Age dependency Ratio 0.62 0.57 0.54 0.52 0.52 Urban population Percent of total 82.3 83.1 83.8 84.5 84.8 Human development : Life expectancy at birth Years 73.1 73.7 74.1 74.4 Human development index (HDI) Index 0.760 0.772 0.794 0.798 0.713

Sources: IMF, World Bank, WHO, and UNDP.

Table A.4.2: Mortality Indicators, 1990-20051 1990 1995 2000 2005 Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births): National 27 19 22 21 WHO & UNICEF 35 25 20 18 UN 38 31 24 21 Child mortality (per 1,000 live births): National 33 25 28 27 WHO & UNICEF 41 28 22 19 UN … … 26 23 Maternal mortality (per 100,000 live births): National … 77 … 40 UN 220 120 97 …

1 Infant and child mortality data for 1990 refer to 1991. Maternal mortality data for 2005 refer to 2004. Sources: Ministry of Health, WHO and UNICEF.

132

Table A.4.3: Infant mortality rate by shaabiya, 2006

Infant mortality rate (2006) Shaabiya No. births

No. deaths -Male No. deaths - Female

No. deaths - total

No. deaths per 1,000 live births total

1 AL-BETNAN 3,526 243 171 414 11.7

2

AL-GEBAL AL-AKHDAR 5,826 272 243 515 8.8

3AL-GEBAL EL-GHARBI 6,660 580 478 1,058 15.9

4 AL–JUFRA 1,331 162 111 273 20.5 5 AL-KUFRA 1,097 69 60 129 11.8 6 AL-MAREGE 3,428 254 180 434 12.7 7 AL-MERGHIP 11,167 1,064 768 1,832 16.4

8AL-NEQUT AL-GHMIS 7,240 395 324 719 9.9

9 AL-WAHAT 4,384 362 262 624 14.2 10 AL-ZAWEA 5,740 355 219 574 10.0 11 BENGHAZI 16,937 1,861 1,311 3,172 18.7 12 DERNA 2,279 362 315 677 29.7 13 GHAT 409 54 36 90 22.0 14 JOUFARA 6,155 482 294 776 12.6 15 MISURATA 13,198 800 669 1,469 11.1 16 MORZIG 1,702 165 102 267 15.7 17 NALOOT 2,758 233 146 379 13.7 18 SEBHA 3,667 521 307 828 22.6 19 SIRTE 3,270 272 185 457 14.0 20 TRIPOLI 22,694 2,229 1,535 3,764 16.6 21 WADI-ALHIAT 1,567 160 137 297 19.0 22 WADI-ALSHATI 2,248 166 159 325 14.5

TOTAL 127,283 11,061 8,012 19,073 15.0 No. births by gender not available. Source: Annual Report, Ministry of Health, 2007.

Table A.4.4: Total Health Resources and Utilization, 1990-2005 Health care indicator Units 1990 1995 2000 2005 Inpatient care:

Hospital beds per 100,000 Ratio 390 412 420 370

Private beds as % of all hospital beds Percent 0,6 1,7 2,8 6,0

Bed occupancy rate (all hospitals) Percent … … 49 56

Average length of stay (all hospitals) Days … 6,5 … 9,0 Outpatient care:

Average catchment population per health center Ratio 5.000 4.350 4.600 4.347

Physicians per 100,000 Ratio 14 15 12 12,5

Midwives per 10,000 Ratio 40 45 48 48

Source: Ministry of Health.

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Table A.4.5: Composition of Health Professionals by Nationality, 2007 Doctors Nurses &

Midwives Pharmacists Dentists Technical Administrative Total

Total 8,663 32,048 1,033 1,094 15,559 37,567 95,964 Libyan nationals 7,317 30,009 986 987 15,070 37,567 91,936 % of total 84.5 93.6 95.5 90.2 96.9 100.0 95.8 Non-Libyan nationals 1,346 2,039 47 107 489 0 4,028 % of total 15.5 6.4 4.5 9.8 3.1 0.0 4.2


Table A.4.6: Government Health Expenditure, by key economic items, 2000-2005

Unit 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Personnel million LD 248 274 290 309 324 350

% GHE 48,6 46,8 30,6 29,5 32,7 36,4

Drugs & medical goods million LD 75 75 161 250 250 260

% GHE 14,7 12,8 17,0 23,9 25,2 27,1

Governmental health expenditure (GHE) million LD 510 586 949 1.046 992 960


Table A.4.7: Geographic Distribution of Health Care Facilities, 2006

Area (Shaabiats) Population

Number of PHC facilities

Average catchment population per PHC facility

Number of hospital beds

Hospital beds per 100,000 average

Number of physicians

Physicians per 100,000 average

Number of public hospital beds

Public beds per 100,000 average

No. of private beds

Private beds per 100,000 average

1. Albetnan 159,536 69 2,312 480 301 198 124 460 288 20 132. Derna 163,351 43 3,799 632 387 191 117 620 380 12 73. Al- Gebal-

Alakhdar 293,156 58 5,054 692

236 226

77 692 236 0 04. Almarege 185,848 47 3,954 675 363 125 67 675 363 0 05. Benghazi 670,797 75 8,944 3,085 460 1,508 225 2,813 419 272 416. Al-Wahat 177,047 33 5,365 482 272 164 93 482 272 0 07. Al-Kufra 50,104 15 3,340 180 359 51 102 180 359 0 08. Sirte 193,720 42 4,612 283 146 306 158 257 133 26 139. Al–Jufra 453,198 13 34,861 136 30 66 15 136 30 0 010. Misurata 550,938 57 9,666 1,260 229 524 95 1,148 208 112 2011. Al-Merghip 432,202 132 3,274 804 186 281 65 684 158 120 2812. Tripoli 1,065,405 99 10,762 4,978 467 3,627 340 4,476 420 502 4713. Joufara 453,198 67 6,764 201 44 245 54 81 18 120 2614. Alzawea 290,993 61 4,770 616 212 364 125 534 184 82 2815. Al-Gebal-

Elgharbi 304,159 158 1,925 990

325 180

59 990 325 0 016. Naloot 93,224 37 2,520 552 592 71 76 552 592 0 017. Sebha 212,694 26 8,181 480 226 128 60 455 214 25 1218. Ghat 23,518 17 1,383 120 510 16 68 120 510 0 019. Morzig 78,621 37 2,125 180 229 60 76 180 229 0 020. Wadi-Alhiat 76,858 23 3,342 120 156 66 86 120 156 0 021. Wadi- Alshati n/a 37 … 240 … 47 … 240 … 0 …22. Al-Nequt-

Alghamis 287,662 81 3,551 723

251 219

76 653 227 70 24Central hospitals … … … 2,041 … … … … … … …

Total 6,216,229 1,227 5,066 19,950 321 8,663 139 18,589 299 1,361 22


134

Table A.4.8: Determinants of the number of physician visits per person/year, among adults 18 years+, 2002/03

Dependent Variable: Number of Visits

Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| Beta

Age 0,02 0,005 3,65 0 0,057 Male -0,976 0,14 -6,99 0 -0,081 Married 0,349 0,144 2,43 0,015 0,029 Secondary Education or above -0,422 0,15 -2,81 0,005 -0,03 Employed -0,54 0,193 -2,8 0,005 -0,042 Urban household 0,581 0,18 3,22 0,001 0,033 Chronic Illness or Disability 4,928 0,172 28,63 0 0,306 Private insurance coverage 1,752 1,099 1,59 0,111 0,047 Public insurance coverage 0,777 1,033 0,75 0,452 0,022 Log Income -0,128 0,112 -1,14 0,254 -0,015 _cons 4,21 1,341 3,14 0,002 . Source: Bank Staff calculations. Number of obs = 8418, F( 10, 8407) = 124.47 Prob > F = 0.000, R-squared = 0.129, Adj R-squared = 0.128 Root MSE = 5.354

Table A4.9: Libya: Determinants of Likelihood of Visiting Private Health Care Providers among adults 18 years or over, 2002/3

Dependent variable: Likelihood of visiting private health care providers

Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval]

age18 0.004 0.001 2.650 0.008 0.001 0.007

male_i -0.001 0.038 -0.020 0.980 -0.075 0.073

marital_i -0.079 0.042 -1.880 0.060 -0.161 0.003

edlev_i -0.023 0.042 -0.550 0.579 -0.106 0.059

employ_i 0.089 0.039 2.280 0.023 0.012 0.165

setting_i 0.141 0.050 2.810 0.005 0.043 0.239

chronic_i 0.102 0.073 1.410 0.160 -0.040 0.245

privins_i 0.559 0.404 1.380 0.166 -0.232 1.350

pubins_i 0.522 0.344 1.520 0.130 -0.153 1.197

logtotalexp -0.005 0.009 -0.570 0.569 -0.022 0.012

hhmm -0.001 0.006 -0.230 0.821 -0.012 0.010

_cons -1.275 0.356 -3.580 0.000 -1.973 -0.576

Number of obs = 5634

LR chi2(11) = 28.43

Prob > chi2 = 0.0028

Log likelihood = -3415.278

Pseudo R2 = 0.0041

Note: Based on multivariate probit regression analysis. Source: Author’s calculations, Libya HHS 2002/3.

135

Table A4.10: Libya: Determinants of Likelihood of Visiting Public Health Care Providers among

adults 18 years or over, 2002/3 Dependent variable: likelihood of using public health care providers

Coef. Std. Err.

z P>|z| [95% Conf.

Interval]

age18 0.000 0.002 -0.080 0.940 -0.003 0.003

male_i -0.001 0.041 -0.040 0.972 -0.081 0.078

marital_i -0.025 0.044 -0.580 0.565 -0.112 0.061

edlev_i -0.085 0.045 -1.900 0.058 -0.173 0.003

employ_i 0.043 0.042 1.020 0.306 -0.039 0.125

setting_i 0.255 0.050 5.080 0.000 0.157 0.353

chronic_i -0.017 0.078 -0.210 0.831 -0.169 0.136

privins_i -0.896 0.534 -1.680 0.093 -1.941 0.150

pubins_i -0.784 0.486 -1.610 0.107 -1.737 0.169

logtotalexp -0.003 0.009 -0.280 0.780 -0.021 0.016

hhmm -0.006 0.006 -1.050 0.294 -0.018 0.005

_cons 1.374 0.495 2.770 0.006 0.403 2.345

Number of obs = 5410

LR chi2(11) = 36.68

Prob > chi2 = 0.0001

Log likelihood = -2926.3052

Pseudo R2 = 0.0062

Note: Based on multivariate probit regression analysis. Source: Author’s calculations, Libya HHS 2002/3.

Table A.4.11: Households that Paid for Health Care Services by Expenditure Quintile, 2002/03 (%)

Type of health service Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 All

Medical Examinations 55.5 55.1 53.7 54.9 55.9 55.1 Overnight hospital admission 10.8 9.3 9.5 9.3 9.9 9.9

Medications 64.4 67.1 65.3 68.1 68.2 66.5

Physician consultation 33.1 32.8 33.3 34.5 32.6 33.2 Laboratory tests & x-rays 44.3 42.9 42.4 44.0 45.2 43.8

Physiotherapy 3.2 4.5 4.6 4.2 4.5 4.1

Dental care 24.0 20.4 19.0 19.0 18.5 20.5

Vaccination 1.8 2.2 2.6 2.2 2.8 2.3

Total 29.6 29.3 28.8 29.5 29.7 29.4

Source: Source: Bank Staff calculations. Libya HHS 2002/03.

136

Table A.4.12: Use of Specific Health Services by Expenditure Quintile, 2002/03 (%)

Type of health service: Public services

Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 All

Medical Examinations 89 85 84 87 86 86

Long-term Admissions 60 46 46 47 48 50

Medications 89 85 84 85 85 86

Physician Consultations 78 74 75 73 74 75

Laboratory Tests and X-Rays

78 70 69 69 72 72

Physiotherapy 34 25 25 24 28 28

Dental Treatment 49 33 33 32 35 38

Vaccinations 54 46 49 47 50 49

Total 66 58 58 58 60 61

Private Services Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 Total

Medical Examinations 47 47 47 48 48 47

Long-term Admissions 9 9 9 9 11 9

Medications 57 59 57 59 59 58

Physician Consultations 30 31 31 31 31 31

Laboratory Tests and X-Rays

39 40 39 39 41 40

Physiotherapy 3 4 4 4 5 4

Dental Treatment 22 18 17 16 16 18

Vaccinations 3 4 4 4 4 3

Total 26 26 26 26 27 26

Source: Bank Staff calculations. Expenditure quintiles: 1 = lowest-income group, 5 = highest-income group.

Table A.4.13: Distribution of household expenditures on health care, by income and setting, 2002/03 (%)

Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 Urban Rural Total

HEALTH SERVICES Other Health Services 0.8 1.2 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.1 1.6 1.1 Public hospitals 3.6 3.8 2.8 2.1 0.9 1.9 2.4 2.0 Private clinics 26.8 24.8 23.6 20.3 18.0 21.2 17.5 20.7 Dental 4.5 8.6 11.1 11.4 7.0 8.3 9.8 8.5 Laboratory tests 13.7 13.9 14.5 12.7 8.4 11.6 8.4 11.2 X-rays 3.6 5.3 4.8 5.8 5.9 5.7 4.2 5.5 Casts 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.3 Childbirth 1.3 2.5 2.5 5.5 3.0 3.5 1.6 3.2

Long-term Admissions 2.6 0.7 1.7 4.9 5.6 2.5 13.5 4.1 Surgery 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.7 10.6 5.0 5.8 5.1

MEDICATIONS AND MEDICAL SUPPLIES Other Medical Supplies 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.2 Medication 40.1 34.4 32.6 28.1 23.9 28.8 25.8 28.4

Supportive medical supplies (cotton, bandages) 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.6 3.3 2.0 1.7 1.9 Wheelchair, artificial limbs, or hearing aids 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.3 1.1 0.4 Eyeglasses 1.3 2.5 3.3 4.3 8.2 5.6 5.0 5.5 Contact lenses 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.4 Motorized wheelchair or patient transport vehicle 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 2.5 1.3 0.2 1.2 Medical supply repairs 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 TOTAL 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Bank Staff calculations, Libya HHS 2002/03.

137

Table A.4.14: Overview of 2008-2012 Health Sector Development Program Investment PlanProjects Under Study Shaabiya Project launch or execution

(LYD)Rehabilitation / maintenance

(LYD)Medical equipment and supplies

(LYD)TOTAL (LYD)

Aljabalalghurba

21,000,000 21,000,000

Aljufara 25,000,000 25,000,000Tripoli 347,620,000 35,160,000 382,780,000Misurata 1,000,000 1,000,000Benghazi 15,800,000 15,800,000Sert 26,000,000 26,000,000Alwahat 16,000,000 16,000,000Alkufra 20,000,000 20,000,000Various 270,000,000 55,000,000 325,000,000

ContractedAlbetnan 350,925 2,032,125 2,383,050Derna 5,209,974 1,592,599 325,000,000Aljabalalakhdar

4,654,717 20,173,489 325,000,000

Almarj 144,100 9,046,568 325,000,000Benghazi 6,693,233 18,750,557 325,000,000Alwahat 1,256,065 44,978,494 325,000,000Ejdabena 2,131,396 325,000,000Alkufra 449,787 990,905 1,440,692Sert 5,913,449 5,913,449Sebha 18,699,510 325,000,000Misurata 14,977,627 43,174,136 325,000,000Almurqeb 104,320,957 325,000,000Tripoli 51,247,734 44,654,411 2,704,267 325,000,000Aljufara 469,304 8,030,011 325,000,000Alzawba 940,763 11,317,240 325,000,000AlnuqtAlkhems

394,911 84,592,934 325,000,000

Aljabalalghurba

5,920,108 1,580,348 325,000,000

Aljufra 2,566,771 2,566,771TOTAL All 829,209,140 519,045,660 4,284,615 1,352,539,415Sub-totals Under Study 742,420,000 90,160,000 0 832,580,000

Contracted 86,789,140 428,885,660 4,284,615 519,959,415

As percentage of total All 61.31% 38.38% 0.32% 100%Under Study 89.17% 10.83% 0.00% 100%Contracted 16.69% 82.48% 0.82% 100%

*Figures reflect updated information asof February 2009. Source: Government of Libya, General People’s Council

138

Table A.4.15: Health Sector Development Program Investment Plan, ProjectsUnder Study: Project Launch/Implementation2008-2012 DevelopmentProgram

Project launch or implementation

Projects Under Study Shaabiya Descr iption Facility type Number offacilities

Budget(LYD)

Sub-totalbudget (LYD)

