Report-of Committee on Chemicals and Explosives€¦ · chemicals (sce page 49-3). Since these limitations exclude many chcmicals that are hazardous primarily because of flammability,

448 R E P O R T OF C O M M I T T E E ON C H E M I C A L S AND E X P L O S I V E S CE-1

Report-of Committee on

Chemicals and Explosives

Corre la t ing C o m m i t t e e

Dr. Rober t W. Van Dolah, Chairman, Pittsburgh Mining and Safety Research Center, Bureau of Mines,

U.S. Department of the Interior, 4800 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213

C h e s t e r I. Babeock,~ Secretary, National Pire Protection Assn., 470 Atlantic Ave., Boston, MA 02210

W. H. Doyle, Simsbury, CT • , T h o m a s E. Duke, Fire Prevention & Engi-

neering Bureau of Texas Dr. Richard Y. Le Vine, Olin Corp.

i l en ry T. R l t t m a n , Institute of Makers of Explosives

Richard F. Schwab, Allied Chemical Corp.

tNonvoting.

Sect ional C o m m i t t e e on Electr ical E q u i p m e n t in Chemica l A tmospheres

Dr. Richard Y. Le Vine, Chairman, Olin Corp., 120 Long Ridge Rd., Stamford, CT 06904

Ches te r I. Babcock,~ Secretary, National Fire Protection Association, 470 Atlantic Ave., Boston, MA 02210

L. J. Hall . Panel No. 14, National Electrical Code Committee

• Rober t P. l lowell , American Petroleu~i In" stitute

George O. H u n t , Jr . , Manufacturing Chem- ists' Assn.

El ton L. Lltehfleld, Pittsburgh, PA Frederick L. Mal tby , Instrument Society

of America C. E. Miller, Norwood, MA F r a n k E. R a d e m a c h e r , Chicago, IL J o h n E. Rogerson. Cincinnati, OH P. J. S c h r a m , Chicago, IL

R. F. Schwab, Morristown, NJ W. A. Short, National Electrical-Manu-

facturers Assn.

Alternates .

F. D. Alroth. (Alternate to P. J. Schram)

W. Calder (Alternate to F. L. Maltby)

W. H. Levers (Alternate to Robert P. Howell) "

J. Rennle (Alternate to C. E. Miller)

Thomas S. Staron, (Alternate to Frank E. Rademaehcr)

tNonvoting

CE-2 E X P L A N A T I O N OF R E P O R T

449

Sect ional C o m m i t t e e on l l aza rdous Chemica l React ions

R. F. Schwab, Chairman, Allied Chemical Corp., P.O. Box 1057R, Morristown, NJ 07960

Ches te r I: Babcoek, t Secretary, National Fire Protection Association, ,t70 Atlantic Ave., Boston, MA 02210

A. R. Albrecht , Midland, MI Edward Cherowbrier , Prince George's

Center, Hyattsville, MD l loward H. Fawcet t , Washington, DC S a m u e l A. Kap lan , New York, NY Frank O. L l n d e m a n n , Morristown, NJ George W. Moore, Hartford, CT Dr. Rober t W. Van Dolah, Pittshurgh, PA

Francis W. Wischmeyer , Manufacturing Chemists' Assn.

Wi l l i am J. Wlswesser, Fort Derrick, Frederick, hal)

A l t e rna t e s J a m e s E. Collier, (Alternate to G. W.

M oore) F. W. Badger, (Alternate to S. Kaplan)

tNonvoting.

Sect ional C o m m i t t e e on Proper t ies of I l aza rdous Chemica l s

T h o m a s E. Duke, Chairman, Fire Prevention & Engineering Bureau of Texas, 1320 Mercantile Securities Bldg.,

Dallas, TX 75201

Ches ter !. Babeock, t Secretary, National Fire Protection Association, 470 Atlantic Ave., Boston, MA 02210

A. R. Albrecht , Midland, MI Wil l iam J. Bradford (Mannfacturing

Chemists' Assn.) Edward Cherowbrler , Prince George's

Center, Hyattsville, MD R. E. Dufour , Northbrook, IL R. M. Graz lano , Washington, DC George Huckeba , American Mutual In-

surance Alliance Dr. J a m e s E. Long, American Industrial

Hygiene Assn. F rank l in A. Miller, Rochester, NY

tNonvoting.

Ens. David A. Rl tkonen, Washington, DC J a m e s Saylor, American Insurance Assn. N o r m a n V. Steere, Minneapolis, MN Dr. Rober t W. Van Dolah° Pittslmrgh, PA A. F. White , Conference of Special Risk

Al ternates .

Marvin W. B l a e k m a n (.Alternate to James Saylor)

C. W. Scbu l tz (Alternate to R. M. Graziano)

This list represents the membership at the time the Committee was balloted on the text of this edition. Since that time, changes in the membership may have occurred.

The report of the Committee on Chemicals and Explosives is in three parts:

Par t I, prepared by the Sectional Committee on Properties of Hazardous Chemicals, proposes adoption of amendments of Haz- ardous Chemicals Data, NFPA No. 49-1973.

Par t I has been submitted for ballot to the Sectional Committee on Prop- erties of Hazardous Chemicals, which consists of 14 voting members, of whom all have voted affrmativel),.

450 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CHEMICALS AND EXPLOSIVES CE-3

Part I has also been submitted for ballot to the Correlating Committee, which consists of six voting members of whom 6 have voted affirmatively.

Part II, prepared by the Sectional Committee on Electrical Equip- ment in Chemical Atmospheres, proposes adoption of a Recom- mended Practice for Classification of Class I Hazardous Locations for Electrical Installations, NFPA No. 497-P.

Par t I I has been submitted for ballot to the Sectional Committee on Electrical Equipment in Chemical Atmospheres, which consists of 12 voting members, of whom 17 have voted affirmatively. One ballot was not re- turned (E. L. Litchfield).

Part II has also been submitted for ballot to the Co~relating Committee, which consists of 6 voting members, of whom 6 have voted affrmatively.

Part III , prepared by the Sectional Committee on Hazardous Chemical Reactions, proposes amendments of the Manual of Hazardous Chemical Reactions, NFPA No. 491M-1971.

Par t I I I has been submitted for ballot to the Sectional Committee on Hazardous Chemical Reactions, which consists of 70 voting members, of whom 10 have voted affirmatively.

Par t I I I has also been submitted for ballot to the Correlating Committee, which consists of 6 voting members, of whom all have voted affirmatively.

R E V I S I O N S TO N F P A NO. 49

451 49-1

Part I

Proposed Amendments of

Hazardous Chemicals Data

NFPA No. 4 9 ~ 1973

1. Explanatory. Insert the following statement on page ~9-7, preceding " F l a m m a b l e (Explos ive) L i m i t s a n d R a n g e " :

C o n t r o l o f Sp i l l a l~e a n d W a t e r P o l l u t i o n . Sp i l led chemica l s and f l a m m a b l e l iquids shou ld no t be f lushed down the d r a i n or g u t t e r or d i t ch w i t h o u t cons ider ing the consequences . F i r e f ight ing a n d some o t h e r e m e r g e n c y o p e r a t i o n s m a y requi re such ac t i on b u t f lushing spi l led chemica l s can c o n t a m i n a t e w a t e r suppl ies , cause i n ju ry , a n d d a m a g e p r o p e r t y .

E m p h a s i s shou ld be on p r e v e n t i o n of spi l ls a n d on p r e - e m e r - gency p l a n n i n g for con t ro l of spi l ls of m a t e r i a l s and for con t ro l of fire f igh t ing w a t e r c o n t a m i n a t e d wi th chemicals .

2. Explanatory. Add the following note to the second paragraph under " F l a s h P o i n t " :

NOTE: There are several types of apparatus for determining flash point by test. The Tag Closed ~Iester (ASTM D56) is intended for testing liquids having a viscosity less than 45 SUS at 100 ° F. and a flash point below 200 ° F. The Pensky-Martens Closed Tester (ASTM D93) is considered accurate for testing liquids having a viscosity of 45 SUS or more at 100 ° F. or a flash point of 200 ° F. or higher. The Cleveland Open Tester (ASTM D92) is sometimes used for high flash point liquids. The Tag Open Tester (ASTM D1310) is frequently used for low-flash liquids where it is desired to have tests more representative of conditions in open tanks of flammable liquids, or for labeling and transportation purposes. For most liquids, the numerical value in degrees Fahrenheit of the closed cup flash point is some 10 to 20 percent lower than that of the open cup flash point for the same liquid, but there are some cases where the difference is greater or smaller. Standard specifications for the open cup and other testem are published by the American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103.

3. Explanatory. Revise the first sentence under " H a z a r d I d e n t i - f ica t ion S y s t e m " to read: " T h e d i a m o n d - s h a p e d d i a g r a m shown for each chemica l g ives a t a g lance a genera l i dea of t he i n h e r e n t h a z a r d s of the chemica l a n d the o rde r of s eve r i t y of these h~z- a rds u n d e r e m e r g e n c y cond i t ions such as spills, l eaks a n d f i res ."

452 49-2 COMMITTEE ON CHEMICALS AND EXPLOSIVES

In the same paragraph insert the foUowing sentence between the first and second sentences: "The Hazard [dentificatio[~ System is not intended to identify the nonemergency health hazards of chemicals."

4. Explanatory. Revise the first sentence of the second paragraph under "Oxidizing Materials" to read:

Because most inorganic oxidizing materials, such as sodium nitrate and potassium chlorate, do not themselves burn, their flammability hazard is zero in the diamond-shaped hazard identification symbol.

5. Aluminum (Dust or Powder). Insert between the second and third sentences in "Fire and Explosion Hazards": "Bulk dust when damp may heat spontaneously."

6. Ammonium Chloride. Add to "Fire and Explosion Hazards": "Ammonium chloride and silver salts may form a sensitive fulminating silver compound (possibly silver nitride)."

Add to "Storage": "Separate from silver salts."

7. Ammonium Dichromate. In "Hazard Identification Symbol" increase Flammability Rating from 0 to I. Revise the first sentence of "Fire and Explosion Hazards" to read: "Oxidizing material, combustible solid."

8. Ammonium Nitrate. Reduce Flammability Rating from 1 to O.

9. Ammonium Perehlorale. Reduce Flammability Rating from 1 to 0 in nonfire and fire diamonds.

10. BeryUium. I n "Hazard Identification Symbol" reduce Re- activity Rating from 1 to O.

11. Bronze. Delete all data on bronze.

12. Carbon Disulfide. In "Fire and Explosion Hazards" change ignition temperature to "194°F (90° C). ''

13. Dimethyl Sulfide. In "H~zard Identification Symbol" reduce Health Rating from 4 to 2. Revise "Life Hazard" to read:

"Moderate eye irritant. In a fire, highly irritating sulfur dioxide will be one of the combustion products."

Revise "Personal Protection" to read: "Wear self-contained breathing apparatus."

R E V I S I O N S TO N F P A NO. 49

453 49-3

14. Lead Arsenates. Delete "Will extil~guish fire" from "Fire and Explosion Hazards."

15. Lithium Hydride. In "Hazard Identification Symbol" increase Health Rating from 1 to 3. Add "l?ersonal Protection" to read: "PERSONAL PROTECTION: Wear full protective clothing."

16. Methyl Bromide. Delete from "Fire and Explosion Hazards" the flammable limits "~13.5%" and "14.5%." Delete the last sentence from "Life Haz:~rd." Delete the second sentence from "Personal Protection."

17. Methylcyclopentane. Add to "Fire and Explosion Hazards": "Flammable limits, 1.0% and 8.4%, and Ignition temperature, 614 ° F (323 ° C)."

18. Methyl Vinyl Ketone. Increase "Health Hazard Rating" from 2 to 3. Replace the present "Life Hazard" text with the following: "Highly irritating to skin ~nd respiratory tract. Causes severe eye injury. Liquid or high concentrations of vapors causes blistering of the skin."

Replace the present "Personal Protection" text with the following: "Wear full protective clothing."

In first sentence of "Fire Fighting Phases" replace "explosion- resistant location" with "protected location."

19. Nitroaniline(para). In "Hazard Identification Symbol" .increase "Reactivity Rating" from 0 to 3.

20. Nitropropanes. Add a "nonfire . . . . Hazard Identification Symbol" with the Health, Flammability and Reactivity Ratings 1, 8, 1 respectively and replace the present "Hazard Identification Symbol" with a "fire" diamond having Health, Flammability and Reactivity Numbers 2, 8, 1.

Add "Personal Protection" text to read: "In fire conditions wear self-contained breathing apparatus."

Delete from "Fire ~md Explosion Hazards": "rapid heating to high temperatures may cause an explosion.

21. Potassium Chlorate. Replace present "Hazard Identification Symbol" with "nonfire" and "fire" symbol; the Health, Flam- mability and Reactivity Ratings of the nonfire symbol to be "0, O, 0," and the fire symbol to be "2, O, 0." The oxidizing agent symbol


"OXY" is to be shown in the fourth quadrant of each symbol. In last sentence of "Fire and Explosion Hazards" change "explode" to "rupture."

22. Sodium Cyanide and Potassium Cyattidc. Add to "Personal Protection": "Upon any contact with skin or cycs, the materials should be washed off immediately. Remove contaminated clothing."

23. Sodium Dichloro-s-Triazinetrione. In "Life Hazard" change "contact with water" to "contact with small amounts of water."

24. Sulfur Dioxide. In "Hazard Identification Symbol" reduce Health Rating from 3 to 2.

25. Tetraethyl Lead; Tetramelhyl Lead. Delete all data and refer to Motor Fuel Antiknock Compound (conlaining lead).

26. Appendix. Replace the present Appendix A with the following:

APPENDIX A

1. The information preceding this Appendix is restricted to chemicals that have a He-~lth Hazard Identification number of 2 or higher, a Reactivity Hazard Ideutific~ttion number of 1 or higher, present unusual storage o1" fire fighting problcms, or can become hazardous on being contaminated or mixed with other chemicals (sce page 49-3). Since these limitations exclude many chcmicals that are hazardous primarily because of flammability, i.e., acetone, the Sectional Committee on Properties of Hazardous Chemicals, at the request of many users of this pamphlet, has added this Appendix so that one can now find in one pamphlet guidance on handling emergencies involving the more common flammable chemicals commercially available.

2.-Recommendations for handling emergencies involving a chemical that is hazardous primarily because of flammability depend on its physical state (liquid, gas), its flash point, and its water solubility. The numbers in the righthand column of Table 1 refer to numbered paragraphs at the end of the Table that contain recommendations for fighting fires or handling spills.

NFPA No. 325M, Fire-Hazard Properties of Flammable Liquids, Gases and Volatile Solids, contains these and other data on more than 1,300 chemicals.

R E V I S I O N S T O N F P A N O . 4 9

455 49-5

Table 1. Properties of C o m m o n H a z a r d I d e n t i f i c a t i o n

F l a r e - R e a c - F l a s h Pt. H e a l t h m a b i l i t y t l v i t y ° F

Acetophenone 1 2 0 180 (oc) Acetone 1 3 0 0 Adipic Acid 1 1 0 385 Amyl Aceta te (n) 1 3 0 77 A m y l Alcohol (pri. n) 1 3 0 91

A m y l Alcohol (sec. n) 1 3 0 94 A m y i Alcohol (iso) 1 2 0 109 Amyl Alcohol (sec. iso) 1 2 0 103 Amylbenzene 1 2 0 150 (oc) Amyl Bromide 1 3 0 90

Amyl Chloride(n) 1 3 0 55 (oc) Amyl Laura te 0 1 0 300 (oc) Amylnaphtha lene 0 1 0 255 (oc) Asphal t ( typical) 0 1 0 400 + (oc) Butane 1 4 0 Gas

Butenes 1 4 0 G a s Butyl Aceta te 1 3 0 72 Buty l Aceta te (iso) 1 3 0 64 Buty l Alcohol (n) 1 3 0 84 sec-Butyl Alcohol 1 3 0 75

ter t -Buty l Alcohol 1 3 0 52 Butyl Benzoate (n) 1 1 0 225 (oc) Chlorohexane 0 3 0 95 Cod Liver Oil 0 1 0 412 Corn Oil 0 1 0 490

Cot tonseed Oil 0 1 0 486 Cyclohexane 1 3 0 minus 4 Cyclohexanone 1 2 0 111 Cyclohexyl Alcohol 1 2 0 154 Cyclopcntane 1 3 0 less than 20

Cyclopropane 1 4 0 Gas Decane (n) 0 2 0 115 Decanol 0 2 0 180 Dibu ty l Ph tha la te 0 1 0 315 Diesel Fuel Oil No. 1-D 0 2 0 100 rain.

or legal

Diesel Fuel Oil No. 2-D 0 2 0 125 rain. or legal

Diesel Fuel Oil No. 4-D 0 2 0 130 min. or legal

Die thanolamine 1 1 0 305 Diethylcne Glycol 1 1 0 .225 Die thyl Ph tha la te (o) 0 1 0 325 (oc)

Dioctyl Ph tha la te 0 1 0 425 (oc) Dipropylene Glycol 0 1 0 280 Ethy l Aceta te 1 3 0 24 E thy l Alcohol 0 3 0 55 Ethyl Benzoate 1 1 0 grea te r

than 204 E thy lbu ty l Ace ta te 1 2 0 130 (oc) E thy lbu ty l Alcohol 1 2 0 ' 135 (oc) E thy lbu ty l Ketone 1 2 0 115 (oc) E thy lene Glycol 1 1 0 232 Fu e l O i l No. 1

(Range Oil, Kerosine) 0 2 0 100 rain. or legal

Fuel Oil No. 2 0 2 0 I00 rain. or legal

Fuel Oil No. 4 0 2 0 130 rain. • or legal

Fuel Oil No. 5 0 2 0 130 rain. or legal

Fuel Oil No. 6 0 2 0 150 min. or legal

Gasoline 1 3 0 minus 45

Flammable Chemicals F i r e

W a t e r F i g h t i n g S o l u b l e P h a s e s

No 5 Yes 2 No 7

Slightly 2 Slightly 2

Slightly 2 Slightly 3 Sl ight ly 3

No 5 No 4

No 4 No 7 No 7 'No 7 No 1

No 1 Sl ight ly 2

No 4 Yes 2 Yes 2

Yes 2 No 7 No 4 No 7 No 7

No 7 No 4

Sl ight ly 3 Sl ight ly 3

No 4

No 1 No 5 No 5 No 7

No 5

No 5

No 5 Yes 6 Yes 6 No 7

No 7 Yes 6

S i g h t l y 2 ~ e s 2

No 7 No 5 No 5 No 5 Yes 6

No 5

No 5

No 5

No 5

No 5 No 4

456 49-6 C O M M I T T E E ON C H E M I C A L S AND E X P L O S I V E S

T a b l e 1. P r o p e r t i e s o f C o m m o n F l a m m a b l e C h e m i c a l s - - ( c o n t . )

Hazard Iden t i f i ca t ion Fire Flare- R e s t - F lash Pt. Water F i g h t i n g

Hea l th m a b l l i t y t iv l ty °F Soluble Phases

Glycerine 1 1 0 320 Yes 6 Heptane (n) 1 3 0 25 No 4 Hexane (n) 1 3 0 minus 7 No 4 Hexyl Alcohol 1 2 0 145 Slightly 3 Hydrogen 0 4 0 Gas Slightly 1 Isopropyl Alcohol 1 3 0 53 Yes 2 Lanolin 0 1 0 460 No 7 Lard Oil (commercial

or animal) 0 1 0 395 No 7 Linseed Oil (boiled) 0 1 0 403 No 7 Lubricating Oil (mineral) 0 1 0 300-450 No 7

Methyl Acetate 1 3 0 14 Yes 2 Methyl Alcohol 1 3 0 52 Yes 2 Methyl Ethyl Ketone 1 3 0 21 Yes 2 Methyl Salieylate 1 1 0 214 No 7 Mineral Oil 0 1 0 380 (oc) No 7 Octane 0 3 0 56 No 4 Octyl Alcohol (n) 1 2 0 178 No 5 Oleic Acid 0 1 0 372 No 7 0leo Oil 0 1 0 450 No 7 Peanut Oil 0 1 0 540 No 7 Pentane 1 4 0 Less than

minus 40 No 1 Pentanol-3 1 2 0 105 Slightly 3 Petroleum (crude) 1 3 0 20-90 No 4 Propane 1 4 0 Gas No 1 Propyl Acetate 1 3 0 58 Yes 2 Propylene Glycol 0 1 0 210 Yes 6 Quenching Oil 0 1 0 365 No 1 Soy Bean Oil 0 1 0 540 No 7 Tallow 0i l 0 1 0 492 No 7 Tetrahydronapht halene 1 2 0 160 No 5 Transformer Oil 0 1 0 295 (oc) No 7 2, 4, 5-Triehlorophenol

in solvent 1 1 0 Solvent Flash Point No 5

2, 4, 6-Trichlorophenol in solvent 1 1 0 Solvent

Flash Point No 5 Triethylene Glycol 1 1 0 350 Yes 6 Turpentine 1 3 0 95 No 4 Vegetable Oil

(hydrogenated) 0 1 0 610 (oc) No 7

F i r e F i g h t i n g P h a s e s

T h e n u m b e r s a t t h e l e f t of t h e p a r a g r a p h s b e l o w c o r r e s p o n d to t h e n u m b e r s in t h e r i g h t - h a n d c o l u m n of T a b l e 1.

1 FIRE FIGHTING PHASES: S t o p flow of gas . Use w a t e r to k e e p fire- e x p o s e d c o n t a i n e r s cool a n d to p r o t e c t m e n e f f ec t ing t h e shu to f f . I f a l e a k or sp i l l h a s n o t i g n i t e d , use w a t e r s p r a y to d i s p e r s e t he g a s or v a p o r a n d to p r o t e c t m e n a t t e m p t i n g to s t o p a l eak .

2 FIRE F10~TISG PHASES: Use d r y c h e m i c a l , " a l c o h o l " foam, or c a r b o n d i o x i d e ; w a t e r m a y be i ne f f ec t i ve (see E x p l a n a t o r y ) , b u t w a t e r s h o u l d be u s e d to k e e p f i r e - exposed c o n t a i n e r s cool. I f a l e a k or sp i l l h a s n o t i g n i t e d , u s e w a t e r s p r a y to d i s p e r s e t h e v a p o r s a n d to p r o t e c t m e n

• a t t e m p t i n g to s t o p a l e a k . W a t e r s p r a y m a y b e u s e d to f lush sp i l l s a w a y f r o m e x p o s u r e s a n d to d i l u t e sp i l l s to n o n f l a m m a b l e m i x t u r e s .

REVISIONS TO NFPA NO. 49

457 49-7

3

4

5

6

7

FIRE FIGHTING PHASES: Use water spray, dry chemical, "alcohol" foam, or carbon dioxide. Use water to keep fire-exposed containers cool. If a leak or spill has not ignited, use water spray to disperse the vapors and to protect men attempting to stop a leak. Water spray may be tused to flush spills away from exposures and to dilute spills to nonflammable mixtures.

FIRE FIGHTING PHASES: Use dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide. Water may be ineffective (see Explanatory), but water should be used to keep fire-exposed containers cool. If a leak or spill has not ignited, use.water spray to disperse the vapors and to protect men attempting to stop a leak. Water spray may be used to flush spills away from exposures.

FIRE FIGHTING PHASES: Use water spray, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide. Use water to keep fire-exposed containers cool. If a leak or spill has not ignited, use water spray to disperse the vapors and to provide protection for men attempting to stop a leak. Water spray may be used to flush spills away from exposures.

FIRE FIGHTING PHASES: Use water spray, dry chemical, "alcohol" foam, or carbon dioxide. Water or foam may cause frothing. Use water to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Water spray may be used to flush spills away from exposures and to dilute spills to noncombustible mixtures.

FIRE FIGHTING PHASES: Use water spray, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide. Water or foam may cause frothing. Use water to" keep fire-exposed containers cool. Water spray may be used to flush spills away from exposures.

27. N e w Data. Inser t data on 29 chemicals as follows:

AMMONIUM PERMANGANATENH4MnO4 " ( ~ ( ~

DESCRIPTION: Crys ta l l ine solid; violet Nonfire Fire brown or dark purple.

FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS: Powerful oxidizing agent . M a y become shock-sens{tive ~t 1 4 0 ° F (60 ° C) and m~y explode when exposed to higher t empera tu res . S p o n t a n e o u s chemical react ion, igni t ion or explosion m~y occur if mixed wi th readi ly oxidizable, organic or f ]nmmable mater i~ls .

LIFE HAZARD: Skin and eye i r r i t an t ; avoid b rea th ing dust . W h e n hea ted t o decomposi t ion yields toxic fumes.

PERSONAL PROTECTION: I n fire' condi t ions wear se l f -conta ined b r ea th ing appara tus .

458 49-8

i

COMMITTEE ON CHEMICALS AND EXPLOSIVES

FIRE FIGHTING PHASES: Fight fires from an explosion-resistant location. Use water from unmanned monitors or hoseholders to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

USUAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS: Metal barrels or drums.

STORAGE: Protect against physical damage. Separate from combustible, organic or other readily oxidizable materials. Im- mediately remove and dispose of any spilled permanganate.

Reacts with

ANTIMONY PENTAFLUORIDE SbF5

DESCRIPTION: Oily, colorless liquid.

FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS: Noncombus t ib l e . water and moisture to form hydrofluoric acid.

LIFE HAZARD: Antimony pentafluoride and its decomposition products are irritating to eyes, skin and mucous membranes. Liquid can cause skin burns.

PERSONAL PROTECTION: Wear full protective clothing.

FIRE FIGHTING PHASES: Water may be used to fight fires in the vicinity of antimony pentafluoride. Flood spills with large volumes of water.

USUAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS: Stainless steel containers.

STORAGE: Protect against physical damage. Store in a dry, well-ventilated area away from combustible materials. Out- side or detached storage is preferred.

ARSENIC CHLORIDE AsC13

DESCRIPTION: Colorless liquid, fumes in air, releasing hydrogen chloride.

FIRE, AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS: Noncombustible.

LIFE HAZARD: Very toxic; eye, skin and respiratory irritant. Contact with water produces hydrogen chloride.

PERSONAL PROTECTION: Wear full protective clothing. FIRE FIGHTING PHASES: Use water spray, dry chemical, foam,

or carbon dioxide for fighting fires in areas where arsenic chloride is exposed.

USUAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS: Glass bottles, cans, drums.

STORAGE: Protect against physical damage. Store in a cool, dry location.


459 49-9

ARSENIC TRISULFIDE As2S~ ~ DESCRIPTION: Yellow or rcd crystals. Nonfire Fire

FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS: ConIbustible. Yields flammable hydrogen sulfide on contact with strong acids. Reacts vigorously with oxidizing agents.

LIFE HAZARD: Arsenic trisulfide is a poison. Poisoning may occur by ingestion or inhalation of dust. Skin contact may produce dermatitis. When heated to decomposition or upon contact with acids, arsenic trisulfide decomposes to produce extremely toxic arsine and hydrogen sulfide.

PERSONAL PROTECTION: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus.

FIRE FIGHTING PHASES: Water may be used to fight a fire in an area containing arsenic trisulfide.

USUAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS: Barrels, bags and other containers authorized by DOT for a Class B poisonous solid.

STORAGE: Protect against physical damage. Separate from food, oxidizing agents and acids.

CALCIUM CHLORATE Ca(C103)2 2H20 ~

DESCRIPTION: White to yellowish deli- quescent crystals. Nonfire Fire

FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS: Powerful oxidizing material. Forms explosive mixtures with combustible, organic o1" other easily oxidizable materials. These mixtures are easily ignited by friction or heat. Containers may rupture when involved in fire..

LIFE HAZARD: Yields toxic fumes when involved in fire.

PERSONAL PROTECTION: In fire conditions wear self-contained breathing apparatus.

FIRE FIGHTING PHASES: Flood with water.

USUAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS: Glass bottles, metal cans or drums.

STORAGE: Protect against physical damage. Separate from combustible, organic, or other readily oxidizable materials,

460 49-10 C O M M I T T E E ON C H E M I C A L S A N D E X P L O S I V E S

acids, ammonium salts, sulfur, and flammable vapors. Avoid storage on wooden floors, hnmediately remove and dispose of any spilled chlorate.

Rm~AaKS: See Code for the Storage of Liquid and Solid Oxidizing Materials (NFPA No. 43'A).

C H R O M Y L CHLORIDE Cr02CI~ Q / ~ / ? ~

DESCRIPTION: Dark red fuming liquid.

FIB.E AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS: Noncombustible. Reacts vigorously with water, forming chromic acid, chromic chloride, hydrochloric acid and chlorine. Causes ignition of ammonia, ethyl alcohol or turpentine.

]~'IFE HAZARD: Toxic. Liquid is corrosive to tissue. Vapor is a severe irritant to eyes and respiratory system. Prolonged or excessive exposure could be fatal.


FIRE FIGHTING PHASES: Use ample volumes of water and ~se water spray if necessary to keep containers cool. Flood spills with large volumes of water.

SHIPPING CONTAINERS: One-gallon bottles; 85- and 200-pound drums.

STORAGE: Protect against physical damage. Store in dry, well- ventilated area, away from ammonia, alcohol, turpentine or other combustible materials. Outside or detached storage is preferable.

REMARKS: See Manual of Hazardous Chemical Reactions (NFPA No. 491M).

CUMENE C6HsCH(CH3)~ @ ~

DESCRIPTION: Colorless liquid.

FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS: Flammable liquid. Vapor forms explosive mixtures with air. Flammable limits: 0.9% and 6.5%. Flash point, 96 ° F (36 ° C). Ignition temperature, 797 ° F (425 ° C). Liquid is lighter than water (specific gravity, 0.9). Vapor is heavier than air (vapor-air density at 100°F (37.8 ° C), 1.3) and may travel a considerable distance to a source of ignition and flash back. Not soluble in water.


461 49-11

LIFE HAZARD: Eye add skin irritant. Inhalation of high concentrations of vapors causes narcosis.


FIRE FIGHTING PHASES: Use water spray, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide. Use water to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Water spray may be ineffective as an extinguishing agent (see Explanatory). Direot hose streams from a protected location. If a leak or spill has not ignited, use water spray to disperse the vapors anal to protect men attempting to stop a leak. Water spray may be used to flush spills away from exposures.

USUAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS: Drums, tank cars, tank trucks.