% of totalLaunch

Tripoli communicablediseasecontrol office admin multiple 1,000,000Tripoli development admin building 1 4,000,000Tripoli devlopment admin- information center 1 1,200,000Tripoli ambulancebuilding ambulanceadmin 1 300,000 6,500,000 0.88%Tripoli development civil works multiple 40,000,000Tripoli civil works civil works 2,250,000 42,250,000 5.69%Tripoli council establishment council 1 5,000,000 5,000,000 0.67%Multiple development dental centers multiple 15,000,000 15,000,000 2.02%Tripoli development dormitory multiple 1,500,000 1,500,000 0.20%Tripoli environmental education building educational building 1 3,000,000 3,000,000 0.40%Tripoli equipment mainten equipment (general) multiple 2,625,000 2,625,000 0.35%Aljabal alghurba development hospital 1 20,000,000Aljufara development hospital 1 25,000,000Tripoli hospital unit hospital multiple 5,000,000Tripoli hospital hospital 1 30,000,000Benghazi hospital hospital 1 14,800,000Sert hospital hospital 1 25,000,000Alwahat hospital hospital 1 16,000,000Alkufra hospital hospital 1 20,000,000Multiple development hospital 1 20,000,000Aljabal alghurba construction hospital unit 1 1,000,000Tripoli hospital unit hospital unit 1 100,000Multiple medical equipment hospitals+health centers multiple 135,000,000Multiple mobilehospitals hospitals-mobile multiple 48,000,000 359,900,000 48.48%Tripoli patient information network information network multiple 12,000,000 12,000,000 1.62%Tripoli development IT multiple 10,000,000 10,000,000 1.35%Tripoli maintenance maintenance multiple 1,000,000 1,000,000 0.13%Tripoli building internal preparation medical buildng 1 980,000Tripoli medical center medical center 1 20,000,000Tripoli parking lot medical center 1 3,000,000Tripoli hospital unit medical center 1 30,000,000Tripoli electrical works medical center 1 500,000Tripoli medical center medical center 1 1,500,000Misurata medical center medical center 1 1,000,000Benghazi medical center medical center 1 1,000,000Sert medical center medical center 1 1,000,000Tripoli medical supplies medical centers multiple 12,000,000Tripoli medical equipment medical centers multiple 17,000,000

139

Tripoli interior gardens medical centers medicalcenters

450,000

Tripoli construction medical centers-general multiple 44,000,000Tripoli specialised medical offices medical centers-specialised multiple 5,000,000Tripoli eqiupment for specialised clinics medical centers-specialised multiple 500,000 137,930,000 18.58%Tripoli medical equipment medical equipment 1 2,000,000Tripoli medical supplies medical supplies 1 24,765,000 26,765,000 3.61%Tripoli exterior works multiple multiple 750,000 750,000 0.10%Tripoli elevator/staircase maintenance multiple multiple 2,750,000 2,750,000 0.37%Tripoli development of radiology multiple multiple 7,000,000 7,000,000 0.94%Tripoli operational expenses operational expenses 5,000,000 5,000,000 0.67%Multiple development regional branches multiple 25,000,000 25,000,000 3.37%Tripoli research research 5,000,000Tripoli GIS research 250,000 5,250,000 0.71%Tripoli support services buildings support buildings multiple 300,000Tripoli petrol station support buildings 1 150,000Tripoli support services buildings support buildings 1 250,000Multiple support buildings support buildings multiple 5,000,000 5,700,000 0.77%Tripoli support unit support unit 1 1,500,000Tripoli support unit support unit 1 2,500,000Tripoli support unit support unit 500,000Multiple support unit support unit 1 5,000,000Multiple support units support units multiple 10,000,000 19,500,000 2.63%Tripoli training training multiple 5,000,000 5,000,000 0.67%Tripoli medical tv channel tv channel 1 7,000,000 7,000,000 0.94%Tripoli transport/ambulatory vehicles vehicles multiple 1,500,000Tripoli vehicles vehicles 10,000,000 11,500,000 1.55%Tripoli warehouse warehouse 1 2,000,000Multiple warehouses warehouses multiple 4,000,000Multiple warehouses-special warehouses-special 4 3,000,000 9,000,000 1.21%Tripoli waterwork waterworks multiple 5,500,000Tripoli waterwork waterworks 10,000,000 15,500,000 2.09%All 742,420,000 100%


140

Table A.4.16: Health Sector Development Program Investment Plan, ProjectsUnder Study: Rehabilitation/Maintenance2008-2012Development Program

Rehabilitation /maintenance (LYD)

Medicalequipment andsupplies

Projects Under Study Shaabiya Descr iption Facility type Number offacilities

Budget(LYD)

Sub-totalbudget

% of totalRehab

Budget (LYD) GRANDTOTAL (LYD)

Tripoli medical equipment various various 30,000,000 30,000,000 33.27%Tripoli infrastructure medical center various 1,300,000 1,300,000 1.44%Tripoli support units support units various 1,360,000 1,360,000 1.51%Tripoli waiting area various various 500,000 500,000 0.55%Multiple rehab medical centers 170 55,000,000 55,000,000 61.00%Tripoli units repairs units repairs various 2,000,000 2,000,000 2.22%All 90,160,000 100% 832,580,000


141

Table A.4.17: Health Sector Development Program Investment Plan, ProjectsContracted: Project Launch/Implementation

ProjectsContracted

Project launchor execution Shaabiya Descr iption Facility type Number of

facilitiesBudget(LYD) Sub-total

% TotalLaunchBudget

Number offacilities

Benghazi construction Administbuilding

1 4,805,238 4,805,238 5.5% 1

Derna Facility exterior works clinic 1 232,320Almarj construction clinic 1 144,100Benghazi construction completion clinic 1 480,712Benghazi construction clinic 2 480,000Benghazi completion of new section clinic 1 309,094Benghazi completion clinic 1 154,481Alwahat facility exterior/AC works clinic 1 364,750Alwahat exterior works clinic 1 307,750 2,473,207 2.8% 9Albetnan Civil works completion Health center 2 350,925Alwahat road works/parking health center 1 213,453Tripoli development health center 1 483,417Alzawba development health center 1 940,763Misurata construction health center

dormitory2 67,925 2,056,483 2.4%

7Aljufara development hosp pharm

storage1 469,304

Derna Satelliteunit launches Hospital 1 2,991,800Derna Supervision of rehab Hospital 1 1,568,664Derna Unit construction completion hospital 1 417,190Aljabal alakhdar civil works for rehab proj hospital 1 4,436,820Aljabal alakhdar supervision of hosp const hospital 1 124,682Aljabal alakhdar supervision of rehab hospital 1 93,215Alwahat road works/parking hospital 1 370,112Alkufra development hospital 1 449,787Misurata exterior works hospital 1 11,935,000Misurata construction hospital 1 2,974,702Tripoli completion/development hospital 1 28,528,709Tripoli development hospital 1 18,434,103Tripoli development hospital 1 1,441,277Alnuqt Alkhems hospital 1 394,911Benghazi completion hospital unit 1 463,708 75,093,984 86.5% 16Tripoli project preparation polyclinics multiple 2,360,228 2,360,228 2.7%

TOTAL All 86,789,140 100.0% 33*Figures reflect updated information asof February 2009. Source: Government of Libya, General People’s Council

142

Table A.4.18: Health Sector Development Program Investment Plan, ProjectsContracted: Rehabilitation/MaintenanceProjects-Contracted Shaabiya Descr iption Facility type Number of

facilitiesBudget (LYD) Sub-total Budget

(LYD)% of Total RehabBudget

Number offacilitiessubtotal

Rehabilitation /maintenance

Derna Rehab and completion Administrativebuilding 1 387,900

Almarj rehab Administrativebuilding 1 110,263Alzawba Administrativebuilding 1 435,360Derna Rehab Ambulanceadmin

building1 309,960 1,243,483 0.29% 4

Almurqeb rehab ambulances 1 377,830 377,830 0.09% 1Derna Rehab clinic 1 288,981Derna rehab clinic 1 149,374Benghazi rehab clinic 1 487,560Benghazi rehab clinic 1 463,590Benghazi rehab clinic 1 437,650Benghazi rehab clinic 1 298,500Benghazi rehab clinic 1 284,280Benghazi rehab clinic 1 124,205Alwahat rehab clinic 1 470,000Alwahat rehab clinic 1 219,635Alkufra rehab clinic 5 990,905Sebha rehab clinic 1 94,441Almurqeb construction completion clinic 1 12,018,285Almurqeb rehab clinic 1 499,590Aljabal alakhdar rehab clinic 3 2,264,932Alwahat rehab clinic compound 1 369,330Almarj clinics multipleAlzawba clinics multiple 469,272Alzawba clinics multiple 380,690Alzawba clinics multiple 352,128 20,663,348 4.82% 22Derna Rehab health center 1 299,854Derna rehab health center 1 59,096Aljabal alakhdar rehab health center 4 1,499,688Benghazi rehab health center 1 486,451Sert rehab health center 18 5,913,449Tripoli health center 1 226,370Tripoli health center 1 225,000Aljufara rehab health center 4 527,999Alzawba health center 1 460,734Alzawba health center 1 368,883Alzawba health center 1 300,000Aljabal alghurba health center 1 390,650Aljufra health center 5 2,566,771Aljufara rehab health center/clinics 20 7,502,012Albetnan Rehabilitation Health center+ (1)

hospital8 2,032,125

Almarj rehab health centers 8 1,167,590Alwahat rehab health centers/clinics 3 596,621Almurqeb rehab health centers/clinics 24 5,682,848

143

Alzawba health centers/clinics 25 7,397,188Alnuqt Alkhems health centers/clinics 18 7,461,095Aljabal alghurba health centers/clinics 27 5,070,967 50,235,391 11.71% 173Aljabal alakhdar rehab hospital 1 8,475,335Aljabal alakhdar rehab hospital 1 4,156,063Aljabal alakhdar rehab/maintenance hospital 2 3,280,634Aljabal alakhdar rehab hospital 1 496,837Almarj rehab hospital 1 7,608,633Benghazi rehab hospital 1 14,767,544Benghazi rehab hospital 1 496,478Benghazi rehab hospital 1 471,185Alwahat supervision of rehab hospital 1 1,368,000Alwahat rehab hospital 3 41,954,908Ejdabena rehab hospital 1 138,734Ejdabena rehab hospital 1 51,976Ejdabena medical equipment repair hospital multiple 1,940,686Sebha rehab hospital 1 12,064,968Sebha rehab - electrical hospital 1 6,540,101Misurata rehab hospital 1 29,989,019Misurata rehab hospital 1 11,924,312Misurata supervision of rehab hospital 1 659,758Misurata supervision of rehab hospital 1 298,107Almurqeb rehab hospital 3 85,742,404Tripoli rehab hospital 1 31,387,165Tripoli rehab hospital 1 10,500,000Tripoli rehab hospital 1 1,071,225Tripoli supervision of rehab hospital 1 855,861Tripoli rehab hospital 1 388,790Alzawba hospital 1 495,795Alzawba hospital 1 236,916Alnuqt Alkhems hospital 3 76,635,208Aljabal alghurba hospital 1 458,491Alnuqt Alkhems hospital (satelliteunits) 1 496,631Benghazi rehab hospital units (3) 1 433,114 355,384,878 82.86% 37Derna rehab MCH clinics multiple 97,434 97,434 0.02%Alzawba medical supply storage 1 420,274Almarj rehab pharmaceutical

warehousesmultiple 160,082

Misurata completion pharmaceuticalwarehouses

multiple 302,940 883,296 0.21%

TOTAL All 428,885,660 100.00% 237*Figures reflect updated information asof February 2009. Source: Government of Libya, General People’s Council

144

Table A.4.19: Historical Budget Execution Rate, Health Sector: Capital Expenditure, 1970-2007 Year Allocated (LYD million) Executed % Executed

1970 9.8 4.9 50.0% 1971 17.0 3.7 21.8% 1972 24.1 15.4 63.9% 1973 16.7 9.8 58.7% 1974 22.9 15.9 69.4% 1975 26.6 20.9 78.6% 1976 35.8 28.3 79.1% 1977 47.1 36.3 77.1% 1978 68.1 53.5 78.6% 1979 69.1 69.8 101.0% 1980 93.0 61.9 66.6% 1981 106.1 115.6 109.0% 1982 92.7 84.0 90.6% 1983 75.8 68.7 90.6% 1984 71.3 63.2 88.6% 1985 55.2 48.4 87.7% 1986 64.6 47.7 73.8% 1987 60.4 49.2 81.5% 1988 53.1 32.4 61.0% 1989 36.8 31.9 86.7% 1990 42.4 22.3 52.6% 1991 57.8 37.1 64.2% 1992 76.0 58.5 77.0% 1993 57.0 4.6 8.1% 1994 95.0 20.6 21.7% 1995 50.0 22.3 44.6% 1996 60.0 60.0 100.0% 1997 61.5 52.8 85.9% 1998 65.4 27.3 41.7% 1999 77.9 69.2 88.8% 2000 132.4 107.4 81.1% 2001 189.2 135.7 71.7% 2002 536.0 397.1 74.1% 2003 389.3 326.0 83.7% 2004 411.6 249.0 60.5% 2005 509.5 343.2 67.4% 2006 396.5 274.2 69.2% 2007 635.2 484.9 76.3%

Average: 70.6% Source: Ministry of Health, Libya.

145

Table A4.20: Budget Execution for Capital Investment, 2006-2007

146

Year 2006 2007 Difference, 2007 compared to 2006

AllocatedBudget(LYD)

AllocatedBudget (LYD)

ExecutedBudget

Program or Project ExecutedBudget(LYD)

PercentExecuted

(%)(LYD)

PercentExecuted

(%)

Percentagechangein allocated budget

(%)

Percentagechange inexecuted

budget (%)

PercentageChange inexecutionrate (%)

Center forCommunicableConditions

10,000,000 7,127,900 71.30% 13,274,000 11,716,774 88.30% 32.74% 64.4% 96.6%

Tr ipoli Medical Center 27,000,000 26,807,187 99.30% 35,185,000 34,135,927 97.00% 30.31% 27.3% -9.8%Benghazi MedicalCenter

10,000,000 5,191,835 51.90% 102,095,000 3,652,130 3.60% 920.95% -29.7% -103.2%

Council for MedicalSpecialties

4,000,000 4,000,000 100.00% 3,319,000 3,319,000 100.00% -17.03% -17.0% 0.0%

Rehabilitation -hospitals (local)

69,000,000 17,142,107 24.80%

Rehabilitation -hospitals (central) andmedical centers

100,000,000 91,022,909 91.00%

Rehabilitation - primaryhealth centers andhospitals

65,000,000 59,194,556 91.10%

Development - newhospitals and healthcenters

5,000,000 4,997,728 100.00%

Rehabilitation - medicalequipment

15,000,000 6,185,647 41.20%

National program forneurology

30,000,000 22,941,845 76.50%

Training program 10,000,000 10,000,000 100.00%

Ambulanceprogram 15,000,000 1,482,339 9.90%

School health 10,000,000 4,999,802 50.00%

Research 2,000,000 874,471 43.70%

National CommitteeonHealth

8,000,000 826,729 10.30%

Avian Flu Program 10,000,000 5,000,000 50.00%

National Committee forHealth and Environment

431,137,510 385,222,478 89.40%

Libyan Council forSocial Welfare

8,956,000 6,955,513 77.70%

Libyan NationalCouncil

29,822,000 28,422,600 95.30%

African Institute forInjury Treatment

4,637,000 4,556,176 98.30%

Ali Omar AskarHospital forNeurological Disorders

6,956,000 6,952,927 100.00%

ANNUAL TOTAL 390,000,000 267,795,055 68.67% 635,381,510 484,933,525 76.32% 62.92% 81.1% 28.9%For 2006-7 DifferenceColumn: Percentages arebased on annual total, not only common programs’ sub-totalaverage.

147


148

Table A.4.21: Geographic Distribution of Health Care Resources in Libya, 2006

Area (shaabia) Popula-tion Average Catchment Population per PHC Facility

Hospital Beds per 100,000

Physicians per 100,000

Al Betnan 159,536 2,312 301 124 Derna 163,351 3,799 387 117 Al - Gebal - Al 293,156 5,054 236 77 Al Marege 185,848 3,954 363 67 Benghazi 670,797 8,944 460 225 Al - Wahat 177,047 5,365 272 93 Al - Kufra 50,104 3,340 359 102 Sirte 193,720 4,612 146 158 Al - Jufra 453,198 34,861 30 15 Misurata 550,938 9,666 229 95 Al - Merghip 432,202 3,274 186 65 Tripoli 1,065,405 10,762 467 340 Joufara 453,198 6,764 44 54 Al Zawea 290,993 4,770 212 125 Al - Gebal - Elgharbi 304,159 1,925 325 59 Naloot 93,224 2,520 592 76 Sebha 212,694 8,181 226 60 Ghat 23,518 1,383 510 68 Morzig 78,621 2,125 229 76 Wadi-Al Hiat 76,858 3,342 156 86 Al - Nequt - Alghmis 287,662 3,551 251 76 Total 6,216,229 5,066 321 139

Source: Population estimates, General Authority for Information 2006; number of PHC facilities, hospital beds, and physicians, Ministry of Health 2007; ratios, author’s calculations.