STORAGE: Protect against physical damage. Separate from oxidizing materials. Outside or detached storage is preferred. Inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquids storage room.

REMARKS: Electrical installations in Class I hazardous locations as defined in Article 500 of the National Electrical Code should be in accordance with Article 501 of the Code; and electrical equipment should be suitable for use in atmospheres containing cumene vapors.

DICHLOROETHYL ETHER CICH2CH20CH~CH2C1

DESCRIPTION: Colorless clear liquid with odor like ethylene dichloride.

FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS: Combustible liquid. Vapor forms explosive mixtures with air. Flammable limits not reported. Flash point, 131 ° F (55 ° C). Ignition temperature, 696 ° F (369 ° C). Liquid is heavier than water-(specific gravity, 1.2). Not soluble in water.

LIFE HAZARD: Toxic by inhalation or oral intake. Strong eye, skin and respiratory irritant. Absorbed by skin. Prolonged, excessive, or repeated exposures in any form are hazardous. Decomposes when heated to form toxic and irritating decomposition products.



FIRE F1GHTING PtIASES: Use water spryly, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide. When using water to keep fire-exposed containers cool, direct hose streams from a protected location. if a le:d¢ or spill has not ignited, use w:~ter spnty to disperse the vapors and to protect men at tempting to stop ~ leak. Water spr'xy may be used to flush spills aw~y from exposures. Water may be used to blanket fire.

U S U A L SHIPPING CONTAINERS: Gh~ss bottles, drums, tank cars, tank trucks, tank barges.

STORAGE: Protect against physical damage. Separate from other storage. Outside or detached storage is preferred. Inside storage should be in a s tandard flammable liquids storage r o o m .

REMARKS: See Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code (NFPA No. 30).

1, 3 - D I C H L O R O P R O P E N E (cis and trans) CHCI:CHCH2C1

DESCRIPTION: Both isomers are colorless liquids with chloroform-like odors.

F I I~E AND EXPLOSION H A, ZA liDS : Flammable liq uids. Vapors form explosive mixtures with air. Flammable limits, 5.3% and 14.5%. Flash point, 95 ° F (oc) (35 ° C). Ignition temperature not reported. Liquids are heavier than water (specific gravity, 1:2). Not soluble in water. Vapor is heavier than air (vapor- air density at 100°F (37.8 ° C), 1.4) and may travel a considerable distance to a source of ignition and flash back.

LIFE HAZAitD: Toxic by inhalation or oral intake. Strong eye, skin and respiratory irrit~nt. Prolonged, excessive, or repeated exposures in any form are hazardous. Decomposes when heated to form toxic arid irritating decomposition products.


FlllE FIGHTING PHASES: Use water spray, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide. Use water to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Water spryly may be ineffective as an extinguishing agent (see Explanatory) . Direct hose streams from a protected location. If a leak or spill has not ignited, use water spray to disperse the vapors and to protect men at tempting to stop a leak. Water spray may be used to flush spills away from exposures. Water may be used to blanket fire.


463 49-1.3

UsuAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS: T a n k ships, barges.

STOaAGE: Protect against physical damage. Separate from other storage. Outside or detached storage is. preferred. Inside storage should be in a st'~ndard flammable liquids storage room.

REMARKS: Electrical installations in Class I hazardous locations as defined in Article 500 of the National Electrical Code should be in accordance with Article 501 of the Code; and electrical equipment should be suitable for use in atmospheres containing I, 3-dichloropropene vapors. See Flammable and Com- bustible Liquids Code (NFPA No. 30), and Fire-Hazard Properties of Flammable .Liquids, Gases and Volatile Solids (NFPA No. 325M).

DIMETHYL ETHER CH~OCH~ / ~ DESCRIPTION: Colorless gas with an ethereal odor.

Liqiaid below minus 11°F (minus 23.9 ° C).

FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZAIH)S: Flammable gas. Forms explosive mixtures with air. Flammable limits, 3.4% and 270-/0. Ignition tempcrature, 662 ° F (350 ° C). Vapor is heavier than air (vapor density, 1.6). Prcsence of oxygen, long standing, or exposure in bottles to sunlight m-~y result in formation of unstable peroxides which may explode spontaneously or when heated. Soluble in water.

LIFE HAZARD: Gas possegses irritative and narcotic properties. Absorption of excessive quantities by inhalation and skin may lead progressively to a s tate of intoxication~ loss of consciousness and death due to respiratory failure.

PERSONAL PROTECTION: Wear 'self-contained breathing apparatus.

FIRE FIGHTING PHASES: Stop flow of gas. Use water to keep fire-exposed containers cool. and to protect men effecting the shutoff.

USUAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS: 25-, 50-, 100- and 150-pour/d cylinders.

STOI~.AGE: Protect against physical damage. Outside or detached storage is preferred. Inside storage should be in cool, well- ventilated, noncombustible location aw-~y from all possible sources of ignition.


RE.~IARKS: Electrical installations in Class I hazardous loc'~tions as defined in Article 500 of the National Electrical Code shoul:l be in accordance with Article 50I of the Code; and electrical equipment should be suitable for use in atmospheres containing dimethyl e~er wtpors. See National Elect~rical Code (NFPA No. 70), Fire-Hazard Properties of Flammable Liquids, Gases and Volatile Solids (NFPA No. 325M), and Manual of Hazardous Chemical Reactions (NFPA No. 491M).

HYDRIODIC ACID HI

DESCRIPTION: Clear or pale.yellow solution of hydro- gun iodide in water, containing 57% hydrogen iodide.

FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD: Noncombustible. Soluble in water.

LIFE HAZARD: Toxic and strong irritant.


FInE FIGHTING PHASES: Use water on fires in which hydriodic acid is involved. Neutralize with chemically basic substances such as sodium bicarbonate, soda ash, or slaked lime.

USUAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS: Glass, earthenware bottles.

STORAGE: Protect against physical damage. ,~

ISOPROPYLAMINE (CH~)2CH'NH2

DESCRIPTION: Colorless liquid below 90°F (32 ° C), ammoniacal odor.

FInE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS: Flammable liquid. Flash point, below 0°F (minus 18 ° C). Reacts vigorously with oxidizing materials. Autoignition temperature, 756 ° F (402 ° C). Vapor is heavier than air (vapor density, 2.03) and may travel considerable distance to ignition source and flash back. Soluble ill water.

LIFE HAZARD: Strong eye, skin and respiratory irritant.



465 49-15

FIRE FIGHTING PHASES: Use water spray, dry chemical, "alcohol" foam, or carbon dioxide. Use water to keep fire-exposed con- tanners cool. Water spray may be ineffective as an extinguishing agent (see Explanatory). Direct hose streams from a protected location. If a leak or spill has not ignited, use water spray to disperse the vapors and to protect men attempting to stop a leak. Water spray may be used to flush spills away from exposures and to dilute spills to nonflammable mixtures.

USUAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS: Glass bottles, metal cans, drums.

STORAGE: Protect against physical damage. Separate from other storage. Outside or detached storage is preferred. Inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquids storage room.

A MERCURIC CYANIDE Hg(CN)2 ( 3 X O )

DESCRIPTION; White crystalline solid; odorless.

FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS: Noncombustible but when , heated to decomposition, or on contact with acid, it releases flammable hydrogen cyanide. Not soluble in cold water.

LIFE HAZARD: Extremely toxic. Heating to decomposition or contact with acids releases highly toxic hydrogen cyanide (see Hydrogen Cyanide) and mercury vapor.

PERSONAL PROTECTION: Wear full protective clothing. Upon any contact with skin or eyes, material should be washed off immediately. Remove contaminated clothing.

FIRE FIGHTING PHASES: Approach fire from upwind. Water or other extinguishing agent suitable for use on burning material may be used to fight a fire in an area containing mercuric cyanide.

USUAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS: Wooden boxes or fiberboard boxes with metal inside containers, not over 25 pounds capacity each; glass bottles not over 5 pounds capacity each; metal barrels or drums; fiberboard boxes with a tightly closed polyethylene or other equally efficient plastic liner.

STORAGE: Protect against physical damage. Outside or detached isolated storage is preferred. Inside storage should be in a cool, well-ventilated, noncombustible location, away from all possible sources of ignition. Always keep container closed.


2 - M E T H Y L B U T Y R A L D E H Y D E CH3CH2CH(CH3) CHO

DESCRIPTION: Colorless liquid.

FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZAm)S: Flammablc liquid. Vapor forms explosive mixtures with air. Flammable limits not reported. Flash point, 49°F (oc) (9 ° C). Liquid is lighter than water (specific gravity, 0.8). Vapor is heavier than air (vapor-air density at 77 ° F (25 ° C) is 1.1) and may travel a considerable distance to a source of ignition and flash back. Not soluble in water.

LIFE HAZARD : Vapors are a severe irritant to the eyes and mucous membranes. In high concentrations vapors will cause nausea and may be toxic.


FIRE FIGHTING PHASE: Use water spray, dry chemical, foam, or ' carbon dioxide. Use water to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Water spray may be ineffective as an extinguishing agent (see Explanatory) . Direct hose streams from a protected location. If a leak or spill has not ignited, use water spray to disperse the vapors and to protect men at tempting to stop a leak. Water spray may be used to flush spills away from exposures.

USUAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS: Tank barges, drums, tank cars, tank trucks, and portable tanks. (Drums to 55-gallons and tanks to 20,000 pounds gross.)

STORAGE: Protect against physical damage. Separate from oxidizing materials. Outside or detached storage is preferred. Inside storage should be in a s tandard flammable liquid storage room.

'REMARKS: Electrical installations in Class I hazardous locations as defined in Article 500 of the National Electrical Code should be in accordance with Article 501 of the Code; and electrical equipment should be suitable for use in atmospheres containing 2-methylbutyra ldehyde vapors.


467 49-17

MONO-(TRICHLORO) TETRA (MONOPOTASSIUM DICHLORO)-PENTA-s-TRIAZINE-TRIONE C3C13N303 • 4KC12(NCO) a / N / ~

DESCRIPTION: White crystalline solid with strong chlorine odor.

FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS : Oxidizing and chlorinating agent. Contact with most foreign materials, organic matter or easily chlorinated or oxidized materials may result in fire. Contact with ammonia, ammonium salts, urea or similar compounds which contain nitrogen may form nitrogen trichloride, a highly explosive compound. Mixture with hydrated salts may result in an exothermie reaction, decomposition and container rupture due to pressure. Mixture with non-ionic surface- active agents may result in highly exothermic reactions causing fire or explosion. Decomposition can be initiated with a heat source and can propagate throughout the mass with evolution of extremely dense and noxious fumes.

LIFE HAZARD : The solid material is itself highly irritating to skin, eyes and respiratory tract, and in a fire, as a result of decomposition or contact with small amounts of water, chlorine and other toxic gases will be evolved.

PERSONAL PROTECTION: Wear full protective clothing. .|.

'F'IRE FIGHTING PHASES: Use water spray to cool containers ex- "~ posed to fire and massive quantities of water to dilute material

involved in a fire or spilled from containers.

USUAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS: Moisture-excluding fiber drums with polyethylene bag liner, and lined pails. Smaller quantities are packaged in glass or polyethylene bottles and in foil or polyethylene laminated packets.

STORAGE: Protect against physical damage. Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated place away from flammable liquids, combustible materials, and oxidizable materials. Drums may rupture if the contents are exposed to heat or become contaminated or wet. Drums should be palletized to prevent wetting from floor washings or drainage. Avoid prolonged storage in unventilated areas at summer temperatures.

REMARKS: See Code for the Storage of Liquid and Solid Oxidiz- ing Materials (NFPA No. 43A).


MOTOR FUEL ANTIKNOCK COMPOUNDS (Conta in lead)

DESCRIPTION: Red, orange or blue (dyed) liquids with sweet musty odor. Comprise a range of mixtures of tetraethyl lead (TEL), tetramethyl lead (TML), methylethyl lead (MEL), ethylene dibromide, ethylene dichloride, solvent, antioxidant, dye and inerts.

F I R E AND E X P L O S I O N HAZARDS: Flammable or combustible liquids. Flash points range from 89 ° F (oc) (32 ° C) to 265 ° F (oc) (130 ° C). Specific gravity, greater than 1. Not soluble in water. Thermal decomposition may occur above 212°F (100 ° C), With TML compounds thermal decomposition is more likely to take the form of decomposition of vapors at the surface; with TEL compounds it is more likely to be in the form of homogeneous bulk decomposition. Both types of decomposition are considered hazardous and in either case rapid decomposition will cause container explosion.

LIFE HAZ.~RD: Vapors are very toxic. Fatal lead poisoning may occur by ingestion, vapor inhalation or skin absorption.

PERSONAL PROTECTION! Wear full protective clothing.

FIRE FIGHTING PHASES: Fight fires from an explosion-resistant location. Use water from unmanned monitors and hoseholders to keep fire-exposed containers cool. On fires in which containers are not exposed, use water spray, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide. If a leak or spill has not ignited, use water spray to disperse vapors. If it is necessary to stop a leak, use water spray to protect men attempting to do so. Water spray may be used to flush spills away from exposures.

USUAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS: Metal cans in wooden 'boxes, metal drums, cylinders, tanks, tank cars, tank trucks, tank barges.

STORAGE: Protect against physical damage. Store in a cool, isolated, well-ventilated area. Keep away from fire, heat and strong oxidizing agents. Tanks should be stored in a sprinklered area.

REMARKS: Electrical instMlations in Class I hazardous locations as defined in Article 500 of the National Electrical Code should be in accordance with Article 501 of the Code; and electrical equipment should be suitable for use in atmospheres containing vapors of the antiknock compound. See Flammable and


469 49-19

Combustible Liquids Code (NFPA No. 30), National Electrical Code (NFPA No. 70), Static Electricity (NFPA No. 77), and Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable Liquids, Gases and Volatile Solids (NFPA No. 325M).

NICKEL CARBONYL Ni(CO)~ / Q / ~

DESCRIPTION: Colorless volatile liquid, below 109.4° F (43 ° C).

FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS: Flammable liquid that rapidly volatilizes at room temperature. Vapor forms explosive mixtures with air. Flammable limits, lower 2%, upper not known. Flash point, less than minus 4°F (minus 18 ° C). Vapor is heavier than air and may travel a considerable distance to a source of ignition and flash back. Liquid may explode when heated under confinement. Not soluble in water.

LIFE HAZARD: Extremely toxic by inhalation and ingestion. A few breaths could be fatal.


F, IRE FIGHTING PHASES: Use water, foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical.

~SUAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS: Compressed gas cylinders.

STORAGE: Protect against physical damage. Separate from other storage. Outside or detached storage is preferred.

RE,lARKS: See Manual of Hazardous Chemical Reactions (NFPA No. 491M) and Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable Liquids, Gases and Volatile Solids (NFPA No. 325M).

NITROGEN TRIOXIDE N_2.0~

DESCRIPTION: Blue liquid with a boiling point of 38 ° F (3 ° C). Dissociates upon vaporization producing primarily nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide.

FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS: Noncombustible but a strong. oxidizing agent that may cause fire on contact with combustible materials.


LIFE HAZARI): Vapors are extrenicly irritating to the respiratory tract and may cause fatal pulmonary edenla. Syinptoms m:~y be delayed for several hours. Vapors may cause severe eye burns. Liquid is corrosive to the eyes and skin.


FIRE FIGHTING PHASES: Stop flow of gas. Use water to keep fire- exposed containers cool and to protect men effecting the shutoff.

USUAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS: Special steel cylinders.

STORAGE: Protect against physical dmnage. Outside or detached storage is preferred. Inside storage should be in a cool, well-ventilated, noncombustible location, away from all possible sources of ignition.

POTASSIUM BROMATE KBr0~

DESCRIPTION: White crystals or powder.

FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS: Noncombustible. Powerful oxidizing material. Forms explosive mixtures with combustible, org~mic or other easily oxidizable materiMs. These mixtures are easily ignited by friction or heat. Containers may rupture when involved in a fire.

LIFE HAZARD: Moderately hazardous to health.

FIRE FIGHTING PHASES: Flood with water.

USUAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS: Glass jars, fiber or wooden containers with metal liners, steel drums.

STORAGE: Protect against physical damage. Isolate from combustible, organic or other readily oxidizable-materials. Avoid storage on wood floors, lmmedistely remove and dispose of any spilled bromate.

REMARKS :See Code for the Storage of Liquid and Solid Oxidizing Materials (NFPA No. 43A).

REVISIONS TO NFPA NO, 49

471 49-21

SODIUM DICHLORO-s-TRIAZINE TRIONE- DIHYDRATE NaC12(NC0)3.2H~O / % / ~

DESCRIPTION: White, crystalline solid with chlorine odor.

FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS: Oxidizing and chlorinating agent. Contact with some foreign materials or organic matter or easily chlorinated or oxidized materiMs may result in fire. Contact with ammonia, ammonium salts, urea or similar compounds that contain nitrogen may form nitrogen tri- chloridc, a highly explosive compound. Mixture with hydrated salts may result in an exothermic reaction and decomposition. Mixture with non-ionic surface-active agents may result in

• exothermic reactions causing fire. Difficult to ignite but, once iaitiated, decomposition can propagate slowly throughout the mass, with evolution of extremely dense and noxious fumes.

LIFE HAZARD : The solid material is itself highly irritating to skin, eyes and,respiratory tract, and in a fire, as a result of decomposition or contact with small amounts of water, extremely dense and noxious fumes containing chlorine and other toxic gases will be evolved.


FIRE FIGHTING PHASES: Use water spray to cool containers exposed to fire and massive quantities of water to dilute material involved in a fire or spilled from containers.

USUAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS: Moisture-excluding fiber drums with polyethylene bag liner, and lined pails. Smaller quantities are packaged in glass or polyethylene bottles and in foil or polyethylene laminated packets..

STORAGE: Protect against physical damage. Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated place away from flammable liquids, combustible materials, and oxidizable materials. Drums may rupture if the contents are exposed to heat or become contaminated or wet. Drums.should be palletized to prevent wetting from floor washings or drainage. Avoid prolonged storage in unventilated areas at summer temperatures.

SODIUM HYDRIDE Nai l

DESCRIPTION: Silvery needles turning off-white on exposure to air. Sometimes furnished as a finely ground slurry in oil containing 25 to 50% sodium hydride.

472 49-22 COMMITTEE ON CHEMI'CALS AND EXPLOSIVES

FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS: Flammable solid. May ignite spontaneously on exposure to moist air. On heating or in contact with moisture or acids, an exothermic reaction may be sufficient to c'~use ignition. Violently reactive with strong oxidizers. Can form dust clouds that may explode on contact with flame, heat, or oxidizing materials.

LIFE HAZARD: Highly corrosive on inh-dation, ingestion, or contact with skin. On contact with moisture or water, sodium hydride yields sodium hydroxide which is very corrosive.

'PERSONAL PROTECTION: Wear full protective clothing.

FIRE FIGHTING PHASES: Do not use water, carbon dioxide, dry'- chemical or halogenated extinguishing agents. Fires may.be smothered by applying a nietal cover. Dry graphite or ground. dolomite may also be used to smother fires in sodium hydride.

USUAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS: Polyethylene bags packed in metal containers. Metal cans or drums.

STORAGE: Protect against physical damage. Store in isolated, well-ventilated, cool, dry area. Use all precautions to keep water from entering storage area. Building must be well ventilated and so constructed as to eliminate pocketing of hydrogen gas. Do not remove oil from sodium hydride slurries.

REMARKS: Open containers only in inert atmospheres or low humidity rooms. If the use of sodium hydride can result ih hazardous concentrations of hydrogen, electrical installations should conform to the National Electrical Code requirements for Class I hazardous locations and electrical equipment should be suitable for Group B atmospheres. See National Electrical Code (NFPA No. 70).

SULFURYL CHLORIDE $02C12

DESCRIPTION: Colorless liquid with a pungent odor. Turns yellow on standing because of dissociation into sulfur dioxide and chlorine.

FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS: Nonflammable liquid. Reacts violently w'ith water or steam to produce heat, toxic and corrosive fumes.


473 49-23

LIFE HAZARD: Sulfuryl chloride is a highly toxic, highly irritating liquid. The vapors may cause acute respiratory irritation and delayed pulmonary edema. Also the vapors are corrosive to human skin and the mucous membranes. When heated to decomposition, it emits highly toxic fumes of chlorides and oxides of sulfur.

PERSONAL PROTECTION: Wear full protective equipment.

FIRE FIGHTING PHASES: Avoid water contact with sulfuryl chloride since there is the possibility of a violent reaction. Water may be used to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

USUAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS: Glass stoppered carboys , steel or nickel drums and tank cars.

STORAGE: Store in tightly stoppered containers in a cool dry location and away from areas of acute fire hazard.

TETRACHLOROETHYLENE CC12:CCI~

DESCRIPTION: Clear liquid with mild chloroform-like odor.

FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS: NO flash point in conventional closed tester; nonflammable. Ignition temperature, none. Boil- ing point, 250 ° F (121 ° C). Liquid is heavier than water (specific gravity 1.6). Essentially insoluble in water.

LIFE HAZARD: Incoordination and impaired judgment may occur at vapor exposures from 300 ppm to 1000 ppm. Dizziness, drowsiness, loss of consciousness and even death can occur at increasing levels of exposure. When involved in fire, tetrachloroethylene emits highly toxic and irritating fumes.


FIRE FIGHTING PHASES: Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Water spray may be used to flush spills away from exposures.

USUAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS: 5- and 55-gallon steel drums; tauk cars, and tank trucks.

STORAGE: Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location, away from any area where the fire hazard may be acute.

REMARKS: See Chemical Safety Data Sheet SD-24 (Manufactur- ing Chemists' Association, Inc.).

474 49-24 C O M M I T T E E ON C H E M I C A L S AND E X P L O S I V E S

THIONYL CHLORIDE SOC12 h / ~ DESCRIPTION: Colorless fuming liquid With suffocat-

ing odor.

FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS: Nonflammable liquid. M-~y react violently with water or moist air.

LIFE HAZARD: Thionyl chloride is a fuming liquid whose vapors can cause strong corrosive irritation of skin, eyes and mucous membranes. The liquid can cause serious burns on contact with any of these tissues. Through the action of water it decomposes to sulfur dioxide, chlorine, sulfur monochloride and hydrogen chloride, all toxic chemicals. Decomposes when heated above 284 ° F (140 ° C) forming chlorine, sulfur dioxide and sulfur monochloride and giving a suffocating odor.

PERSONAL PROTECTmN: Wear full protective clothing.

FreE FIGHTING PHASES: Avoid water contact with thionyl chloride since there is the possibility of a violent reaction. Water may be used to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

USUAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS: Carboys, nickel drums or nickel tank cars.

STORAGE: Protect against physical damage and water.

1 , 1 , 1 -TR IC HLOR OETHANE. CH~CC13


FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARI)S: NO flash point in conventional closed tester at ordinary room temperatures, but moderately flammable at higher temperatures. Flammable limits, 8.0% and 10.5%. Ignition temperature, 998°F (537 ° C). Boiling point, 165°F (74 ° C). Liquid is heavier than water (specific gravity, 1.3). Not soluble ill water.

LIFE HAZAm): Incoordination and impaired judgment may occur at vapor exposures from 500 ppm - - 1000 ppm. Dizzi- ness, drowsiness, loss of consciousness and even death can occur at increasing levels of exposure. When involved in fire, 1,1,1-trichloroethane emits highly toxic and irritating fumes.

PERSONAL PROTECTION: Wear ~elf-contained breathing apparatus.


475 49-25


USUAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS: 5- and 55-gallon steel drums; tank cars, and tank trucks.


REMARKS: See Chemical Safety Data Sheet SD-90 (Manu- facturing Chemists' Association, Inc.).

TRICHLOROETHYLENE CHCI:CCI2


FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS: NO flash point in conventional closed tester at ordinary room temperatures, but moderately flammable at higher temperatures. Flammable limits, 8.0% and 10.5%. Ignition temperature, 770 ° F (410 ° C). Boiling point, 189 ° F (87 ° C). Liquid is heavier than water (specific gravity, 1.5). Not soluble in water.

LIFE HAZARD: Incoordination and impaired judgment may occur at vapor exposures from 300 - - 1000 ppm. Dizziness, drowsiness, loss of consciousness and even death can occur at increasing levels of exposure. When involved in fire, trichloroethylene emits highly toxic and irritating fumes.



USUAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS: 5- and 55-gallon steel drums; tank cars, and tank trucks.


REMARKS: See Fire-Hazard Properties of Flammable Liquids, Gases and Volatile Solids (NFPA No. 325M)), Chemical Safety Data Sheet SD-14 (Manufacturing Chemists' As- sociation, Inc.).

476 49-26 C O M M I T T E E O N C H E M I C A L S A N D E X P L O S I V E S

TRICHLOROSILANE HSiCl~

DESCRIPTION: Colorless liquid below 89°F (32 ° C) with an acrid odor; fumes in air.

FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS: Fl,~mmable liquid. Vapor forms flammable mixtures in air. Flash point, 7 ° F (oc) (minus 14 ° C); flammable limits not reported; vapor is heavier than air (vapor density, 4.7). Reacts violently with w,~ter, yielding hydrochloric acid. (See Hydrogen Chloride.)

LIFE HAZARD: Vapor and liquid cause burns; toxic on inhalation. Reacts with water to form hydrochloric acid. (See Hydrogen Chloride.)

PERSONAL PROTECTION: Wear full protective clothing:

FIRE FIGHTING PHASES: Use dry chemical or carbon dioxide to extinguish small fires. Flooding with water may be necessary to prevent reignition. Water may be used if large amounts of combustible materials are involved and if fire fighters can protect themselves by distance or barriers from the violent trichlorosilane-water re.~etion. Water may be used to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

USUAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS: 55-gallon drums; lgal lon glass bottles.

STORAGE: Protect against physical damage. Outside or detached storage is preferred. Inside storage should be in ~ standa.rd flammable liquids storage room or cabinet. Separate from oxidizing materials.

RE.~IARKS: Spills c~n be neutralized by flushing with large quantities of water followed by treatment with sodium bicarbonate. Provide adequate protection against genergted hydrogen chloride. Do not allow water to get into the container since resulting pressure could cause the container to rupture. Electrical installations in Class I hazardous locations, as defined in Article 500 of the National Electrical Code, should be in accordance with Article 50l of the Code, and electrical equipment should be suitable for use in atmospheres contai~ing trichlorosilane vapors. See National Electrical Code (NFPA No. 70), and Flammable and Com- bustible Liquids Code (NFPA No. 30).


477 49-27

T R I E T H Y L A M I N E (C2Hs)3N

DESCRIPTION: Colorless liquid with an ammoniacal odor.

FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS: Flammable liquid. Vapor forms explosive mixtures with a i r . Flammable limits, 1.2% and 8.0%. Flash point, 20 ° F (oc) (minus 7 ° C). Vapor is heavier than air (vapor-air density at 68°F (20 ° C), 1 .2 )a i ld may travel a considerable distancc to a source of ignition and flash back. Soluble in water.

LIFE HAZARD: V~pors are a severe irr i tant to the eyes and nm- cous membranes. High concentrations can be toxic.


FIRE FIGHTING PHASES: Use water spray, dry chemical, "alcohol" foam, or carbon dioxide. Use water to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Water spray may be ineffective as an extinguishing agent (see Explanatory) . Direct hose streams from a protected location. If a leak or spill has not ignited, use water spray to disperse the vapors and to protect men at tempting to stop a leak. Water spray m~y be used to flush spills ~way from exposures and to dilute spills to nonflammable mixtures.

USUAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS: Tank barges, drums, tank cars, t ,mk trucks, and portable tanks. (Drums to 55-gallons and tanks to 20,000 pounds gross.)

STORAGE: Protect against physical damage. Separate from oxidizing materials. Outside or detached storage is preferred. Inside stor~tge should be in a s tandard flammable liquid storage room.

REMARKS: Electrical installations in Class I hazardous locations as defined in Article 500 of the National Electrical Code should be in accordance with Article 50l of the Code; and electrical equipment should bc suitable for use in atmospheres containing tr iethylamine vapors.


VANADIUM T E T R A C H L O R I D E VCL

DESCRIPTION: Dark reddish to brown liquid, fumes in moist air.

FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS: Noncombustible, corrosive liquid; will react violently with water to form v~nadium trichloride, vanadium oxydichloride and hydrochloric acid. Specific gravity, 1.8.

LIFE HAZARD: Vapors ~re extremely toxic ~nd corrosive. Contact with skin, eyes, nose ~nd throat causes severe burns and irritations. Inhalation of high concentration, absorption through: skin, or ingestion may be fatal.

PERSONAL'PROTECTION: Wear full protective clothing.

FIRE FIGIJTING PHASES: Dry chemical and carbon dioxide are the preferred extinguishing agents for fires in the.vicini ty o f vanadium tetrachloride. The use of water must be avoided except to cool surrounding containers where there is no danger of water coming into contact with the vanadium tetrachloride. In the event of minor spills, flush with large quantities of water, then neutralize with sodium carbonate when fumes subside. For major spills, cover with foam or sod~ ash, then hydrolize the product in a controlled manner using a water fog.

USUAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS: Cylinders or steel portable tanks.

STORAGE: Protect against physical damage. Keep containers upright and t ightly closed when not in use. All tanks, cylinders, other storage vessels and transfer piping should be chnrged with a blanket of nitrogen at not less than 5 psi. Separate from combustible or. reactive -m~terials. Store in ~ cool, dry, well- ventilated location, away from sunlight, heat, steam pipes or any area where the fire hazard may be acute. Outside or detached, well-isolated storage is preferred. Keep away from water or location where water may be needed for fire control in other storage or for fire involving the building. Chill to below 68 ° F (20 ° C) before opening.


479 49-29

28. Synonyms. Slandard.

ARSENIOUS CHLORIDE

ARSENOUS CHLORIDE

BUTTER OF ARSENIC

Insert the foUowing synonyms in the body of the

See ARSENIC CHLORIDE


Sc(~ ARSENIC CHLORIDE

CAUSTIC ARSENIC CHLORIDE. See ARSENIC CHLORIDE

~CAUSTIC OIL OF ARSENIC

CHLOREX

GAMMA CHLOROALLYL CHLORIDE

C H L O R O C H R O M I C ANHYDRIDE

C H R O M I U M OXYCHLORIDE

CUMOL

2 ,2 ' -DICHLOROD1ETHYL ETHER

1, 3 -DICHLOROPROPYLENE

F U M I N G LIQUID A R s E N I c

HYDROGEN IODIDE

ISOPROPYLBENZENE

M E T H O X Y M E T H A N E

2-METHYLBUTANAL /

METHYL C H L O R O F O R M

S ~ ARSENIC CHLORIDE

Sec DICHLOROETHYL ETHER

Sce 1~ 3-1)ICHLOROPROPENE

Scc CHROMYL CHLORIDE

Sce CHROMYL CHLORIDE

See CUMENE

SCC DICHLOROETHYL ETHER

See l, 3-DICHLOROPI$OPENE


Sec HYDRIODIC ACID

Sec CUMENE

See DIMETHYL ETHER

See 2-M ETHYLBUTYRALDE- HYDE

See l , 1, 1-TRI- CHLOROETHANE


METHYL ETHER

METHYL OXIDE

PERCHLOROETHYLENE

S I L I C O C H L O R O F O R M

SODIUM DICHLOROISOCYANURATE DIHIDRATE

SULFURIC OXYCHLOR1DE

SULFUROUS OXYCHLORIDE

TEL COMPOUND

TEN

TETRAETHYL LEAD (TEL COMPOUND)

TETR AMETHYL LEAD (TML COMPOUND)

TML COMPOUND

TRICHLOROMONOSILANE

S e e DIMETHYL ETHER

S ~ e DIMETHYL ETHER

S(~e TETRACH LOROETHY LEN E

S(~e TR1CHLOROSILA NE

S e e SODIUM DICHLORO-S- TRIAZINE TRIONE- DIHYDRATE

S(~e SULFURYL CHLORIDE

S(~e THIONYL CHLOI~.IDE

S(~e MOTOR F UEL ANTI- KNOCK COMPOUNDS (C011- t~ining lead)

See TR1ETHYLAMINE

See MOTOR FUEL ANTI- KNOCK COMPOUNDS (containing lead)

See ~IOTOR FUEL ANTI -~ KNOCK COMPOUNDS ( co i l - raining lead)

S e e .~IOTOR F UEL ANTI- KNOCK COMPOUNDS ( co i l - raining lead)

See TRICHLOROSILANE

481 497-5

Part ii

Proposed Recommended Practice for Classification of

Class I Hazardous Locations for Electrical Instal lat ions

NFPA No. 497.1975

Chapter 1 In t roduc t i on

1-1 Purpose .

1-1.1 Electrical installations in locations hazardous because o f f lammable a tmospheres can be suitably designed if the zones o f potential hazard are clearly defined. It is the intent o f this R e c o m m e n d e d Practice to present a basis for the classification o f such locations for electrical installations in chemical plants. As used here, a chemical plant is a large integrated plant or the por t ion o f such a plant where f lammable or combustible liquids are p roduced by chemical reactions or used in chemical reactions.

NOTE: Throughout this Recommended Practice reference is made to areas, spaces, locations, and zones. In general, the word "areas" has been used to designate a two-dimensional space. Spaces, locations, and zones should be considered interchangeable terms designating a three- dimensional space.

1-1.2 I f a location is to be classified correc t ly , -cer ta in questions need to be answered: Does a hazardous location exist? I f it does, what type is it and how far does it ex tend? T h e puv:,ose o f this R e c o m m e n d e d Practice is to provide assistance in answering those questions.

1-1.3 This R e c o m m e n d e d Practice uses the criteria estab- lished by the National Electrical Code, NFPA No. 70-1975, for classifying hazardous locations. Once a location has been

482 497-6 C L A S S 1 HAZ. L O C A T I O N S - - - E L E C T . I N S T A L L A T I O N S

classified there should be little difficulty in making a proper electrical installation because the National Electrical Code specifies the type of equipment and wiring methods to be used.

1-2 Scope.

1-2.1 This Recommended Practice applies to those locations where flammable gases and volatile flammable liquids are processed, stored, loaded, unloaded or otherwise handled.

1-2.2 Chemical and physical changes may occur during the handling and use of flammable liquids, gases and vapors. The composition and properties of materials may change dras- tically during processing or under abnormal conditions. Those properties and chemical changes were considered in the preparation of this Recommended Practice.

1-2.3 This Recommended Practice is not an attempt to rewrite or otherwise supersede the National Electrical Code.

1-2.4 This Recommended Practice is a guide to safe practices and should be applied with sound engineering judgment. When all factors are properly evaluated, a consistent classification can be developed.

GENERAL INFORMATION

483 497-7

Chapter 2 General Information

2-1 National Electrical Code Criteria and Equipment Con- siderations.

2-1.1 Article 500 of the National Electrical Code defines Class I locations as those in which flammable gases or vapors are or may be present in the air in quantities sufficient to produce explosive or ignitible mixtures; Class II locations are those which are hazardous because of the presence of combustible dust; and Class III locations are those which are hazardous because of the presence of easily ignitible fibers or flyings, but in which such fibers or flyings are not likely to be in suspension in air in quantities sufficient to produce ignitible mixtures.

N O T E : T h e s e classes a re unre la ted to the National Fire Protect ion As- sociation (NFPA) defini t ions cover ing f lammable liquids as discussed in 2-3.3.

2-1.2 Within each location class, the National Electrical Code recognizes two divisions. Within Class I these divisions a r e "

2-1.2.1 Division 1. The criterion for these locations i s that they are likely to have flammable mixtures present under normal conditions.

(a) Installations for Division 1 locations are designed so that operation or failure of any portion of the electrical system will not release flame or hot,gases or have high enough surface temperatures to ignite the surrounding atmosphere.

2-1.2.2 Division 2. The criterion for these locations is that they are likely to have flammable mixtures present only under abnormal conditions, such as the failure or rupture of equipment.

(a) Installations for Division 2 locations use equipment arranged so that full operation of the electrical system (including arcing and similar devices) may occur without providing a source of ignition under normal conditions. Complete protection is

484 497-8 CLASS I HAZ. LOCATIONS--ELECT. INSTALLATIONS

not provided against ignition due to electrical breakdown inasmuch as electrical breakdowns occur very rarely and equipment is usually de- energized automatically.

2-1.2.3 By inference, locations which cannot be classified as Division 1 or 2 are nonhazardous under the Na- tional Electrical Code.

2-1.$ Unfortunately, no single type of electrical equipment enclosure is best in all respects. Electrical installations must be designed to protect against power failures, accidental grounds, and electric shock resulting from personal contact with energized conductors, in addition to avoiding the proba- bility of accidental ignition of flammable liquids, vapors, or gases released to the atmosphere. Explosionproof equipment---correctly designed, manufactured, installed, and maintainedmprovides the best protection against ignition when flammable mixtures are present. However, general-purpose equipment located outside the hazardous location provides the relaying and automatic controls which best insure against ignition due to electrical faults. Equipment with general purpose enclosures has features that permit easier maintenance with proper worker protection and with minimum power service interruption. The safest electrical systems would use to advan- tage the best features of each type.

2-1.4 Factors such as corrosion, weather, maintenance, equipment standardization and interchangeability, and possible process changes or expansion frequently dictate the use of special enclosures or installations for electrical systems. How- ever, such factors are outside the scope of this publication, which is concerned entirely with the proper application of electrical equipment to avoid ignition of flammable mixtures.

2-1.5 Aside from considerations relative to enclosure in- tegrity, other approaches can be taken in electrical design that may be equally effective.

2-1.5.1 It is also possible to locate electrical equipment, such as switchgear, transformers and starters, outside of the hazardous locations.

2-1.5.2 Positive pressure (above atmospheric) of an enclosure or rooms from a source of clean air is permissible by the National Electrical Code (Section 500-1) if adequate

GENERAL INFORMATION

485 497-9

safeguards are incorporated in the installation. Part A of the Standard for Purged and Pressurized Enclosures for Electrical Equipment in Hazardous Locations, NFPA No. 496-1974, contains requirements for pressurized enclosures and rooms.

2-1.5.$ An approach that is effective, where power levels are low is to use intrinsically safe electrical systems, which are also recognized by the National Electrical Code. Require- ments for intrinsically safe installations are contained in the Standard for Intrinsically Safe Process Control Equipment for Use in Class I Hazardous Locations, NFPA No. 493-1969.

2-2 Conditions Necessary for a Fire or Explosion.

2-2.1 Three basic conditions .must be satisfied for the occurrence of a fire or explosion. These are:

1. A flammable gas o r vapor must be present.

2. It must be mixed with air in the proportions required to produce a flammable or ignitible mixture. Further, within the context of this publication, there must be a sufficient amount of this mixture to provide an ignitible atmosphere surrounding the electrical installation.

3. There must be an ignition of this mixture. Within the context of this publication, the source of ignition is understood to be the electrical installation operating at energy levels sufficient to release incendiary energy.

2-2.2 In classifying a particular location, the first basic condition, presence of a flammable gas or vapor, is a.significant factor in determining the division classification. The decision is based principally on whether the flammable mixture may be present: a, under normal operating conditions; or, b, only under abnormal operating conditions or equ ipmen t breakdown.

2-2.3 The second basic condition is important in determining the limit or extent, of the hazardous location. The quantity of the substance that might be liberated, its physical characteristics, and the natural tendency of gases and vapors to disperse in the atmosphere must be recognized. Conditions 1 and 2 will be considered (see 2-4, 2-5, and 2-6) following a discussion of volatility and' flammability characteristics of. t h e gases and liquids.

486 497-10' CLASS 1 HAZ. LOCATIONS---EI.EC'I'. INSTAI,LATIONS

2-3 Flammable Liquids, Gases and Vapors.

2-3.1 Lighter-than-air Gases.

2-3.1.1 Lighter-than-air gases released from an opening will often dissipate rapidly because of their low relative density and will not usually affect as wide an area as the vapors of flammable liquids or heavier-than-air gases. Except in enclosed spaces, these lighter-than-air gases seldom produce hazardous mixtures in the zones close to grade where most electrical ,installations are made.

2-3.2 Compressed Liquefied Flammable Gases. 2-3.2.1 Vapor pressures of these gases exceed 40 psia

at 100°F (37.8°C). Compressed flammable gases released as liquids are highly volatile and have low boiling temperatures so that they readily pick up heat and vaporize, creating large volumes of cold gas. Especially when released at or near ground level, gases normally heavier than air and also those heavier only because they are cold will travel along the ground for long distances if air currents do not assist diffusion. When the gases are released at some distance above ground level, or upward at substantial velocity, diffusion is faster and the spread from point of release is usually much less.

2-3.3 Flammable and Combustible Liquids.

2-3.3.1 Flammable liquids vary in volatility and are defined in the Standard on Basic Classification of Flammable and Combustible Liquids, NFPA No. 321-1973, as being any liquid having a closed cup flash point below 100°F (37.80C) and a vapor pressure not exceeding 40 pounds per square inch absolute (2068.5 mm) at 100°F (37.8°C). Combustible liquids are defined as those having a closed cup flash point at or above 100°F (37.8°C).

2-3.3.2 NFPA No. 32!-1973 subdivides flammable and combustible liquids as follows:

Class I: Those having flash points below 100°F (37.8°C), Class II: Those having flash points at or above 100°F (37.80C) and below 1400F (60°C). Class III: Those having flash points at or above 140°F (60°C).

N O T E : Classes I, II and I l l as used here to identify flammable and combustible liquids should not be confused with the same terms in the National Electrical Code (see 2-1.1).

487 GENERAl. INFORMATION 4 9 7 - 1 1

2-3.3.3 Densities of air saturated wi th vapors of flammable liquids at ordinary atmospheric temperatures are generally less than 1.5 times that of air. However, when these vapors are diluted with sufficient air to make a flammable mixture, the density of the mixture approaches that of air.

2-3.3.4 Class I liquids, where released in appreciable quantities to the open, may produce large volumes of vapor. This is particularly the case with the more volatile liquids in this class, such as natural, motor, and aviation gasolines. The heavier liquids in this class, such as some of the thinners and solvents, xylenes, and some intermediate refinery stocks, release vapor more slowly at normal storage temperatures and are hazardous only near the surface of the liquid. At elevated temperatures, however, these heavier liquids give off larger volumes of vapor that can spread farther. These vapors, even when evolved rapidly, have a natural tendency to disperse into the atmosphere and, thus, rapidly become diluted to concentrations below the lower limit of the ignitible range. This tendency is greatly accelerated by air movement. Experience has confirmed that ou tdoor locations requiring classification" are only a small fraction of those that might theoretically be hazardous, based on a given rate of release of a flammable gas or liquid.

2-3.3.5 Class II liquids include kerosine, many solvents, some heating oils, and diesel fuel. The degree of hazard is low because the rate of vapor release is almost nil at normal temperatures of handling and storage. When these liquids are heated, more vapor is released and the hazard may be increased near the point of release. But, the chances of ignition by electrical equipment is not as great as for Class I liquids because the vapors will not travel as far since they tend to condense as they are cooled by the surrounding air. If heated to extremely high temperatures, the vapors may ignite spontaneously.when released to the atmosphere; electrical ignition sources are not involved in this case.

2-3.3.6 Normally, Class I liquids will produce vapors considered to be in the flammable range for electrical design purposes. Class II liquids should be considered as producing flammable vapors in the atmosphere near the point o f release when handled, processed, 'or stored under conditions that may cause the temperature of the liquid to exceed its flash point.

488 497-12 CLASS I HAZ. LOCA'I;IONS---ELECT. INSTALLATIONS

2-3.3.7 Liquids having flash points at or above 140°F (600C) are designated Class III. Such liquids may release vapor at their surface if heated above the flash point, but the extent of the hazardous zone will ordinarily be very small. These combustible liquids of low vapor pressure seldom evolve sufficient quantities of vapor to render any significant zone hazardous.

2-4 Division I Hazardous Locations.

2-4.1 The decision to classify a location as hazardous is based upon the possibility that a fammable mixture may be present. Having decided that a location should be classified hazardous, the next step is to determine the degree of hazard: Is the location Division 1~ or Division 2?

2-4.2 As stated in 2-1.2.1, the criterion for Division 1 is whether the location is likely to have flammable mixtures present under normal .conditions. For instance, the presence of flammable vapors in the vicinity of open-dome loading of gasoline tank trucks is "normal" and requires a Division 1 classification. However, normal does not necessarily mean the situation which prevails when everything is working properly. For instance, a process procedure might be so sensitive to control that relief valves frequently open. This can be considered normal. If these valves release flammable liquid or vapor to the atmosphere, the zone adjacent to the point of release is classified as Division 1. However, if the operation of the relief valves occurs infrequently under unusual conditions, it is not to be considered normal.

2-4.3 Similarly, there may be cases in which frequent maintenance and repair are necessary. These are viewed as normal and, if quantities of flammable liquid, gas or vapor are released as a result of the maintenance, the location is Division 1. However, if repairs are not usually required between turn- arounds, the need to do repair work is considered abnormal. In any event, the classification of the location, as related to equipment maintenance work, is influenced by the maintenance procedures and frequencies.

2-5 Division 2 Hazardous Locations.

2,5.1 The criterion for Division 2 locations is whether the location :is1~likely: ,to ~have J flammable :~mixvur.es~. preSe~nV ~ only

489 GENERAL INFORMATION 497-13

under abnormal conditions. The term "abnormal" is used here in a limited sense and does no t include a major catastrophe.

2-5.2 As an example, consider a vessel containing hydrocarbons to be a source which releases flammable material only under abnormal conditions. In this case, there is no Division 1 location because the vessel is normally tight. To release vapor, the vessel would have to leak, and that would not be normal. Thus, the vessel is surrounded by a Division 2 zone. Everything outside that zone is classified nonhazardous.

2-5.3 Process equipment does not fail very often. Fur- thermore, the National Electrical Code requirements for electrical installations in D~visi6n 2 locations are such that an ignition-capable spark can occur in a flammable vapor-air mixture only in an explosionproof enclosure, or in the event of a breakdown of electrical equipment. On a realistic basis, the possibility of simultaneous abnormal conditions is very remote; this consideration justifies the recognition and acceptance of the Division 2 concept (erroneously called semihazardous areas).

2-5.4 The Division 2 classification is equally applicable to a condition not involving equipment failure. Consider for example the situation wherein a Division 1 location exists because of the normal presence of flammable mixtures. Here, Division 2 is the classification applied to the zone which normally exists between a Division 1 location and a nonhazardous location. Obviously one side of an imaginary line cannot be normally hazardous and the opposite side never hazardous. Consider the case of a source which releases flammable material during normal operation. This source is surrounded by a Division 1 location which, in turn, is surrounded by a larger concentric Division 2 location. Division 2 is the transition zone, and the area outside the Division 2 location is classified nonhazardous.

2-5.5 There could, of course, be cases in which an unpierced barrier, such as a blank wall, might serve completely to prevent vapor spread. In such a case, this concept would not apply and there would be no Division 2 location.

2-6 Nonhazardous Locations.

2-6.1 Experience has shown that the occurrence of flammable, material.!iberation , from, some, .operations and ap.


paratus is so infrequent that it is not necessary to classify the surrounding locations hazardous. For example, it has not been found generally necessary to classify as hazardous the following locations where flammable gases and liquids are processed, stored, or handled:

. Locations that are adequately ventilated where flammable substances are contained in suitable, well- maintained, closed piping systems which include only the pipe, valves, fittings, flanges, and meters.

. Locations that are not adequately ventilated, and where the piping systems for flammable substances are without valves, fittings, flanges, and similar accessories.

. Locations where the flammable liquids or gases are stored in suitable containers. Regulations of the U. S. Department of Transportation specify containers that may be used to ship flammable liquids and gases (Title 49, Chapter I, Parts 170-189, Code of Federal Regulations). Container requirements for storing flammable and combustible liquids will be found in the Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, NFPA No. 30-1973, Chapter IV.

2-6.2 An adequately ventilated location is any building, room, or space which is substantially open and free from obstruction to the natural passage of air through it, vertically or horizontally. Such locations may be roofed over with no walls or may be closed on one side.

2-6.3 An enclosed or partly enclosed space may be considered as adequately ventilated if it is provided with artificial ventilation in an amount equivalent to natural ventilation under low-wind-velocity conditions and there are adequate safeguards against the failure of the ventilation equipment. Adequate ventilation is defined in NFPA No. 30 as that which is sufficient to prevent accumulations of significant quantities of vapor-air mixtures in concentrations over one-fourth of the lower flammable limit. (For a ten-foot-high room, a flow of at least one cubic foot per minute per square foot of floor area or at least six changes per hour is adequate. For higher rooms or unusual configurations, these figures may have to be modified.)

491 GENERAL INFORMATION 497-15

2-6.4 Improper exhaust provisions constitute inadequate ventilation. For example, if the vapors to be removed are heavier than air, exhaust openings should be near the floor.

2-6.5 In locations containing thermal ignition sources (such as open flames), electrical installation design will not eliminate ignition sources. Thus, these locations are classified electrically as nonhazardous. Fire and explosion prevention depends upon the avoidance of flammable mixtures.

2-7 Extent of Hazardous Locations.

2-7.1 The extent of a Division 1 or Division 2 zone requires careful consideration. Perhaps a good beginning is to start with the fact that hydrocarbons are generally heavier than air. This leads to the following conclusions:

1. In the absence of walls, enclosures, or other barriers, and in the absence of air currents or similar disturbing forces, it must be assumed that a vapor will disperse in all directions, as governed by the vapor density and velocity (e.g., heavier-than-air vapors principally downward and outward, lighter-than-air vapors principally upward and outward). Thus, if the source of hazard were a single point, the horizontal area covered by the vapor would be a circle.

2. For heavier-than-air vapors released at or near grade level, the locations where potentially hazardous concentrations are most likely to be found are below grade; those at grade are next most likely; and, as the height above grade increases, the potential hazard decreases. In open locations away from the immediate point of release, freely drifting vapors from a source near grade seldom have reached ignition sources at elevations more than six feet or eight feet above grade. For lighter-than-air gases the opposite is true; there is little or no potential hazard at and below grade, and greater potential hazard above grade.

3. Elevated or depressed sources of vapor release, or release of flammable vapor under pressure, may substantially alter the outline of the limits of the hazardous location. Also, a very mild breeze may extend these

492 497-16 CLASS 1 HAZ. L'~t~CATIONS--ELECT. INSTALLATIONS

limits in the direction of air movement. However, a stronger breeze can so accelerate the dispersion of vapors that the extent of the hazardous location would be greatly reduced. Thus, dimensional limits recommended for Division 1 or Division 2 locations must be recognized from experience, rather than being based on any theoretical diffusion of vapors of the type concerned.

2-7.2 The degree to which breeze and volatility combine to affect the extent of the hazardous location can be illustrated by two experiences, checked by combustible gas detectors. Motor gasoline spilled in a sizable open manifold pit gave no indication of flammable mixtures beyond three feet or four feet from the pit when the breeze was 8 mph to 10 mph. A slightly smaller area of a more volatile liquid from a pool blocked on one side was checked during a gentle breeze. At grade, vapors could be detected for approximately 100 feet

downwind ; however, at 18 inches above grade, there was no indication of vapor as close as 30 feet from the pool.

2-7,2.1 Such examples show tha t even heavy vapor is rapidly dispersed in an adequately ventilated location; for this reason, outdoor locations or locations having ventilation equivalent to normal outdoor conditions are generally classified as Division 2. However, wherever ventilation is inadequate, flammable mixtures can develop and the situation may justify a much larger zone being classified as Division 1.

2-7.3 The size and type of construction of a building may have considerable influence on the hazard classification of the enclosed volume.

2-7.3.1 In the case of small sampling or testing rooms, well-constructed but with inadequate ventilation, it might be appropriate to classify the entire internal volume as Division 1.

2-7.3.2 On the other hand, some large buildings used for such diverse operations as warehousing, processing, can- ning, and shipping often have substantial artificial ventilation prov!ded, or the building has many doors and windows which are m intermittent use or are continuously open. Building construction design may permit a substantial degree of natural ventilation which, coupled with such factors as volumetric con- tent of the building, floor area, lineal dimensions of walls and

493 : G E N E R A L I N F O R M A T I O N 4 9 7 - 1 7

ceiling height, would readily justify consideration of that building as an adequately ventilated indoor location. Here, certain ~pordons of the enclosed location may be classified as Division 1 (surrounded by a larger Division 2 location), or Division 2, with the remainder of the building enclosure designated as nonhazardous.

2-7.4 When classifying buildings there should be careful" evaluation of prior experience with the same or related types of installations. It is not enough to merely point to a potential source of vapor within the building and proceed immediately witff the definition of the extent of the Division 1 and Division 2 locations. Where experience has indicated that a particular design, concept is sound, a more hazardous classification for similar installations is not justified. Furthermore, it is conceiv- able that a location might be reclassified from Division 1 to Division 2, or from Division 2 to nonhazardous, based on experience.

2-7.5 Correctly evaluated, an installation will be found to be a multiplicity of Division 1 locations of extremely limited extent. Probably the most numerous of offenders are packing glands. A gland leaking a quart a minute (360 gallons per day) certainly could.not be commonplace; yet, if a quart bottle were emptied every minute outdoors, the zone made hazardous would be 'hard to locate with a combustible gas detector. Leak- ~age from a heavily frosted petroleum light-ends pump gland is difficult to pick up with a detector even three feet away in an adequately ventilated location.

2-7.6 Volume of liquid or vapor released is of extreme importance in determining the extent of a hazardous location, and it is this consideration which necessitates the greatest application of sound engineering judgment. However, one cannot lose sight of the purpose of this judgment , i.e., the location is classified solely for the installation of electrical equipment.

494 497-18 C L A S S I I-tAZ. L O C A T I O N S - - E L E C T . I N S T A L L A T I O N S

Chapter 3 Method of Determining Degree and Extent of Hazardous Locations

3-1 Basis for Recommendations.

3-1.1 Some o f the following recommenda t ions for dete rmining the degree and extent o f hazardous locations have been developed by survey and. analysis of the practices of a large segment o f the pe t ro leum refining industry, by use o f available exper imenta l data, and by careful weighing o f perti- nent factors. These r e c o m m e n d e d limits of hazardous locations for ref inery installations may be more restrictive than are war ran ted for o ther types o f facilities handl ing hydrocarbons. O the r o f the recommenda t ions are based on NFPA documents that represen t many hund reds of man-years of experience. T h e d i f fe rence between the exper ience o f the pe t ro leum refining industry and o ther sources are basically related to quantities of material in process, use and storage.

3-1.2 T h r o u g h o u t this chapter references are made to small (low), modera te and large (high) pressures, tanks and buildings. Table 3-1.2 defines those terms as used in this chapter .

Table 3-1.2 Relative Magnitude* Small (Low) Moderate Large (High)

Pressure Range Less than 100 psi 100 psi to less 500 psi or greater than 500 psi

Tank Size Less than 5,000 5,000 gallons 25,000 gallons gallons to less than or greater

25,000 gallons Building Volume Less than 2,500 2,500 cubic feet 6,000 cubic feet

cubic feet to less than or greater 6,000 cubic feet

* Experience with similar installations may justify deviation from the definition in tbe Table. See 2-7.4.

3-2 Vapors Assumed to be Heavier than Air.

3-2.1 In setting limits; it is generally assumed that f lammable vapors are heavier than air. Classification on this

DEGREE AND EXTENT OF HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS

495 497-19

basis is normally conservative for lighter-than-air gases or vapors. However, some modification of the limits may be necessary to accommodate certain lighter-than-air situations.

3-3 Procedures for Classifying Locations.

3-3.1 The following procedure requires answers to a series of questions. Each room, section, or zone should be considered individually in determining its classification.

3-3.2 Step 1--Need for Classification. The need for classification is indicated by an affirmative answer to one of the following questions:

(a) Are flammable liquids, vapors or gases likely to be present?

(b) Are liquids having flash points at or above 100°F (37.8°C) likely to b-e handled, processed, or stored at temperatures above their flash points?

3-3.3 Step 2--Assignment of Classification. Assuming an affirmative answer results from Step 1, the following questions should be used to determine the assignment of classification.

3-3.3.1 Division 1 locations may be distinguished by an affirmative answer to any one of the following questions:

(a) Is a flammable mixture likely to exist under normal operating conditions?

(b) Is a flammable mixture likely to occur frequently because of maintenance, repairs, or leakage?

(c) Would a failure of process, storage, or other equipment be likely to cause an electrical failure simultaneously with the release of flammable gas or liquid?

(d) Is the flammable liquid or vapor piping system in an inadequately ventilated location, and does the piping system contain valves, meters, Or screwed or flanged fittings that are likely to leak?

(e) Is the zone below the surrounding elevation or grade such that flammable liquids or vapors may accumulate therein?

496 497-20 CI .ASS I HAZ. L O C A T I O N S - - - E I . E U T , I N S ' I ' A L L A T I O N S

3-3.3.2 Division 2 locations may be distinguished by an affimative answer to any one of the following questions:

(a) Is the flammable liquid or vapor piping system in an inadequately ventilated location, and is the piping system (containing valves, meters, or screwed or flanged fittings) not likely to leak?

(b) Is the flammable liquid or vapor being handled in an adequately ventilated location, and can liquid or vapor escape only during abnormal conditions, such as failure of a gasket or packing?

(c) Is the location adjacent to a Division 1 location, or can vapor be conducted to the location as through • trenches, pipe, or ducts?

(d) If positive mechanical ventilation is used, could failure or abnormal operation of ventilating equipment permit mixtures to build up to flammable concentrations?

3-3.3.3 Step 3mExtent of Hazardous Locations. The extent of a hazardous location may be determined by applying with sound engineering judgment the distances recommended in the diagrams in Figures 3-5.1(a) through 3-5.11(c).

3-4 Use of Diagrams.

3-4.1 The diagrams in this chapter show hazardous zones surrounding typical sources of flammable liquids, vapors and gases. Some of the illustrations apply to a single source; others apply to an enclosed space or to an operating unit. The intended use of these diagrams is to develop classification maps of operating units, buildings, departments, or plant locations. Elevations or sections will be required where different classifications apply at different levels.

3-4.2 An operating department will have many interact- ing sources of flammable l iquid,-vapor or gas, including pumps, compressors, exchangers, vessel flanges, sampling stations, meters, operating and control valves. Accordingly, it requires judgment to set the boundaries of zones for electrical classification.

3-4.3 Use the Index to Diagrams, in 3-5, to select the diagram or diagrams which apply to each source or condition.

497 DEGREE AND EXTENT OF HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS 497-21

Dete rmine the applicable Divisions, thei r extent , and their layout in light o f the local env i ronmen ta l conditions. It is r e c o m m e n d e d that a layout be made o f each hazardous zone based on the interact ion . o f individual sources descr ibed in 3-4.2.

3-4.4 I t may be found that individual classification o f a great n u m b e r of sources in a location is ne i ther feasible nor economical . Classification of an ent i re bui lding or location as a single zone should be cons idered only a f te r evaluat ion o f the ex ten t and interact ion o f various sources and zones within the location, or adjacent to it.

3-5 Index to Diagrams.

3-5.1 Figures 3-5.1(a) t h r o u g h 3-5.1(c) show hazardous zones a r o u n d p u m p s and similar devices hand l ing f l ammable liquids at low flow rates.

Figure 3-5.1(a) Outdoors at grade. Figure 3-5.1(b) Indoors at grade with adequate ventilation or in a

building witha pierced or open wall. Figure 3-5.1(c) Indoors above grade in building with adequate ventila-

tion or with pierced or open wall.

3-5.2 Figures 3-5.2(a) t h rough 3-5.2(d) show hazardous zones a r o u n d p u m p s and similar devices hand l ing f l ammable liquids at m o d e r a t e flow rates.

Figure 3-5.2(a) Outdoors at grade. Figure 3-5.2(b) Indoors with adequate ventilation. Figure 3-5.2(c) Indoors with adequate ventilation and with a pierced

wall or full wall opening. Figure 3-5.2(d) Indoors with inadequate ventilation and with a pierced

wall or full wall opening in a small or moderate-sized building.

3-5.3 Figures 3-5.3(a) t h r o u g h 3-5.3(g) show hazardous zones a r o u n d p u m p s and similar devices hand l ing f lammable liquids at high flow rates or hand l ing compressed liquefied f l ammable gases.

Figure 3-5.3(a) Outdoors at grade. Figure 3-5.3(b) Outdoors above grade. Figure 3-5.3(c) In an equipment shelter with inadequate ventilation. Figure 3-5.3(d) Inadequate ventilation and nonvaportight roof and

walls in building handling conipres~ed liquefied flammable gases.