149

POWER SECTOR

Table A.5.1: Technical data on capacity, generation, demand and network 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

I - Installed Generation Capacity MW

Total Generation Capacity Installed 4,716 4,601 4,708 4,708 4,642 5,125 5,438

Total Generation Capacity in oil fired - - - - - - -

Total Generation Capacity in gas fired - - - - - - -

Total Generation Capacity in Renewables (solar, wind, biomass, geothermal) - - - - - - -

Total Generation Capacity connected to Grid 4,716 4,601 4,708 4,708 4,642 5,125 5,438

Total Generation Capacity in Isolated Systems - - - - - - -

Total Generation Capacity Available for use 3,244 3,244 3,240 3,101 3,700 3,700 4,470

II - Power Network Characteristics

Total length of HV transmission network (Km) 11,792 12,039 12,251 12,251 13,038 13,102 13,914

Total length of MV distribution network (Km) 19,375 19,774 20,403 20,695 21,104 19,559 19,819

Total length of LV distribution network (Km) 42,192 43,970 45,183 47,669 51,846 55,628 59,483

Number of distribution transformers 36,796 38,739 39,896 40,609 42,556 45,552 49,186

Number of Substations V1/V2 471 486 502 509 515 537 562

Number of Substations V3/V4 6,915 7,313 7,469 7,667 8,186 9,133 10,046

III - Load and Structure of Generation

Total power generated (Gwh) 15,496 16,111 17,531 18,942 20,202 22,450 23,992

Total power generated from oil fired 10,194 11,377,706 14,163,838 15,086,921 16,224 13,246 14,191

Total power generated from gas fired 5,302 4,733,623 3,366,833 3,855,675 3,978 9,205 9,802

Total power generated from renewable sources - - - - - - - Total power generated by IPPs (independent Power Producers) - - - - - - - Total power generated on the interconnected grid (Transmitted) 14,522 15,304 16,789 18,206 19,449 21666.938 23,292

Total power generated by isolated systems - - - - - - -

Total load served on the interconnected grid (Gwh)

Peak demand on the interconnected grid (MW) 2,630 2,934 3,081 3,341 3,612 3,857 4,005

Annual Load factor on the interconnected grid (%) 67.3% 62.7% 65.0% 64.7% 63.8% 66.4% 68.4% Capacity Factor (%) 54.5% 56.7% 61.8% 69.7% 62.3% 69.3% 61.3%

IV - Power Trade Total power Imported from neighboring countries (Gwh) 114.97 107.65 98.99 143.85 162.73 118.86 95.7 Total power exported from neighboring countries (Gwh) 131.35 137.8 147.67 94.38 97.37 104.76 92.67

Source : GECOL

150

Table A.5.2: Electricity consumption by sector during the period 2000-2006 in GWh 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Avg % Residential 3,132 3,364 3,598 3,737 4,037 3,990 4,535 7.4 Small agriculture 784 851 835 792 906 834 903 2.5 Large agriculture 197 210 233 315 341 467 GMMR 150 154 173 179 288 326

906 26

Small Industry 362 315 321 350 374 364 493 6 Large Industry 692 634 666 710 716 794 Iron and steel 1,449 1,221 1,239 1,392 1,445 1,655

2,424 2.2

Commercial 914 1,058 1,199 1,261 1,417 1,409 1,782 15.8 General utilities 1,432 1,387 1,581 1,557 1,726 1,444 2,073 7.4 Street lighting 865 1,272 827 774 636 886 1,244 7.3 Registered consumption 10,148 10,637 10,819 11,241 12,059 12,338 14,362 6.9 Technical losses 2,176 2,291 2,511 2,740 2,932 2,823 TL % 15 15 15 15 15 13 Commercial losses 2,183 2,346 2,411 4,286 4,555 6,556 CL % 15.1 15.4 20.4 23.5 23.3 30.2 Total 14,506 15,275 16,741 18,267 19,546 21,717 23,500 10.3

Source: GECOL annual reports; TL: technical losses; CL: commercial losses.

Table A.5.3: Transmission network lines and sub-stations Voltage level (kV) 400 220 66 30 Over head T.L (km) 442 13,472 13,582 6,237 Ground cables (km) 77 16 2,001 Substations 2 70 169 321 Capacity (MVA) 1,600 13,058 3,319 9,280

Source: GECOL.

Table A.5.4: Distribution network cables and substations Ground cables (11 kV) OTHL (11 KV) Ground cables (KV)

6,947 37,827 14,709 Substations (11/0.4 kV) Ground transformers (11/0.4 kV) Air transformers (11/0.4 kV)

10,046 11,625 37,561

Source: GECOL.

Table A.5.5: Power plants fuel consumption Generation Fuel expenses in LD 2004 2005 2006 LFO 98,245,093 137,504,139 168,177,711 HFO 44,309,946 46,682,012 40,697.558 Natural Gas 11,033,524 17,913,842 22,065,478 Transport 13,376,893 17,437,985 17,302,745

Volume (m3 for LFO and HFO and MBTU for NG) 2004 2005 2006 Light Fuel Oil (LFO) 2,729,030 2,842,133 3,003,173 Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) 2,408,149 2,537,066 2,211,823 Natural Gas 53,045,789 86,124,243 106,084,029

Source: GECOL

Table A.5.6: Electricity Tariffs for residential from 1981 to 2005

Source: GECOL.

1981 1981-1995 1996 1997 1998-2003 2004-20050 - 500 kwh 10 20 20 20 20 20501-600 kwh 10 20 20 20 20 25601-700 kwh 10 20 20 20 20 35701-800 kwh 10 20 20 20 20 40801-900 kwh 10 20 20 20 20 45901 and plus 10 20 20 20 20 55

151

Table A.5.7: Electricity tariffs for residential in 2006

2006

0-1000kwh 20 1001-1400 kwh 30 1400 and plus 50

Source: GECOL

Table A.5.8: Power plants statistics 2006

Gross Energy

Net Energy

Net Gross Power Plant Type

No of units

Installed Capacity

MW

Date of Commissioning

Gwh Gwh %

Zawiya Gas 6 165 1x1999&3x2000&2

x2005 4,081 4,056 99.4

Steam 4 65 1976 906 798 88.1 Tripoli west

Steam 2 120 1980 Tripoli south Gas 5 100 1994 2,150 2,136 99.4 West Mtn Gas 4 156 2005 2,139 2,131 99.6 Khoms Gas 4 150 1995 3,095 3,086 99.7 Khoms Steam 4 127 1982 3,060 2,857 93.4 Misrata steel Steam 6 84 1980 2,659 2,480 93.3 Zwitena Gas 4 50 1994 872 868 99.5

Gas 4 3*150+165 3x1995 & 1x2004 3,040 3,030 99.7 Bengazi Notth

Steam 4 40 1979 Derna Steam 2 65 1985 687 619 90.1 Tubrek Steam 2 65 1985 582 524 90.1 Other smoll gas turbine uints Gas- -3 -15 1982- 721 707 98.0

Source: GECOL

Fuel consumption (1000 M3)Power Plant

HFO LFO N.G

Peak load MW

Load Factor

%

Capacity factor

%

Efficiency % Availability %

Zawiya 1,400.0 810 57.5 47.1 31.6 85.0 Tripoli west 341.7 13.8 315 32.8 10.8 25.6 70.0 Tripoli south 809.9 400 61.4 49.1 28.8 92.0 West Mtn 0.1 690,556.8 270 90.4 78.3 34.1 57.0 Khoms 178.7 827,765.0 500 70.7 58.9 33.8 88.0 Khoms 786.5 8.0 103,324.7 440 79.4 68.8 34.6 96.3 Misrata steel 426.0 320,298.8 360 84.3 60.2 37.2 83.5 Zwitena 0.1 303,566.8 160 62.2 49.8 31.7 70.5 Bengazi Notth (gas) 135.8 773,652.7 510 68.0 57.8 36.7 88.3 Bengazi Notth (steam)

Derna 272.6 100 78.4 60.3 25.3 90.5 Tubrek 172.8 100 66.4 51.1 33.8 62.5 Other smoll gas turbine uints

152

Table A.5.9: Electricity tariff for commercial and industrial from 1981-2006

1981 1981-1995 1996 1997 1998-2003 2004-2005 2006 Small Agriculture 5 15 20 25 30 30 30 Large Agriculture 5 15 21 27 32 32 32 Light Industry 15 15 24 33 42 42 42 Heavy Industry 7 10 17 24 31 31 31 Commercial 20 30 36 42 48 68 68 Government offices 20 30 36 42 47 68 68 Street light 15 30 35 40 45 68 68

Source: GECOL

Table A.5.10: Profit and Loss Statements of 2004 and 2005 2004 2005

Residential 90694 103712

Government offices 99615 95961

Heavy industries 23293 23422

Light industries 14410 15881

Large Agriculture 10475 14370

Small Agriculture 25729 26580

Commercial 75127 89563

Streets light 35201 59901

Desalinated water 22881 20700

Inspection &Connections 4000 1715

Meters rental 1425 1885

Works and additions 35527 39284

Rents 143 225

Other revenues 2092 3873

Previous years revenues 0 8391

Returned expenses of previous years 237 0

Total Revenues 440849 505463

Fuel 183843 204734

Salaries and allowances 174875 181049

Overhead 20882 25401

Maintenance 22902 59479

Services 39560 36224

Financial services 20967 6472

Electric merchandises 12176 18275

Depreciation 124001 127697

Previous year depreciation (correction) 20889 49959

Previous years expenses 1444 12264

Returned revenues of previous years 0 0

Total expenses 621539 721554

Net Income -180690 -216091

Revenues (1000 x LD)

Expenses (1000 x LD)

Source: GECOL.

153

Table A.5.11: Net expenditures and cost of KWh across consumption levels, 2006 Type of Consumption Total Energy Consumed

(MWh) Total Costs (Pertinent + % of common) in MLD

Cost Unit (Dirham31/kwh)

Households 4,751,653 307.3 64.7 Small farms 827,460 51.3 62.0 Large famrs 870,585 40.7 46.8 Light Industries 409,629 24.9 60.8 Heavy Industries 1,022,233 41.0 40.1 Commercial 1,494,531 95.6 64.0 Public offices 1,722,828 107.7 62.5 Street Lighting 1,207,077 71.6 59.3

Average 12,305,996 740.1 60.1 Source: General People Committee for planning (2007)

Table A.5.12: Comparison between Current Tariffs and Actual Costs Consumption Categories

Monthly Consumption (kwh)

Current Tariff (Libyan Dinar/kwh) Cost of Power Unit

0-1000 20 1001-1400 30

+1400 50

Households

Average 21

64.7

Small Farm Flat Tariff 30 62.0 Large Farm Flat Tariff 32 46.8 Light Industries Flat Tariff 42 60.8 Heavy Industries Flat Tariff 31 40.1 Commercial Flat Tariff 68 64.0 Public offices Flat Tariff 68 62.5 Street Lighting Flat Tariff 68 59.3

Average 40.8 60.1

Source: General People Committee for planning (2007)

Table A.5.13: Evolution of the number of customers to the national electricity grid from 1997 to 200732

ResidentialSmall Farms

Large Farms

Light Industry

Heavy Industry Commercial

Government Offices

Street Lights Total Households Population

1997 617118 83733 586 50239 83 66986 16746 1842 837333 737000 55519001998 629201 85373 597 51223 85 68298 17074 1882 853733 754000 55112001999 744256 105913 716 64693 95 88254 18816 2009 1024752 771000 54708922000 834634 111017 686 70115 95 90385 20350 2062 1129344 789000 56050002001 819923 103526 678 27766 53 101154 20784 2333 1076217 807400 55800002002 823141 105438 678 28283 53 102141 20881 2513 1083128 826200 55550002003 844298 110710 681 29697 53 107248 21925 2639 1117251 845000 55300002004 844298 116245 681 31182 53 112610 23021 2771 1130861 864000 56590002005 855916 101321 856 28489 82 170860 21132 2988 1181644 883000 58540002006 916877 102390 1575 32495 48 114045 17234 4548 1189212 0 5968400

Source: GECOL.

31 1000 Libyan dirham = 1 Libyan dinar. 32 There are many inconsistencies observed in the data series which call for clarifications. This is particularly critical between data for 2005 and the ones for 2006.

154

Table A.5.14 Households equipment with electrical appliances

1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TotalUrbain Rural

Gaz and electric oven 13.8 14.5 14.8 11.3 15.6 11.8 13.5 10.4 32.2 13.9Gaz oven 81.3 76.8 76.3 83.8 75.3 85.4 81.9 81.7 64.2 80.7Flat gaz 20.7 28.0 36.3 11.6 35.9 14.4 22.5 18.8 24.4 21.8Electric, oil, or gaz chimney 46.4 44.2 65.9 42.3 41.3 42.9 36.3 41.5 74.9 46.1Electric or gaz kettle 75.3 60.1 69.9 83.5 59.8 77.1 81.4 61.6 66.6 73.0Vacuum cleaner 14.1 5.3 15.1 16.6 15.1 13.5 8.4 4.4 7.5 12.8Electric iron 61.5 42.3 51.1 59.7 62.1 62.0 57.3 35.0 74.3 58.7Refrigerator 95.2 93.1 94.6 93.9 93.8 96.2 95.9 91.2 95.3 94.9Freezer 31.5 23.0 15.4 29.1 41.3 31.2 21.2 18.3 57.5 30.2Air Conditioner 26.0 16.2 5.3 12.8 35.7 29.2 18.7 12.6 56.5 24.6Electric air conditioner (Nassim) 1.9 3.0 0.7 1.0 2.2 1.9 1.3 0.5 12.2 2.1Electric fan 40.3 40.6 44.2 45.8 44.2 29.8 48.2 33.5 70.2 40.3Sewing Machine 11.1 7.5 12.7 13.2 12.0 9.9 6.4 8.1 11.2 10.5Washing Machine 72.4 62.7 79.0 85.5 72.6 64.8 68.9 59.8 76.1 71.0Dishwasher 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.5 1.1 0.6 1.1 0.6 0.3 0.7Electric cooking devices 1.1 0.7 0.3 1.3 1.5 1.1 0.4 0.4 2.1 1.0Electric Mill 3.7 3.3 2.8 4.0 8.7 2.8 1.3 1.0 4.1 3.7Electric Mixer 36.3 23.8 36.2 41.5 37.7 36.0 27.1 19.4 29.3 34.4Electric water cooler 1.1 1.1 0.7 0.6 1.5 1.3 0.8 0.4 1.1 1.1Hair drier 35.2 19.8 14.4 37.0 33.8 39.1 37.7 15.8 32.9 33.0Electric transformer 1.5 2.4 2.5 0.7 4.0 0.9 1.9 0.4 1.3 1.6Car 58.4 58.0 50.4 49.3 58.6 62.7 63.8 59.8 54.7 58.4Motor cycle 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.4Bike 5.1 3.1 3.1 2.2 8.6 4.3 3.5 3.9 9.8 4.8Radio recorder 50.0 38.7 43.3 56.8 57.6 44.8 48.3 33.0 56.5 48.4TV set 95.3 93.3 94.1 96.2 93.9 96.6 93.6 91.2 95.1 95.0Video 5.2 3.2 3.3 7.6 7.6 4.1 3.8 2.5 4.9 4.9Video Camera 0.9 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.5 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.8Camera 7.3 4.1 5.6 8.0 9.7 7.1 4.3 3.3 6.5 6.8Satellite dish 61.6 53.8 64.4 58.2 59.1 63.7 62.0 45.6 58.3 60.5Satellite Receiver 13.7 13.4 21.6 13.0 11.8 10.6 12.5 14.9 24.4 13.6Personal Computer and its accessories 3.5 1.2 1.4 3.4 3.5 4.4 2.0 2.1 1.8 3.2Home and mobile phones 25.3 9.9 24.2 14.4 21.8 32.9 11.0 13.1 18.1 23.1Other devices 2.4 2.2 2.9 3.3 2.4 2.7 0.5 0.2 2.8 2.3

Residence Area Region

Source : Libya HH Survey 2002-2003

Table A.5.15 Incidence of electricity consumption at a national level

Deciles

Mean of Household size

Mean total HH monthly expenditures

Mean of HH monthly exp on electricity

Average consumption

Cumulative of the share of total consumption

1 5.8 564.9 9 349.1745 8.1 2 6.3 815.7 9.4 380.4521 17.0 3 6.5 877.2 11.2 447.4234 27.5 4 6.8 1114 10.6 428.7506 37.4 5 6.7 968.5 11.8 472.0902 48.4 6 6.8 1067.1 10.4 406.348 57.9 7 6.7 1170.4 11.8 459.7584 68.6 8 6.8 1299.4 11.5 448.3348 79.1 9 6.8 1594.8 12.3 458.3534 89.8