498 497-22 CLASS 1 HAZ. LOCATIONS--ELECT, INSTALLATIONS

Figure 3-5.3(e) Inadequate ventilation and nonvaportight roof and walls in building handling flammable liquids.

Figure 3-5.3(f) Indoors with adequate ventilation. Figure 3-5.3(g) Indoors with inadequate ventilation and with pierced

or open building wfill.

3-5,4 F igures 3-5.4(a) t h r o u g h 3-5.4(h) show h a z a r d o u s zones a r o u n d process vessels a n d d rye r s h a n d l i n g f l ammable l iquids at h igh, m o d e r a t e a n d low flow rates.

Figure 3-5.4(a) Outdoor process plant, high flow rate. Figure 3-5.4(b) Figure 3-5.4(c)

Figure 3-5.4(d)

Figure 3-5.4(e)

Figure 3-5.4(f) Figure 3-5.4(g) Figure 3-5.4(h)

Outdoor process plant, moderate flow rate. Indoor process area with adequate ventilation. Source at or near grade. Indoor process area with adequate ventilation. Source above grade. Indoorprocess area, high flow rates, inadequate ventilation. Source above .grade. Outdoor kettle installation. Indoor kettle installation, adequate ventilation. Product dryer in totally enclosed system, adequate ventilation.

3-5.5 Figures 3-5.5(a) a n d 3-5.5(b) show h a z a r d o u s zones a r o u n d s to rage tanks.

Figure 3-5.5(a) Outdoors at grade. Figure 3-5.5(b) Open tanks or tanks with hatches normally open.

3-5.6 F igures 3-5.6(a) t h r o u g h 3-5.6(e) show h a z a r d o u s zones d u r i n g t ank car a n d tank t ruck load ing a n d un load ing .

Figure 3-5.6(a) Through closed dome with vapor recovery. Figure 3-5.6(b) Through bottom with vapor recovery. Figure 3-5.6(c) Through open dome, or through closed dome with

atmospheric vent. Figure 3-5.6(d) Through bottom with atmospheric vent. Figure 3-5.6(e) Compressed flammable gases such :as liquefied pe-

troleum gas.

3-5.7 Figures 3-5.7(a) a n d 3-5.7(b) show h a z a r d o u s zones d u r i n g d r u m a n d con t a ine r l oad ing a n d u n l o a d i n g a n d at d r u m s to rage areas.

Figure 3-5.7(a) Loading, unloading outdoors and indoors with adequate ventilation.

Figure 3-5.7(b) Storage indoors, opening between storage room and classified area.


499 497-23

3-5.8 Figure 3-5.8(a) shows hazardous zones around drainage ditches, separators, and impounding basins outdoors and in which flammable liquids are likely to be present.

3-5.9 Figure 3-5.9(a) shows hazardous zones around a dip tank that is indoors in an adequately ventilated location.

3-5.10 Figure 3-5.10(a) and 3-5.10(b) show hazardous zones in special situations where flammable liquids are being handled.

Figure 3-5.10(a)Paint spray booth. Figure 3-5.10(b) Disp.ensirig stations, open centrifuges and other

eqmpment where Class I flammable liquids are exposed.

3-5.11 Figures 3-5.11(a) through 3-5.11(c) show hazardous zones in special situations where lighter-than-air gases a re ' being handled.

Figure 3-5.11(a) Liquid hydrogen, Figure 3-5.11(b) Gaseous hydrogen. Figure 3-5.11(c) Gas compressor in an inadequately ventilated shelter.

SOURCE

DIVISION 2

Figure 3-5.1(a). Pumps and similar devices handling flammable liquids at low flow rates and pressures, outdoors at grade.


SOURCE

DIVISION 2

Figure 3-5.1(b). Pumps and similar devices handl ing flammable liquids at low flow rates, indoors with adequate ventilation or in a bui lding with a

pierced or open wall (not shown).

OPEN WALL SOURCE~

1•7"X• DIVISION 2 Figure 3-5.1(c). Pumps and similar devices handl ing flammable liquids at low flow rates, indoors above grade in a bui lding with adequate ventilation or

a pierced or open wall.


501 497-25 souRi

, 8 , 8

XV~\\ 1, 10' '] " 10' • \ T ~ II GRADE

DIVISION 2

• F i g u r e 3 -5 .2 (a ) . Pumps and similar devices handl ing flammable liquids at moderate flow rates, outdoors at grade. (See NFPA No. 30-1973, Tables VI°9

and VII-I.)

~ ' ~ \ ~'~'R I1" ~'R-~~t DIVISION 1 ~ DIVISION 2

BELOW GRADE LOCATION SUCH AS SUMP OR TRENCH

Figure 3-5.2(b). Pumps and similar devices handl ing flammable liquids at moderate flow rates, indoors with adequate ventilation. (See NFPA No.

30-1973, Tables 5650 and VII.I .)

502 497-26 CLASS 1 HAZ. [ .OCATIONS-- -EI ,ECT. I N S T A L L A T I O N S

P'~OEZAO" ONP,ERCED

i ,!" II 1 \'~'"110' MAXl

GRA~E I ~U'S'D~wA'L I" = ' " ~ - - ' 1 ' ~ .,v,. ~--- BE LOW GRADE i ~ 25' MAX LOCATION ~ : ~ J DIVISION 1 ~ ' / '~DIV lSION 2 SUCH AS SUMP

OR TRENCH

Figure 3-5.2(c). Pumps and similar devices handling flammable liquids at moderate flow rates, indoors with adequate ventilation and with a pierced wall or full wall opening. (See NFPA No. 70-1975, Section 515-2(a) (1).)

PIERCED\

GRADE BUILDING

~ DIVISION 1 [7"/~DIVISION 2

~ ~RCED

AS SUMP EITHER IN DIVISION 1 OR DIVISION 2 PORTION OF BUILDING

Figure 3-5.2(d). Pumps and similar devices handling flammable liquids at moderate flow rates, indoors in a small or moderate-sized building with inadequate ventilation and with a pierced wall or full wall opening. (See

NFPA No. 70-1975, Section 515-2(a) (2).)

503 DEGREE AND EX'I'I-NT OF HAZARI)OUS LOCATIONS 497-27

GRADE

~ ' ~ DIVISION 2

Figure 3-5.3(a). Pumps and similar devices handling flammable liquids at high flow rates or handling compressed liquefied flammable gases,* outdoors

at grade. (*See NFPA No. 58-1974, Table 3-6.)

~ DIVISION 2

Figure 3-5.3(b). Pumps and similar devices handling flammable liquids at high flow rates or handling compressed liquefied flammable gases,* outdoors

above grade. (*See NFPA No. 58-1974, Table 3-6.)

504 497-28 CLASS 1 HAZ. LOCATIONS--ELECT. INSTALLATIONS

AUXILIARY EO.UIPMENT ENCLOSURE

NON-VAPORTIGHT. WALLS

/ I / /Z~\ \ 'q I I I I INADEOUATELY

VENTILATED AREA

I ~ DIVISION 1

Figure 3-5.3(c). Pumps and similar devices handling flammable liquids at high flow rates or compressed liquefied flammable gases,* in an equipment shelter with inadequate ventilation. (*See NFPA No. 58-1974, Table 3-6.)

~ / / / / / / ~ ~ ~ / / / / / A / VAPLOLsRTIG HT

OPENING - ~

DIVISION 1 ~ DIVISION 2

Figure 3-5.3(d). Pumps and similar devices handling compressed liquefied flammable gases, indoors with inadequate ventilation and nonvaportight roof

and walls. (See NFPA No. 58-1974, Table 3-6.)


505 497-29

5' -L

--f-

NON-VAPORTIGHT WALLS; AND ROOF

4'

8 , ~ m

-I T [ ~ DIVISION 1 ~ DIVISION 2

• Figure 3-5.3(e). Pumps and similar devices handling flammable liquids at high flow rates indoors with inadequate ventilation and nonvaportight roof

and walls. (See NFPA No. 36-1974, Article 54.)

~ DIVISION 2

Figure 3-5.3(f). Pumps and similar devices handling flammable liquids or compressed liquefied flammable gases at high flow rates, indoors with ade-

quate ventilation. (See NFPA No. 58-1974, Table 3-6.)

506 497-30 CLASS I HAZ. LOCATIONS---ELECT. INSTALLAq'IONS

/ / / /A\\\~)7/

~ VAPORTIGHT ROOF AND

. WALL

~I /,-GRADE .~\v.//2x\\\'~

• DIVISION 1 ~ DIVISION 2

Figure 3-5.3(g). Pumps and similar devices handling flammable liquids at high flow rates, or compressed liquefied flammable gases, indoors in small or moderate-sized buildings with inadequate ventilation and with pierced wall

or a ful l wall opemng. (See NFPA No. 58-1974, Table 3-6.)

_2 ®

/-CONTROL VALVES /(SOURCE)

~ EXCHANGER DECK ~ ~ O ~ R

I. so, - I / \ l ~ -50, .i ~---PUMP ALLEY DIVISION 2 SOURCE

Figure 3-5.4(a). Process plant handling flammable liquids at high flow rates, outdoors.

507 DEGREE AND EXTENT OF HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS 497-31

t ,

1 i

z

O O

Z z O O I- I.- < < _j _.i _J _.i C- ~F- i 3' RADIUS i ~ - i I '° SOLID DECK

EXCHANGER LEVEL PIPEWAYS, PIPING f / WITHOUT VALVES, ][ ~5"~t I r ' ' l I I II 3' RADIUS ABOVE METERS, OR ,, " i " | / I r I _~L~PuMPS OR BYPASS GASKETED 1~ ' JL . . . . . . . . I L ~ m L I ~ I I VALVES WHICHEVER

I I ~ ~ L I I I FLANGES ,, ~,~#~//,#,~/x~%,,,,,,,,~--, ll,s HIGHEST

t' k-,o,- I \ 1_1o,_.. t \ \ \ ,u/ ,<\ \ \ , , GRADE u-PUMP ALLEY F7"~3 DIVISION 2

Figure 3-5.4(b). Process plant handling flammable liquids at moderate flow rates, outdoors. "

SOURCE X

GRADE ~ " / ~

BELOW GRADE LOCATION SUCH AS SUMP OR TRENCH

~25'~

. ~o" "l t I 100'

~ D I V I S I O N 1 F~'~DIVISION 2 ~ ADDITIONAL DIVISION 2 LOCATION EXTRA PRECAUTION WHERE LARGE RELEASE OF VOLATILE PRODUCTS MAY OCCUR.

Figure 3-5.4(c). Flammable liquids handled at high flow rates, within an adequately ventilated process area. Source of hazard located near grade. (See

API RP 500A-April 1966.)

508 497-32 (:LASS I HAZ, LOCATIONS..--ELECT, INSTALLATIONS

sou.c,

T GRADE

BELOW GRADE LOCATION SUCH AS SUMP OR TRENCH (DIVISION 1)

~ 2 S ' - - ~

- so ' .I 1 . 100'

I ~ D I V l S I O N 1 F~-~'~DlVlSlON 2 ~ ADDITIONAL DIVISION 2 LOCATION EXTRA PRECAUTION WHERE LARGE RELEASE OF VOLATILE PRODUCTS MAY OCCUR.

Figure 3-5.4(d). Flammable liquids handled at high flow rates, with source of hazard located above grade within an adequately ventilated process loca-

tion. (See API RP 500A-April 1966.)

~ VAPOR

BELOW GRADE LOCATION SUCH AS SUMP OR TRENCH (DIVISION 1)

I ~ D I V I S I O N 1 ~7~OlVISION 2 ~ ADDITIONAL DIVISION2 LOCATION EXTRA PRECAUTION WHERE LARGE RELEASE OF VOLATILE PRODUCTS MAY OCCUR.

Apply horizontal clearances of 50 ft from source of vapor or 10 ft beyond perimeter of building, whichever is greater; except beyond unpierced vaportight walls, the

zone is classified nonhazardous.

Figure 3-5.4(e). Indoor process area, flammable liquids handled at high flow rates, with source of hazard located above grade within an inadequately

ventilated location. (See API RP 500A-April 1966.)


509 497-33

VEN~-/"~3ATRVENTI% 1. BETWEEN / . ~ ~ 3 ' A N D S ' R A D D I V 2

~ / , J ~ / ~ f SOLID FLOOR

~ / , ~ ~/ ~ k-'PIPEwAYS

E'E'' NCY 1 D CONTROL VALVES

5' RADIUS/ ;~ . DIV. 2 FROM VENT I ~ , V/~I////I/lY/~X; I. ~ ' ~ - 1 _ 8 , 1 DIVISION 2 I~--10"--'1 18" 1--10'--'t t CONTROL

DIVISION 1 ~DIVISION 2 BUILDING~ Figure 3-5.4(0. Kettles handling flammable liquids, outdoors. Vents dis-

charge upward. (See NFPA No. 30-1973, 8635.)

5 ' RADIUS

3' RADIUS ..---'PARAPET

~ " ~ "VENT ~ PIPEWAY

5' RADIUS.,~

VENT ~ ~ 3'

E M E R G E N C Y ~ ~ DUMPTANK "( ) ~ ~ N II l

~_~ ,.-..........~. ~///..;D'/.~///.///~////A

--25' 1

DIVISION I ~ DIVISION 2 Figure 3-5.4(g). Kettles handling flammable liquids at low or moderate flow rates indoors with adequate ventilation. (See NFPA No. 30-1973, Table 5650.)

510 497-34 CLASS 1 I'IAZ. LOCATION~-ELECT. INSTALLATIONS

INERT GAS BLANKET IN ELEVATOR AND BIN

tATOR

DIVISION 1

~ DIVISION 2

Inside the elevator and feed bin when blanketed with inert gas for preventing ignition from other sources, may be classified Division 2. Without inerting it wil l be classified Division 1. Inside the dryer above the bed shall be Division 1. Normally the air f low would keep the volume below the flammable limit, but due to the unknowns of vapor quantity and flow restrictions in the bed the safe classification

is Divison I.

Figure 3-5.4(h). Product dryer in totally enclosed system, with adequate ventilation. (See NFPA No. 30.1973, Table 5650.)

I)EGREE AND EXTENT OF HAZARDOUS I.OCATIONS

511 497-35

TANK WITHIN DIKE TANK IN OPEN (UN-DIKED AREA)

VENT ,--7 /

r 5.

DI KE--~

I"0' 1-10"1 BELOW GRADE LOCATION SUCH AS SUMP OR TRENCH


If the tank has a floating roof, the zone above the roof and within the tank is Division I .

Figure 3-5.5(a). Storage tank outdoors at grade. (See NFPA No. 30-1973, Table VI-9.)

~ / / / / ~ , ~ ' ~ / ~ LIQUID SURFACE

" I Y > ' \ \ ~ " / / I / '

GRADE OF SOLID FLOOR


Figure 3-5.5(b). Open tanks or tanks with hatches normally open. Also, dispensing stations, open centrifuges, plate and frame filters, vacuum filters, and surfaces of open equipment. (See NFPA No. 30-1973, 8635, for open tanks or tanks with hatches normally open. See NFPA No. 30-1973, 5252, for

other equipment.)

512 497-36 C L A S S 1 HAZ. L O C A T I O N S - - - E L E C T . I N S T A L L A T I O N S

VAPOR RECOVERY

I '//Z//~,,

FILL LINE

r

~""'~ 3 '

• ~ ~ k ~ - " k ~ • ~ ~ ' f

DIVISION 2 t

To be used for vessels of similar size in other services solidly piped up and with vapor recovery. (No normal atmospheric vents.)

Figure 3-5.6(a). Tank car and tank truck loading and unloading through closed dome with vapor recovery. (See NFPA No. 30-1973, Table VI-9.)

. . . . . . . . I / " ~ F~LL L,NE "~1"°' RAD,US

Figure 3-5.6(b).

VAPOR RECOVERY

~ , , , . ~ ~ % . . ~ - GRADE

10' RADIUS'I ~ DIVISION 2

Tank car and tank truck loading and unloading through bottom with vapor recovery.

513 DEGREE AND EXTENT OF HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS 4 9 7 - 3 7

II

DIVISION 1

DIVISION 2

To be used for similar vessels in other service. Solid fill ing piping and with atmospheric vents.

' Figure 3-5.6(c). Tank car or tank truck loading and unloading through open dome, or through closed dome with atmospheric vent. (See NFPA No.

30-1973, Table V1-9.)

DIVISION 1

DIVISION 2 ~ ~ - . ~ ~ ,--~WNT

• ~ / / ~ / Y / J I

~[ /~ I / / / / / , 9 7 . / / / / / / / / / / / / / / " / I ~ . J ~ . , -

I_ / I. I ~ ] DIVISION I

FILL LINE/I0'I-/I RADIUS: ; ~ DIVISION 2

To be used for similar vessels in other service. Solid filling piping and with atmospheric vents.

Figure 3-5.6(d). Tank car or tank truck loading and unloading through bottom with atmospheric vent. (See NFPA No. 30-1973, Table VI-9.)

514 497-B8 CLASS 1 HAZ, LOCATIONS--ELECT. INSTALLATIONS

l l, i l l l l l t l l l l l f l l l l A /

DIVISION 1 " ~ DIVISION 2

Figure 3-5.6(e). Tank car or tank truck loading and unloading compressed flammable gases such as LP-gas. (See NFPA No. 58-1974, Table 3-6.)

1 8 "

~\¥1iX\l I. 10' •

E

/ / / A \ \ ~ . I 11 t I ,

• 1 0 ' - - "1 m

I


Figure 3-5.7(a). Drum and container loading outdoors, or indoors with adequate ventilation. (See NFPA No. 30-1973, Table VI-9.)

DEGREE AND EXTENT OF HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS/

515 497-39

PIERCED WALL -,,,,

~/ / / /AY / / / / / / / / / / / / / /A

l • J DIVISION 2

Figure 3-5.7(b). Indoor drum storage with no flammable liquid transfer but with opening in wall between the drum storage area and an adjoining classified location. Diagram shows flammable liquid being pumped at moder-

ate flow rate in adjoining location (Figure 3-5.2(c)).

._L _c 18" V//J////J////////-d 18"

7, LIQUID f ~ 8 " Y / ~ / / / / / / ~ / / / / / Z . I s f ; I

DIVISION 2

This does not include open p i l l that are normally filled with only fl~mmable liquid, such as dip tanks, open mixing tanks, etc.

Figure 3-5.8(a). Drainage ditches, separators, and impounding basins that are located outdoors. (See NFPA No. 30-1973, Table VI-9.)

516 497-40 CLASS 1 I'IAZ. LOCATIONS---ELECT. INSTALLATIONS

OVENI

~ D I V I S I O N 1

Figure 3-5.9(a).

DIVISION 2

Dip tank located indoors with adequate ventilation. (See NFPA No. 34-1974, Chapter 6.)

DIVISION 2

ELEVATION PLAN

Figure 3-5.10(a). Paint spray booth, ventilation system interlocked with the spraying equipment so as to make the spraying equipment inoperable when

the ventilating system is inoperable. (See NFPA No. 33-1973, 4-7.2)

517 DEGRF.E AND EXTENT OF HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS 497-41

I. 2o "1 I- 20, -I DIVISION 1 ~ DIVISION 2

Figure 3-5.10(b). Dispensing stations, sand mills, open centrifuges, plate and frame filters, change cans, and the surfaces of open equipment. I f the liquid used in the operat ion has a closed cup flash point at or above 100°F (37.8°C) and is not heated above its flash point, general purpose electrical- equipment can be used. (See NFPA No. 35.1971, Article 35, Electrical

Equipment.)

SOURCE L ~ / J / ~ c 3 ' RAD'US

~ 25' RADIUS

POINT WHERE CONNECTIONS ARE REGULARLY MADE

DIVISION 1 ~ D I V I S I O N 2

LIQUID HYDROGEN STORAGE CONTAINER

Figure 3-5.11(a). Liquid hydrogen systems at consumer sites, located outdoors or in building. (See NFPA No. 52B-1973, Article 49, Electrical

Systems.)

518 497-42 CLASS 1 HAZ. LOCATIONS---EI.I '!( . :T. I N S T A I . I . A T I O N S

~ SOURCE

/ / / . - ~ \ \ . \ \ Y / #

OUTDOOR

~ DIVISION 2

Figure 3-5.1 l(b).

INDOOR ADEQUATE VENTI LATION

Gaseous hydrogen at consumer sites. (See NFPA No. 50A-1973.)

i

SOURCE OF V

GRADE--,, I \ \ \ g/.4-..~.

~ Z O N E OF INADEQUATE* / ~ VENTILATION

-~-~MAX IMUM OR 1~' TO GRADE

~ 1 5 ' ~

• DIVISION 1 ~"~DIVISION 2 Figure 3-5.11(c). Lighter-than-air gas compressor located within an inade-

quately venti lated location. (See API RP 500A-April 1966.)

R E V I S I O N S T O N F P A NO. 491M

519 491M-1

PART III

Proposed Amendments of

Manual of Hazardous Chemical Reactions

NFPA No. 4 9 1 M - - 1971

1. Insert the following reactions in their proper alphabetical locations in the body of the text.

ACETALDEHYDE CH3CHO Acetic Acid Acetaldehyde was put in drums previously

pickled with acetic acid. The acid caused the acetaldehyde to polymerize, and the drums became hot and vented. MCA Case History 1764 (1971).

Phosphorus Isocyanate See PHOSPHORUS ISOCYANATE plus Acetaldehyde.

ACETIC ACID Aeetahlehyde 2-Amiaoethanol

Bromine Pentafluoride

Chlorine Trifluoride

Chlorosulfonic Acid

Diallyl Methyl Carbinol and Ozone

CH3CO.OH See ACETALDEHYDE plus Acetic Acid. Mixing acetic acid and 2-aminoethanol i n n closed containcr caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. See BROMINE PENTAFLUORIDE plus Acetic Acid. See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Acetic Acid. Mixing glacial acetic acid and chlorosulfonic acid in a closed container caused tile temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. See DIALLYL METHYL CARBINOL plus Ozone and Acetic Acid.

520 491M-2 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CHEMICALS AND EXPLOSIVES

Ethylene Diamine

Ethyleneiminc

Oleum

Potassium Tert.- Butoxide

Phosphorus lsocyanate

Sodium Hydroxide

n-Xylene

ACETIC ANHYDRIDE 2-Aminoethanol

Aniline

Boric Acid

Chlorosulfoific Acid

Mixing acetic acid and ethylene diamine in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

Mixing glacial acetic acid and ethyleneimine in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

Mixing glacial acetic acid and oleum in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

See ACETONE plus Potassium Tert.-Butoxide.

See PHOSPHORUS ISOCYANATE plus Acetaldehyde.

See SODIUM HYDROXIDE plus Acetic Acid.

During thc production of terephthalic acid, n-xylene is oxidizcd in the presence of acetic acid. During these processes, detonating mixtures may be produced. Addition of a small amount of water may largely eliminate the risk of explosion. B. I. Sraer, Himiceskaja promyslennost 46 (10) : 27-30 (1970).

CHaCO.OCO.CH3 Mixing acetic anhydride and 2-aminoethanol in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

See ANILINE plus Acetic Anhydride.

See BORIC ACID plus Acetic Anh2~dride.

Mixing acetic anhydride and chlorosulfonic acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

REVISIONS TO NFPA NO. 491M

521 491M-3

Ethylene Diamine

Ethylcneimine

Hydrochloric Acid

Hydrofluoric Acid

Hydrogen Peroxide

Nitric Acid

Nitric Acid

Oleum

Perchloric Acid

Sodium Hydroxide

Sulfuric Acid

Mixing acetic ailhydride and ethylene diamine in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

Mixing acetic anhydride and ethyleneimine in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

Mixing acetic al~hydride and 36% hydrochloric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

Mixing acetic anhydride and 48.7% hydrofluoric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

See HYDROGEN PEROXIDE plus Acetic Acid.

Mixing acetic anhydride and 70% nitric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

See NITRIC ACID plus Acetic Anhydride.

Mixing acetic anhydride and oleum in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

See PERCHLORIC ACID plus Acetic An- hydride.

See SODIUM HYDROXIDE plus Acetic Anhydride.

Mixing acetic anhydride and 96% sulfuric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase.. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.


ACETONE CH3COCH3 Potassium Tert.-

Butoxide

Thiodiglycol and Hydrogen Peroxide

Ignition occurs when potassium t-butoxide reacts with the following: acetone, ethyl methyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, n-propyl formate, acetic acid, sulfuric acid, methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, epichlorohydrin, dimethyl carbonate, and diethyl sulfate. MCA Case History 1948 (1973).

See THIODIGLYCOL plus Hydrogen Peroxide and Acetone.

ACETONITRILE CHaCN Chlorosulfonic Acid Mixing acetonitrile and chlorosulfonic acid in a

closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

Erbium Perchlorate In the preparation of anhydrous erbium perchlorate an acetonitrile extraction was made. During the final stages of the procedure a glossy material was formed that exploded when scratched with a spatula. It was concluded that acetonitrile was trapped in the glossy erbium perchlorate and that this material was shock- sensitive as are many organic-containing perchlorates. J. Chem. Edu. 50 (6): A336-7 (1973).

01eum Mixing acetonitrile and oleum in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

Sulfuric Acid Mixing acetonitrile and 96% sulfuric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

ACETYLENE CH!CH Nitric Acid See NITRIC ACID plus Acetylene.

R E V J S I O N S T O N F P A N O . 491M 523

491M-5

2-ACETYL-3-METHYLTHIOPHENONE SC(CO.CH3) :C(CH3)CO.CH2

L I (self-reactive) A vacuum distillation of 2-acetyl-3-methyl-

thiophenone was being performed on a laboratory bench when suddenly there was an explosion. MCA Guide for Safety, Appendix 3 (19.72).

ACIDS Acrolein Benzyl Alcohol

Lithium Aluminum Hydride

Nickel Nitride Sodium Ozonate Thorium Phosphide

See ACROLEIN plus Sulfur Dioxide. Benzyl alcohol containing acidic constituents and dissolved iron was found to polymerize with a rapid temperature increase when heated in excess of 100 ° C. Amines, pyridene, and alkali hydroxides act as inhibitors and prevent polymerization. Chem. Abst. 77:7816w (1972). See LITHIUM ALUMINUM HYDRIDE plus Water. See NICKEL NITRIDE plus Acids. See SODIUM OZONATE plus Acids. See THORIUM PHOSPHIDE plus Acids.

ACROLEIN Acids Alkalis Amines 2-Aminoethanol

Ammonium Hydroxidc

Chlorosulfonic Acid

CH,~:CHCHO See ACROLEIN plus Sulfur Dioxide. See ACROLEIN plus Sulfur Dioxide. See ACROLEIN plus Sulfur Dioxide. Mixing acrolein and 2-aminoethanol in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing acroleia and 28% ammonium hydroxide in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing acrolein and chlorosulfonic acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

524 491M-6 R E P O R T O F C O M M I T T E E O N C H E M I C A L S A N D E X P L O S I V E S

Ethylene Diamine

Ethyleneimine

Nitric Acid

Oleum

Sodium Hydroxide Sulfur Dioxide

Sulfuric Acid

Thiourea

Mixing acrolein and ethylene diamine in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing acrolein and ethyleneimine in a closed container caused the temperature and~ pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing acrolein and nitric 70% acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing acrolein and oleum in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to in- c r e a s e .

Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. See SODIUM HYDROXIDE plus Acrolein. Acrolein polymerizes with release of heat on contact with minor amounts of acids (including sulfur dioxide), alkalis, volatile amines, salts, thiourea,-oxidants (air) and on exposure to light and heat. BCISC 44:174 (1973). Mixing acrolein and 96% sulfuric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossab) (1970). See Note under complete reference. See ACROLEIN plus Sulfur Dioxide.

ACRYLIC ACID 2-Aminoethanol

Ammonium Hydroxide

H2C :CHCO.OH Mixing acrylic acid and 2-aminoethan01 in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing acrylic acid and 28% ammonium hydroxide in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

R E V I S I O N S T O N F P A NO. 491M 525

4 9 1 M - 7

Chlorosulfonic Acid

Ethylene Diamine

Ethyleneimine

Oleum

Mixing acrylic acid and chlorosulfonie acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. $~ixing acrylic acid and ethylene diamine in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing acrylic acid and ethyleneimine in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. MLxing acrylic acid and oleum in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

ACRYLONITRILE CH2:CHCN 2-Aminoethanol Mixing acrylonitrile and 2-aminoethauol in a

Chlorosulfonic Acid

Ethylene Diamine

Oleum

Sulfuric Acid

closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing acrylonitrile and chlorosulfonie acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. MiXing acrylonitrile and ethylene diamine in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing acrylonitrile and oleum in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing acrylonitrile and 96% sulfuric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and

. pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.


ACYL HYPOFLUORITES (self-reactive See PERFLUOROPROPIONYL FLUORIDE

ALCOHOLS Barium Perchlorate Lithium Aluminum

Hydride Nitrogen Tetroxide

plus Fluorine. .t

See BARIUM PERCHLORATE plus Alcohols. See LITHIUM ALUMINUM HYDRIDE plus Water. See NITROGEN TETROXIDE plus Alcohols.

ALKALI METALS Hydrazine and See HYDRAZINE

Ammonia Ammonia. plus Alkali Metals and

ALKENES Fluorine See FLUORINE plus Alkenes.

ALKYL BENZENES Fluorine See FLUORINE plus Alkyl Benzenes.

ALKYLPHOSPHINES Chlorine See CHLORINE plus Alkylphosphines.

ALLYL ALCOHOL Chlorosulfonic Acid

Diallyl Phosphite and Phosphorus Trichloride

Nitric Acid

Oleum

Sulfuric Acid

CH2 :CHCH~OH Mixing allyl alcohol and chlorosu]fonie acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. See DIALLYL PHOSPHITE plus Allyl

Alcohol and Phosphorus Trichloride.

Mixing allyl alcohol and 70% nitric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and- pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixhlg allyl alcohol and oleum in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing allyl alcohol and 96% sulfuric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.