10 6.7 1858.2 11.7 439.0628 100.0 Total 6.6 1132.9 11 428.9662


155

Table A.5.16 Incidence of electricity consumption at urban level

Deciles




Average consumption


1 5.7 562.3 9.3 355.399 7.2 2 6.1 723.6 8.9 356.4975 14.7 3 6.5 871.2 11.3 451.472 25.1 4 6.8 1129.8 10.9 441.7661 35.2 5 6.6 971.8 11.5 456.3983 45.8 6 6.8 1074.3 10.4 402.9001 55.4 7 6.7 1198.1 12 465.2007 66.8 8 6.7 1292.9 11.5 445.2195 77.7 9 6.8 1615.1 12.6 463.5581 89.2

10 6.7 1896.4 11.4 430.6052 100.0 Total 6.6 1155.1 11 428.8534


Table A.5.17: Incidence of electricity consumption in rural area

Deciles




Average consumption


1 6.2 572.3 8.1 331.2816 13.72 6.8 1133 11.3 462.952 30.43 6.7 908.9 10.3 426.1798 41.34 6.7 1033.3 9.1 361.9475 50.75 7.2 950.1 13.6 561.4207 64.26 6.6 1014.5 10.4 431.5125 72.57 7.2 935.4 10 413.5684 79.48 7.3 1359.5 11.3 476.9725 86.99 7.3 1405.8 10.1 409.9691 93.3

10 7.1 1404.2 15.4 539.7675 100.0Total 6.8 1002.6 10.6 429.6293


Table A.5.18: Estimates of Implicit Subsidies

LFO HFO NG

Total Implicit subsidies

(MLD) GDPGovernment Revenues

Government expenses

% of Government Revenues

% of Government Expenses % of GDP

Capital budget

% Cap budget

2001 127.2 76.1 55.3 258.6 18745 7891 8038 3.28% 3.22% 1.38% 1813 14.26%2002 433.7 294.9 102.9 831.5 26837 12850 10063 6.47% 8.26% 3.10% 3339 24.90%2003 649.2 403.9 187.6 1240.8 33077 16614 13396 7.47% 9.26% 3.75% 2832 43.81%2004 1053.3 390.4 265.7 1709.4 39800 23272 16371 7.35% 10.44% 4.29% 7035 24.30%2005 1295.3 674.7 694.6 2664.7 54600 37413 21039 7.12% 12.67% 4.88% 10815 24.64%2006 1578.6 684.8 1146.5 3409.9 65300 47088 21590 7.24% 15.79% 5.22% 11685 29.18%2007 1596.1 729.3 1063.1 3388.5 73500 32244 32244 10.51% 10.51% 4.61% 19710 17.19%

Source : Bank Staff estimates.

156

Table A.5.19: International Prices of Fuel

Source : Bank staff’s estimates.

Table A.5.20: Domestic Price of Fuels in Libya

LFO (metric tons)

HFO (metric tons)

NG million cubic feet NG-MMBTU

Price LFO - LD per ton

Price HFO - LD per ton

Price Gas - LD per MMBTU

2000 2043839 1819678 27663 28492890 21.81 7.89 0.2082001 1928747 1687700 43789 45102670 21.81 7.89 0.2082002 2209497 2081569 37569 38696070 30.204 17.3 0.2082003 2463976 2219688 44933 46280990 30.204 17.3 0.2082004 2756693 2180512 46150 47534500 30.204 17.3 0.2082005 2341073 2298797 71292 73430760 47 17.3 0.2082006 2464077 1990580 110191 113496730 47 17.3 0.2082007 2455009 1919170 103495 106599850 65.1 19.5 0.208

Source : GECOL

Table A.5.21: Electricity Investments, 2008–12 Investments (2008–12) in

Million LD Objectives

Generation 5,569 Adding 7250 MW

Transmission 5,445

Adding 5240 km for 440 kV level Adding 3176 km for 220 kV level

Adding 3000 km for 66 30 kV level Adding 19 substations 400 kV level Adding 32 substations 220 kV level

Adding 742 substations 66&30 kV level

Distribution 4,832 Adding 18956 km for low voltage (11kV) Adding 7479 substation low voltage (11kV)

Total 15,996 Renewable 1,110 Adding 300 MW

Total 17,106 Source: MWEG.

LFO -$/bbl

HFO -$/bbl

NG -$/MMBTU

2000 34.38 23.73 2.712001 29.16 19.52 3.172002 27.81 21.81 2.372003 33.98 25.79 3.332004 46.83 25.02 4.462005 67.7 39.18 7.382006 77.47 45.51 7.872007 83.97 52.32 8.08

157

ROADS

Table A.6.1 : The Draft Preliminary Development Program for Roads, 2008-2012

Expenditure (LD) Remaining’scontract(LD)

L inear(km)

Contract’sbudget(LD)

Cost perkm (LD)

2006 2007 2008 2009

EstimatedAbsorption

rate (%)

1 Duplication of (Sebrata - Ras Jedir) road network 105 106,500,000 1,014,286 … 106,500,000 0 0 100%2 Duplication of (Misrata - El Hicha) road network 110 65,892,300 599,021 … 19,770,000 23,061,150 23,061,150 30%3 Duplication of (El Hicha - Sarat) road network 116 63,727,200 549,372 9,559,000 4,000,000 25,084,100 25,084,100 21%4 Duplication of (Derna - Martouba) road network 17 10,064,900 592,053 1,509,700 855,500 3,849,850 3,849,850 23%5 Duplication of (Belfrayes - Tobrok) road network 70 38,231,700 546,167 … 11,475,000 13,378,350 13,378,350 30%6 Duplication of (Tobrok - Imsaeed) road network 133 67,839,500 510,071 10,175,900 3,000,000 27,331,800 27,331,800 19%7 Duplication of (El Baydha - El Kouf) road network 10 19,012,900 1,901,290 … 3,000,000 8,006,450 8,006,450 16%8 Duplication of (El Obrok - El Kikib) road network 9 5,201,800 577,978 … 1,000,000 2,100,900 2,100,900 19%9 Rehabilitation of (El Kawassem - Tarhouna) road network 36 12,856,700 357,131 3,364,700 … 4,746,000 4,746,000 26%

10 Rehabilitation of (Ed-dersia - El Hinia) road network "section C" 22 22,929,800 1,042,264 3,673,500 1,418,300 8,919,000 8,919,000 22%11 Rehabilitation of the western entrance of Tripoli 10 26,383,200 2,638,320 10,285,700 3,000,000 6,548,750 6,548,750 50%12 Duplication of the bend of Azizia 3 9,501,400 3,167,133 … 4,000,000 2,750,700 2,750,700 42%13 Rehabilitation of (Bîir Doufen - Ijbira - El Mardoum) road network 30 11,518,100 383,937 1,727,700 … 4,895,200 4,895,200 15%

14Construction of Oued Ahmar bridge and maintenance of the two bridges (Oued ElHrawa and Oued El Hniwa)

4,035,300 … 3,355,300 340,000 170,000 170,000 92%

15 Rehabilitation of (Ghat - El Matar) road network 24 5,948,400 247,850 4,129,700 500,000 659,350 659,350 78%16 Rehabilitation of (Om El Araneb - Sabha) road network 88 43,452,400 493,777 6,517,900 1,000,000 17,967,250 17,967,250 17%17 Rehabilitation of (Gharyan - Bni Walid - Oued El Bled) road network 90 60,219,200 669,102 … 9,032,900 25,593,150 25,593,150 15%18 Rehabilitation of (Mrada - El Akila) road network 126 74,500,300 591,272 42,837,700 … 15,831,300 15,831,300 58%

19Complementary Rehabilitation of (El Azizia - Sabrata - El Asa - El Watya - AbouKammach) road network "Section 1"

75 15,379,200 205,056 6,836,600 1,500,000 3,521,300 3,521,300 54%

20 Complementary Rehabilitation of the connection of Tenjedr 26 3,738,000 143,769 2,172,500 1,565,500 0 0 100%

21Complementary Rehabilitation of the connection between El Mkhili and (Ajdabya- Tobrok) road natwork

60 7,219,000 120,317 1,082,800 1,000,000 2,568,100 2,568,100 29%

22 Maintenance of (Ajdabya - Tobrok) road natwork 165 32,164,000 194,933 6,549,600 2,000,000 11,807,200 11,807,200 27%23 Complementary Rehabilitation of (Ajdabya - Benghazi) trade road network 120 17,857,400 148,812 7,345,000 500,000 5,006,200 5,006,200 44%

24Rehabilitation of the southern roads : (Widen - Soukana - Sabha) 150km, (Sabha -Oubari) 60km, (Abouzrik - El Kafra) 26km, (El Katroun - Tajrhi) 65km andresearch studies

276 159,239,500 576,955 35,997,500 12,324,200 55,458,900 55,458,900 30%

25 Complementary maintenance of (Widen - Soukana - Sabha) road network 165 46,000,000 278,788 46,000,000 … 0 0 100%26 Complementary maintenance of (Sabha - Oubari) road network 180 60,000,000 333,333 60,000,000 … 0 0 100%27 Complementary maintenance of (Jalou - Abouzrigh) road network 399 55,000,000 137,845 55,000,000 … 0 0 100%28 Maintenance of (Raas Ijdir - El Kar Boulilli) coastal road natwork 225 81,626,300 362,784 18,833,200 6,279,300 28,256,900 28,256,900 31%29 Maintenance of (El Kar Boulilli - Misrata) coastal road natwork 160 73,944,400 462,153 11,091,700 8,000,000 27,426,350 27,426,350 26%30 Maintenance of (Misrata - Sara) coastal road natwork 243 49,462,300 203,549 14,850,000 … 17,306,150 17,306,150 30%31 Maintenance of (Sara - Ijdabya) coastal road natwork 400 62,650,200 156,626 36,023,800 … 13,313,200 13,313,200 57%32 Maintenance of (Ijdabya - El Marj) coastal road natwork 255 65,270,400 255,962 65,270,400 … 0 0 100%33 Maintenance of (El Marj - Darna) coastal road natwork 201 80,174,900 398,880 80,174,900 … 0 0 100%34 Maintenance of (Daran - Imsaeed) coastal road natwork 305 59,044,200 193,588 17,720,000 … 20,662,100 20,662,100 30%

158


L inear(km)


Cost perkm (LD)

2006 2007 2008 2009

EstimatedAbsorption

rate (%)

35 Maintenanceof (Tarhouna- El Khams) road network 61 22,727,400 372,580 3,409,100 2,000,000 8,659,150 8,659,150 24%36 Maintenanceof (Tripoli - El Azizia - Gharyan) road network 88 46,626,500 529,847 6,994,000 3,000,000 18,316,250 18,316,250 21%37 Maintenanceof (El Azizia - Bîir Ayad - El Jouch - Nalout) road network 231 52,388,500 226,790 7,858,300 4,000,000 20,265,100 20,265,100 23%38 Maintenance of (El Marj - El Faâdiya - Martouba) road network 204 29,978,500 146,953 4,496,800 1,500,000 11,990,850 11,990,850 20%39 Maintenance of (El Makroun - Slouk - Benghazi) road network 74 12,991,700 175,564 1,948,800 1,500,000 4,771,450 4,771,450 27%40 Maintenance of (Gharyan - Mazda) road network 89 16,369,600 183,928 … 4,910,800 5,729,400 5,729,400 30%41 Study and maintenance of (Nalout - Ghdemes) road network 315 150,000,000 476,190 … 22,500,000 63,750,000 63,750,000 15%42 Study and maintenance of (Gharyan - Jadou - Nalout) road network 250 60,000,000 240,000 … 9,000,000 25,500,000 25,500,000 15%43 Maintenance of (Biîr Maji - Ksar Ben Ghchir - Sleh Eddine) road network 82 26,904,000 328,098 2,774,200 1,000,000 11,564,900 11,564,900 14%44 Maintenance of (Om Laranem - Majdoul - El Katroun) road network 151 50,671,700 335,574 … 7,600,800 21,535,450 21,535,450 15%45 Maintenance of coastal road bridge number22 14,705,400 … … 14,705,400 0 0 100%46 Maintenance of (El Fjij - Marzak) road network 102 33,896,200 332,316 … 8,474,000 12,711,100 12,711,100 25%47 Maintenance of (Torghan - Om Laraneb - Zwila - Timsa) road network 156 51,837,700 332,293 … 12,959,400 19,439,150 19,439,150 25%48 Maintenance of (Tarhouna - Bni Walid) road network 87 29,533,200 339,462 16,981,600 … 6,275,800 6,275,800 58%49 Maintenance of the six coastal road bridges in the eastern of (Sara) 3,192,400 … 1,480,600 … 855,900 855,900 46%50 Pavement management System of 8000km (El Mourafak) (latitude 9-16) 4,312,000 … 331,200 250,000 1,865,400 1,865,400 13%51 Pavement management System of 8000km (El Imara) (latitude 16-25) 4,312,000 … 431,200 250,000 1,815,400 1,815,400 16%52 Cost benefit analysis of the toll road 1,347,900 … 1,145,700 202,200 0 0 100%

53Feasibility study and technical analysis of (Raâs Ijdir - Misrata) new coastal roadnetwork 400km

400 10,650,000 26,625 10,650,000 … 0 0 100%

54Feasibility study and technical analysis of (Mistrata - Imsaeed) new coastal roadnetwork 1300km

1.800 38,500,000 21,389 … 38,500,000 0 0 100%

55Feasibility study and technical analysis of the duplication of (Sara - Ijdabya)coastal road network 400km

400 4,282,800 10,707 … 3,000,000 641,400 641,400 70%

56 Feasibility study and technical analysis of (El Khams) Western entrance 586,800 … … 586,800 0 0 100%57 Study for the sand dune control and the drainage of the main roads 742,500 … … 742,500 0 0 100%58 Study and design of (Sara - Al Jafra) road network capacity duplication 250km 250 1,875,000 7,500 … 1,875,000 0 0 100%

59Study and design of (El Hicha Al Jadida - Al Jafra) road network capacityduplication 250km

250 1,875,000 7,500 … 1,875,000 0 0 100%

60 Study and design of (Al Jafra - Sabha) road network capacity duplication 350km 350 2,590,000 7,400 … 2,590,000 0 0 100%61 Study and design of (Sabha - Oubari) road network capacity duplication 90km 90 498,000 5,533 … 498,000 0 0 100%62 Study and design of (Al Katroun - Tejrhi) road network 65km 65 474,000 7,292 … 474,000 0 0 100%63 Study and design of (Tejrhi - Al Wigh) road network 55km 55 240,000 4,364 … 240,000 0 0 100%64 Study and design of (Al Kafra - Laâwinet - Nahr Annil) road network 1005km 1.005 3,648,200 3,630 2,868,200 … 390,000 390,000 79%65 (Sabha - Oubari) road maintenance monitoring 1,981,500 … 545,000 359,100 538,700 538,700 46%66 (Al Katroun - Tajrhi) road maintenance monitoring 227,300 … 62,500 … 82,400 82,400 27%67 (Widen - Soukana - Sabha) road maintenance monitoring 2,499,700 … 727,200 500,000 636,250 636,250 49%68 (Al Kafra - Abouzrigh) road maintenance monitoring 1,692,600 … 534,700 400,000 378,950 378,950 55%69 (Jalou - Abouzrigh) road maintenance monitoring 1,347,500 … 392,000 300,000 327,750 327,750 51%70 (Al Kra Boulilli - Raâs Ijdir) coastal road maintenance monitoring 1,878,300 … 414,800 400,000 531,750 531,750 43%71 Monitoring of the coastal road (Ijdabya - El Marj) maintenance project 1,501,200 … … 520,000 490,600 490,600 35%72 Monitoring of the coastal road (El Marj - Darna) maintenance project 1,803,900 … … 700,000 551,950 551,950 39%73 Monitoring of the coastal road (Darna - Emsaeed) maintenance project 1,358,000 … … 500,000 429,000 429,000 37%74 Monitoring of (Al Azizia) peripheral road execution 266,000 … … 66,500 99,750 99,750 25%75 Monitoring of the coastal road (Al Kra Boulilli - Misrata) maintenance project 1,663,700 … … 700,000 481,850 481,850 42%

159


L inear(km)


Cost perkm (LD)

2006 2007 2008 2009

EstimatedAbsorption

rate (%)

76 Monitoring of thecoastal road (Misrata - Sara) maintenanceproject 900,000 … … 380,000 260,000 260,000 42%77 Monitoring of the road (Biîr Doufen - Ijbeera - Al Mardoum) maintenance project 300,000 … … 80,000 110,000 110,000 27%78 Monitoring of the road (Al Makroun - Slouk - Benghazi) maintenance project 360,000 … … 90,000 135,000 135,000 25%79 Monitoring of the road (Tripoli - Al Azizia - Gharyan) maintenance project 1,000,000 … … 285,000 357,500 357,500 29%80 Monitoring of the road (Al Marj - Al Faidiya - Martouba) maintenance project 280,000 … … 74,000 103,000 103,000 26%

81Monitoring of the road (Tripoli - Ksar Ben Ghchir - Tarhouna) maintenanceproject

540,000 … … 250,000 145,000 145,000 46%

82 Monitoring of the road (Tarhouna - Al Khams) maintenance project 455,000 … … 160,000 147,500 147,500 35%83 Monitoring of the road (Al Azizia - Biîr Ayed - Nalout) maintenance project 1,050,000 … … 300,000 375,000 375,000 29%84 Monitoring of the road (Tarhouna - Ben Walid) maintenance project 600,000 … … 300,000 150,000 150,000 50%85 Monitoring of the road (Gharyan - Mazda) maintenance project 350,000 … … 120,000 115,000 115,000 34%86 Monitoring of the coastal road (Tobrok - Imsaeed) capacity duplication 1,400,000 … … 350,000 525,000 525,000 25%87 Monitoring of the coastal road (El Hicha - Sara) capacity duplication 1,270,000 … … 350,000 460,000 460,000 28%88 Monitoring of the coastal road (Misrata - El Hicha) capacity duplication 1,300,000 … … 300,000 500,000 500,000 23%89 Monitoring of the coastal road (Darna - Martouba) capacity duplication 290,000 … … 60,000 115,000 115,000 21%90 Monitoring of the coastal road (Tobrok - Belfrayes) capacity duplication 800,000 … … 300,000 250,000 250,000 38%91 Monitoring of remaining road works (Ijdabya - Tobrok) 600,000 … … 240,000 180,000 180,000 40%92 Monitoring of (Mrada - Al Akila) road network construction 1,500,000 … … 480,000 510,000 510,000 32%

93Rehabilitation and maintenance of (Ghat - Isseen) road network (Libyan Algerianborders)

16 8,000,000 500,000 … 1,200,000 3,400,000 3,400,000 15%

94 Construction of the peripheral road (Tarhouna) 19km 19 22,000,000 1,157,895 … … 11,000,000 11,000,000 0%

95Study and maintenance of (Ezzawya - Biîr Leghnam - Arrabta - Gharyan) roadnetwork 93km

93 50,000,000 537,634 … 7,500,000 21,250,000 21,250,000 15%

96 Rehabilitation of (Al Katroun - Tajrhi) road network 65 32,000,000 492,308 … … 16,000,000 16,000,000 0%97 Rehabilitation of (Tajrhi - Al Wigh) road network 55 27,000,000 490,909 … … 13,500,000 13,500,000 0%98 Maintenance of (Brak - Idri) road network 135 68,500,000 507,407 … 10,275,000 29,112,500 29,112,500 15%99 Study and maintenance of (Brak Bit Brak) road network 70 60,000,000 857,143 … 9,000,000 25,500,000 25,500,000 15%

100 Study and maintenance of (Brak - Sabha) road network 130 30,000,000 230,769 … 4,500,000 12,750,000 12,750,000 15%

101 Maintenance of (Al Hicha - Abou Anjim) road network 106 23,000,000 216,981 … 3,450,000 9,775,000 9,775,000 15%

102Study preparation, upgrade and equipment of the roads surving the Tripoliexhibition

31 16,650,000 537,097 … … 8,325,000 8,325,000 0%

103 Emergency maintenance in sandy areas 25,000,000 … … 10,000,000 7,500,000 7,500,000 40%104 Study preparation, upgrade and equipment of (Esswani - Janzour) road network 28 17,140,000 612,143 … … 8,570,000 8,570,000 0%

105Study preparation, upgrade and equipment of (Esswani - airport road - Ksar BenGhchir) road network

13 7,000,000 538,462…

… 3,500,000 3,500,000 0%

106 Maintenance of (Ijdabya - Jalou) road network 250km 250 80,000,000 320,000 … 12,000,000 34,000,000 34,000,000 15%

107Study preparation, upgrade and equipment of (Sara - the airport) road network11km

11 3,820,000 347,273…

450,000 1,685,000 1,685,000 12%

108 Study preparation, upgrade and equipment of the Tripoli International Airport 25 50,000,000 2,000,000 … … 25,000,000 25,000,000 0%

109Study preparation, upgrade and equipment of (Tripoli - Esswani) road network +Bridge number 2

25 10,125,000 405,000…

… 5,062,500 5,062,500 0%

110Study preparation, upgrade and equipment of (Tripoli - Ksar Ben Ghchir) roadnetwork + Bridge

27 9,800,000 362,963…

… 4,900,000 4,900,000 0%

111Study preparation, upgrade and equipment of (Esswani - coastal road) roadnetwork + Bridge number 27

36 10,400,000 288,889…

… 5,200,000 5,200,000 0%

160


L inear(km)


Cost perkm (LD)

2006 2007 2008 2009

EstimatedAbsorption

rate (%)

112Study preparation, upgradeand equipment of (Ksar Ben Ghchir - Oued Arrabeea)road network

34 10,275,000 302,206…

… 5,137,500 5,137,500 0%

113Study preparation, upgrade and equipment for capacity duplication of (AlAkouriya - Al Kouf) coastal road network 120km

1,300,000 ……

195,000 552,500 552,500 15%

114 Study preparation, upgrade and equipment of (Tamsa - Zwila) road network 498,000 … … 498,000 0 0 100%115 Study preparation, upgrade and equipment of the coastal road network 1700km 1,700 10,000,000 5,882 … 2,000,000 4,000,000 4,000,000 20%116 Capacity duplication of (Chhat - AL Abrak) coastal road network 10 6,519,000 651,900 … … 3,259,500 3,259,500 0%117 Rehabilitation of (Al Kafra - Laâwinet) road network 365 290,000,000 794,521 … 39,000,000 125,500,000 125,500,000 13%118 Rehabilitation of (Mrada - Oujla) road network 220 210,000,000 954,545 … 18,000,000 96,000,000 96,000,000 9%

119Construction of 3 bridges in (Sara) (western entrance, eastern entrance and airportcross-road)

10,000,000 ……

1,500,000 4,250,000 4,250,000 15%

120 Capacity duplication of (Sara - Ijdabya) coastal road network 400 204,282,700 510,707 … … 102,141,350 102,141,350 0%121 Capacity duplication of (Al Akouriya - Al Kouf) coastal road network 120 71,300,000 594,167 … … 35,650,000 35,650,000 0%122 Maintenance of (Al Abyar - Al Marj) road network 50 10,000,000 200,000 … 1,500,000 4,250,000 4,250,000 15%123 Capacity duplication of (Martouba - Belfrayes) coastal road network 107 85,900,000 802,804 … … 42,950,000 42,950,000 0%124 Capacity duplication of (Sabha - Oubari) road network 90 45,500,000 505,556 … … 22,750,000 22,750,000 0%125 Rehabilitation of the road between cement works and (Ajjafra) 18 10,000,000 555,556 … … 5,000,000 5,000,000 0%126 Capacity duplication of (Sara - Ajjafra) road network 250 110,000,000 440,000 … … 55,000,000 55,000,000 0%127 Capacity duplication of (Al Hicha Al Jadida - Ajjafra) road network 250 110,000,000 440,000 … … 55,000,000 55,000,000 0%128 Capacity duplication of (Ajjafra - Sabha) road network 350 140,000,000 400,000 … … 70,000,000 70,000,000 0%129 Capacity duplication of (Al Obrok - Darna) coastal road network 80 66,000,000 825,000 … … 33,000,000 33,000,000 0%130 Maintenance of the bridges on coastal roads 80,000,000 … … 12,000,000 34,000,000 34,000,000 15%131 Reserve to cover the prices changes 393,000,000 … … … 196,500,000 196,500,000 0%132 Indemnifications for expropriation needs 20,000,000 … … … 10,000,000 10,000,000 0%

Source : General People’s Committee for Planning

161

Table A.6.2: Deaths caused by automobile accidents

Tunisia* Algeria* Morocco* Libya France Italy

Population (million) 9,931 32,000 29,892 5,000 59,900 57,690

Automobile fleet (million) 984 3,100 1,951 1,275 35,144 38,058

Accidents reported 12,127 43,227 51,687 11,643 105,470 237,812

Fatalities 1,585 4,343 3,894 1,785 7,654 6,736

Fatalities per 10,000 veh 16.0 14.0 20.0 14.0 2.2 1.8

Source : Bank Staff’s estimates (including those with *)

Table A.6.3: Fuel prices in Libya and neighboring countries (Billion of LD) Destination Libya Algeria Tunisia Morocco Premium Gasoline 98 0.131 0.332 0.992 1.365 Diesel oil 0.123 0.201 0.694 1.222


Table A.6.4: Projected Investments in the Transportation Sector, 2008-2012 (Billion of LD)

Sub-Sector 2007 2008 –2009

2010 – 2012

Total 2008 – 2012 Percentages

Road sector Tbd 5,015 711 5,726 54% Air transport sector Tbd 2,354 180 2,534 24% Maritime sector Tbd 1,560 755 2,315 22% TOTAL - 8,929 1,646 10,575 100%


Table A.6.5: Projected Investments in Roads Sector, 2008-2012 (Billion of LD)

Year

Ongoing Works**)

Studies New works Maintenance*)

Equipment Training

Secondary and

rural roads Total 2007 tbd tbd tbd tbd tbd tbd tbd 2008 1,772 10,19 230 156 59 290 2,517 2009 1,772 10,19 221 157 25 290 2,475 2010 209 144 25 20 398 2011 48 82 25 20 175 2012 48 33 25 20 126

TOTAL 3,544 20 756 572 159 640 5,691


162

Table A.6.6: Projected road length

Length (km)

Road Type 2007 2012 Growth rate (%)

Primary roads 15,762 24,000 52%

Secondary roads 9,500 15,000 58%

Other rural roads 4,750 6,500 37%

Total 30,012 45,500 52% Source : General People’s Committee for Planning

Table A.6.7: Number of People’s Committees per Shaabiat

Designation Capital # People’s Committees

Albutnan Tobrouk 20 Derna Derna 18 Aljabal Akhdar Al Bayda 23 Al Marj Al Marj 32 Benghazi Benghazi 32 Alwahat Ajdabiya 17 Alkofra Alkofra 2 Syrte Syrte 30 Morzok Morzok 13 Sabha Sabha 33 Wadi Al Hayat Ubari 11 Misratah Misratah 25 Almergib Khoms 38 Tripoli Tripoli 37 Aljofara Azizia 26 Zawia Zawia 32 Al Nekhat Alkhams Zouara 16 Aljabal Algharbi Gharian 35 Nalut Nalut 23 Ghat Ghat 5 Aljofra Aljofra 5 Wadi Ecchati Ecchati 6


Table A.6.8: Regional Agencies per Shaabiat Regional RB Agency Shaabiats

Zawia Zawia + Al Nekhat Alkhams Aljabal Algharbi Aljabal Algharbi + Nalut Tripoli Tripoli + Almergib + Aljofara Misratah Misratah + Syrte + Aljofra Alwahat Alwahat + Alkofra Benghazi Benghazi + Al Marj Aljabal Alakhdar Aljabal Alakhdar + Derna + Albutnan Sabha Sabha + Morzok + Wadi Al Hayat + Ghat + Wadi Ecchatii


163

Table A.6.9: Types of Roads Maintenance and Operation Contracts OPTIONS Description

Management and Maintenance Contracts

A private sector party manages and/or maintain an existing road in accordance with central performance criteria, with payment received from the Government.

Turnkey Design and Build Contract

A private sector party designs and constructs a new road in accordance with predefined specifications, and on completion receives a fixed payment in compensation.

Rev

enue

sfr

omG

over

nmen

tSo

urce

s

Design, Build and Maintain Contract

A private sector party designs, constructs and maintains a new road in accordance with predefined specifications for a specified time period. Payment is received from the Government in accordance with a contractual schedule.

Toll Operation and Maintenance Contract A private sector party collects toll from users, which is used to finance maintenance of the road to agreed standards.

Rehabilitation and Maintenance Operation

A private sector party undertakes significant rehabilitation works to improve an existing road to agreed standards, maintains the road in accordance with contractual performance criteria, and collects tolls to finance both rehabilitation and maintenance.

BOT

A private sector party undertakes and finances design, construction, tolling and maintenance. The private sector party may also bear much of the risk.

Rev

enue

sfr

omT

olls

Corridor Management Contracts

A private sector party undertakes new construction, maintenance (or rehabilitation) and operation of a number of existing facilities within a specific corridor or limited road network.

Source : World Bank

Table A.6.10: Auto fleet/park in Libya Category Number Percent

Private cars 1,057,358 71.8 Taxi, minibus 74,605 5.1 State owned light vehicles 26,491 1.8 Total Light Vehicles 1,158,454 78.7

Light Truck (2 axles) 280,043 19.0 Heavy Truck (> 2 axles) 21,654 1.5 Agricultural trucks 2,150 0.1 Specialized trucks 10,081 0.7 Total Heavy Vehicles 313,928 21.3 Grand Total 1,472,382 100.0

Source : RBA

Table A.6.11: Production of Gasolines (units?) Energy 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Gasoline 1,646 1,701 1,819 1,884 2,016 2,146 2,256 2,331 Gas oil 2,888 2,882 2,875 2,660 3,073 3,428 3,783 3,575

TOTAL 4,534 4,583 4,694 4,544 5,089 5,574 6,039 5,906

Source : RBA

164

Table A.6.12: Data Road Accidents

Accidents with injuries Rates

Year Number of accidents Fatal

Serious injuries

Light injuries

Deaths per 100

accidents

Injuries per 100

accidents Seriousness

rate 1998 9,393 1,224 3,573 8,343 13.0 88.8 51.1 1999 9,070 1,204 3,515 8,394 13.3 92.5 52.0 2000 10,667 1,504 4,155 8,717 14.1 81.7 53.1 2001 10,895 1,598 4,141 10,033 14.7 92.1 52.7 2002 12,017 1,751 4,483 11,058 14.6 92.0 51.9 2003 12,154 1,744 4,479 10,502 14.3 86.4 51.2 2004 11,643 1,785 5,150 10,746 15.3 92.3 59.6 2005 11,898 1,800 5,380 11,541 15.1 97.0 60.3 2006 11,982 1,866 5,663 12,164 15.6 101.5 62.8 TOTAL 99,719 14,476 40,539 91,498 - - -

Source : RBA

Table A.6.13: Vehicle-related Fatalities in Libya and Selected Countries Tunisia* Algeria* Morocco* Libya France Japan Italy USA Population (*1000) 9,931 32,000 29,892 5,000 59,900 127,435 57,690 288,369 Automobile fleet (*1000) 984 3,100 1,951 1,275 35,144 76,460 38,058 232,694

Motorization rate (/1000 inhabitants) 99 97 65 255 587 600 660 807

Accidents number 12,127 43,227 51,687 11,643 105,470 936,721 237,812 1,967,000

Accidents number (per 1,000 vehicles) 12.3 13.9 26.5 9.1 3.0 12.3 6.2 8.5

Number of fatalities 1,585 4,343 3,894 1,785 7,654 9,575 6,736 42,815

Number of fatalities per 100 accidents 13 10 8 15 7 1 3 2

Number of fatalities per 10,000 vehicles 16 14 20 14 2.2 1.3 1.8 1.8

Source : RBA

Table A.6.14: Gasoline and Diesel Domestic Prices

Fuel type 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Premium Gasoline 98 140 150 150 150 150 150 160 Premium Gasoline 95 105 115 115 115 150 150 160 Diesel oil 110 120 120 120 140 140 150

Source : RBA

Table A.6.15: Comparator of Gasoline and Diesel Prices Destination Libya Algeria Tunisia Morocco

Premium Gasoline 98 0.131 0.332 0.992 1.365 Premium Gasoline 95 0.131 0.338 0.992 1.365 Diesel oil 0.123 0.201 0.694 1.222

Source : RBA

165

Table A.6.16a: Major Road Works Planned (Unit Costs)

N° Type of works Unit cost (LD) 1 Construction of an expressway 750,000 2 Construction of a major road in the coastal region 385,000 3 Construction of a major road in mountainous regions 500,000 4 Construction of a major roads in a desert region 650,000 5 Periodic maintenance of major roads in a coastal region 350,000 6 Periodic maintenance of major road in a desert region 450,000 7 Construction of secondary roads 225,000