527 491M-9

ALLYL CHLORIDE Aluminum Chloride Chlorosulfonic Acid

Ethylene Diamine

Ethyleneimine

Ferric Chloride Lewis-Type Catalysts Nitric Acid

Oleum

Sodium Hydroxide

Sulfuric Acid

Ziegler-Typc Catalysts

CH2:CHCH~CI See SULFURIC ACID plus Allyl Chloride. Mixing allyl chloride and chlorosulfonic acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing allyl chloride and ethylene diamine in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing allyl chloride and ethyleneimine in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. See SULFURIC ACID plus Allyl Chloride. See SULFURIC ACID plus Allyl Chloride. Mixing allyl chloride and 70% nitric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing allyl chloride and oleum ill a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. See SODIUM HYDROXIDE plus Allyl Chloride. Mixing allyl chloride and 96% sulfuric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. See SULFURIC ACID plus Allyl Chloride. See SULFURIC ACID plus Allyl Chloride.

ALUMINUM AI Antimony Trichloride Arsenic Trichloride Bromine

See ALUMINUM plus Phosphorus Triehloride. See ALUMINUM plus Phosphorus Trichloride. Mellor 5:209 (1946-1947).


Carbon Disulfide

Chlorinc Trifluoride

Chromic Anhydride

Nitric Oxide Nitrogen Peroxide Nitrosyl Chloride

Nitrous Oxide Oxygen

Perfor,nic Acid

Phosgene Phosphorus Trichloride

Sodium Carbide Sodium Hydroxide

Sulfur Dichloride Sulfur Dioxide

Powdered aluminum burns in the vapor of. carbon disulfide, sulfur dioxide, sulfur dichloride, nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, or nitrogen peroxide. Mellor 5" 209-212 (1946-1947). In the presence of carbon, the combination of chlorine trifluoride with aluminum, copper, lead, magnesium, silver, t inor zinc results in a violent reaction. Mellor 2, Supp. 1: (1956). See also CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Elements. A violent reaction or flaming is likely in the reaction of chromic anhydride and aluminum powder. Mellor 11:237 (1946-1947). See ALUMINUM plus Carbon Disulfide. See ALUMINUM plus Carbon Disulfide. Aluminum is attacked by nitrosyl chloride when cold. MeUor 5:212 (1946-1947). See ALUMINUM plus Carbon Disulfide. A lecturer was demonstrating the ignition of powdered aluminum mixed with liquid oxygen when the mixture exploded. Seventecn persons were injured. This experiment, which is de- scribed in several places as a lecture demon- stration, has been carried out successfully hundreds of times but there have been a few explosions when the conditions were just right. Chem. Eng. News 35(25): 90 (June 17, 1957). Powdered aluminum decomposes performic acid violently. Berichte 48:1139 (1915). See ALUMINUM plus Phosphorus Trichloride. Powdered alumi,mm bums in the vapor of phosphorus trichloride, antimony trichloride, arsenic trichloride, and phosgene. Mellor 5:214 (1946-1947). See MERCURY plus Sodium Carbide. Aluminum reacts vigorously in sodium hydroxide. Mellor 5:207 (1946-1947). See ALUMINUM plus Carbon Disulfide. See ALUMINUM plus Carbon Disulfide.

R E V I S I O N S TO N F P A NO. 491M 529

491M-11

ALUMINUM BROMIDE A1Br3 Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. Sodium See SODIUM plus Aluminu m Bromide.

ALUMINUM CHLORIDE A1CI3 Allyl Chloride See SULFURIC ACID plus Allyl Chloride. Ox~ygen Difluoride See OXYGEN DIFLUORIDE plus Aluminum

Chloride. Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. Sodium See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. Water This salt dissolves in water with hissing and

much heat. Mellor 5:314 (1946-1947).

ALUMINUM FLUORIDE A1F3 Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. Sodium See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

ALUMINUM HYPOPHOSPHITE A1 (PH202)3 Air Aluminum hypophosphite releases spontane-

ously flammable phosphine at about 220 ° C. Mellor 8, Supp. 3:623 (1971).

ALUMINUM OXIDE Chlorine Trifluoride

AlcOa See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Alu- minum Oxide.

ALUMINUM TETRAAZIDOBORATE AI[B(Na)4]3 (self-reactive) This compound is very explosive on shock.

Mellor 8, Supp. 2 :2 (1967).

AMINES RNH~ Acrolein See ACROLEIN plus Sulfur Dioxide.

2-AMINOETHANOL Acetic Acid Acetic Anhydride

Acrolein Acrylic Acid Acrylonitrile Chlorosulfonic Acid

NH~CH2CH2OH See ACETIC ACID plus 2-Aminoethanol. See ACETIC ANHYDRIDE plus 2-Amino- ethanol. See ACROLEIN plus 2-Aminoethanol. See ACRYLIC ACID plus 2-Aminoethanol. See ACRYLONITRILE plus 2-Aminoethanol. Mixing 2-Aminoethanol a n d chlorosulfonic acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.


Epichlorohydrin

Hydrochloric Acid

Hydrofluoric Acid

Mesityl Oxide Nitric Acid

Oleum

Propiolactone (BETA-)

Sulfuric Acid

Vinyl Acetate

Mixing 2-aminoethanol and epichlorohydrin in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing 2-aminoethanol and.36% hydrochloric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing 2-aminoethanol and 48.7% hydrofluoric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. See MESITYL OXIDE plus 2-Aminoethanol. Mixing 2-aminoethanol and 70% nitric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing 2-aminoethanol and oleum in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing 2-aminoethanol and propiolactone (BETA-) in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing 2-aminoethanol and 96% sulfuric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing 2-aminoethanol and vinyl acetate in a closed container caused the .temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

AMINOGUANIDINE NITRATE CH6Nd"HNO3 (self-reactive) Aminoguanidine nitrate in water solution ex-

ploded violently while being evaporated to dryness in vacuo on the steam bath. H. Koop- man, Chem. Weekblad 53: 97, 98 (1957).

R E V I S I O N S T O N F P A N O . 491M

531 491M-13

AMMONIA NH3 l, Bromine Pentafluoride

Chloric Acid Chlorine Trifluoride

Chromic anhydride

Ethylene Dichloride

Hydrazine and Alkali Metals

Hydrogen Bromide Magnesium Perchlorate

Nitrogen Peroxide Oxygen Difluoride Phosphorus Pentoxide

Potassium and Arsine Potassium and

Phosphine Potassium and Sodium

Nitrite ")l: Sodium and Carbon

Monoxide Sulfur Sulfur Dichloride

See BROMINE PENTAFLUORIDE plus Acetic Acid. See ANTIMONY plus Chloric Acid. See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Am- monia. See CHROMIC ANHYDRIDE plus Am- monia. Liquid ammonia and ethylene dichloride can cause an explosion when mixed. Mukerjee (1970). See HYDRAZINE plus Alkali Metals and Ammonia. See HYDROGEN BROMIDE plus Ammonia. See MAGNESIUM PERCHLORATE plus Ammonia. See NITRIC OXIDE plus Ammonia. See OXYGEN DIFLUORIDE plus Ammonia. See PHOSPHORUS PENTOXIDE plus Am- monia. See POTASSIUM plus Arsine and Ammonia. See POTASSIUM plus Phosphine and Am- monia. See POTASSIUM plus Sodium Nitrite and Ammonia. See SODIUM plus Carbon Monoxide and Ammonia. See SULFUR plus Ammonia. See SULFUR DICHLORIDE plus Ammonia.

AMMONIUM ACETATE CH3COONH4 Sodium Hypochlorite See SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE plus Am-

monium Acetate.

AMMONIUM AZIDE NH4N5 (self-reactive) Ammonium azide decomposes

Mellor 8, Supp. 2:43 (1967).

AMMONIUM BROMIDE NH4Br Bromine Trifluoride

Iodinc Heptafluoride

Potassium

at 160 ° C.

See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Am- monium Bromide. See IODINE HEPTAFLUORIDE plus Am- monium Bromide. See POTASSIUM plus Ammonium Bromide.


AMMONIUM CARBONATE (NH4)2CO3 Sodium Hypochlorite See SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE plus Am-

monium Acetate.

AMMONIUM CHLORATE NH4C103 (self-reactive) The solid is an explosive compound. Solutions

may decompose violently if much solid phase is present. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:591 (1956).

AMMONIUM CHLORIDE NH4C1 Ammonium Nitrate See AMMONIUM NITRATE plus Am-

monium Chloride. Bromine Trifluoride See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Am-

monium Bromide. Iodine Heptafluoride See IODINE HEPTAFLUORIDE plus Am-

monium Bromide.

AMMONIUM CHLOROCUPRATE' (NH4)2CuC14 Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. Sodium See SODIUM Plus Aluminum Bromide.

AMMONIUM DICHROMATE (NH4)2Cr~07 (self-reactive) Ammonium dichromate decomposes vigorously

with luminescence around 200 ° C. I t is feebly explosive if confined. Mellor 11:324 (1946-1947).

AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE Acrolein . Acrylic Acid

Chlorosulfonic Acid

Fluorine Hydrochloric Acid

Hydrofluoric Acid

Iodine Nitric Acid

Oleum Propiolactone (BETh)

Propylene Oxide

NH,OH See ACROLEIN plus Ammonium Hydroxide. See ACRYLIC ACID plus Ammonium Hy- droxide.. See CHLOROSULFONIC ACID plus Am- monium Hydroxide. See FLUORINE plus Ammonium Hydroxide. See HYDROCHLORIC ACID plus Am- monium Hydroxide. See HYDROFLUORIC ACID plus Am- monium Hydroxide. See IODINE plus Ammonium Hydroxide. See NITRIC ACID plus Ammonium Hy- droxide. See OLEUM plus Ammonium Hydroxide. See PROPIOLACTONE (BETA) plus Am-' monium Hydroxide. See PROPYLENE OXIDE plus Ammonium Hydroxide.


533 491M-15

Silver Permanga'nate

Sulfuric Acid

See SILVER PERMANGANATE plus Am- monium Hydroxide. See SULFURIC ACID plus Ammonium HY- droxide.

AMMONIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE NH~PH~02 (self-reactive) Ammonium hypophosphite liberates

taneously flammable phosphine at 240 ° C. Mellor 8:880 (1946-1947).

spon- about

AMMONIUM IODIDE Bromine Trifluoride

Iodine Heptafluoride

Potassium

NH4I See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Am- monium Bromide. See IODINE HEPTAFLUORIDE plus Am- monium Bromide. See POTASSIUM plus Ammonium Bromide.

AMMONIUM NITRATE NH4NO3 Ammonium Chloride The decomposition of ammonium nitrate in

the presence of ammonium chloride (0.1%) becomes violent around 175 ° C. The gases liberated contain chlorine. Pascal 10:216 (1931-1934).

CHLORIDES See AMMONIUM NITRATE; plus Am- monium Chloride.

Copper See COPPE]~ plus Ammonium Nitrate. Sodium Hypochlorite See SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE plus Am-

monium Acetate. Sodium Perchlorate See SODIUM PERCHLORATE plus Am-

monium Nitrate.

AMMONIUM OSMIAMATE NH4OsN03 (self-reactive) AmmoP.ium osmiamate decomposes explosively

at 150 ° C. Mellor 15:727 (1946-1947).

AMMONIUM OXALATE (NH~OOC-)2 Sodium Hypochlorite See SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE plus Am-

monium Acetate.

AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE NH4CIO4 (self-reactive). Ammonium perchlorate decomposes at 130°C

and explodes at 380 ° C. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:608 (1956).

534 491M-16 R E P O R T OF C O M M I T T E E ON C H E M I C A L S AND E X P L O S I V E S

AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE NH4H2P04 Sodium Hypochlorite See SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE plus Am-

monium Acetate.

AMMONIUM SALTS Potassium Chlorate See POTASSIUM CHLORATE plus Am-

momum Salts.

AMMONIUM TETRACHROMATE (NH4)2Cr4013 (self-reactivc) Ammonium tetrachromate decomposes sud-

denly at 175 ° C. Mellor 11:352 (1946-1947).

AMMONIUM TRICHROMATE (NH4)2Crs010 (self-reactive) Ammomum trichromate detonates at about

190 ° C. Mellor 11:350 (1946-1947).

AMMONIUM THIOCYANATE NH4SCN Lead Nitrate An explosion of guanidiue nitrate demolished

an autoclave built to withstand 50 atmospheres, in which it was being madc from ammonium thiocyanate and lead nitr~te. C. Schopf and H. Klapproth. Angew. Chem. 49:23 (1936).

AMMONIUM THIOSULFATE NH4S~Oa Sodium Chlorate See SODIUM CHLORATE plus Amnmnium

Thiosulfate.

AMMONIUM TRIPERCHROMATE (NH4)aCrO04 (self-reactive) Amlnonium triperchromate explodes from per-

cussion or if heated just to 50 ° C. Mellor 11:356 (1946-1947).

SulfuricAcid Contact between these compounds results in an explosion. Mellor 11:356 (1946-1947).

ANILINE C6H~NH2 Acetic Anhydride Mixing aniline and acetic anhydride in a

closed container caused the temperature aM pressure to iucrease. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note raider complete reference.

]REVISIONS TO NFPA NO. 491M

535 491M-17

Chlorosulfoni0 Acid

Oleum

Perchromates Performic Acid Propiolactone (~ETA-)

Silver Perehlorate Silver Perchloratc

Sulfuric Acid

Mixing aniline and chlorosulfonic acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under coin- pletc reference. Mixing aniline and oleum in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. See PERCHROMATES plus Atfiline. See PERFORMIC ACID plus Alfiline. Mixing aniline and propolactone (BETA-) in a closcd container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. See SILVER PERCHLORATE plus Toluene. See SILVER PERCHLORATE plus Acetic Acid. Mixing aniline and 96% sulfuric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

ANTIMONY Sb Chloric Acid


Nitric Acid

Explosions of chloric acid have been due to the formation of explosive compounds with antimony, bismuth, ammonia, ~nd organic matter. Chem. Abst. 46: 2805e (1952). Chlorine trifluoridc reacts vigorously with antimony, arsenic, osmium, phosphorus, potassium, rhodium, selenium, silicon, sulfur, tellurium, or tungsten, producing flame. Mellor 2, Supp. l : 156 (1956). The reaction of finely divided antinmny and lfitric acid can be violent. Pascal 10:504 (1931-1934).

ANTIMONYL CHLORIDE O2SbC13 Bromine Trifluoride See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Anti-

mony Trioxide.

ANTIMONYL PERCHLORATE SbOCI04 (self-reactive) This chemical decrepitates when heated above

60 ° C. MeUor 2, Supp. 1:613 (1956).


ANTIMONY TRIBROMIDE SbBra Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. Sodium See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

ANTIMONY TRICHLORIDE SbCI~ Aluminum See ALUMINUM plus Phosphorus Tri-

chloride. Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. Sodium See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

ANTIMONY TRIIODIDE SbI~ Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. Sodium See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE Sb203 Bromine Trifluoride See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Anti-

mony Trioxide.

ANTIMONY TRISULFIDE Sb2S3 Hydrogen Peroxide Hydrogen peroxide resets vigorously with

antimony trisulfide, arsenic trisulfide, cupric sulfide, lead sulfide, molybdenum disulfide, and ferrous sulfide. Mellor 1:937 (1946-1947).

ARSENIC As Chlorine Trifluoride Lithium

See ANTIMONY plus Chlorine Trifiuoride. See LITHIUM plus Arsenic.

ARSENIC TRICHLORIDE Aluminum Aluminum Fluoride Ammonium

Chloroeupr~te Antimony Tribromide Antimony Trichloride Antimony Triiodide Arsenic Trichloride Arsenic Triiodide Potassium Sodium

AsC13 See ALUMINUM plus Phosphorus Triehloride. See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

-See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

See SODIUM plus Alutninum Bromide. See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. See SODIUM. plus Aluminum Bromide. See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Brohaide. See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

ARSENIC TRIFLUORIDE AsF3 Phosphorus Trioxide This reaction is very violent.

MeUor 8, Supp. 3:382 (1971).


537 491M-19

ARSENIC TRIIODIDE Potassium Sodium

Asl3 See POTASSIUM plus Alumimun Bromide. See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

ARSENIC TRIOXIDE Chlorine Trifluoride

Oxygen Difluoride

As203 See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Arselfic Trioxide. See OXYGEN DIFLUORIDE plus Aluminum Chloride.

ARSENIC TRISULFIDE As2S3 Hydrogen Peroxide See ANTIMONY TRISULFIDE plus Hydro-

gen Peroxide.

ARSINE AsH3 Potassium and

Ammonia See POTASSIUM plus Arsine and Ammonia.

4-AZIDO-N,N-DIETHYLANILINE NNNC6H4N(C2Hs)2 (self-reactive) An attempt to distill this compound resulted

in violent decomposition. NSC Newsletter, R & D Sec. (July 1973).

AZIDOFLUORINE N3F (self-reactive) See FLUORINE AZIDE. (self-reactive).

a,fi-AZODIISOBUTYRONITRILE [NcC(CH3)2N :]2 (self-reactive) An explosion occurred when

BARIUM AZIDE (self-reactive)

a solution of afi-azodiisobutyronitrile in acetone was concentrated in a glass-lined steam-jacketed vessel. P. J. Carlisle, Chem. Eng. News 27:150 (1949).

Ba(Nz)2 Barium t~zide decomposes at 275 ° C. I t is explosively uttstable. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:43 (1967).

BARIUM CHLORATE Ba(CI03)3 Sulfur See SULFUR plus Barium Chlorate.

BARIUM CHLORIDE Bromine Trifluoride

2-Furan Percarboxylic Acid

BaCI2 See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Barium Chloride. See 2-FURAN PERCARBOXYLIC ACID (self-reactive).


BARIIJM OSMIAMATE Ba(OsN03)2 (self-reactive) Barium osmiamate detonates at 150°C.

Mellor 15:728 (1946-1947).

BARIUM PERCHLORATE Ba(CIO4),.H20 Alcohols Reflux heating of an alcohol and barium

perchlorate yields a perchloric ester, all of which are highly explosive. Kirk and Othmer, Second Ed. 5:75 (1963).

BENZALDEHYDE Performic Acid

BENZENE C6H8 Bromine Pentafluoride


Chromic Anhydride

C6HsCHO See PERFORMIC ACID plus Benzaldehyde.

See BROMINE PENTAFLUORIDE plus Acetic Acid. See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Ben- zene. See CHROMIC ANHYDRIDE plus Benzene.

Perchlorates Silver Perchlorate

Silver Perchlorate

See PERCHLORATES plus Benzene. See SILVER PERCHLORATE plus Acetic Acid. See SILVER PERCHLORATE plus Toluene.

BENZENEDIAZONIUM 2-CARBOXYLATE HYDROCHLORIDE N i N-C6H4-2-CO~'HCI

(self-reactive) An explosion occurred during the transfer of dry crystals. H. D. Embry, Chem. Eng. News 49 (30): 3 (1971). R.: M. Stiles et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85, p. 1795 (1963). C. A. Matuszak, Chem. Eng. News 49 (24): 39 (1971).

BENZOYL CHLORIDE Sodium Azide and

Potassium Hydroxide

C6H~COC1 See SODIUM AZIDE plus Benzoyl Chloride and Potassium Hydroxide.

BENZOYL PEROXIDE N,N-Dimethylaniline

(CeHsCO)20~ Explosive decomposition occurred when finely ground benzoyl peroxide was allowed to react with N,N-dimethylaniline by breaking an ampoule containing 0.5 grams of dimethylani- lille in aa autoclave. L. Homer and C. Betzel, Chem. Ber. 86: 1071-72 (1953).


539 491M-21

Lithium Aluminum Hydride

BENZYL ALCOHOL Acids

BERYLLIUM Be Lithium

BISMUTH Bi Chloric Acid Perchloric Acid

An attempted reduction of benzoyl peroxide with lithium aluminum hydride resulted in an explosion. D.A. Sutton, Chem. & Ind. 1951:272 (1951).

C6H~CH20H See ACIDS plus Benzyl Alcohol.

See LITHIUM plus Vanadium.

See ANTIMONY plus Chloric Acid. The preparation of a salt from these two chemicals is dangerous. MeUor 2, Supp. 1:613 (1956).

BISMUTH PENTOXIDE Bi20~ Bromine Trifluoride See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Bis-

muth Pentoxide.

BISMUTH TRIBROMIDE BiBr3 Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. Sodium See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

BISMUTH TRICHLORIDE BiCI3 Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. Sodium See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

.BISMUTH TRIIODIDE BiI3 Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. Sodium See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.'

BISMUTH TRIOXIDE ChlorineTrifluoride

Bi~Oa See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Ar- senic Trioxide.

BORANE-PHOSPHORUS TRIFLUORIDE COMPOUND H3BPF3 (self-reactive) See PHOSPHORUS TRIFLUORIDE plus

Diborane.

BORIC ACID B(OH)a Acetic Anhydride

Potassium

During an attempt to make triacetyl borate, a mixture of boric acid and acetic anhydride exploded when heated to 58-60 ° C. M. L. Lerner. Chem. Eng. News. 51: (34) (Aug. 20, 1973). See POTASSIUM plus Boric Acid.


BORON B Bromine

Chlorine

Cupric Oxide

Potassium Chlorate

Sulfur

Boron ignites in bromine vapor at 700 ° C. MeUor 5:15 (1946-1947). Boron ignites in chlorine at 410 ° C. MeUor 5:15 (1946-1947). Boron reacts violently with cupric oxide after warming, melting glass tubing. MeUor 5:17 (1946-1947). The reaction of boron and fused potassium chlorate is vigorous. Mellor 5:15 (1946-1947). A mixture of boron and sulfur becomes incandescent at 600 ° C. Mellor 5:15 (1946-1947).

BORON BROMODIIODIDE BBrI~ Water Boron bromodiiodide hydrolyzes violently.

Mellor 5:136 (1946-1947).

BORON DIBROMOIODIDE BBr2I Water Boron dibromoiodide hydrolyzes violently.

Mellor 5:136 (1946-1947).

BORON TRIAZIDE B(N3)3 (self-reactive) Boron triazide, lithium boroazide, and silicon

tetraazide and some of their intermediates are extremely sensitive and explosive. Egon Wibergand Horst Michaud, Z. Natur- ]orsch. 9b: 497-500 (1954).

BORON TRIBROMIDE BBr3 Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Boron Tribromide. Sodium See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

BORON TRICHLORIDE BC13 Nitrogen Peroxide Boron

Organic Matter

Oxygen 15hosphine

trichloride reacts energetically with nitrogen peroxide, phosphine, or fat and grease. Mellor 5:132 (1946-1947). See BORON TRICHLORIDE plus Nitrogen Peroxide. See OXYGEN plus Boron Trichloride. See BORON TRICHLORIDE plus Nitrogen Peroxide.

REVISIONS :TO NFPA NO. 491M

541 4 9 1 M - 2 3

BORON TRIFLUORIDE BF~ CMcium Oxide See CALCIUM OXIDE plus Boron Trifluoride.

BORON TRIiODIDE Carbohydrates Ethers

• Phosphoryl Chloride

BI3 See BORON T R I I O D I D E plus Ethers. Boron triiodide and ethers or carbohydrates react vigorously. Mellor 5:136 (1946-1947). See PHOSPHORYL CHLORIDE plus Boron Triiodidc.

BROMINE Br2 Boron Chlorotrifltmroethylene

and Oxygen Dimethyl Formamide

Isobutyrophenone

Methyl Alcohol

Nickel Carbonyl

Olefins Oxygen Difluoride

Ozone Phosphorus Pot'~ssium

See BORON plus Bromine. See CHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENE plus Bromine and Oxygen. The use of dimcthyl formamide as a solvent

in one of the catalysis reactions of olefii~s and bromine resulted in the operation of a rupture disk on an autoclave. The investigation indicated that there was a highly exothermic reaction between dimethyl formamide and bromine. In one instance mixing 40 cc of bromine and 150 ce of dimethyl formamide resulted in an increase of temperature to above 100°C and an increase in pressure to above 2000 psi. H. A. Tayim and M. Absi, Chem. & Ind. p. 347 (April 21, 1973). 13romine had been added dropwise at 21-31 ° C to a solution of isobutryrophenone in carbon tetrachloride. The fask was then packed in ice. After 15 minutes, the flask exploded. MCA Guide for Safety, Appendix 3 (1972). A violent cxothermie reaction of these materials occurred in a measuring cylinder. MCA Case History 1863 (1972). The reaction betweei~ these liquids proceeds with explosive violence. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:716 (1956). Sec BROMINE plus Dimethyl Formamide. A mixture of oxygen difluorkle and bromine or iodine explodes on gentle warming. Mellor 2, Supp. 1 : 192 (1956). See OZONE plus Bromine. See also PHOSPHORUS plus Chlorine. MeUor 2, Supp. $: 1559.


Rubidium Carbide

Strontium Phosphide

T in

This carbide burns in bromine gas. Mellor 5:848 (1946-1947). Mixtures of these, materials ignite at about 170 ° C: Mellor 8:841 (1946-1947). See TIN plus Bromine.

BROMINE AZIDE (self-reactive)

N3Br Spontaneous explosions have been observed with this compound. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:50 (1967) Mellor 8 : 336 (1946-1947).

BROMINE MONOFLUORIDE BrF Organic Matter See BROMINE

Water

MONOFLUORIDE plus water. Halogen fluorides react, violently with water and organic compounds. Mellor 2, Supp. . l : 147 (1956). See also CHLORINE TR.IFLUORIDE plus Elements.

BROMINE PENTAFLUORIDE BrF~ Acetic Acid In reactions between bro.mine pentafluoride

and acetic acid, ammonia, benzene, cellulose (in paper), ethyl alcohol, organic matter such as grease or wax, hydrogen sulfide, or methane, fire and explosions are likely. MeUor 2, Supp. 1:172 (1956).

Ammonia See BROMINE PENTAFLUORIDE plus Acetic Acid.

Benzene See BROMINE PENTAFLUORIDE plus Acetic Acid.

Cellulose See BROMINE PENTAFLUORIDE plus Acetic Acid.

Chlorine See CHLORINE plus Bromine Pentafluoride Ethyl Alcohol Sec BROMINE PENTAFLUORIDE plus

Acetic Acid. Hydrogen Sulfide See BROMINE PENTAFLUORIDE plus

Acetic Acid. Iodine See IODINE plus Bromine Pentafluoride. Metallic Halides See BROMINE PENTAFLUORIDE plus

Metal Oxides. Metal Oxides Bromine pentafluoride reacts violently with

metal oxides and metallic halides. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:172 (1956).

Metals See METALS plus Bromine Pentafluoride.

R E V I S I O N S TO N F P A NO. 491M

543 491M-25

Methane

Nitric Acid

Organic Matter

Sulfuric Acid

Water

See BROMINE PENTAFLUORIDE plus Acetic Acid. Bromine pentafluoride reacts violently with strong nitric acid or strong sulfuric acid. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:172 (1956). See BROMINE PENTAFLUORIDE plus Acetic Acid. See also BROMINE MONO- FLUORIDE plus Water. See BROMINE PENTAFLUORIDE plus Nitric Acid. The reaction between bromine pentafluoride and water is very violent. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:172 (1956). See also BROMINE MONOFLUORIDE plus Water.

BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE BrFa Ammonium Bromide Bromine trifluoride reacts explosively

Ammonium Chloride

Ammolfium Iodide

Antimonyl Chloride

Antimony Trioxide

Barium Chloride

Bismuth Pe~ltoxide

Cad,nium Chloride

Calcium Chloride

with the following: ammonium bromide, ammonium chloride, ammonium iodide. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:165 (1956). See bROMINE TR[FLUORIDE plus Am- monium • Bromide. See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Am- monium Bromide. See bROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Anti- mony Trioxide. Bromine trifluoride produces a violent reaction with antimony trioxide, more violent with antimonyl chloride. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:166 (1956). Bromine trifluoride rapidly attacks the following salts: barium chloride, cadmium chloride, calcium chloride, cesium chloride, lithium chloride, rubidium chloride, silver chloride. MeUor 2, Supp. 1:165 (1956). Bromine trifluoride and bismuth pentoxide, manganous iodate, niobium pentoxide, or tantalum pentoxide react vigorously. Mellor 2, Supp. 1: 166, 173 (1956). Sec BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Barium Chloride. See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Barium Chloride.


Carhon Monoxide

Carbon Tetrachloride

Carbon Tetraiodide

Cesium Chloride

Lithium Chloride

Manganous Iodate

Metals Molybder~um

Niobium Niobium Pentoxide

Organic Matter

Platinic Bromide

Platinie Chloride

Platinum and Potassium Fluoride

Potassium Bromide

Potassium Chloride

Potassium Iodide

Bromine trifluoride and carbon monoxide react explosively at high temperatures or con- ce~trations. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:166 (1956). Bromine trifluoride and carboa tetrachloride react vigorously. MeUor 2, Supp. 1:167 (1956). Flaming occurs whca bromine trifluoride is dripped onto cooled carbon tetraiodide. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:166 (1956). See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Barium Chloride. See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Barium Chloride. See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Bis- muth Pentoxide. See METALS plus Bromille Trifluoride. See MOLYBDENUM plus Bromine Tri- fluoride. See NIOBIUM plus Bromine Trifluoride. See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Bis- muth Pelttoxide. See BROMINE MONOFLUORIDE plus Water. Both platillic bromide and plati,lie chloride are vigorously attacked by bromine trifluoride. MeUor 2, Supp. 1:165 (1956). See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Platini~ Bromide. See PLATINUM plus Bromhle Trifluoride and Potassium Fluoride. The following salts are rapidly attacked by bromine trifluoride: potassium bromide, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, rhodium tetrabromide, sodium bromide, sodium chloride, sodium iodide. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:164 (1956). See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Po- tassium Bromide. See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Po- tassium Bromide.

Rhodium Tetrabromide See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Po- tassium Bromide.

Rubidium Chloride See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Barium Chloride.

Silver Chloride See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Barium Chloride.

:REVISIONS T O N F P A NO. 491M

545 491M-27

Bromine Trifluoride (cont.) Sodium Bromide

Sodium Chloride

Sodium Iodide

Stannous Chloride

Tantalum Tantalum Pentoxide

Tin Titanium

Tungsten

Uranium Oxides

Vanadium

Water

See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Po- tassium Bromide. See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Po- tassium Bromide. See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Po- tassium Bromide. Bromine trifluoride and stannous chloride react with flame. MeUor 2, Supp. l: 164 (1956). See NIOBIUM plus Bromine Trifluoride. See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Bis- muth Pentoxide. Sec TIN plus Bromine Trifluoride. See MOLYBDENUM plus Bromine Tri- fluoride. See MOLYBDENUM plus Bromine Tri- fluoride. The reaction between bromine trifluoride and

• oxides of uranium (UO~ U03, and U308) is rapid and quantitative below the boiling point of bromine trifluoride. MeUor 2, Supp. 1:165 (1956). See MOLYBDENUM plus Bromine Tri- fluoride. See BROMINE MONOFLUORIDE plus Water.