Table A.6.16b: Cost Comparators for Road Works Work Type Libya AFR MNA

Routine Maintenance 1,995 2,177Grading 348 n/aGravel Resurfacing 9,775 25,042Bituminous Preventive Treatment 6,915 n/aSurface Treatment Resurfacing 18,445 29,322Asphalt Mix Resurfacing 49,464 64,042Strengthening 127,548 142,631Reconstruction 130,143 156,724New 2L Expressway Flat terrain 750,000 New 2L Highway Flat terrain 385,000 373,624 n/aNew 2L Highway Mountainous 500,000 n/a n/a

New 2L Highway Desert region 650,000 n/a n/aNew 2L Secondary road 225,000 n/a n/a

Routine Maintenance Gravel Road 1,617 n/aRoutine Maintenance Bituminous 2L 2,323 2,177Light Grading 205 n/aHeavy Grading 491 n/aSurface Treatment Slurry Seal 12,970 9,344Single Surface Treatment 18,353 19,208Double Surface Treatment 18,767 31,846Resurfacing Asphalt Overlay < 40 mm 41,241 33,652Resurfacing Asphalt Overlay 40 -59mm 51,332 85,642Asphalt Overlay 60 to 70 mm 91,905 n/aAsphalt Overlay 80 to 99 mm 127,548 170,287Asphalt Overlay > 99 mm 181,992 147,993Reconstruction Bituminous 190,031 156,724Reconstruction Concrete n/a n/a


166

Table A.6.17: Proposed Road Works and Estimated Costs for Libya

Number of projects

Total contract price Cost per km Expenditure

I. MAJOR ROADS Feasibility study of Siyou - Jourboub road network 110 136,900 1,245 136,900

Rehabilitation of Jourboub - Egyptian border road network 38 9,906,000 260,684 9,906,000 International Airport - Tripoli maintenance road network 24 10,973,400 457,225 10,973,400 Maintenance of Benghazi - Ajtabia road network 161 3,500,000 21,739 3,500,000

Sub TotaL 1 333 24,516,300 - 24,516,300

II. SECONDARY RDS + AGRICULTURAL TRACKS

Cost per km Shaabiats

Number of projects

Total contract price Expenditure

Zawia/Ennekhat Elkhams 45 19,890,300 442,007 19,890,300

Tripoli/Jeffara 48 14,482,700 301,723 14,482,700

Aljabal Algharbi/Nalut 18 7,850,100 436,117 7,850,100

Almergib/Beni Walid 32 19,507,800 609,619 19,507,800

Misrata/Syrte/Jofra 21 7,426,700 353,652 7,426,700

Sebha/Wadi Elhayat/Morzok/Ecchatti/Gat 42 2,836,800 67,543 2,836,800

El Wahat 33 5,328,400 161,467 5,328,400

Benghazi/Merj 20 6,737,200 336,860 6,737,200

Aljabal Alakhdar/Derna/Butnan 107 21,906,500 204,734 21,906,500

Sub Total 2 366 105,966,500 289,526 105,966,500

GRAND TOTAL 130,482,800 - 130,482,800

Source : General People’s Committee for Planning.

167

Table A.6.18 Expenditures in Road Construction and Maintenance in Libya and Selected Countries??

Countries

GDP (Million Current

US$)

GDP per Capita

(Current US$)

New Construction

(Million Current US$)

Maintenance (Million

Current US$)

Exp. on New Construction as% of GDP

Exp. on Maintenance as% of GDP

Lithuania (2001) 12,146 3,498 52.2 59.3 0.43% 0.49% Latvia (2006) 20,116 5,681 179.2 125.3 0.89% 0.62% Poland (2003) 216,545 4,783 1,001.3 1,189.3 0.46% 0.55% Bulgaria (2003) 19,986 1,840 54.2 46.5 0.27% 0.23% South Africa (2004) 216,443 3,301 1,389.7 2,496.3 0.64% 1.15% Czech Republic (2000) 56,721 5,521 1,033.2 1,043.6 1.82% 1.84% Estonia (2005) 13,748 6,211 119.8 52.4 0.87% 0.38% Hungary (2002) 66,621 5,126 20.4 54.4 0.03% 0.08% Peru (2004) 69,686 2,277 226.6 111.1 0.33% 0.16% Slovakia (2004) 42,017 4,467 337.6 90.7 0.80% 0.22% Turkey (2005) 363,370 3,425 2,942.1 299.1 0.81% 0.08% Ukraine (2005) 86,142 962 589.6 219.9 0.68% 0.26% Total Average 98,628 3,924 0.67% 0.51% Libya (2006) 50,320 11,622 670.0 (over the last 5 years) 0.37%


Table A.6.19 Estimates of Road Network Development and Maintenance in Libya

Network Development and/or Upgrading

Maintenance Activities

Current Allocations (in 2007) 240 70

Estimated Needs (annually, beginning in 2008) US$ 350 million US$ 250 million


168

Table A.6.20: Road Secur ity Basic Data

Death accidentsGrievous injuries

accidentsLight injuries

accidents Total ValeurYear

Number Deaths Number Victims Number Victims

Accidentswithoutvictims Accidents

Deaths/Victims Vehicules DL milleDL

Nb.Délis

Nb.Infrac.

1969 292 349 809 1.088 2.816 4.234 5.445 9.362 5.671 13831 486.000 486 4239 697401970 415 504 1.350 1.743 3.867 5.402 5.402 11.034 7.649 13628 2.436.912 2.437 7749 782221971 485 575 1.528 2.036 4.194 6.047 6.206 12.413 8.658 14258 946.989 947 8707 931811972 552 645 1.998 2.648 4.591 6.875 6.470 13.611 10.168 15421 689.742 690 11541 931101973 609 713 2.154 2.996 4.177 6.563 6.126 13.066 10.272 16111 597.070 597 12318 1140321974 821 985 2.591 3.466 4.818 8.177 7.561 15.791 12.628 23258 755.049 755 12026 1309911975 868 1.081 2.903 3.987 4.837 7.921 7.784 16.392 12.989 34212 1.061.521 1.062 15241 1110921976 951 1.159 2.828 3.964 4.207 7.069 6.776 14.762 12.192 35473 1.372.584 1.373 15948 1134921977 925 1.106 3.022 4.061 4.270 7.146 7.418 15.635 12.313 28727 1.282.798 1.283 14819 916211978 1.038 1.262 3.518 4.652 4.373 7.657 4.781 16.410 13.571 35149 1.903.131 1.903 16311 808421979 978 1.171 2.515 8.710 3.715 6.412 7.344 14.552 16.293 31450 1.818.679 1.819 17588 934051980 1.042 1.266 2.824 3.934 4.055 6.766 6.484 14.405 11.966 22048 2.586.651 2.587 17281 167341981 1.187 1.418 3.058 4.153 3.817 6.542 5.488 13.505 12.113 15752 2.090.431 2.090 14457 478341982 1.106 1.296 2.677 3.773 3.348 5.515 5.185 12.216 10.584 15964 2.448.393 2.448 17684 644931983 985 1.125 2.430 3.403 3.229 5.424 3.642 10.268 9.952 12991 1.969.030 1.969 14517 707171984 914 1.070 2.461 2.428 2.991 5.219 3.184 9.550 8.717 16574 1.792.374 1.792 17953 554451985 905 1.050 2.433 3.315 3.040 5.567 3.111 9.489 9.932 11070 2.147.477 2.147 20750 404621986 882 1.020 2.183 2.927 2.717 4.572 2.525 8.307 8.519 9957 1.803.283 1.803 17874 318011987 796 963 1.690 2.189 2.246 3.726 1.966 6.698 6.878 7969 1.773.128 1.773 21545 267691988 851 1.007 2.172 2.799 1.964 3.367 1.833 6.820 7.173 6575 2.239.550 2.240 20080 319061989 942 1.925 2.127 2.893 2.160 3.627 2.373 7.602 8.445 7437 3.018.820 3.019 20982 703301990 1.094 1.312 2.153 3.008 2.210 3.657 2.390 7.847 7.977 8084 4.244.172 4.244 34423 1044591991 1.056 1.279 2.062 2.788 2.161 3.554 2.470 7.749 7.621 7856 3.889.706 3.890 39435 522511992 1.195 1.435 2.339 2.389 2.354 3.934 2.535 8.423 7.758 8068 3.831.912 3.832 51755 1300541993 1.207 1.440 2.443 3.460 2.606 3.493 2.753 9.009 8.393 9389 4.936.003 4.936 48324 1494491994 998 1.180 2.401 3.298 2.335 2.125 2.666 8.400 6.603 9598 7.962.456 7.962 98661 2017571995 1.071 1.296 2.286 3.319 2.341 4.384 2.721 8.419 8.999 9652 8.825.074 8.825 100962 2217981996 927 1.080 2.336 3.367 2.403 4.383 2.771 8.437 8.830 9308 9.881.558 9.882 89026 2541021997 969 1.119 2.438 3.411 2.661 4.665 3.210 9.278 9.195 10875 11.314.604 11.315 108167 253771998 1.012 1.224 2.409 3.573 2.558 4.770 3.414 9.393 9.567 10531 12.299.535 12.300 117063 2254421999 1.012 1.204 2.410 3.515 2.681 4.879 3.267 9.070 9.598 10574 13.239.190 13.239 125888 2191902000 1.273 1.504 2.800 4.155 2.985 4.562 3.609 10.667 10.221 12271 15.736.616 15.737 122399 2302122001 1.311 1.598 2.814 4.141 3.265 5.892 3.505 10.895 11.631 12528 12.258.350 12.258 649148 9691572002 1.406 1.751 3.053 4.483 3.593 6.575 3.965 12.017 12.809 13952 10.601.420 10.601 125350 3030772003 1.439 1.744 3.031 4.479 3.418 6.023 4.266 12.154 12.246 13918 14.291.710 14.292 117834 2981602004 1.475 1.785 3.329 5.150 2.944 5.596 3.895 11.643 12.531 14171 18.317.985 18.318 113191 292105

Source : RBA

169

Table A.6.21: Length of the paved road network in Libya (In Km, unless otherwise noted)

Shaabiats Major axes Secondary axes Agricultural

tracks Total

Population (2006)

Density (km/1000 hab)

Albutnan 210 255 690 1.155 159.536 7,2 Derna 463 121 486 1.070 163.351 6,6 Aljabal Akhdar 697 74 372 1.143 191.596 6,0 Al Marj 312 251 334 897 185.848 4,8 Benghazi 789 100 365 1.254 670.797 1,9 Alwahat 1.245 345 53 1.643 177.047 9,3 Alkofra 735 63 50 848 50.104 16,9 Syrte 370 133 386 889 141.378 6,3 Morzok 596 208 19 823 78.621 10,5 Sabha 653 240 108 1.001 134.162 7,5 Wadi Al Hayat 587 300 235 1.122 76.858 14,6 Misratah 1.178 416 1.022 2.616 550.938 4,7 Almergib 1.040 108 1.289 2.437 432.202 5,6 Tripoli 764 489 945 2.198 1.065.405 2,1 Zawia 465 54 885 1.404 290.993 4,8 Al Nekhat Alkhams

371 137 253 761 287.662 2,6

Aljabal Algharbi 1.767 567 127 2.461 304.159 8,1 Nalut 924 284 95 1.303 93.224 14,0 Aljofra 798 55 35 888 52.342 17,0 TOTAL 13.964 4.200 7.749 25.913 5.106.223 5,1

Source : RBA

Table A.6.22: Growth of Road Investments, 2000-2007 Table A.6.23: Transport Sector Investment Program, 2008-2012

Year Planned budget

Real expenditures

Absorption rate

2000 40.105 34.141 85%

2001 10.000 4.900 49%

2002 16.900 12.750 75%

2003 24.500 22.446 92%

2004 110.000 68.088 62%

2005 130.000 118.634 91%

2006 688.786 468.978 68%

2007 333.864 311.400 93%

TOTAL 1.354.155 1.041.337 77%

Sector 2008 - 2009

2010 - 2012

Total 2008 - 2012

%

Road 5014,9 711,1 5726 54% Aerial 2353,8 180,2 2534 24% Maritime 1560,0 755,0 2315 22% TOTAL 8928,7 1646,3 10575 100%

Source : General People’s Committee for Planning. Source : General People’s Committee for Planning.

Table A.6.24: Subdivision of the Roads Sector Investment Program (In million LD)

Year Ongoing Studies New works Maintenance

Equipment and

training

Secondary and rural

roads Total

2008 1.772 10,19 230 156 59 290 2.517 2009 1.772 10,19 221 157 25 290 2.475 2010 209 144 25 20 398 2011 48 82 25 20 175 2012 48 33 25 20 126

TOTAL 3.544 20 756 572 159 640 5.691 Total Ongoing

free 0,9% 35,2% 26,6% 7,4% 29,8% 2147 Source : General People’s Committee for Planning.

170

Table A.6.25: Domestic Retail Prices of Petroleum Products, 2001-2007 (In Dirham per liter)*

Petroleum products 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Premium gasoline 98 140 150 150 150 150 150 160 Premium gasoline 95 105 115 115 115 150 150 150 Kerosene 60 70 70 70 80 80 - Gas-oil 110 120 120 120 140 140 150 Fuel oil (diner per ton) 12 27,6 27,6 27,6 27,6 - -

(*) 1 LD=1,000 Dirham Source : RBA

Table A.6.26: Estimates of Domestic Consumption of Petroleum Products in the Transport Sector, 2003-05

Vehicle type Consumption (in l/100 km)

Annual driven distance (km)

Total annual consumption

Vehicle fleet 2003

Total consumption in 10^3 m3

Total consumption in 10^3 m3 ton

. Personal car 8 30.000 2.400 822.150 1.973 1.796

. Taxi (urban/intercities) 9 60.000 5.400 51.113 276 251

. State vehicles 9 45.000 4.050 17.400 70 64

. Truck (< 2 axeload) 14 50.000 7.000 228.876 1.602 1.458

. Truck (> 2 axeload) 38 70.000 26.600 17.531 466 424

. Agricultural truck 12 2.000 240 1.616 0,4 0,4

Total 1.138.686 4.388 3.994 Flexibility interval (10%) 399 Overall total 4.393




Vehicle fleet 2004



. Personal car 8 30.000 2.400 915.907 2.198 2.000


. State vehicles 9 45.000 4.050 20.400 83 75

. Truck (< 2 axeload) 14 50.000 7.000 251.071 1.757 1.599

. Truck (> 2 axeload) 38 70.000 26.600 19.683 524 476






Vehicle fleet 2005



. Personal car 8 30.000 2.400 957.226 2.297 2.091


. State vehicles 9 45.000 4.050 24.050 97 89

. Truck (< 2 axeload) 14 50.000 7.000 253.674 1.776 1.616

. Truck (> 2 axeload) 38 70.000 26.600 21.617 575 523



Source : RBA

171

WATER SECTOR

Table A.7.1: GMMR Past and Projected Capital Expenditures (in million LD) Past investment as of

mid-2007 Development Program (2008-2012)

LD (current prices) (1)

LD (constant 2007 prices)

(2) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Total (2008-2012)

GMMR main program Sarir-Sirte-Tazerbou-Benghazi 2,428.6 3,428.8 16.9 36.3 37.8 24.6 4.1 119.7 Hassaouna-Jefara Plain 3,339.0 4,517.4 124.7 133.4 154.9 102.1 82.1 597.2 Kardhabia-Sdada 917.0 1,003.0 20.1 20.1 El Kafrah-Tazerbu 148.0 191.5 605.4 748.4 620.6 593.8 199.8 2,768.0 Jagboub-Tobruk 15.8 19.9 5.8 90.6 125.2 187.6 65.8 475.0 Ghadames-Zouara- Zaouia 137.5 178.0 296.0 316.9 280.1 56.8 5.0 954.7 Subtotal GMMR main program 6,985.9 9,338.6 1,068.9 1,325.6 1,218.6 964.9 356.7 4,934.7 Supply of towns program - - 98.4 106.3 47.5 - - 252.2

GMMR operation authorities Benghazi Plain 178.9 195.7 201.7 92.9 23.7 27.7 11.7 357.7 Central Region - - 127 60.7 58.8 22.5 19.5 288.5 Jebel Hassaouna 133.6 146.1 487.9 468.9 80 56.9 39.5 1,133.2

Subtotal operation authorities 312.5 341.8 816.6 622.5 162.5 107.1 70.7 1,779.4 Total 7,298.4 9,680.4 1,983.9 2,054.4 1,428.6 1,072.0 427.5

Source: GMMRA, “Development Program 2008-2012”

Table A.7.2: Urban Water Development Program, 2007-2012—Desalination Plants

Desalination Plant Capacity (m3/day)

Region to be served (Shabiat)

Completion ratio (%)

Cost (LD million)

Projected Expenditures (2007-2012) LD million

Ongoing Projects Abu-Traba Plant 40,000 Al Marej 99.5 149 0.7

Derna (Extension) 40,000 Derna 75 137 34.3 Soussa (Extension) 40,000 Jebel Al Akdhar 75 109 27.3 Zaouia 80,000 Zaouia 4.5 187 178.6 Zouara (Extension) 40,000 Nikat Khoms Contracted 96 96.0 Subtotal 22,0000 678 336.8 Projects contracted (cogeneration)*

Tobruk plant 10,0000 Batnan and neighboring 0 91.0 91.0 Mosrata plant 10,0000 Mosrata and neighboring 0 91.0 91.0 Subtotal 20,0000 182.0 182.0

Total 42,0000 860 518.8

Source: GPCoEWG. Water Sector Development Plan (2007-2012). * Imputed cost for desalination (cogeneration plant) on the basis of an estimate equal to LY0.28 per cubic meter of installed

capacity (GPCoEWG, 2007)

Table A.7.3: Urban Development Program (2007-2012)—Conveyance Systems (Feeder lines)

Length of

conveyance (km)

Estimated cost (LD million)

Completion rate (%)

Projected Expenditures (2007-2012) LD million

Expected completion date

Ongoing Projects 425.0 244.6 9.5 221.3 2008-2009 Projects with contracting underway 1,108.0 1,103.0 0 1,103.0 2009 Projects awaiting funding and approval 758.0 362.0 0 362.0 2009

Total 2,291.0 1,709.6 1,686.3

172

Source: GPCoEWG. “Water Sector Development Plan (2007-2012).

173

Table A.7.4: Expenditures and Revenues —GMMRA and GMMR Authorities, 2008-2012 (LD million) GMMR

(city water supply included) GMMR operation authorities

Expenditures Capital 5,181.9 1,779.4

O&M 252.2 94.8 Total 5,434.1 1,874.2 Revenues Law 10-1983 Revenue 4,913.9 1,228.5

Water sales 366 City water supply planning budget 252.2 Own resources (incl. return on equity) 184.6 Total 5,532.1 1,413.1 Surplus 97.7 -461.1 Source: GMMRA

Table A.7.5: Projected water and wastewater (WWW) distribution expenditures, 2008-2012 (LD million)

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total

Utility companies contracts Total urban services Water(a)

Wastewater(a)

Total WWW

950.0 209.0 190.0 399.0

1,045 229.9 209.0 438.9

1,149.5

252.9 229.9 482.8

1,264.4

278.2 252.9 531.1

1,390.9

306.0 278.2 584.2

5,799.8 1,276.0 1,160.0 2,436.0

Equipment expenditures on for urban services Total for all services Water(b)

Wastewater(b)

Total WWW

200.0 50.0 50.0 100.0

100.0 25.0 25.0 50.0

100.0 25.0 25.0 50.0

100.0 25.0 25.0 50.0

0000

500.0 125.0 125.0 250.0

Total distribution expenditures Water Wastewater Total WWW

259.0 240.0 499.0

254.9 234.0 488.9

277.9 254.9 532.8

303.2 277.9 581.1

306.0 278.2 584.2

1,401.0 1,285.0 2,686.0

Source: HIB. “Development Program Proposal. 2008-2012”. 2007. Notes:(a) No breakdown of contract values between water and other services is available. Information provided by HIB for one case shows a share of WWW equal to about 42% (22% for water and 20% for wastewater). (b) The breakdown being not available it is assumed that purchases of equipment for WWW account for 50% of the total purchases (25% for water and 25% for wastewater).

Table A.7.6 : Industrial use, 1998 (Strategy 1999)

Average industrial consumption (million m3/year)

Average consumption Petroleum (million m3/year)

Total

Jebel El Akdhar 4.3 0.3 4.6 Kefra & Serir 10.8 98.6 109.4

Jefara 9.0 1.1 10.1 Hamada El Hamra 5.1 0.01 5.1 Merzuk 3.7 3.0 6.7

Total 32.9 103.0 135.9

Source : GPCEWG

174

Table A.7.7: Distribution of urban water by source of supply and basin, 1998

GMMR Local wells Desalination Total

Population, million inh.

(1998)

l/c/d

Jebel El Akdhar 61.5 52.7 5.1 119.3 1.287 254

Kefra & Serir 18.6 11.2 0.5 30.3 0.259 320

Jefara 109.5 78.6 0.0 188.1 2.078 248

Hamada El Hamra 0.0 44.8 12.0 56.8 0.865 180

Merzuk 0.0 58.1 0.0 58.1 0.323 492

Total 189.6 245.4 17.6 452.6 4.812 257

Memo : Source share 41.9% 54.2% 3.9% 100.0%

Source : GPCEWG

Table A.7.8: Distribution of water use (MCM 2005) Irrigation Domestic Industrial Total Local wells 3,632 217 495 4,344 GMMR 245 320 5 570 Desalination 0 66 … 66 Total 3,877 603 500 4,980

Source : GPCEWG

Table A.7.9: Shares by source of water supply (%) Irrigation Domestic Industrial Total Local wells 94% 36% 99% 87% GMMR 6% 53% 1% 11% Desalination 0% 11% 0% 1% Total 100% 100% 100% 100%

Source : GPCEWG

Table A.7.10: Shares by source of water supply across Regions (%)

Western Region

Central Region

Eastern Region

Southern Region

ElKafra-Serir Region Total

AvailableResources Renewable 475.5 19.5 216.0 711.0

Groundwater 450.0 200.0 650.0

Surface water 25.5 19.5 16.0 61.0

Non renewable (groundwater) 50.0 50.0 1,800.0 1,800.0 3,700.0

Total 525.5 19.5 266.0 1,800.0 1,800.0 4,411.0

Destination by use

Agriculture 940.0 19.5 306.7 1,913.1 709.0 3,888.3

Local domestic and industrial use 168.1 282.0 79.5 58.6 145.5 733.7

GMMR 186.0 114.0 300.0

Total 1,108.1 301.5 386.2 2,157.7 968.5 4,922.0

Surplus -582.6 -282.0 -120.2 -357.7 831.5 -511.0

Source : GPCEWG

175

Table A.7.11: Water Consumption, 2005 (Million m3, unless otherwise indicated) Volume % of total Total water consumption 4,980 100.0% Irrigation 3,877 77.9% Domestic 603 12.1%

Local wells 217 36.0% GMMR 320 53.0% Desalination 66 11.0% Industrial 500 10.0% Petroleum industry 375 75.0% Other industries 125 25.0% Memo : Population (2005) 5,500,000 Per capita daily domestic water consumption (l/c/d) 300

Source : GPCEWG

Table A.7.12: Water Sources and Uses in Libya, 1998 (MCM) Source\Use Agriculture Domestic Industry Total % Groundwater (Local wells) 3,249.8 244.1 103.3 3597.2 91.7% Groundwater GMMR … 189.8 … 223.0 5.7% Surface water 61.0 … … 61.0 1.6% Desalination … 18.1 … 17.6 0.4% Treated WW 24.2 … … 24.2 0.6%

Total 3,335.0 452.0 136.0 3,923.0 100.0%

Source : GPCEWG

Table A.7.13: Water Sources and Uses in Libya, 2005 (MCM) Source\Use Agriculture Domestic Industry Total % Groundwater (Local wells) 3,708 217 505 4,430 88.9% Groundwater GMMR 105 320 … 425 8.5% Surface water 61 … … 62 1.2% Desalination … 66 … 66 1.3%

Total 3,874 603 505 4,983 100.0% Memo : Share of total (%) 77.7% 12.1% 10.1% 100.0%

Source : GPCEWG

Table A.7.14: Water Supply in the Agriculture Sector, 2005

Jefara Plain

Jabal Al Akdhar

Hamada El Hamra

Al-Kufrah-As Sarir

Murzuq Total

Water volume (MCM) 965 469 360 696 888 3,378 Irrigated area (ha) : Government 0 0 12,753 18,800 18,619 50,172 Private 142,000 24,000 16,640 8,700 67,317 258,657

Total 142,000 24,000 29,393 27,500 85,936 308,829 Water volume/ha 6,796 19,542 12,248 25,309 10,333 10,938

Source : GPCEWG

176

Table A.7.15: The Water Supply, 2006Water withdrawal from each region Cultivated areas

Water consumption (MCM, 2005) Areas (in hectares) Water used (2005) MCM

Region

Renewableresources(millionm3/year Agriculture

Domesticand

industry Total

Planned newprojects(water

consumption)

Nonrenewable

(sustainable)Total

resources Surplus Private Public Total Private Public TotalWestern RegionJaffaraPlains 200 940 109 1,049 9 50 142,000 0 142,000 940 940Mountainousarea 26.2 26.2 24Ghadamas-Hamada Hamra 250 7.4 7.4 106.6Surfacewater (3 existing dams) 25.5 25.5 25.5

Total 475.5 940 168.1 1,108.1 139.6 50 525.5 -582,6Central Region 0 282

Khomos (West to Touareg (East) 135 135 50Souf El Jeen/Jeffara Basin 145 145 70Syrt Basin-Zelt 2 2 1Surfacewater (existing dams) 19.5 19.5 19.5

Total 19.5 19.5 282 301.5 121 19.5 -282Eastern Region 306.7 79.5 386.2 24,000 0 24,000 306.7 306.7First Region 267.5 70.1 337.6 39

Benghazi Plain 161.4 51.3 212.7Abyar-El Morj 47.0 5.6 52.6Baytha-El Kobba 59.1 13.2 72.3

Second region 39.2 6.5 45.7 6RasEl Hellal-Derna-Mertouba 28.8 4.7 33.5El Bemba-Ain El Ghezala-Toubrouk 10.4 1.8 12.2South of Jebl El Akdhar 200 0 1.9 1.9 50 250Fouth Region 1 1 1Surfacewater (existing dams) 16 16 16

Total 216 306.7 79.5 386.2 46 50 266 -120.2Southern Region 1,919.2 244.6 2,163.8Ouadi Chatii 319.6 8 360 10 17,730 3,000 20,730 270 50 320Sebha 545.3 26 571.3 6 0

Second group reservoirs 276 22 298 19,800 1,524 21,324 250 26 276First group reservoirs 269.3 4 273.3 20,817 360 21,177 264 5.3 269.3

Ouadi El Hayet 606.1 11 617.1 16 0 0First group reservoirs 600 11 611 35,990 35,990 445 445Second group reservoirs 6.1 0 6.1 300 300 6.1 6.1

Ghat Region 62.1 5.6 67.7 3.6 4,932 660 5,592 55,2 7.3 62.5Merzak Region 380 8 388 13 1,800 1,800 24,975 2,747 27,722 317 63 380GMMR (Hasnaoui-Jeffara system) 186 186 0 0Total 0 1,913.1 244.6 2,157.7 48.6 1,800 1,800 -357.7 124,244 8,591 132,835 1,601.2 157.7 1,758.9

ElKafra-Ser ir Region 709 259.5 0El Kafra basin 141 457 933 1,800 1,800 0El Kefra area 316 26 342 5,000 75 241 316Tezourbou area 115 115 0

Settlement Project 30 30 30GMMR (First phase) 85 0

177

Water withdrawal from each region Cultivated areasWater consumption (MCM, 2005) Areas (in hectares) Water used (2005) MCM

Region

Renewableresources(millionm3/year Agriculture

Domesticand

industry Total

Planned newprojects(water

consumption)

Nonrenewable

(sustainable)Total

resources Surplus Private Public Total Private Public TotalEsserir basin 393 114 507 122 0GMMR 114 114 0Others 393 393 90 164 254

Agthabia region 4 4 0Jagboub administrativearea 0.5 0,5 30 0

Total 0 709 259.5 968.5 1085 1,800 1,800 831.5 600

Total 2,934.9 865.6 3,800.5 3,700 4,411 -511Memo items : Population 5.7Per capitaconsumption (l/c/d) 416.1

Source : General Water Authority.

Table A.7.16: Water Balance (Strategy Study 1999)Availablewater resources (million m3/year) Water consumption (million m3)

Traditional Non-traditionalWater basin Groundwater Surface GMMR Desalination Treated WW Total Agriculture Urban Industrial Total Water balance

Jebel El Akdhar 250 16 113 5.1 1.8 385.9 76.5 119.3 4.6 200.4 185.5

Kefra & Serir 741 2 -113 0.5 1.2 631.7 490.1 30.3 109.4 629,8 1.9

Jefara 250 26 110 7.5 393.5 1,472.5 188.1 10.1 1,670.7 -1,277.2

HamadaEl Hamra 400 17 12.0 4.9 433.9 539.4 56.8 5.1 601.3 -167.4

Merzuk 912 -110 8.8 810.8 745.9 58.1 6.7 810.7 0.1

Total 2553 61 0 17.6 24.2 2,655.8 3,247.9 452.6 135.9 3,836.3 -1,180.5

Source : Strategy Study and GPCEWG.

178

Table A.7.17: Investment Projections, 2012Housing units2006

Shaabiats

Population2006

Number ofhouseholds

Householdsize

ProjectedPopulation

growth

Projectedpopulationfor 2012

Projectednumber ofhouseholds

Total

Verylowlevel

Lowlevel

Fit forlodging

Unitneeds2012

Plannednumberof units

Excess(with

respect toneeds)

Batnan 159,536 22,798 7.0 1.8 177,560 25,374 24,268 2,178 4,370 17,720 7,654 10,504 2,850Derna 163,351 26,573 6.1 1.8 181,806 29,575 24,842 2,222 3,695 18,925 10,650 11,821 1,171Jebel Akdhar 203,156 31,120 6.5 1.8 226,108 34,636 28,455 4,791 4,730 18,934 15,702 16,826 1,124El Morj 185,848 25,550 7.3 1.8 206,845 28,437 21,792 3,483 1,826 16,483 11,954 14,199 2,245Benghazi 670,797 119,257 5.6 1.8 746,582 132,730 111,552 14,950 27,265 69,337 63,393 70,178 6,785Ouahat 177,047 26,281 6.7 1.8 197,049 29,250 27,784 6,428 9,612 11,744 17,506 22,915 5,409Kafra 50,104 8,052 6.2 1.8 55,765 8,962 7,277 829 1,258 5,190 3,772 5,254 1,482Syrt 141,378 19,684 7.2 1.8 157,351 21,908 19,375 1,304 4,506 13,565 8,343 11,281 2,938Jefra 52,342 9,671 5.4 1.8 58,256 10,764 10,526 1,633 796 8,097 2,667 2,772 105Mousrata 550,938 91,234 6.0 1.8 613,182 101,541 86,167 7,355 13,404 65,408 36,133 26,525 -9,608Marqab 432,202 71,148 6.1 1.8 481,031 79,186 79,591 6,404 12,342 60,845 18,341 25,302 6,961Tripoli 1,065,405 192,447 5.5 1.8 1,185,773 214,189 194,445 30,591 37,155 126,699 87,490 76,582 -10,908Jafara 453,198 80,003 5.7 1.8 504,400 89,042 80,330 4,765 7,385 68,180 20,862 24,869 4,007Zaouia 290,993 53,085 5.5 1.8 323,869 59,082 53,377 3,844 6,536 42,997 16,085 14,762 -1,323Nokt Khoms 287,662 54,227 5.3 1.8 320,162 60,353 51,939 3,163 8,475 40,301 20,052 21,208 1,156Jebl Gharbi 304,159 51,254 5.9 1.8 338,522 57,045 54,850 7,324 12,318 35,208 21,837 19,885 -1,952Nalouth 93,224 15,633 6.0 1.8 103,756 17,399 17,083 4,902 10,264 1,917 15,482 13,944 -1,538Sebha 139,861 23,700 5.9 1.8 155,662 26,378 20,573 2,669 4,180 13,724 12,654 18,520 5,866Ouadi Chatti 72,833 12,254 5.9 1.8 81,062 13,638 13,076 1,784 2,326 8,966 4,672 11,185 6,513Ouadi Hayet 76,858 12,867 6.0 1.8 85,541 14,321 12,889 2,634 2,106 8,149 6,172 9,343 3,171Merzak 78,621 13,409 5.9 1.8 87,503 14,924 8,471 3,317 1,320 3,834 11,090 13,697 2,607Gat 23,518 3,652 6.4 1.8 26,175 4,065 2,740 2,634 2,106 -2,000 6,065 5,639 -426Total 5,673,031 963,899 5.9 1.8 6,313,960 1,072,799 951,402 119,204 177,975 654,223 418,576 447,211 28,635

Source : Housing and Utility Investment Board.