BROMOACETYLENE Air

BrC ! CH During tlle preparation of soli d bromoacetylene an explosion occurred when air was drawn into the Volman trap containing the solid bromoacetylene. Although it was well known that gaseous bromoacetylene reacts violently with oxygen at room temperature, the explosion of the solid material at minus 190 ° C was sur- prising. Chem & Ind. (3) (1972).

BROMOBENZYL TRIFLUORIDE BrC6I-I4CF3 Magnesium See MAGNESIUM plus

fluoride. Bromoben~.yl Tri-

BROMODIBORANE Air

BrHB :BH 4 This compound burns with a pale green flame in air. Mellor 5- 37 (1946-1947).

546 491M-28 R E P O R T OF C O M M I T T E E O N C H E M I C A L S AND E X P L O S I V E S

BROMOFORM CHBr3 Lithium See LITHIUM plus Bromoform. Sodium-Potassium See SODIUM-POTASSIUM ALLOY

Alloy Bromoform. plus

BROMOTRICHLOROMETHANE BrCCI3 Ethylene During the uncatalyzcd addition of bromo-

trichloromethane to ethylene a violent explosion occurred. BCISC 33:131 (1962). Chem. Abst. 57:9638 (1953).

BUTADIENE- 1, 3 Chlorine Dioxide Crotonaldehyde

CH2:CHCH:CH2 See CHLORINE DIOXIDE plus Butadicne. The Diels-Alder reaction between thesc chemicals under pressure is a logical approach to the preparation of a number of cyclic alde- hydes, alcohols, and hydrocarbons. A destruc- tive explosion, including a secondary gas explosion, occurred in carrying out this reaction. K. W. Greenlee, Chem. Eng. News 26:1985 (1948).

• BUTYL ACETATE Potassium Tert.-

Butoxide

C4HpOCO.CH3 See ACETONE plus Potassium Tert.-Butoxide.

t-BUTYL ALCOHOL Hydrogen Peroxide

(CH3)3COH See HYDROGEN PEROXIDE plus t-Butyl Peroxide.

t -BUTYL PERACETATE (CH3)aC-OO-CO.CH3 (self-reactive) t-Butyl peracetate is sensitive to shock and

heat. Haz. Chem. Data, p. 77 (1973).

Organic Matter Upon contact with t-butyl peracetate combustible organic matter can ignite or give rise to an explosion. Haz. Chem. Data, p. 77 (1973).

t-BUTYL PERBENZOATE (CHa)3 C-O0-CO.CBH5 Organic Matter Organic substances calt ignite or explode upon

contact with t-butyl perbenzoate. Haz. Chem. Data p. 79 (1973).


547 491M-29

t-BUTYL PEROXYACETATE (CH3)~C-OO-CO.CH3 See t-BUTYL PERACETATE..

t-BUTYL PEROXYBENZOATE (CH3)3C-OO-CO.C6H5 Sect-BUTYL PERBENZOATE

n-BUTYRALDEHYDE ChlorosulfonicAcid

CH3(CH~)2CHO Mixing n-butyraldehyde and chlorosulfonie acid in a closed container causcd the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

Nitric Acid

Oleum

Sulfuric Acid

CADMIUM Cd Hydrazoic Acid

Mixing n-butyrMdehyde a,ld 70% nitric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing n-butyraldehyde and oleum in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to iacrease. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete referencc. Mixing n-butyraldehyde and 96% sulfuric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

A violent explosioa followed immersion of a cadmium rod in hydrazoic acid after about 30 minutes. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:50 (1967).

CADMIUM AZIDE Cd(N3)~ (self-reactive) This is an extremely hazardous substance, ex-

ploding when rubbed with a horn spatula. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:25 (1967).

CADMIUM BROMIDE Cdl3r2 Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

CADMIUM CHLORIDE CdCI2 Bromine Trifluoridc See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Barium

Chloride. Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

548 491M-30 R E P O R T O F C O M M I T T E E O N C H E M I C A L S AND E X P L O S I V E S

CADMIUM FLUORIDE CdF2 Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Ammonium Bromide.

CADMIUM IODIDE CdI2 Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

CADMIUM PERCHLORATE HYDRAZINE Cd(H2NNH~)3(CIO4)2Cd

(self-reactive) This is an extremely explosive salt. MeUor 8, Supp. 2:88 (1967).

CADMIUM SULFIDE Iodine Monochloride

CdS See IODINE MONOCHLORIDE plus Cad- mium Sulfide.

CALCIUM Ca Chlorine Trifluoride. Chlorine trifluoride combined with calcium or

sodium forms a protective crust, but reaction is violent oil heating. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:156 (1956).

CALCIUM CHLORIDE Bromine Trifluoride

CaC12 See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Barium Chloride.

CALCIUM CHLORIDE 2-Furan See 2-FURAN Percarboxylic Acid (self-reactive).

PERCARBOXYLIC. ACID

CALCIUM CHLORITE CaOCl Chlorine" See CHLORINE plus Calcium Chlorite.

CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE CaCI02 Carbon Tetrachloride A severe explosion occurred when a carbon

tetrachloride fire extinguisher was used to extinguish a fire in an open container of calcium hypochlorite. NSC Newsletter, Chem. Sec. (May 1972).

Mercaptans Calcium hypochlorite and mercaptans will react violently. Barrett (1973).

Organic Sulfides Dry calcium hypochlorite when mixed with organic sulfides causes a violent reaction with the possibility of a flash fire. Stephenson (1973).

REVISIONS TO NFPA NO. 4911V[

549 491M-31

1-Propanethiol An explosion occurred when 10 grams of calcium hypochlorite' was dumped into a beaker containing 5 milliliters of 1-propanethiol. Identical results were obtained with ethanediol and isobutanethiol. R. E. Barrett (1973).

Propyl Mercaptan See CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE plus Mer- captans.

CALCIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE CaPH~O~ Nitric Acid The salt ignites when nitric acid is pourcd onto

it. Mellor 8:883 (1946-1947).

CALCIUM: OXIDE CaO Boron Trifluoride The reaction of calcium oxide and boron

trifluoride forms a fused mass after warming. Mellor 5:123 (1946-1947).

Chlorine Trifluoride See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Alu- mhmm Oxide.

Hydrofluoric Acid Liquid hydrofluoric acid and calcium oxide react very violently. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:129 (1956).

Phosphorus Pentoxide Calcium oxide or sodium hydroxide reacts with phosphorus pentoxide extremely violently when initiated by local heating. Mellor 8, Supp. 3:406 (1971).

CALCIUM PERCHROMATE Ca3(CrO03)2 (self-reactive) Calcium perchromate is a buff-colored powder

that explodes at 100 ° C. Mellor 11:359 (1946-1947).

CALCIUM PHOSPHIDE Ca3P2 Chlorine See CHLORINE plus Calcium Phosphide. Hydrochloric Acid Calcium phosphide and hydrochloric acid

undergo a very energetic reaction. Mellor 8:841 (1946-1947).

Oxygen See SULFUR plus Calcium Phosphide. Sulfur See SULFUR plus Calcium Phosphide. Water Mellor 8: 841 (1946-1947).

CARBIDES Lithium Oxidizing Agents

See LITHIUM plus Carbides. Mixtures of carbides and oxidizing agents are explosive. Mellor 5:848 (1946-1947).

550 491M-32 R E P O R T OF COMMITTEE ON CHEMICALS AND E X P L O S I V E S

CARBOHYDRATES Boron Triiodide See BORON TRIIODII)E plus Ethe,'s.

CARBON C 2-Furan Percarboxylic See 2-FURAN

Acid Mercurous Nitrate

Nitric Acid

Potassium and Air

PERCARBOXYL1C ACID (self-reactive). At high temperature, a mixture of mercurous nitrate and carbott decomposes exl)losively. Mellor 4:987 (1946-1947). Pulverized carbon reacts violently with nitric acid. Pascal 10:504 (1931-1934). See POTASSIUM plus Carbon and Air.

CARBON DIOXIDE Lithium Potassium

CO~ See LITHIUM plus Water. See POTASSIUM plus Carbon Dioxide.

CARBON DISULFIDE Aluminum Ethylene Diamine

Ethyleneimine

CS~ See ALUMINUM plus Carbon Disulfide. Mixing carbon disulfide and ethylene diamine in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete rcfcrence. Mixing carl)on disulfide ,'rod cthyleneimiue in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

CARBON MONOXIDE Bromine Trifluoride


Iodine Heptafluoridc

Lithium and Water

Oxygen Difluoride Potassiuln and Oxygen

Sodium and Ammonia

CO See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Carbon Monoxide. See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Am- monia. See IODINE HEPTAFLUORIDE plus Carbon Monoxide. See LITHIUM plus Carbon Monoxide attd Water, See HYDROGEN plus Oxygen Difluoride. See POTASSIUM plus Carbon Monoxkle and Oxygen. See SODIUM plus Carbon Monoxide and Ammonia.


551 491M-33

CARBON TETRABROMIDE CBr4 Lithium See LITHIUM plus Bromoform.

CARBON TERACHLORIDE CC14 Bromine Trifluoride See BROMINE TRIFLUORII)E plus C~rbon

Tetrachloride. Calcium Hypochlorite See CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE plus Car-

bon Tetrachloride. Diborane A violent explosion occurred when carbon

tetrachloride was uscd on a borane fire. Fawcett (1973).

Dimcthyl Formamide See DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE plus Carbon Tetrachloride. See POTASSIUM plus Boron Tribromide. See ACETONE plus Potassium Tert.- Butoxide. y

See SILVER PERCHLORATE plus Carbon Tetrachloride and Hydrochloric Acid. See SODIUM plus Cobaltous Bromide.

Potassium Potassium Tert.-

Butoxide Silver Perchlorate and

Hydrochloric Acid Sodium

CARBON TETRAIODIDE CI4 Bromine Trifluoridc Sec BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Carbon

Tetra iodide.

CELLULOSE (C6Hl2Os)x Bromine Pentafluoride See BROMINE PENTAFLUORIDE plus

Acetic Acid. Fluorine See FLUORINE plus Cellulose. Hydrogen Peroxide See HYDROGEN PEROXIDE plus Cellulose.

CERIUM Ce Phosphorus Ceritun or lanthamml and phosphorus react

violently at 400 ° - 500 ° C. MeUor 8, Supp. 3: 347, 252 (1971).

CEROUS PHOSPHIDE Water

CESIUM Cs Chlorine

Phosphorus

CeP The reaction of eerous phosphide, lanthanum phosphide, or neodymium phosphide and water liber~tes spontaneously flammable phosphine. Mellor 8, Supp. 3: 347, 342, 348 (1971).

Chlorine vapors and cesium, lithium, rubidium react with luminous flame. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:380 (1956). See PHOSPHORUS plus Cesium.

o r


CESIUM AZIDE CsN~ (self-reactive) Cesium azidc decomposes at 326 ° C.

Mellor 8, Supp. 2:43 (1967).

CESIUM CARBIDE CS2C2 Iodine See IODINE plus Cesium Carbide.

CESIUM CHLORIDE Bromine Trifluoridc

CsC1 See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Barium Chloride.

CHARCOAL C Chlorine Trifluoride

Potassium

See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Char- coal. See POTASSIUM plus Charcoal.

CHLORATES Phosphorus Selenium Sulfuric Acid

See PHOSPHORUS plus Chlorates. See SELENIUM plus Chlorates. The reaction of chlorates and sulfuric acid (to form chlorine dioxide) may cause explosions. Mellor 2, Supp. l: 521 (1956).

CHLORIC ACID (self-reactive)

Ammonia Antimony Bismuth Organic Matter

HCI03 Concentrations of chloric acid above 40% decompose. Mellor 2, Supp. l: 576 (1956). See ANTIMONY plus Chloric Acid. See ANTIMONY plus Chloric Acid. See ANTIMONY plus Chloric Acid. See ANTIMONY plus Chloric Acid.

CHLORINE C12 Alkylphosphines

Ammonia Arsine Barium Phosphide


Unless precautions are taken, the reaction of chlorine with alkylphosphines or dialkylphosphines is a vigorous decomposing reaction. MeUor 8, Supp. 3:900 (1971). MeUor 8, Supp. 2:330 (1964). Mellor 2, Supp. 1:379 (1956). The phosphide ignites in chlorine at 90 ° C. MeUor 8, Supp. 3:842 (1971). Mixture of chlorine and bromine pentafluoride explodes on heating. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:173 (1956).

R E V I S I O N S TO N F P A NO. 4915/[

553 491M-35

Calcium Chlorite

Calcium Phosphide

Cesium Dialkylphosphines Dibutyl Phthalate Drawing Wax Ethylene

Fluorine

Glycerol Hydrocarbons

Hydrogen Peroxide and Potassium Hydroxide

Iodine

Linseed Oil Lithium Mercuric Oxide

Mercury

The reaction of chlorine and a clilute solution of calcium chlorite evolves explosive chlorine dioxide. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:382 (1956). See also CHLORINE DIOXIDE (self-reactive). Mixtures of chlorine and calcium phosphide react readily at about 100 ° C. Mellor 8:841 (1946-1947). See CESIUM plus Chlorine. See CHLORINE plus Alkylphosphines. See CHLORINE plus Polypropylene. See CHLORINE plus Polypropylene The reaction of chlorine and ethylene is explosive at room temperature over yellow mercuric oxide, mercurous oxide, or silver oxkle. MeUor 2, Supp. 1:380 (1956). Reaction of chlorine and fluorine is accompanied by flames. In the presence of a spark, a violent explosion occurs. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:58 (1956). Sec CHLORINE plus Polypropylene. During treatment of naphtha with an aqueous caustic-hypochlorite solution to remove ob- jectionable odors, an explosion,occurred in the mixer. Just before the detonation, liquid chlorine had been added to strengthen the hypochlorite solution. The explosion is attributed to the highly exothermic liquid phase reaction of chlorine and saturated hydrocarbons. Chem. Eng. Progs. 58(6): 71-74 (1962). Mellor 2, Supp. 1:380 (1956). Red luminescence occurs (luring reaction of chlorine and hydrogen peroxide in s t r o n g potassium hydroxide solution. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:378 (1956). The reaction of liquid chlorine and iodine is violent. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:378 (1956). See CHLORINE plus Polypropylene. See CESIUM plus Chlorine. Chlorhm reacts rapidly at room temperature with both mercuric oxide and silver oxide. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:381 (1956). See MERCURY plus Chlorine.


Chlorine (cont.) Methane

Niobium Oxygen Difluoride

Oxygen Difluoride and Copper

Phosphorus and Heptane

Phosphorus Isocyanate

Polychlorinated Biphenyl

Polydimethylsiloxane Polypropylenc

Rubidium Silver0xide Sodium Carbide

Stannous Fluoride

Strontium Phosphide

Tin

CHLORINE AZIDE (self-reactive)

The reaction of chlorine and methane is e.x- plosive at room temperature over yellow mercuric oxide. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:380 (1956). See NIOBIUM plus Chlorine. The reaction between chlorine and oxygen difluoride produces a reddish-brown solid that explodes at about minus 10 ° C. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:182 (1956). A mixture of chlorine and oxygen fuoride explodes on gentle warming. Puffs or more violent explosious occur if mixturc is in copper tubing at 300 ° C. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:192 (1956). See CHLORINE plus Oxygen Difluoride.

See PHOSPHORUS plus Chlorine and Hep- tane. The reaction of phosphorus isocyanate and chlorine is vigorous, forming a yellow oil. Mellor 8, Supp. 3:585 (1971). Liquid chlorine reacts exothermically with polychlorinated biphenyl heat transfer liquid. W. A. Statesir, Chem. Eng. Progs. 69 (4): 52-54 (1973). See CHLORINE plus Polypropylene. Liquid chlorine reacts explosively with polypropylene, drawing wax, polydimethyl-siloxane, dibutyl phthalate, glycerol, and linseed oil. , W. A. Statesir, Chem. Eng. Progs. 69 (4): 52-54 (1973). See CESIUM plus Chlorine. See CHLORINE plus Mercuric Oxide. This carbide burns in chlorine gas. Mellor 5:848 (1946-1947). The reaction of chlorine a:ld stammus fuoride occurs with flaming. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:382 (1956). Mixtures of these materials ignite at about 30 ° C. Mellor 8:841 (1946-1947). See TIN plus Chlorine.

N3CI Chlorine azide is spontaneously explosive. MeUor 8:336 (1946-1947). Mellor 8, Supp. 2:50 (1967).


555 491M-37

Butadiene-1, 3

Ethane Ethylene Methane Propane

Chlorine dioxide mixed with butadiene, ethane, ethylene, methane or propane always explodes spontaneously. J.K.K. Ip and P. Gray, Comb. & Flame 19: 117-129 (1972). See CHLORINE DIOXIDE plus Butadiene. See CHLORINE DIOXIDE plus Butadie'ne. See CHLORINE DIOXIDE plus Butadiene. See CHLORINE DIOXIDE plus Butadiene.

CHLORINE FLUOROXIDE OCIF (self-reactive) Chlorine fluoroxide is explosively unstable.

Mellor 2, Supp. 1:182 (1956).

CHLORINE MONOFLUORIDE CIF Organic Matter See BROMINE MONOFLUORIDE plus

Water. Water See BROMINE MONOFLUORIDE plus

Water.

CHLORINE MONOXIDE C120 (self-reactive) Chlorine monoxide is highly explosive if

heated rapidly or overheated locally. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:517 (1956).

Organic Matter Chlorine monoxide often explodes violently in contact with organic compounds. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:520 (1956).

CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE Acetic Acid The

Aluminum Almninum Oxide

Ammonia

C1Fa reaction between chlorine trifluoride

and acetic acid is very violent, sometimes explosive. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:155 (1956). See ALUMINUM plus Chlorine Trifluoride. Chlorine trifluoride reacts violently, producing fame, with aluminum oxide, calcium oxide, chromium oxide, lead dioxide, magnesium oxide, manganese dioxide, molybdenum trioxide, tantalum pentoxide, tungsten trioxide, or vanadium pentoxide. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:157 (1956). See also CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Elements. Chlorine trifluoride causes an explosive reaction with ammonia, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, or hydrogen. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:157 (1956).


Antimony Arsenic Arsenic Trioxide

Benzene

Bismuth Trioxide

Calcium Calcium Oxide

Carbon Monoxide

Charcoal

Chromic Anhydride

Chromium Oxide

Copper" Diethyl Ether

Glass

Graphite

Hydrogen

Hydrogen Sulfide

Iodine

Lanthanum Oxide

See ANTIMONY plus Chloril~e Trifluoride. See ANTIMONY plus Chlorine Trifluoride. Chlorine trifluoride produces a violent reaction without flame in presence of arsenic trioxide, bismuth trioxide, lanthanum oxide, phosphorus pentoxide, or sta~mic oxide. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:157 (1956). See also CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Elements. The reaction between chlorine trifluoride and benzene is very violent, sometimes explosive. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:155 (1956). See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Ar- senic Trioxide. See CALCIUM plus Chlorine Trifiuoride. See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Alu- minum Oxide. See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Am- monia. Chlorine trifluoride causes charcoal, glass wool (rapidly etched with traces of moisture), or graphite to burst into fame. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:157 (1956). Chlorine trifluoride and chromic anhydride react violently with evolution of brown fumes. MeUor 2, Supp. 1:157 (1956). Mellor 11:230 (1946-1947). See also CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Aluminum Oxide. See ALUMINUM plus Chlorine Trifluoride. The reaction between chlorine and diethyi ether is very violent, sometimes explosive. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:155 (1956). See also CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Charcoal. See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Char- coal. See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Am- monia. See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Am- monia. See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Mer- curic Iodide. See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Ar- senic Trioxide.


557 491M-39

Chlorine Trifluoride (cont.) Lead Lead Dioxide

Magnesium Magnesium Oxide

Manganese Dioxide

Mercuric Iodide

Molybdenum Trioxide

Nitric Acid (Fuming)

Nitroaromatic Com- pounds

Organic Matter Organic Matter

Osmium Phosphorus Phosphorus Pentoxide

• Potassium Potassium Carbonate

Potassium Iodide

Rhodium Rubber

Selenium Silicon Silver Silver Nitrate

Sodium Sodium Hydroxide

See ALUMINUM plus Chlorine Trifluoride. See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Alu- minum Oxide. See ALUMINUM plus Chlorine Trifluoride. See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Alu- minum Oxide. See also CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Aluminum Oxide. Combination of chlorine trifluoride and mercuric iodide, tungsten carbide, or iodine results in a reaction with flame. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:157 (1956). See also CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Aluminum Oxide. Combination of chlorine trifluoride and fuming nitric acid, potassium carbonate, potassium iodide, silver nitrate, 10°/o sodium hydroxide or sulfuric acid results in a violent reaction. MeUor 2, Supp. 1:157 (1956). See NITROAROMATIC COMPOUNDS plus Chlorine Trifluoride. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:155 (1956). See also BROMINE MONOFLUORIDE plus Water. See ANTIMONY plus Chlorine Trifluoride. See ANTIMONY plus Chlorine Trifluoride. See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Ar- senic Trioxide. See ANTIMONY plus Chlorine Trifluoridc. See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Nitric Acid. See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Nitric Acid. See ANTIMONY plus Chlorine Trifluoride. When chlorine trifluoride is in contact With rubber a violent reaction occurs. Mellor 2, Supp.. 1:156 (1956). See ANTIMONY plus Chlorine Trifluoride. Scc ANTIMONY plus Chlorine Trifluoride. See ALUMINUM plus Chlorine Trifluoride. See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Nitric Acid. See CALCIUM plus Chlorine Trifluoride. See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Nitric Acid.

558 491M-40 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CHEMICALS AND EXPLOSIVES Chlorine Trifluoride (cont.)

Stannic Oxide

Sulfur Sulfur Dioxide

Sulfuric Acid

Tantalum Pentoxide

Tellurium Tin Tungsten Tungsten Carbide

Tungsten Trioxide

Vanadium Pentoxide

Water

Zinc

See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Ar- senic Trioxide. See ANTIMONY plus Chlorine Trifluoride. See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Am- monia. See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Nitric Acid. See CHLORINE minum Oxide. See ANTIMONY See ALUMINUM

TRIFLUORIDE plus Alu-

plus Chlorine Trifluoride. plus Chlorine Trifltmride.

See ANTIMONY plus Chlorine Trifluoride. See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Mer- curic Iodide. See also CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Aluminum Oxide. See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Alu- minum Oxide. See also BROMINE MONOFLUORIDE plus Water. See ALUMINUM plus Chlorine Trifluoride.

C H L O R I N E T R I O X I D E C10a (self-reactive) Explosions occurred during preparation of

chlorine trioxide. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:540 (1956).

Ethyl Alcohol No really safe conditions exist under which ethyl alcohol and chlorine oxides can be handled. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:540 (1956).

Organic Matter Chlorine trioxide reacts violently, even explosively, with stopcock grease, wood, most forms of organic mattcr. MeUor 2, Supp. 1:540 (1956).

Water Chlorine trioxide reacts vigorously and may explode with water. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:540 (1956).

C H L O R O A C E T A L D E H Y D E O X I M E C1CH2CH:NOH (self-reactive) Separation of chloroacetaldehydc oxime from

ether by distillation must not be carried out too far or a violent explosion will occur. MCA Guide for Safety, Appendix 3 (1972).


559 491M-41

CHLOROACETONE (self-reactive)

CH2C1C(O)CHa Chloroacetone had turned black during storage for two years on a shelf in dull diffused light. A few days after the bottle of chloroacetone was moved, it exploded. The chloroacetone had polymerized to a black rubber-like substance. Ind. & Eng. Chem. News9:184 (1931).

CHLOROBENZENE Silver Perchlorate

CsHsCI See SILVER PERCHLORATE plus Acetic Acid.

CHLOROBENZOTRIAZOLE- 5 NHN :N-C6H3C1 (self-reactive) Chlorobenzotriazole -5 spontaneously burst into

flame while being packaged. H. S. Hopps, Chem. Eng. News 49 (30): 3 (1971). J. Chem. Eng. Data 17:108 and 109 (1972).

3-CHLOROCYCLOPENTENE (-CH :CHCHC1CH~CH2-) (self-reactive) Thirty-five grams of 3-chlorocyclopentene

exploded one day after it was made. Merck Safety Report (April 1962).

CHLORODIBORANE Air

C1HB :BH4 This compound is spontaneously flammable in air. MeUor 5:37 (1946-1947).

CHLOROFORM Potassium Tert.-

Butoxide

ClaCH See ACETONE plus Potassium Tert.- But- oxide.

CHLOROHYDRIN Sodium Hydroxide

C1CH~CH~OH See SODIUM HYDROXIDE plus Chloro- hydrin.

p-CHLOROPHENYL ISocYANATE CIC6H4NCO (self-reactive) A violent explosion occurred in a laboratory

during vacuum distillation of p-chlorophenyl isocyanate that had been prepared by the Curtius reaction of p-chlorobenzoylazide. Chem. & Ind. 38:1625 (1965).

560 491M-42 R E P O R T OF COMMITTEE ON CHEMICALS AND EXPLOSIVES

CHLOROPICRIN (self-reactive)

C13CNO~ Tank car volumes of this material may detonate under certain conditions. There is a critical volume above which sufficient shock may cause detonation. Chem. Eng. News 50 (38):13 (1972).

CHLOROSULFONIC ACID Acetic Acid Acetic Anhydride

Acetonitrile

Acrolein Acrylic Acid Acrylonitrilc

Allyl Alcohol

Allyl Chloride

2-Aminoethanol

Ammonium Hydroxide

Aniline n-Butyraldchyde Creosote Oil

Cresol Cumene Dichloroethyl Ether

.Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether

Diisobutylene

Diisopropyl

C1S020H See ACETIC ACID plus Chlorosulfonic Acid. See ACETIC ANHYDRIDE plus Chloro- sulfonic Acid. See ACETONITRILE plus Chlorosulfonic Acid. See ACROLEIN plus Chlorosulfonic Acid. See ACRYLIC ACID plus Chlorosulfonic Acid. See ACRYLONITRILE plus Chlorosulfonic Acid. See ALLYL ALCOHOL plus Chlorosulfonic Acid. See ALLYL CHLORIDE plus Chlorosulfonic Acid. See 2-AMINOETHANOL plus Chlorosulfonic Acid. Mixing chlorosulfonic acid ~,~d 28% ammonia in a closed container c~used the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. See ANILINE plus Chlorosulfonic Acid. See n-Butyraldehyde plus Chlorosulfonic Acid. Mixing chlorosulfonic acid and creosote oil in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. See CRESOL plus Chlorosulfonic Acid. See CUMENE plus Chlorosulfonic Acid. See DICHLOROETHYL ETHER plus Chloro- sulfonic Acid. See D I E T H Y L E N E G L Y C O L MONO- METHYL ETHER plum Chlorosulfo~fic Acid. See DIISOBUTYLENE plus Chlorosulfolfic Acid. See DIISOPROPYL ETHER plus Chloro- sulfonic Acid.


561 491M--43

Epichlorohydrin

Ethyl Acetate

Ethyl Acrylate

Ethylene Chlorohydrin

Ethylene Cyanohydrin

Ethylene Diamine

Ethylene Glycol

Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether Acetate

Ethyleneimine

Glyoxal Hydrochloric Acid

Hydrofluoric Acid

Hydrogen Peroxide

Isoprene

Mesityl Oxide

Methyl Ethyl Ketone

See EPICHLOROHYDRIN plus Chloro- sulfonic Acid. See ETHYL ACETATE plus Chlorosulfonic Acid. See ETHYL ACRYLATE plus Chlorosulfonic Acid. See ETHYLENE CHLOROHYDRIN plus Chlorosulfonic Acid. See ETHYLENE CYANOHYDR1N plus Chlorosulfoaic Acid. See ETHYLENE DIAMINE plus Chloro- sulfonie Acid. See ETHYLENE GLYCOL plus Chloro- sulfonic Acid.

See ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOETHYL ETHER ACETATE plus Chlorosulfonic Acid.

See ETHYLENEIMINE plus Chlorosulfonic Acid. See GLYOXAL plus Chlorosulfonic acid. Mixing chlorosulfonic acid and 36% hyd ro - chloric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

Mixing ehlorosulfouie acid and 48.7% hydrofluoric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

Permonosulfonic acid was being prepared by reacting chlorosulfonic acid and 90% hydrogen peroxide. A sample was stored overnight at 0 ° C, then removed to a test tube rack. In ten minutes it exploded. Chem. Eng. News 33:3336 (1955). See also PERMONOSULFURIC ACID plus Acetone.

See ISOPRENE plus Chlorosulfonic Acid.

See MESITYL OXIDE plus Chlorosulfouic acid.

See METHYL ETHYL KETONE plus Chlorosulfonic Acid.


Chlorosulfonic Acid (cont.) Nitric Acid

2- Nitropropane


Propylene Oxide

Pyridine Sodium Hydroxide

Styrene Monomer

Sulfolane Sulfuric Acid

Vinyl Acetate

Vinylidene Chloride

Mixing chlorosulfonic acid and 70% nitric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note uIlder complete reference. Mixing chlorosulfolfic acid and 2-nitropropane in a closed container caused the temperature pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note ul~der complete reference. See PROPIOLACTONE (BETA-) plus Chloro- sulfonic Acid. See PROPYLENE OXIDE plus Chlorosul- fonic Acid. See PYRIDINE plus Chlorosulfonic Acid. See SODIUM HYDROXIDE plus Chloro- sulfonic Acid. See STYRENE MONOMER plus Chloro- sulfottic Acid. See SULFOLANE plus Chlorosulfonic Acid. Mixing chlorosulfonic acid and 96% sulfuric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. See VINYL ACETATE plus Chlorosulfonic Acid. See VINYLIDENE cHLORIDE plus Chloro- sulfonic Acid.

CHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENE CIFC:CF: Bromine and Oxygen Addition of bromine to a mixture of chloro-

trifluoroethylene and oxygell causes an explosion. One of the products of the reaction is chlorotrifluoroethylene peroxide, which explodes when heated. R. N. Haszcldine and F. Nyman, J. Chem. Soc. 1959:1084-1090 (1959).

CHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENE PEROXIDE CF2C1COF (self-reactive) Chlorotrifluoroethylelm peroxide explodes when

heated. R. N. Haszeldine and F. Nyman, J. Chem. Soc. 1959: 1084,-90 (1959).


563 491M-45

CHROMIC ANHYDRIDE Aluminum Ammonia Benzene


Diethyl Ether

Organic Matter

Sodium Amide

Cr03 See ALUMINUM plus Chromic Anhydride. Mellor 11:233 (1946-1947). Benzene ignites in contact with powdered chromic anhydride. Mellor l l : 235 (1946-1947). See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Chromic Anhydride. These compounds react violently at room temperature. Mellor 11:235 (1946-1947). A container of 50 kilograms of chromic am hydride exploded when laid on the ground. The container may have been contaminated with an oxidizable substance. Chem. Abst. 31:4010 (1937). See SODIUM AMIDE plus Chromic Anhy- dride.

CHROMIC OXIDE Lithium Oxygen Difluoride

CHROMIUM Or Lithium

Cr, Oa See LITHIUM plus Chromic Oxide. See OXYGEN DIFLUORIDE plus Aluminum Chloride.

See LITHIUM plus Vanadium.

CHROMIUM-AMMINE NITRATES (self-reactive) Chromium-ammine nitrates may be impact-

sensitive: Cr(NHa)~NO~(NOa)2 detonates when heated. Mellor 11:477 (1946-1947).

CHROMIUM-AMMINE PERCHLORATES (self-reactive) Chromium-ammine perchlorates may be im-

pact-sensitive. Mellor 11:477 (1946-1947).

CHROMIUM TETRACHLORIDE CrCI, Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. Sodium See SODIUM plus Chromium Tetrachloride.

CHROMIUM TRIAMMINOTETROXIDE Cr (NH3)sO, (self-reactive) Chromium triamminotetroxide detonates and

becomes incandescent when heated. Mellor 11 : 358 (1946-1947).

5 6 4 491M-46 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CHEMICALS AND EXPLOSIVES

CHROMIUM TRIFLUORIDE CrF3 Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Ammonium Bromide.

CHROMYL CHLORIDE CrOsCI2 Fluorine See FLUORINE plus Chromyl Chloride. Sodium Azide See SODIUM AZIDE plus Chromyl Chloride.

COBALT ALLOYS See LITHIUM plus Cobalt Alloys.

COBALTIC FLUORIDE CoF3 Silicon See SILICON plus Colbatic Fluoride.

COBALT NITRIDE CoN Air MeUor 8, Supp. 1:238 (1964).

COBALTOUS BROMIDE CoBr2 Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Boron Tribromide. Sodium See SODIUM plus Cobaltous Bromide.

COBALTOUS CHLORIDE CoCI2

COBALTOUS HYPOPHOSPHITE C0(PH202)2 (self-reactive) Cobaltous hypophosphite liberates spontane-

ously flammable phosphine above 150 ° C. MeUor 8:889 (1946-1947).

COPPER Cu Ammonium Nitrate Chlorine

Chlorine and Oxygen Difluoride

Chlorine Trifluoride Hydrazoic Acid "

Phosphorus

Sodium Azide

MeUor 8, Supp. 1:546 (1964). Copper reacts vigorously with chlorine at around 320 ° C. MeUor 2, Supp. 1:380 (1956). See CHLORINE plus Oxygen Difluoride.

See ALUMINUM plus Chlorine Trifluoride. Explosions resulted from corrosion of brass parts of a vacuum gage and water jet vacuum pump on prolonged contact with hydrozoic acid vapors. Chem. & Ind. 10, p. 444 (1973). The reacting mass formed by the mixture of phosphorus and copper, iron, nickel, or platinum can become incandescent when heated. Mellor 8, Supp. 3:228 (1971). See SODIUM AZIDE plus Copper.

R E V I S I O N S TO N F P A NO. 491M 565

491M-47

COPPER AZIDE Cu (N3)2 (self-reactive) See SODIUM AZIDE plus Copper.

COPPER OXYCHLORIDE CuzOCI2 Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Boric Acid.

COPPER SALTS Hydrazine

Nitromethane

Copper salts promote the decomposition of hydrazine. Chem. Eng. News 48 (48): 97 (Nov. 16, 1970). See also CUPRIC OXIDE plus Hydrazine. Nitromethane and salts of copper, silver, gold or mercury spontaneously form explosive materials. Chem. Eng. News 49 (23):.6 (1971).

CREOSOTE OIL CH3CsH40H Chlorosulfonic Acid See CREOSOTE OIL plus Chlorosulfonic Acid.

CRESOL CH3C6H4OH Chlorosulfonic Acid

Nitric Acid

Oleum

Mixing cresol and chlorosulfonic acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing cresol and 70% nitric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing cresol and oleum in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to in- c r e a s c .

Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

CROTONALDEHYDE CH3CH :CHCHO Butadiene-1, 3 See BUTADIENE-1,3 plus Crotonaldehyde.

CUMENE C6H~CH(CH3)2 Chlorosulfonic Acid Mixing Cumene and chlorosulfoaic acid in a



Nitric Acid

Oleum

Mixing cumene and 70% nitric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

Mixing cumene and oleum in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under com- .plete reference.

CUMENE HYDROPEROXIDE C6HsC(CH3)2OOH (self-reactive) At concentrations of 91 and 95%,-cumene

hydroperoxide decomposed violently at about 150 ° C. A. Le Roux, Mem. Poudres 37:49-58 (1955).

CUPRIC AZIDE (self-reactive)

Cu(N,), Spontaneous explosions have been observed with this compound. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:50 (1967).

CUPRIC BROMIDE CuBr2 Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

CUPRIC.:CHLORATE HYDRAZINATE Cu(H2NNH2)~CI03 (self-reactive) This is an extremely explosive salt and will

detonate on drying. MeUor 8, Supp. 2:88 (1967). MeUor 2, Supp. 1:592 (1956).

CUPRIC CHLORIDE Potassium Sodium

CuC12 See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

CUPRIC' CHLORITE (self-reactive)

Cu(ClO~)2 Cupric chlorite explodes violently on percussion. In the dry state it decomposes within 12 days. Mellor 2, Supp. l: 574 (1956).


567 491M-49

CUPRIC HYPOPHOSPHITE Cu(PH~Os)2 (self-reactive) Cupric hypophosphite forms impact-sensitive

ammunition-priming mixtures. Mellor 8, Supp. 3:623 (1971). Cupric hypophosphite explodes suddenly at about 90 ° C. Mallor 8:883 (1946-1947).

CUPRIC NITRATE Potassium

Ferrocyanide

Cu(NO3)z A finely ground mixture of potassium ferrocyanide and cupric nitrate when dried at 220 ° C exploded within a few minutes. Chem. Abst. 77: 13431f (1972).

CUPRIC OXIDE Cu0 Boron See BORON plus Cupric Oxide.

CUPRIC SALTS Sodium Hypobromite See SODIUM HYPOBROMITE plus Cupric

Salts.

CUPRIC SULFIDE Hydrogen Peroxide

CuS See ANTIMONY TRISULFIDE plus Hydro- gen Peroxide.

CUPROUS AZIDE (self-reactive)

CuNa Cuprous azide decomposes at 205°C. is explosively unstable. MeUor 8, Supp. 2:43 (1967).

I t

CUPROUS BROMIDE CuBr. Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

CUPROUS CHLORIDE CuCl Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

CUPROUS IODIDE CuI" Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

CUPROUS NITRIDE Nitric Acid Sulfuric Acid

Cu3N See CUPROUS NITRIDE plus Sulfuric Acid. The reaction of cuprous nitride and sulfuric or nitric acid is violent. Mellor 8, Supp. 1:154 (1964).


CYANOGEN AZIDE (self-reactive)

NCNNN Cyanogen azide explodes when shocked mech- anically or thermally. Chem. Eng. News 43 (52): 29, 30 (Dec. 27, 1965).

CYANURIC ACID NHCO.NHCO.NHCO Ethyl Alcohol See CYANURIC ACID plus Water.

CYANURIC CHLORIDE N:CCIN:CC1N:CCI Water Cyanuric chloride acts autocatalytically with

water at a temperature of about 30 ° C to produce cyanuric acid, hydrochloric acid and heat. An explosion occurred during an industrial process in which cyanuric chloride and water were mixed. The refrigeration had been turned off. Pressure build-up in the reactor blew gaskets allowing flamniable vapors to fill the building. The explosion occurred when the vapors were ignited. MCA Case History 1869 (1972).

CYCLOHEXANE Nitrogen Dioxide

C6H12 Through an error, liquid nitrogen dioxide in- stead of gaseous was fed into a nitration column containing hot cyclohexane. An explosion resulted. MCA Case History 128 (1962).

CYCLOHEXANOL C6HnOH Nitric Acid See N I T R I C ACID plus Cyclohexanol.

DIACETYL PEROXIDE (CH3C0)202 (self-reactive) Pure diacetyl peroxide is a severe explosion

hazard. Cond. Chem. Dict. 10: (1971). See also HYDROGEN PEROXIDE plus Acetic Anhydride.

DIALKYLPHOSPHINES Chlorine See CHLORINE plus Alkylphosphines.


569 491M-51

DIALLYL METHYL CARBINOL (CHo.:CHCHr)2C(OH)CH3 Ozone and Acetic Acid During the preparation of ~-hydroxy-B- methyl

glutaric acid using 75 grams of diallyl methyl carbiaol the material had been ozordzed and allowed to stand overnight. Glacial acetic acid had been added and the mixture was being concentrated under vacuum in a desiccator. After 11/'~ hours the mixture exploded. Previous preparations using 12.6 grams were successful. Chem. Eng. News. 51 (6): 29 (Feb. 5, 1973).

DIALLYL PHOSPHITE (C3HsO)~POH (self-reactive) Diallyl phosphite is made from allyl alcohol

and phosphorus trichloride. When the product is distilled in vacuo ina carbon dioxide stream, explosions usually occur after about two-thirds is distilled. Zh. Obshch. Khim. 21:658-62 (1951).

DIAZOCYCLOPENTADIENE NN :CCH2CH:CHCH: I. .I

(self-reactive) Diazocyclopentadiene should be handled cau. tiously since during one preparation a violent explosion took place after distillation. F. Ranairez and S. Levy, J. Org. Chem. 23: 2036-7 (1958).

DIAZOMALONIC ACID (HOCO.)2C:NN (self-reactive) Six grams of impure diazomalonic acid was

being distilled under 3 millimeters pressure in a 50 milliliter fask. After three minutes of heating, during which no product was obtained, the flask exploded. NSC Newsletter, Campus Safety 3 (1973).

DIBORANE H2B :BH4 Carbon Tetrachloride

Nitric Acid Phosphorus Trifluoride

See CARBON TETRACHLORII)E plus Di- borane. See NITRIC ACID plus Diborane. See PHOSPHORUS TRIFLUORIDE plus Diborane.

2, 6-DIBROMO-p-BENZOQUINONE-4-CHLORIMINE 0 :C6H2Br :NCI (self-reactive) While thin layer chromatograms ~;ere .being

dried with a hot-air dryer, a 25-gram bottle of 2, 6-dibromo-p-benzoquinone-4-chlorimine, one to two feet away, exploded. Chem. & Ind. 37:1551 (1967).


DIBUTYL PHTHALATE (C4HgCCO.)2CsH4 Chlorine See CHLORINE plus Polypropyleue.

DIBUTYL SULFOXIDE (C4H9)2SO Perchloric Acid See PERCHLORIC ACID plus Dibutyl S'ul-

foxide.

DICHLORINE HEPTOXIDE C1207 (self-reactive) Dichloritm heptoxide explodes violently under a

blow or when heated rapidly. MeUor 2, Supp. 1:542 (1956).

1, 6-DICHLORO-2, 4-HEXADIYNE (CI.CH2C i 0-)3 (self-reactive) 1, 6-dichloro-2, 4-hexadiyne is shock-sensitive.

P. E. Drieder and H. V. Isaacson, Chem. Eng. News 50 (12): 51 (1972).

DICHLOROACETYLENE C1C i CC1 (self-reactive) During synthesis of dichloroacetylene, the

dichloroacetyleae accidentally condensed and collected in a water trap. When the chemist attempted to sample the material in the trap, a violent explosion occurred. Since dichloroacetylene is reported to be shock-sensitive, the touching of the sample could have initiated the detonation. MCA Case History 1989 (1974).

DICHLOROETHYL ETHER CICH2CH2OCH2CH2C1 Chlorosulfonic Acid Mixing dichloroethyl ether and chlorosulfonic

acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Notc under complete reference.

Oleum Mixing dichloroethyl ether and oleum in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

DICYANDIAZIDE (self-reactive)

NCN :C(NNN)2 Dicyandiazidc is a shock-sensitive compound. Chem. Eng. News 43 (52): 29, 30 (Dec. 27, 1965).


491M-53

DIETHYL ETHER Chlorine Trifluoride

Chromic Anhydride

C2H.~OC'zH5 See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Die- thyl Ether. See CHROMIC ANHYDRIDE plus Diethyl Ether.

DIETHYL PEROXYDICARBONATE [C2H~OC(O)C-]2 (self-reactive) Diethyl peroxydicarbonate decomposes rapidly

at room temperature, sometimes with an explosion. I t becomes hazardous above 10 ° C. One must avoid allowing it to crystallize. Kirk and Othmer, Second Ed. 14: 801, 803 (1963).

DIETHYL SULFATE Potassium Tert.-

Butoxide

(C2H50)2S02 See ACETONE plus Potassium Tert.-Butoxide.

DIETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOMETHYL ETHER CH3OCH2CH2OCH2CH20H

Chlorosu]fonic Acid Mixing diethylcne glycol monomethyl ether and chlorosulfonic acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

Oleum Mixing diethylene glycol monomethyl ether and oleum in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

DIETHYL PEROXIDE C2HsOOC~H5 (self-reactive) See OXYGEN plus Ethers.

DIETHYL ZINC (C2H~)2Zn Air Mellor 1:376 (1946-1947).

2, 4-DIETHYNYL-5-METHOXYTOLUENE (CHi C-)2C6H~(CH3)0CH3

(self-reactive) The polymer of this material explodes thermally. Chem. Abst. 75:19831 (1971).


DIHYDRAZINOCUPRIC CHLORATE Cu(H2NNH2)2Ci08 See CUPRIC CHLORATE HYDRAZINATE.

DIHYDRAZINOZINC CHLORATE Zn(N2H4)2(CI0~)~ (self-reactive) This compound detonates when struck.

Mellor 2, Supp. 1:592 (1956).

1, 6-DIIODO-2,4-HEXADIYNE (I.CH2Ci C-)~ (self-reactive) 1, 6-diiodo-2,4-hexadiyne is shock-sensitive.

P. E. Drieder and H. V. Isaaeson, Chem. Eng. News 50 (12): 51 (1972).

DIISOBUTYLENE Chorosulfonic Acid

Oleum

Sulfuric Acid

CH~:C(CH,)CH~C(CH,), Mixing diisobutylene and chlorosulfonic acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing diisobutylene and oleum in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing diisobutylene and 96% sulfuric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

DIISOPROPYL ETHER (CH3)~CHOCH(CH3)2 Air A flask of diisopropyi ether was being heated

on a steam bath with gentle shaking when an explosion occurred. In a second instance, an explosion occurred after practically all the ether had been distilled. MCA Guide for Safety, Appendix 3 (1972).

Chlorosulfonic Acid Mixing diisopropyl ether and chlorosulfonic acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn qnd Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

Nitric Acid Mixing diisopropyl ether and 70% nitric acid in a closed container, caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.


573 491M-55

DIISOPROPYL PEROXYDICARBONATE [(CH~)2CHOC(0)0-h (sel.f-reactive) Diisopropyl perdicarbonate decomposes rapidly

at room temperature and sometimes explodes. I t becomes hazardous above 10 ° C. I t should notbe allowcd to crystallize. Kirk and Othmer, Second Ed. 14: 801, 803 (1963).

Organic Matter Upon contact with diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate, combustible organic materials can ignite or explode. Haz. Chem. Data p. 121 (1973).

DIMETHYL. CARBONATE CHaOCO.~OCH3 Potassium Tert.- See ACETONE plus Potassium Tert.-Butoxide.

Butoxide

DIMETHYL ETHER Lithium Aluminum

Hydride

CH3OCH3 See LITHIUM ALUMINUM plus Dimcthyl Ether.

HYDRIDE

DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE Bromine Carbon Tetrachloride

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

Hexachlor.obenzene

Magnesium Nitrate

Methylene Diisocyanatc

Phosphorus Trioxide

OCHN(CH3)2 ,See BROMINE plus Dimcthyl Formamide. Dimethyl formamide and carbon tetrachloride react violently at temperatures above 65 ° C. Kittila, p. 165 (1967). Some halogenated hydrocarbons reacted with dimethyl formamide in the presence of iron at moderate temperatures. Kittila, p. 165 (1967). Dimethyl formamide and hexachlorobenzene react violently above 65 ° C. Kittila, p. 165 (1967). This mixture undergoes spontaneous decomposition. Nitrates of sodium, lithium, lead, .copper and silver do not react under similar conditions. Kittila,p. 165 (1967). Methylene diisocyanate polymerized violently on contact with dimethyl formamide. Kittila, p. 122 (1967). Dimethyl formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, di-

• methyl sulfitc, or methanol and phosphorus trioxide react ve15 ~ violently, often charring. Mellor 8, Supp. 3:382 (1971).

DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE (CH3)2NNH2 Nitric Acid See NITRIC ACID plus l)imethylhydrazine.

\


DIMETHYL MALONATE CH2(COOCH3)2 Methyl Azidc See METHYL AZIDE plus Dimethyl Malo-

nate.

DIMETHYL SULFITE Phosphorus Trioxide

S03(CH~)2 See DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE plus Phos- phorus Trioxide.

DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE (CH3)2S0 Methyl Bromide See METHYL BROMIDE plus Dimethyl

Sulfoxide. Phosphorus Trioxide See DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE plus Phos-

phorus Trioxide:

DINITROANILINE HYDROCHLORIDE (02N)2C6H3NHfHC1 Nitrosylsulfuric Acid See NITROSYLSULFURIC.ACID plus Di-

nitroaniline Hydrochloride.

2, 4-DINITROBENZENE SULFENYL CHLORIDE (NO2)2C6H3SC1 (self-reactive) An explosion may occur when the solvent sym-

metrical tetrachlorethane is ahnost removed in the chlorinolysis of 2, 4-ditfitrophenyl disulfide. MCA Guide for Safety, Appendix 3 (1972).

2, 4-DINITROCHLOROBENZENE (O2N)~C6H~CI (self-reactive) B . D . I-Ialpern, Chem. and Eng. News, 29:

2666 (1951).

DINITROGEN PENTOXIDE" 02NON02 Ozone See OZONE plus Dinitrogen Pentoxide.

'3, 5-DINITRO-4-HYDROXYBENZENEARSONIC ACID 4, 3, 5, 1-OHCeH2(NO2)2AsOaH2 (self-reactive) This compound and its metallic salts may be as

explosive as its close relative picric acid. When a wet cake of the acid was heated an explosion occurred that was accomparfied by liberation of arse,fic or arsine. M. A. Phillips, Chem. & Ind. 1947: 61.

2," 4-DINITROPHENYL Tetrachlorethane

DISULFIDE [(02N)2C6H3S-]2 See 2, 4-DINITROBENZENE SULFENYL- CHLORIDE (self-reactive).


575 491M-57

DIOXANE 0CH2CH~OCH2CH2 I l

Silver Perchlorate See SILVER PERCHLORATE plus Toluene. DIPEROXYTEREPHTHALIC ACID (HOOOC)2C6H4

(self-reactive) This acid explodes under the influence of a shock or an increase in temperature. Chem. Reviews 45: 14, 15 (1949).

DIPHENYLTETRACETYLENE (C6H5C:CC:C)2 (self-reactive) Diphenyltetracetylene was stable for at least

13 months at room temperature in the dark. When placed on a metallic plate, it decomposed explosively with much soot. Chem. Abst. 45:7082 (1962):

DIPHOSPHINE Air

H~PPH2 Diphosphine is spontaneously flammable in air. Mellor 1:376 (1946-1947). Mellor 8, Supp. 3:273 (1971).

DIPROPARGYL ETHER (CH ! CCH2)~O Air An explosion occurred in a 50ogallon stainless

steel still during the distillation of dipropargyl ether. MCA Guide for Safety, Appendix 3 (1972).

DISODIUM NITRITE (self-reactive)

Na2N02 See POTASSIUM plus Sodium Nitrite and' Ammonia.

2, 6-DI.t-BUTYL-4 NITROPHENOL HOC6H3[C(CH3)2CH3]2 (self-reactive) This material exploded violently after being

warmed for two to three minutes on a steam bath. ASESB Expl. Report 24 (1961).

ENDRIN CI~HsOC16 Parathion

EPICHLOROHYDRIN

2-Aminoethaaol

Chlorosulfonic Acid

See PARATHION plus Eadrin. OCH,.CHCH2CI

See 2-AMINOETHANOL plus Epichloro- hydrin. Mixing epichlorohydrin and 2-aminoethanol in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.


Ethyleue Diamine

Ethyleneimine

Nitric Acid

Oleum

Potassium Tert.- Butoxidc

Sulfuric Acid

See ETHYLENE DIAMINE plus Epichloro- hydrin. Mixing epichlorohydrin and ethyleneimine in ~/ ~losed contai~ter caused the temperature and pressure to iuerease. l,'lynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. M!xiug epichlorohydrin and 700-/o nitric acid iu a closed contailter caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing epichlorohydriit and oleum in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). SEe Note uuder complete refere~me. See ACETONE plus Potassium Tert.-Butoxide.

Mixing epichlorohydrin and 96~0 sulfuric acid ia a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

ERBIUM PERCHLORATE Er(CI04)2 Acetonitrile See ACETONITRILE plus Erbium Perchlo-

rate.

ETHANE C~H6 Chlorine Dioxide See CHLORINE DIOXIDE plus Butadiene.

1, 2-ETHANETHIOL Calcium Hypochlorite

HSCH~CH2SH See CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE plus 1- Propanethiol.

ETHERS Boron Triiodide See BORON TRIIOD1DE plus Ethers.

ETHYL ACETATE Chlorosulfonic Acid

C~H6COOCH3 Mixing ethyl acetate snd chlorosulfonic acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

REVISIONS TO NFPA NO. 4 9 1 M

577 491M-59

Lithium Aluminum Hydride and 2-Chloromethylfuran

Oleum


See 2-CHLOROMETHYLFURAN plus Lith- ium Aluminum Hydride and Ethyl Acetate.

Mixing ethylacctate and oleum in a closed container caused the temperature alld pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. See ACETONE plus Potassium Tert.-Butoxide.

ETHYL ACETOACETATE Tribromoneopentyl

Alcohol and Zinc

C2H~OCO.CH2CO.CH3 Tribromoncopentyl alcohol, ethyl acetoacetate and zinc were beiqg reacted to prepare the zinc chelate of tribromoneopentyl acetoacetate. When the reaction had proceeded to where 80% of the by-product ethanol had been removed, a violent decomposition occurred. Wischmeyer (1972). U.S. Pat. 3, 578, 619 (1971).

ETHYL ACRYLATE Chlorosulfonie Acid

C~HbOCO.CH :CH~ Mixing ethyl acrylate and chlorosulfonic acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. ],'lynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

ETHYL ALCOHOL CHaCH~OH Bromine Pentafluoride See BROMINE

Chloriae Trioxide Cyanuric Acid Perchlorates Perchloric Acid Potassium Tert.-

Butoxide Uranyl Perchlorate

PENTAFLUORIDE plus Acetic Acid. See CHLORINE TRIOXIDE plus Alcohol. See CYANURIC ACID plus Water. See PERCHLORATES plus Benzeae. See PERCHLORIC ACID plus Ethyl Alcohol. See ACETONE plus Potassium Tert.-Butoxide.

See URANYL PERCHLORATE plus Ethyl Alcohol.

ETHYL AZODICARBOXYLATE C2HsOCO.N:NCO.OC~H5 (self-reactive) A sample decomposed upon attempted distil-

lation with sufficient violence to shatter the distillation apparatus. .. Org. Syntheses 28, p. 59 (1948).

578 491M-60 R E P O R T O F C O M M I T T E E ON C H E M I C A L S AND E X P L O S I V E S

ETHYLENE CH2:CH2 Bromo-

trichloromethaue Chloriae l)ioxide

See BROMOTRICHLOROMETHANE plus Ethylene. See CHLORINE DIOXIDE plus 13utadieue.

ETHYLENE CHLOROHYDRIN CICH2CH20H Chlorosulfouic Acid Mixing ethyleae chlorohydrin and chloro-

sulfonic acid in a closed coutainer caused the tempcrature and pressure to increase. l,'lynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

Ethylene Diamine Mixing ethyleue chlorohydriu and ethylene diamiue in a closed co,~taiuer caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

ETHYLENE CYANOHYDRIN HOCH2CH2CN Chlorosulfonic Acid Mixing ethylene cyauohydritt and chloro-

sulfonic acid iu a closed coatainer caused the temperature aud pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

Oleum See OLEUM plus Ethylene Cyauohydriu. Sodium Hydroxide See SODIUM HYDROXIDE plus Ethylene

Cyanohydrin. Sulfuric Acid Mixing cthylene cyanohydriu aud 96% sulfuric

ackl in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

ETHYLENE DIAMINE H2NCH2CH2NH2 Acetic Acid See ACETIC ACID plus Ethylene Diamine. Acetic Anhydride See ACETIC ANHYDRIDE plus Ethylene

Diamine. Acrolein See ACROLEIN plus Ethylene Diamine. Acrylic Acid Sec ACRYLIC ACID plus Ethylene Diamine. Acrylonitrile Sec ACRYLONITRILE plus Ethylene Dia-

mine. Allyl Chloride See ALLYL CHLORIDE plus Ethylene Dia-

milm. Carbon Disulfide See CARBON DISULFIDE plus Ethylene

Diamine.


579 491M-61

Chlorosulfonic Acid

Epichlorohydrin

Ethylene Chlorohydrin

Hydrochloric Acid

Mesityl Oxide

Nitric Acid

Oleum


Sulfuric Acid

Vinyl Acetate

Mixing ethylene diamine and chlorosulfonic acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing ethylene diamine and epichlorohydrin in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

See ETHYLENE CHLOROHYDRIN plus Ethylene Diamine.

Mixing ethylene diamine and 36% hydrochloric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossmv (1970). See Note under complete reference.

See MESITYL OXIDE plus Ethylene Din- mine.

Mixing ethylene diamine and 70% nitric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing ethylene diamine and oleum in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

Mixing ethylene diamine' and propiolactone (BETA-) in a closed container caused the temperature add pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

Mixing ethylene diamine and 96% sulfuric aicd in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

Mixing ethylenc diamine and vinylacetate in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.


ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE Ammonia Dimethyl Amino

Propyl Amine

CICH2CH2CI See AMMONIA plus Ethylene Dichloride. A tank of dimethyl anfine propyl amine exploded violently when it reacted with wet ethylene dichloride which had been the tank's previous contents. Investigatiou revealed that this combination can be extremely hazardous. Doyle (1973).

ETHYLENE GLYCOL Chlorosulfonic Acid

Oleum

Sulfuric Acid

HOC2H,OH Mixing ethylene glycol and chlorosulfonic acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing ethylene glycol and oleum ia a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing ethylene glycol and 96% sulfuric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOETHYL ETHER ACETATE CH3COOCH~CH~OCH2CH2OC~H5

Chlorosulfonic Acid Mixing ethyl glycol monoethyl ether acetate and chlorosulfouie acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

Oleum Mixing ethylene glycol mouoethyl ether acetate and oleum in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to it~crease. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

ETHYLENEIMINE

Acetic Acid Acetic Aldaydride

Acrolein Acrylic Acid

NHCH2CH2 I _ _ 1

See ACETIC ACID plus Ethyleneimine. See ACETIC ANHYDRIDE plus Ethylel~ei- mine. See ACROLEIN plus Ethyleneimine. See ACRYLIC ACID plus Ethyleneimine.


581 491M-63

Allyl Chloride Carbon Disulfide

Chlorosulfonic Acid

Epichlorohydrin


Hydrofluoric Acid

Nitric Acid

Oleum Propiolactone (BETA-)

Sulfuric Acid

Vinyl Acetate

Sec ALLYL CHLORIDE plus Ethyleneimine. See CARBON DISULFIDE plus Ethyleuei- mine. Mixing ethyleneimine and chlorosulfonic acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. See EPICHLOROHYDRIN plus Ethylenei- mine. See GLYOXAL plus Ethyleneimine. Mixing ethyleneimine and 36% hydrochloric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note uuder complete reference. Mixing ethyleneimine and 48.7% hydrofluoric acid in a closed col~tainer caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing ethyleneimine and 70% nitric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete refercace. See OLEUM plus Ethyleaeimine. Mixing ethyleneimine and propiolaetolie (nETA-) in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing ethyleneimine ~nd 96% sulfuric acid in a'elosed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. See VINYL ACETATE plus Ethylelmimme.

ETHYL HYPOCHLORITE CH3CH20CI (self-reactive) Ethyl hypochlorite decomposes explosively

when exposed to light and rapidly even in its absence. Mellor 2, Supp. l : 560 (1956)• See also ALCOHOLS plus Hypochlorous Acid.


ETHYL SODIO-ACETOACETATE NaOC(CH3):CHCO.504C2I-[5 2-Iodo-3, See 2-IOD0-3, 5-DINITROBIPHENYL plus

5-Dinitrobiphenyl Ethyl Sodio-Acetoacetate.

FERRIC BROMIDE, FeBr3 Potassium Sodium

FERRIC CHLORIDE Allyl Chloride Potassium Sodium

• See POTASSIUM plus Boroa Tribromide. See SODIUM plus Cobaltous Bromide.

FeC13 See SULFURIC ACID plus Allyl Chloride. SeePOTASSIUM plus Boron Tribromide. See SODIUM plus Cobaltous Bromide.