179

Table A.7.18: Wastewater Infrastructure, 2005Pumping stations Treatment stations

Shabiaa

Length ofnetworks (mainand secondary)

in km Number

Capacity(m3/day)

Utilizationrate (%)

Capacity used NumberPlannedCapacity(m3/day

Effectivecapacity(m3/day)

Utilizationrate (%)

Reutilization inagriculture

1 Batnan 200 6 15,000 17 2,550 2 23,000 0 0 ..

2 Jebel Akdhar 108 1 2,000 70 1,400 1 2,000 4,000 70 ..

3 El Morj 187 6 2,000 50 1,000 2 15,000 0 0 .

4 Derna 662 4 24,503 0 0 6 24,000 0 0 ..

5 Jebl Gharbi 129 3 640 0 0 6 6,730 1,440 21 ..

6 Jafara 537 8 24 85 20.4 1 6,000 2,500 40 Reutlization

7 Zaouia 320 2 76,725 100 76,725 0 0 0 0 ..

8 Kafra 7 0 0 0 0 1 38,649 2,000 50 ..

9 Marqab 150 12 4,000 70 2,800 2 4,000 0 0 ..

10 Nokt Khoms 221 16 50,000 0 0 3 101,000 59,000 0 ..

11 Ouahat 600 3 15,400 90 13,860 1 15,400 15,400 60 ..

12 Benghazi 31 355,000 100 355,000 1 81,000 70,000 85 40,000

13 Sebha 150 6 37,600 70 26,320 1 15,000 32,000 100 ..

14 Syrta 591 10 35,000 70 24,500 2 22,600 18,000 80 ..

15 Tripoli 976,336 21 1,486,304 63 936,371.5 1 347,000 27,000 8 Reutilization

16 Gat 50 4 200 25 50 0 .. .. ..

17 Merzak 200 13 2,500 85 2,125 0 .. .. .. ..

18 Mousrata 500.6 16 293.5 20 58.7 1 24,000 22,000 91 Reutilization

19 Nalouth 0 2 100 0 0 0 .. .. .. ..

20 Ouadi Hayet 0 4 150 70 105 0 .. . .. ..

21 Jefra 80.7 15 10.8 85 9.2 0 .. .. .. ..

22 Ouadi Chatti 36 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. ..

Total 5,705,686 183 2,107,450 68.5 1,442,895 31 725,379 253,340 .. ..

Source: Water, Housing and Utility Investment Program 2008-2012.

180

Table A.7.19: Water , Housing and Utility Investment Program, 2008-2012Population Existing Water supply (m3/day) 2005 l/c/d

Shaabiats 2006 2012 GMMR Groundwater Desalination Total Calculated Board table Total needsExcesscapacity

1 Batnan 159,536 177,560 0 5,000 22,000 27,000 169 300 39,884 -12,884

2 Jebel Akdhar 203,156 226,108 0 24,480 10,000 34,480 170 200 50,789 -16,309

3 El Morj 185,848 206,845 0 12,000 20,000 32,000 172 80 46,462 -14,462

4 Derna 163,351 181,806 0 20,000 11,600 31,600 193 193 40,838 -9,238

5 Jebl Gharbi 304,159 338,522 30,153 33,000 0 63,153 208 112 76,040 -12,887

6 Jafara 453,198 504,400 0 50,256 0 50,256 111 122 113,300 -63,044

7 Zaouia 290,993 323,869 0 52,000 0 52,000 179 250 72,748 -20,748

8 Kafra 50,104 55,765 0 38,649 0 38,649 771 225 12,526 26,123

9 Marqab 432,202 481,031 0 52,000 19,200 71,200 165 250 108,051 -36,851

10 Nokt Khoms 287,662 320,162 0 20,000 8,500 28,500 99 105 39,884 -11,384

11 Ouahat 177,047 197,049 10,000 4,000 0 14,000 79 200 44,262 -30,262

12 Benghazi 670,797 746,582 250,000 20,000 0 270,000 403 210 167,699 102,301

13 Sebha 139,861 155,662 0 44,640 0 44,640 319 332 34,965 9,675

14 Syrta 141,378 157,351 50,000 1,000 5,000 56,000 396 400 35,345 20,655

15 Tripoli 1,065,405 1,185,773 420,354 36,000 0 456,354 428 411 266,351 190,003

16 Gat 23,518 26,175 0 12,000 0 12,000 510 200 5,880 6,120

17 Merzak 78,621 87,503 0 12,000 0 12,000 153 158 19,655 -7,655

18 Mousrata 550,938 613,182 104,912 21,570 15,000 141,482 257 239 137,735 3,747

19 Nalouth 93,224 103,756 0 7,149 0 7,149 77 250 23,306 -16,157

20 Ouadi Hayet 76,858 85,541 0 6,450 0 6,450 84 200 19,215 -12,765

21 Jefra 52,342 58,256 0 23,000 0 23,000 439 250 13,086 9,914

22 Ouadi Chatti 72,833 81,062 0 19,000 0 19,000 261 300 18,208 792

Total (l/day) 5,673,031 6,313,960 865,419 514,194 111,300 1,490,913 263 .. 1,386,229 104,684

Total (MMC/year) 315.9 187.7 40.6 544.2 .. .. 506.0 38.2

Source: General People’s Committee for Planning

181

Table A.7.20: Water , Housing and Utility InfrastructureReservoirs

Ground Elevated Pumping stations Treatment stations

Shaabiats NumberCapacitym3/day Number Capacity

Lengthnetworks

km NumberCapacity(m3/day)

Utilizationrate%

Usedcapacity Type

Capacity(m3/day)

Used(m3/day)

Utilizationrate

1 Batnan 15 75,000 15 2,700 150 1 2,500 35 875 DS 40,000 40,000 100

2 Jebel Akdhar 70 28,000 65 13,000 108 1 10,000 40 4,000 - 6,500 10,000 154

3 El Morj 24 28,000 16 8,000 286 13 28,000 40 11,200 DS 40,000 20,000 50

4 Derna 36 0 21 0 459 39 121,142 20 24,228 - 0 0 -

5 Jebl Gharbi 38 23,800 80 80 2,120 47 720 30 216 Closed system 20,000 8,000 40

6 Jafara 21 138,000 97 18,250 113 13 10,440 90 9,396 - 6,000 1,000 17

7 Zaouia 15 30,000 75 20,000 668 9 52,000 100 52,000 - 0 0 -

8 Kafra 5 500 6 1,000 95 1 6,720 50 3,360 - 0 0 -

9 Marqab 80 175 75 160 1,300 109 71,000 74 52,540 - 0 2,050 -

10 Nokt Khoms 5 15,000 10 2,000 500 32 19,200 60 11,520 - 8,500 5,000 59

11 Ouahat 30 2,760 46 47,240 540 9 38,000 80 30,400 - 30,000 28,000 93

12 Benghazi 20 39,400 17 3,820 1,000 17 320 50 160 - 0 0 -

13 Sebha 3 12,000 11 2,600 208 3 - 0 0 - 0 0 --

14 Syrta 26 25,000 10 0 773 9 25,350 60 15,210 - 1,500 500 33

15 Tripoli 7 28,000 13 65,000 1.487.5 12 684,500 63 431,235 - - - -

16 Gat 7 1,200 4 1,200 100 1 4,000 50 2,000 - - - -

17 Merzak 22 0 52 4,600 300 9 3,800 75 2,850 Soda adding - - -

18 Mousrata 91 17,400 73 9,200 5.821 71 3,250 48 1,560 Treatment 60,000 8,000 13

19 Nalouth 28 9,596 23 8,028 402 26 6,190 40 2,476 - - 0 -

20 Ouadi Hayet 22 200 43 150 - 6 150 70 105 - 0 0 -

21 Jefra 9 18 8 4 295.4 5 16,8 75 13 - - - -

22 Ouadi Chatti 36 15 27 5,900 110 20 465 75 349 - 100 - 0

Total (l/day) 610 488.849 787 212,932 16,836 453 1,087,764 60 212,600 122,550 58

Source: General Water Authority

182

Table A.7.21: Projected Demand and Supply of Water Services, All Regions, 2007-2025Population (mn. inh.) Consumption Supply

Wells GMMR Desalination Total supplySurplus

Year Pop.

Withaccess

towater

Accessrate l/c/d MCM Existing New Total Existing New Total Existing New Total

Withwells

Withoutwells

Withwells

Withoutwells

2006 5.7 3.6 63.1% 450 589. 281.0 0.0 281.0 305.8 0.0 305.8 27.6 0.0 27.6 614.4 333.4 25.4 -255.7

2007 5.8 3.7 64.8% 439 599.1

281.0 0.0 281.0 305.8 0.0 305.8 27.6 0,0 27.6 614.4 333.4 15.3 -265.7

2008 5.9 3.9 66.4% 429 608.6

281.0 0.0 281.0 305.8 0.0 305.8 27.6 0.0 27.6 614.4 333.4 5.8 -275.2

2009 5.9 4.0 68.1% 418 617.6

281.0 0.0 281.0 305.8 96.0 401.8 37.6 55.0 92.6 775.4 494.4 157.8 -123.2

2010 6.0 4.2 69.8% 407 626.0

281.0 6.0 287.0 305.8 148.0 453.8 34.0 65.0 99.0 839.8 552.8 213.8 -73.2

2011 6.1 4.4 71.4% 396 633.8

281.0 6.0 287.0 305.8 152.0 457.8 34.0 65.0 99.0 843.8 556.8 209.9 -77.1

2012 6.2 4.6 73.1% 386 641.0

281.0 6.0 287.0 305.8 152.0 457.8 34.0 65.0 99.0 843.8 556.8 202.8 -84.2

2013 6.3 4.7 74.8% 375 647.5

281.0 6.0 287.0 305.8 156.0 461.8 29.0 65.0 94.0 842.8 555.8 195.3 -91.7

2014 6.4 4.9 76.5% 364 653.3

281.0 6.0 287.0 305.8 156.0 461.8 29.0 120.0 149.0 897.8 610.8 244.4 -42.6

2015 6.5 5.1 78.2% 354 658.4

281.0 6.0 287.0 305.8 165.0 470.8 29.0 120.0 149.0 906.8 619.8 248.4 -38.6

2016 6.6 5.3 79.8% 343 662.7

281.0 6.0 287.0 305.8 165.0 470.8 29.0 120.0 149.0 906.8 619.8 244.1 -42.9

2017 6.7 5.5 81.5% 333 666.2

281.0 6.0 287.0 305.8 165.0 470.8 29.0 120.0 149.0 906.8 619.8 240.6 -46.4

2018 6.8 5.7 83.2% 322 668.8

281.0 6.0 287.0 305.8 165.0 470.8 29.0 120.0 149.0 906.8 619.8 237.9 -49.1

2019 6.9 5.9 84.9% 312 670.6

281.0 6.0 287.0 305.8 165.0 470.8 29.0 120.0 149.0 906.8 619.8 236.2 -50.8

2020 7.0 6.1 86.6% 302 671.4

281.0 6.0 287.0 305.8 165.0 470.8 29.0 120.0 149.0 906.8 619.8 235.3 -51.7

2021 7.2 6.3 88.3% 291 671.3

281.0 6.0 287.0 305.8 165.0 470.8 29.0 120.0 149.0 906.8 619.8 235.5 -51.5

2022 7.3 6.5 89.9% 281 670.1

281.0 6.0 287.0 305.8 165.0 470.8 29.0 120.0 149.0 906.8 619.8 236.6 -50.4

2023 7.4 6.8 91.6% 271 667.9

281.0 6.0 287.0 305.8 165.0 470.8 24.0 120.0 144.0 901.8 614.8 233.8 -53.2

2024 7.5 7.0 93.3% 260 664.6

281.0 6.0 287.0 305.8 165.0 470.8 24.0 120.0 144.0 901.8 614.8 237.1 -49.9

2025 7.6 7.2 95.0% 250 660.2

281.0 6.0 287.0 305.8 165.0 470.8 24.0 120.0 144.0 901.8 614.8 241.6 -45.4

Source : General Water Authority.

183

CIVIL SERVICE REFORM

Table A.8.1: LPA’s wages and salaries as percent of revenues and expenditures items

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total Revenue 24.8 29.1 19.8 16.9 14.8 10.7 9.7 12.3

Hydrocarbon 36.0 43.4 25.1 19.4 17.1 11.5 10.5 14.1 Non-hydrocarbon 79.4 88.5 94.3 133.4 110.0 151.2 129.9 97.4

Total expenditure and net lending 36.2 28.6 25.3 21.0 20.0 21.0 21.4 19.5 Total Expenditure 36.2 28.6 25.3 21.0 20.1 24.1 22.0 19.9

Current expenditure 53.7 36.9 37.9 26.6 33.8 48.6 47.2 49.0 Capital expenditure 110.6 126.7 76.3 99.3 49.7 47.7 41.2 33.4

Source: IMF and World Bank staff estimates

Table A.8.2: Composition of civil servants with respect to wage brackets 2001

Net monthly wage brackets Civil

servants

Total monthly wages (*) (ml LD)

Total yearly wages (*)

100 and less 28,709 1.4 17.2 101 - 149 84,100 10.5 126.2 150 - 199 232,261 40.6 487.7 200 - 250 155,840 35.1 420.8 251 - 299 47,012 12.9 155.1 300 - 349 32,976 10.7 128.6 350 - 399 18,629 7.0 83.8 400 - 449 7,206 3.1 36.8 450 - 499 3,106 1.5 17.7 500 – 449 1,568 0.8 9.9 550 - 599 538 0.3 3.7 600 - 649 287 0.2 2.2 650 - 699 105 0.1 0.9 700 and more 216 0.2 2.6

Civil servants wage bill 612,553 124.4 1,493.1 (*) Do not include employer’s social security outlays and allowances Source: GPCF and World Bank staff calculation

184

Table A.8.3: General Government Employment 1997-2005, annual average growth rates, in percent

Country Growth rate Country Growth rate

Timor-Leste 18.79 Finland 1.05 Libya 17.90 Latvia 0.83 Ukraine 11.08 Netherlands 0.69 Saint Helena 10.07 Estonia 0.60 Cuba 7.72 Russia 0.55 Costa Rica 6.67 Singapore 0.53 Trinidad and Tobago 5.68 Macedonia 0.52 Gabon 4.74 Sweden 0.51 Ethiopia 4.71 Czech Republic 0.36 Brazil 4.45 Norway 0.35 Georgia 4.45 Syria 0.24 Dominican Republic 4.22 Lithuania 0.23 Spain 3.99 Armenia 0.22 Luxembourg 3.91 Malta 0.19 Ireland 3.61 Kyrgyzstan 0.06 Uganda 3.57 New Zealand 0.06 Senegal 3.33 Belarus 0.00 Moldova 3.01 Italy -0.03 Cyprus 2.82 Denmark -0.05 Hungary 2.75 American Samoa -0.11 Greece 2.73 Mexico -0.22 Macau, China 2.59 Albania -0.40 Portugal 2.49 San Marino -0.60 Botswana 2.47 Bolivia -0.74 Mauritius 2.43 Morocco -1.39 Slovakia 2.29 Germany -1.40 United Kingdom 2.18 Bulgaria -1.47 Switzerland 1.84 Jordan -1.59 Slovenia 1.55 Brunei Darussalam -1.67 Canada 1.51 Zimbabwe -1.71 Panama 1.46 Croatia -2.09 Congo 1.44 Hong Kong, China -2.15 Guatemala 1.44 Poland -2.52 Serbia 1.32 Indonesia -2.84 Uruguay 1.22 Philippines -2.88 France 1.22 Azerbaijan -2.88 Sri Lanka 1.17 South Africa -3.91 Source: World Bank database, staff calculation

185

Table A.8.4: CPI, real wages, and real GDP per capita, Indices (1981=100)

Years CPI Realwages Real GDP per capita 1981 100.0 100.0 100.0 1982 110.3 90.7 87.0 1983 122.0 82.0 86.5 1984 137.2 72.9 85.9 1985 149.7 66.8 87.2 1986 154.6 64.7 80.2 1987 161.4 62.0 76.1 1988 171.2 58.4 71.5 1989 173.8 57.5 67.6 1990 188.5 53.1 57.5 1991 210.9 47.4 63.9 1992 230.6 43.4 62.5 1993 256.2 39.0 62.3 1994 269.3 37.1 60.4 1995 288.7 34.6 59.6 1996 300.4 33.3 60.3 1997 311.0 32.2 60.5 1998 322.6 31.0 59.8 1999 331.1 30.2 58.8 2000 321.5 31.1 59.1 2001 293.2 34.1 59.6 2002 264.2 37.9 60.5 2003 258.7 38.7 62.5 2004 253.0 39.5 61.8 2005 258.0 38.8 63.2 2006 266.8 37.5 64.7

Source: General Information Authority and GPC, World Bank staff calculation

186

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Documents

Report No. : 45019-LY Socialist People’s Libyan Arab ......Report No. : 45019-LY Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya A Public Expenditure Review (In Three Volumes) Volume