FERRIC HYPOPHOSPHITE (self-reactive) Ferric

FERROUS BROMIDE Potassium Sodium

FERROUS CHLORIDE Potassium Sodium

FERROUS IODIDE Potassium Sodium

FERROUS SULFIDE Hydrogen Peroxide

Lithium

FLUORAZIDE N3F (self-reactive)

FLUORINE F~ Alkenes

Alkylbettzenes

Ammouia Ammonium

Fe(PH20~)3 hypophosphite forms impact-sensitive

.ammmfition-primi~lgmixtures. Mellor 8, Supp. 3:623 (1971).

FeBr~ See POTASSIUM plus Boroa Tribromide. See SODIUM plus Cobaltous Bromide.

FeCI~ See POTASSIUM Plus Boron Tribromide. See

FeI~ See See

FeS See gen See

SODIUM plus Ferrous Chloride.

POTASSIUM plus Boron Tribromide. SODIUM plus Cobaltous Bromide.

ANTIMONY ~TRISULFIDE plus Hydro- Peroxide. LITHIUM plus Ferrous Sulfide.

See FLUORINE AZIDE. (Self-reactive).

Fluorine causes unsaturated hydrocarbons to ignite spontaneously. MeUor 2, Supp. 1:55 (1956). Fluorine causes aromatic hydrocarbons to ignite spontaneously. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:55 (1956). Mellor 8, Supp. 2:329 (1964).

Hydroxide Combination of fluorine and ammonium hydroxide results ill flames aud explosion. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:56 (1956).


583 491M-65

Carbon Cellulose

Chlorine Chlorine Dioxide Chromyl Chloride

Hydrazine

Hydrocarbons Hydrogen

Iridium Manganous Oxide Mercuric Cyanide

Neoprene Nitric Acid

Nitric Oxide Nitrogen Dioxide

• Organic Matter (Leather)

Perchloric Acid

MeUor 2, Supp. 1:60 (1956). Fluorine in contact with cotton produces a violent explosion. MeUor 2, Supp. 1:54 (1956). See CHLORINE plus Fluorine. Mellor 2, Supp. l: 532 (1956). Fluorine reacts with chromyl chloride, producing flame at certain concentrations. MeUor 2, Supp. 1:64 (1956). Spontaneous ignition occurs when these chemicals are mixed. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:95 (1967). Mellor 2,Supp . 1 : 55 (1956). .Fluorine and hydrogen react as low as minus 210 ° C when impurities are present. MeUor 1:327 (1946-1947). See IRIDIUM plus Fluorine. See FLUORINE plus Trimanganese Tetroxide. Fluorine and mercuric cyanide react vigorously when gently heated, producing flames. MeUor 2, Supp. 1:63 (1956). Mellor 2, Supp. 1:54 (1956). Fluorine in contact with nitric acid creates a danger of explosion if acid is not 100% strength. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:319 (1967). MeUor 2, Supp . 1:54 (1956). Fluorine and nitrogen dioxide react vigorously when heated. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:54 (1956). Fluorine in contact with leather causes it to smolder and char. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:54 (1956). Reaction of fluorine and perchloric acid produces fluorine perchlorate, a highly reactive material. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:59 (1956). See also FLUORINE PERCHLORATE (self- reactive). The action of fluorine gas in 60-72% perchlorie acid leads to the formation of fluorine perchlo. rate, a very unstable gas that explodes under the most diverse physical and chemical in- fluences. Pascal 16:316 (1931-1934). Kirk and Othmer, Second Ed. 5:74 (1963).


Fluorine (cont.) Phosphorus

Potassium Nitrate

Potassium Perchlorate

Rhenium Silver Cyanide

Sodium Acetate

Strontium Phosphide

Tantalum

Thallous Chloride

Trimanganese Tetroxide

Trimanganese Tetroxide

Mellor 2, Supp. 1 : 60 (1956). See also PHOSPHORUS plus Chlorine. Fluorine attacks potassium nitrate to give fluorine nitrate. Mellor 2, Supp. l : 62 (1956). See also FLUORINE N I T R A T E (self-reactive). The action at low pressure of fluorine on potassit~m perchlorate produces fluorine perchlorate, which is very unstable and explodes easily. Pascal 16:316 (1931-1934). See R H E N I U M plus Fluorine. Fluorine and silver cyanide react with explosive violence at ordinary temperatures. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:63 (1956). Fluorine and sodium acetate produce an explosive reaction involving formation of diacetyl peroxide. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:56 (1956). See also DIACETYL P E R O X I D E (self- reactive). Mixtures of these materials ignite at room temperatures. MeUor 8:841 (1946-1947). Fluorine reacts vigorously with tantalum. The metal should not be used to handle it. Mellor 2, Supp. l : 62 (1956). Fluorine and thallous chloride react violently, melting the product. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:63 (1956). Fluorine and trimanganese tetroxide or manganous oxide react vigorously below 100 ° C, even when diluted with nitrogen. MeUor 2, Supp. 1:64 (1956). Fluoriue and trinmnganese tetroxide r e a c t " vigorously below 100 ° C, even when diluted with nitrogen. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:64 (1956).

FLUORINE AZIDE (self-rcactive)

N3F Fluorine ~zide is extremely unstable aud easily decomposes explosively. Mellor 2, Supp. 1" 59 (1956). MeUor 8, Supp. 2 :24 (1967).


585 4 9 1 M - 6 7

FLUORINE NITRATE FNO3 (self-reactive) Fluorine nitrate explodes on slight concussion.

Merck Index, p. 464 (1968).

FLUORINE PERCHLORATE FCIO~ (self-reactive) Mellor 2, Supp. l : 59, 184 (1956).

See also POTASSIUM PERCHLORATE plus Fluorine.

Organic Matter Fluorine perchlorate undergoes explosive decomposition on contact with grease, dirt, or rubber tubing. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:184 (1956).

Potassium Iodide Fluorine perchlorate in contact with potassium iodide cau cause an explosion. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:184 (1956).

FLUORINE PEROXIDE F~02 (self-reactive) Fluorine peroxide is a very unstable vapor

above minus 100 ° C, decomposing to fluorine and oxygen gases. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:

FORMALDEHYDE HCHO Nitrogen Dioxide The slow reaction

and formaldehyde region of 180 ° C. F. H. Pollard and P. Woodward, Trans. Fara- day Soc. 45:767-770 (1949).

Performic Acid See PERFORMIC ACID plus FormMdehyde.

FORMIC ACID HCO.OH Furfuryl Alcohol See FURFURYL ALCOHOL plus Formic

Acid. Thallium Trinitrate See THALLIUM T R I N I T R A T E TRIHY-

Trihydrate DRATE plus Formic Acid.

2-FURAN PEROXYCARBOXYLIC ACID OCH:CHCHCCOO.OH (self-reactive) I J

This acid explodes when heated to 30 to 40 ° C, or at room temperature upon addition of organic or inorganic materials such as carbon black, calcium chloride, barium chloride, strontium chloride or magnesium chloride. Chem. Reviews 45: 15, 16 (1949).

FURFURYL ALCOHOL 0CH:CHCH:CCH20H Nitric Acid See N I T R I C ACID plus Furfuryl Alcohol.

See also N I T R I C ACID plus Diborane.

194 (1956).

between nitrogen dioxide becomes explosive in the.

586 491M-68 R E P O R T O F C O * i ~ I I T T E E O N CI- IEMICALS A N D E X P L O S I V E S

GALLIUM PERCHLORATE Ga(CI03)3 Urea The double salt formed decomposes violently

on heating. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:611 (1956).

GLASS Chlorine Trifluoride See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Char-

coal.

GLYCERIDES (RCO.OCH~)CHOCO.R Nitric Acid and See NITRIC ACID plus Sulfuric Acid and

Sulfuric Acid Glycerides.

GLYCEROL HOCH2CHOHCH2OH Chlorine See CHLORINE plus Polypropylene. Silver Perchlorate See SILVER PERCHLORATE plus Acetic

Acid.

GLYOXAL OCHCHO Chlorosulfonic Acid

Ethyleneimine

Nitric Acid Oleum

Sodium Hydroxide

GOLD Au Hydrogen Peroxide

GOLD SALTS Nitromethane

GRAPHITE C Chlorine Trifluoride

Potassium

Mixing glyoxal and ehlorosulfonic acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing glyoxal and ethyleneimine in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. See NITRIC ACID plus Glyoxal. Mixing glyoxal and oleum in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. See SODIUM HYDROXIDE plus Glyoxal.

Finely divided gold and a strong hydrogen peroxide solution may explode. Mellor 1:936 (1946-1947).

See COPPER SALTS plus Nitromethane.

See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Char- coal. See POTASSIUM plus Charcoal.


587 491M-69

GUANIDINE NITRATE H~NC(NH)NH2.HN03 (self-reactive) See AMMONIUM THIOCYANATE

Lead Nitrate.

HALOGEN FLUORIDES Organic Matter See BROMINE

Water.

plus '

tlEPTANE CTHI6 Phosphorus and

Chlorinc

MONOFLUORIDE plus

See individual fluoride plus Organic M~tter.

See PHOSPHORUS plus Chlorine and Hep- tane.

HEXABORON DODECAHYDRIDE B6Hn Air This hydride is spontaneously flammable in

air. Mellor 5:36 (1946-1947).

HEXACHLOROBENZENE C6C16 Dimethyl Formamide See DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE plus Hexa-

ehlorobenzene.

2, 4-HEXADIYN-I, 6-BISCHLOROSULFITE (CISO.OCH2C!C-)~ (self-reactive) See THIONYL CHLORIDE plus 2, 4-Hexa-

diyn-1, 6-Diol.

2, 4-HEXADIYN-1, 6-BISCHLOROSULFITE (CISO.OCH2C!C-)~ (self-reactive) 2, 4-hexadiyn-1, 6-bisehlorosulfite is shock-

sensitive and decomposes violently upon distillation. P. E. Drieder and H. V. Isaacson, Chem. Eng. News 50 (12): 51 (1972).

2, 4-HEXADIYN-1, 6-DIOL (HOCH~CIC-)2 Phosgene See PHOSGENE plus 2, 4-Hexadiyn-1, 6-Diol. Thionyl Chloride See THIONYL CHLORIDE plus 2, 4-Hexa-

diyn-1, 6-diol.

HEXAMETHYLBENZENE C6(CH3)6 Nitrometlm~m The electro-oxidation of various methyl ben-

zenes was being studied. During the reactions, violent explosions occurred at the auxiliary electrode. . Chem. Eng. News 49 (23) : 6 (1971).

HEXAMMINOCADMIUM CHLORATE Cd(NH3)~(CI03)2 (self-reactive) This compound detonates when struck.

MeUor 2, Supp. 1:592 (1956).

588 401M-70 R E P O R T OF C O M M I T T E E ON CHEMICALS AND EXPLOSIVES

HEXAMMINOCADMIUM PERCHLORATE Cd(NH3)6 (C1002 (self-.reactive) This compound detonates when struck, but is

less sensitive than hexamminocadmium chlorate. MeUor 2, Supp. 1:592 (1956).

HEXAMMINOGOBALT CHLORATE Co(NH3)6(C103)2 (self-reactive) This compound detonates when struck.

MeUor 2, Supp. 1:592 (1956).

HEXAMMINOCOBALTIC CHLORITE Co(NHs)sCIOs.3H20 (self-reactive) Hexamminocobaltic chlorite contains an ex-

plosive combination of ions. MeUor 2, Supp. 1:575 (1956).

HEXAMMINOCOBALT PERCHLORATE Co(NHa)6(CIO~)2 (self-reactive) This compound detonates when struck but is

less sensitive than hexamminocobalt chlorate. MeUor 2, Supp. 1:592 (1956).

HEXAMMINONICKEL (self-reactive)

CHLORATE Ni(NH3)6(CI03)~ This compound detonates when struck. MeUor 2, Supp. 1:592 (1956).

HEXAMMINONIGKEL (self-reactive)

PERGHLORATE Ni(NHa)6(CI04)2 This compound detonates when struck but is less sensitive than hexamminonickel chlorate. MeUor 2, Supp. 1:592 (1956).

HYDRAZINE Air Alkali Metals and

Ammonia

Cupric Salts Fluorine Hydrogen Peroxide Iron Oxide

H~NNH2 Mellor 8, Supp. 2:95 (1967). Explosive metal hydrazides form when hydrazine and alkali metals are mixed in liquid ammonia. MeUor 8, Supp. 2:73 (1967). See CUPRIC SALTS plus Hydrazine. See FLUORINE plus Hydrazine. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:95 (1967). While boiling a sample of a polyester fiber in hydrazine in a glass beaker, the technician used a somewhat rusty pair of metal tweezers to handle the sample. When the tweezers were put in the solution, the solution ignited. The ignition temperature of hydrazine varies f r o m 75 ° F in the p~'esenee of iron oxide to 518 ° F in a glass container. MCA Case History 1893 (1973).

:REVISIONS T O N F P A NO. 491M

589 491M-71

Nickel Nitric Acid

Nitrous Oxide Oxygen Oxygen (liquid) Potassium Dichromate

Sodium Dichromate

See NICKEL plus Hydrazine Spontaneous ignition occurs when these chemicals are mixed. Mellor 8, SUpp. 2:95 (1967). See NITROUS OXIDE plus Lithium Hydride. See OXYGEN plus Hydrazine. See OXYGEN (LIQUID) plus Hydrazine. See POTASSIUM DICHROMATE plus Hy- drazine. See POTASSIUM DICHROMATE plus Hy- drazine.

HYDRAZINE AZIDE (self-reactive)

H2NNH3N3 This is an explosive salt. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:86 (1967).

HYDRAZINE CHLORITE . H:NNH2CI02 (self-reactive) This is an explosive salt, highly flammable

when dry. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:85 (1967). Mellor 2, Supp. 1:573 (1956).

HYDRAZINE NITRATE H2NNH3NO~ (self-reactive) This explosive salt is less stable than am-

monium rtitrate. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:86 (1967).

HYDRAZINE PERCHLORATE H2NNH2CI04 (self-reactive) MeUor 8, Supp. 2:85 (1967).

HYDRAZINE SELENATE H2NNH2SeO30H (self-reactive) This salt is explosive.

Mcllor 8, Supp. 2:85 (1967).

HYDRAZOIC ACID N3H Cadmium See CADMIUM plus Hydrazoic Acid. Copper Sec COPPER plus Hydrazoic Acid. Nickel See NICKEL plus Hydrazoic Acid. Nitric Acid The reaction of hydrazoic acid and

acid is energetic. MeUor 8, Supp. 2 :4 (1967).

HYDROCARBONS Chlorine Magnesium

Perchloratc

nitric

See CHLORINE plus Hydrocarbons. See MAGNESIUM PERCHLORATE plus Hydrocarbons.


HYDROCHLORIC ACID' HCI Acetic Anhydride See ACETIC ANHYDRIDE

2-Aminoethanol Ammonium Hydroxide

Calcium Phosphide

Chlorosulfonic Acid

Ethylene Diamine

Ethyleneimine

Oleum Perchloric Acid

Propiolactone (BETh-)

Propylene Oxide

Silver Perchlorate and Carbon Tetrachloride

Sodium Hydroxide

Sulfuric Acid

Uranium Phosphide

Vinyl Acetate

plus Hydro- chloric Acid. See 2-Aminoethanol plus Hydrochloric .~cid. Mixing hydrochloric acid ~llC[ 280~0 ammonia in a closed contai~ler caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. See CALCIUM PHOSPHIDE plus Hydro- chloric Acid. See CHLOROSULFONIC ACID plus Hydro- chloric Acid. See ETHYLENE I)IAMINE plus Hydro- chloric Acid. See ETHYLENEIMINE plus Hydrochloric Acid. See 0LEUM plus Hydrochloric Acid. The hydronium compouud decomposes spontaneously with violence. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:613 (1956). See PROPIOLACTONE (~ETA-) plUS Hydro- chloric Acid. See PROPYLENE OXIDE plus Hydro- chloric Acid. See SILVER PERCHLORATE plus Carbon Tetrachloride and Hydrochloric Acid.

See SODIUM HYDROXIDE plus Hydro- chloric Acid. Mixing 36% hydrochloric acid and 96% sulfuric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. See URANIUM PHOSPHIDE |)lus Hydro- chloric Acid. See VINYL ACETATE plus Hydrochloric Acid.

HYDROFLUORIC ACID HF Acetic Anhydride See ~CETIC ANHYDRIDE plus Hydrofluoric

Acid. 2-Aminoethanol See 2-AMINOETHANOL plus Hydrofluoric

Acid.


591 491M-73

Ammonium Hydroxide

Calcium Oxide

Chlorosulfonic Acid

Ethylene Diaminc

Ethyleneimine

Oleum Propiolactone (BETA-

Propylene Oxide

Sodium Hydroxide

Sulfuric Acid

Vinyl Acetate

Mixing 48.7% hydrofluoric acid and 28% anamonia in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reterence. See CALCIUM OXIDE plus Hydrofuoric Acid. See CHLOROSULFONIC ACID plus Hydro- fluoric Acid. See ETHYLENE DIAMINE plus Hydro- fluoric Acid. See ETHYLENEIMINE plus Hydrofluoric Acid. Sec OLEUM plus Hydrofluoric Acid. See PROPIOLACTONE (m~TA-) plus Hydro- fluoric Acid. See PROPYLENE OXIDE plus Hydrofluoric Acid. See SODIUM HYDROXII)E plus Hydro- fluoric Acld. Mixing 48.7% hydrofluoric acid and 96% sulfuric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note trader complete reference. See VINYL ACETATE plus Hydrofluoric Acid.

H Y D R O G E N H,2 Chlorine Trifluoride

Lithium Oxygen Difluoride

See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Am- monia. See LITHIUM plus Hydrogen. Mixtures of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, or methane and oxygen difluoridc are exploded when ,'L spark is discharged. MeUor 2, Supp. 1:192 (1956).

H Y D R O G E N B R O M I D E HBr Ammonia The reaction is vigorous even at minus 80 ° C

with intensely dried reactants. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:737 (1956).

Ozone See OZONE l~lus Hydrogen Bromide.

H Y D R O G E N C H L O R I D E HCI Mercuric Sulfate See MERCURIC SULFATE plus Hydrogen

Chloride. Sodium . See SODIUM l)lus Hydrogen Chloride.


HYDROGEN IODIDE Ozone See OZONE plus Hydrogen Iodide.

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE H,,Oo. Acetic Anhydride Addition of

Antimony Trisulfide

Arsenic Trisulfide

t-Butyl Alcohol

Cellulose

Chlorine and Potassium Hydroxide

Chlorosulfonic Acid

Cupric Sulfide

Ferrous Sulfide

Gold Hydrazine Hydrogen Selenide

Lead Dioxide Lead Monoxide Lead Sulfide

hydrogen peroxide to acetic anhydride yields peroxyacetic acid; but an excess of acetic anhydride reacts with peroxyacetic acid yielding diacetyl peroxide, which is very unstable and explodes readily. Chem. Reviews 45:5 (1949). Sec also HYDROGEN PEROXIDE plus Acetic Acid. See also PERACETIC ACID plus Acetic Anhydride. See ANTIMONY TRISULFIDE plus Hydro- gen Peroxide. See ANTIMONY TRISULFIDE plus Hydro- gen Peroxide. The preparation of di tertiary butyl peroxide by thc addition of tertiary butyl alcohol to a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and sulfuric acid (2 to 1 weight ratio of'78% sulfuric acid to 50% hydrogen peroxide) has resulted in severe ex-

"plosions particularly during the early stages of large batches. T. A. Schenach, Chem. Eng. News. 51 (6): 39 (Feb. 5, 1973). Hydrogexl peroxide plus cellulose (in cotton)

• ignites spontaneously. Mellor 1:938 (1946-1947). See CHLORINE plus Hydrogen Peroxide and Potassium Hydroxide.

See CHLOROSULFONIC ACID plus Hy- drogen Peroxide. See ANTIMONY TRISULFIDE plus Hydro- gen Peroxide. See ANTIMONY TRISULFIDE plus Hydro- gen Peroxide. See GOLD plus Hydrogen Peroxide. See HYDRAZINE plus Hydrogen Peroxide• See HYDROGEN SELENIDE plus Hydro- gen Peroxide. See LEAD DIOX] DE plus Hydrogen Peroxide. See LEAD DIOXIDE plus Hydrogen Peroxide. See ANTIMONY TRISULFIDE plus Hydro- gen Peroxide.


593 491M-75

Mercuric Oxide

Molybdenum Disulfide

Nitric Acid

Potassium

Potassium Permanganate

Silver Sodium

Sodium Iodate

Thiodiglycol

See LEAD DIOXIDE plus Hydrogen Per- oxide. See ANTIMONY TRISULFIDE plus Hydro- gen Peroxide. This mixture is unstable when more than 50% of acid is present. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:315 (1967). See LEAD DIOXIDE plus Hydrogen Per- oxide. See POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE plus Hydrogen Peroxide. See SILVER plus Hydrogen Peroxide. See LEAD DIOXIDE Pl~is Hydrogen Per- oxide. See SODIUM IODATE plus Hydrogen Per- oxide. See THIODIGLYCOL plus Hydrogen Per- oxide.

HYDROGEN SELENIDE Sell2 Hydrogen Peroxide Hydrogen selenide and hydrogen peroxide

mldergo a very swift decomposition. Mellor 1 : 941 (1946-1947).

HYDROGEN SULFIDE H2S Bromine Pentafluoride See BROMINE

Acetic Acid. Chlorine Trifluoride

Oxygen Difluoride

Sodium

PENTAFLUORIDE plus

See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Am- monia. See OXYGEN DIFLUORIDE plus Hydrogen Sulfide. See SODIUM plus Hydrogen Sulfide.

HYDROGEN TELLURIDE H2Te Nitric Acid See NITRIC ACID plus Hydrogen Telluride.

HYDROXYLAMINE HYPOPHOSPHITE NH2OHPH202 . (self-reactive) Hydroxylamiue hypophosphite detonates above

100 ° C. Mellor 8 : 880 (1946-1947).

HYPOPHOSPHORIC ACID H4P~06 Mercuric Nitrate See MERCURIC NITRATE

phosphoric Acid. plus Hypo-

594 i

491M-76 R E P O R T O F C O M M I T T E E O N C H E M I C A L S A N D E X P L O S I V E S

INDANE t

Nitric Acid and Sulfuric Acid

CH2CH :CHC6H4 , t J

In the prcl)aration of 4 and 5 nitroiudancs ac- cording to the procedure of Lindncr and Brukin (Chem. Bet. 60, 435 (1925)) the crude nitro mix was distilled in vacuo. After allowing the pot to cool, air was admitted t o the residuc. After a short period the pot erupted. A second preparation exploded at the beginning of the distillation. G. W. Grebblc, Chem. Eng. News 51 (6): 39 (Feb. 5, 1973).

IODINE I2 Ammonium

Hydroxide

Bromine Pentafluo?ide

Cesium Carbide

Chlorine Chlorine

Trifluoride Lithium

Lithium Carbide Oxygen Difluoride Phosphorus Potassium

Rubidium Carbide

The reaction of excess iodine with strong aqueous ammonium hydroxide forms explosive iodide. Mellor 8, Supp. 1:330 (1964). Nitrogen iodides, which detonate on drying, are formed from concentrated solutions. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:851 (1956). An immediate reaction with evolution of heat occurs bctween iodine and bromine penta- fluoridc. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:173 (1956). Cesium carbide, rubidium carbide or lithium carbide (after warming) burn in iodine vapor. Mellor 5:848 (1946-1947). ~,.L', See CHLORINE plus Iodine, See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Mer- curic Iodide. A highly luminous reaction occurs at room temperature, betwccn iodine and lithium, potassium, and sodium. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:848 (1956). See IODINE plus Cesium Carbide. See BROMINE plus Oxygen Difluoride. See also PHOSPHORUS plus Oxygen. Iodine and potassium vapors at 0.001 mm pressure react with luminescence. Mellor 2, Supp. 3:1563 (1963). See IODINE plus Cesium Carbide.

IODINE AZIDE (self-reactive)

N~I Iodine azide is spontaneously explosive. MeUor 8 :336 (1946-1947). Mellor 8, Supp. 2 :50 (1967).


595 491M-77

I O D I N E H E P T A F L U O R I D E Ammonium Bromide

Ammonium Chloride

Ammonium Iodide

Carbon Monoxide

Organic Matter

Sulfuric Acid

Water

IF7 Iodine heptafluoride reacts violently with ammonium bromide, ammonium chloride or ammonium iodide. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:179 (1956). See IODINE HEPTAFLUORIDE plus Am- monium Bromide. See IODINE HEPTAFLUORIDE plus Am- monium Bromide. Carbon monoxide burns in gaseous iodine heptafluoride. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:179 (1956). See BROMINE MONOFLUORIDE plus Water. In reaction between iodine heptafluoride and sulfuric acid the acid becomes effervescent. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:185 (1956). See BROMINE MONOFLUORIDE plus Water.

IODINE M O N O B R O M I D E IBr Phosphorus See PHOSPHORUS plus Iodine Monobromide. Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Iodine Monobroinide. Sodium See SODIUM plus Ferrous Chloride.

See SODIUM plus Iodine Monobromide.

IODINE M O N O C H L O R I D E Cadmium Sulfide

Lead Sulfide

Organic Matter

Phosphorus Phosphorus Trichloride

Rubber

Silver Sulfide

Sodium

1CI The reaction between iodine monochloride and cadmium sulfide, lead sulfide; silver sulfide, or zinc sulfide is vigorous. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:502 (1956). See IODINE MONOCHLORIDE plus Cad- mium Sulfide. Iodinc monochloride produces a vigorous reaction with cork, rubber and other organic substances. MeUor 2, Supp. 1:500 (1956). See PHOSPHORUS plus Iodine Monobromide. The reaction of iodiue monoehloride and phosphorus trichloride is intensely exothermal. Mellor 2, Supp. l • 502 (1956). See IODINE MONOCHLORIDE plus Or- ganic Matter. See IODINE MONOCHLORIDE plus Cad-- mium Sulfide. See SODIUM plus Iodine Monochloride.

596 491M-78 R E P O R T OF C O M M I T T E E ON C H E M I C A L S A N D E X P L O S I V E S

Zinc Sulfide See IODINE MONOCHLORIDE plus Cad- mium Sulfide.

IODINE PENTAFLUORIDE IF5 Organic Matter See also BROMINE MONOFLUORIDE plus

Water. See also IODINE PENTAFLUORIDE plus Water.

Tetraiodoethylene Explosions occur with too rapid admixture of iodine pentafluoride and tetraiodoethylene. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:176 (1956),

Water The reaction between iodine petttafluoride and water is violent. Water-containing materials and many organics also react violently. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:176 (195,6). See also BROMINE MONOFLUORIDE plus water.

2-IODO-3, 5-DINITROBIPHENYL Ethyl Sodio-

Acetoacetate

IC6H2(NO~),CsHs The condensation of 2-iodo-3, 5-dinitrobiphenyl with ethyl sodio-aceto-acetate should be carried out with only 5-6 grams of the 2-iodo-3, 5-dinitrobiphenyl since larger amomlts lead to explosim~s. S. H. Zahur and I. K. Kocker. J. Indian Chem. Soc. 32:491 (1955).

3-IODO-I-PHENYL-1-PROPYNE C~HsCi C.CH2I (self-reactive) While being distilled at ~about 180 ° C 3-iodo-

1-phenyl-l-propyne deto~mted. Chem. Eng. New8 50 (23) : 86, 87 (June 5, 1972).

IODOFORM CHI3 Lithium See LITHIUM plus Bromoform.

IRIDIUM Ir Chlorine Trifluoride Fluorine

Oxygen Di21uoride

Mellor 2, Supp. 1:156 (1956). Powdered iridium and fluorine react vigorously at 260 ° C, forming the hexafluoride. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:65 (1956). r An incandescent reaction occurs when a n y of the following metals are warmed gently in gaseous oxygen difluoride: iridium, osmium, palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:192 (1956).


597 491M-79

IRIDIUM-AMMINE NITRATES (self-reactive) Iridium-ammine nitrates may be impact-

sensitive. Ir(Ntt3)5OH(NO3)3 and Ir (NH3)sCI(N03)3 detonate at red heat. Mellor 15: 787. (1946-1947).

IRIDIUM-AMMINE PERCHLORATES (self-reactive) Iridium-ammine perchlorates may

pact-sensitive. Mellor. 15:787 (1946-1947).

be im-

IRON Fe Chlorine- Chlorine Trifluoride Hydrogen Peroxide

Phosphorus Sodium Carbide

Mellor 2, Supp. 1:380 (1956). Mellor 2, Supp. 1:156 (1956). Iron and hydrogen peroxide ignite immediately if a trace of manganese dioxide is present. Mellor 1:938 (1946-1947). See COPPER plus Phosphorus. See MERCURY plus Sodium Carbide.

IRON ALLOYS (See LITHIUM plus Cobalt Alloys.)

IRON OXIDE Fe~03 Hydrazine See HYDRAZINE plus Iron Oxide.

ISOAMYL NITRITE (self-reactive)

(CH3)2CHCH2CH2ONO Vapors will explode when heated. Von Schwartz and Salter, p. 322 (1940).

ISOBUTANETHIOL (CH3)2CHCH2SIt Calcium Hypochlorite See CALCIUM

Propanethiol. HYPOCHLORITE plus 1-

ISOBUTYROPHENONE (CH3)2CHC :0(C6H5) Bromine See BROMINE plus Isobutyrophenone.

ISOPRENE CH2:C(CH3)CH:CH2 Chlorosulfonic Acid Mixing isoprene and chlorosulfonie acid in a


598 491M-80 R E P O R T O F C O M M [ T T E E ON C H E M I C A L S AND E X P L O S I V E S

Nitric Acid

Oleum

Sulfuric Acid

Mixing isoprene and 70% nitric ttcid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing isoprene and oleum in a closed co~ltainer caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing isoprene and 96% sulfuric acid in closed container caused the temperature and pressurc to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL Oleum Phosgene


(CH~)2CHOH See OLEUM plus [sopropyl Alcohol. The reaction between isopropyl alcohol ~nd phosgene forms isopropyl chloroformate and hydrogen chloride, in the presence of iron salts thermal decomposition can occur, which in some cases can become explosive. Konstantinov, I. I, Pcrcslegina, L. S., Zhurav- lev, E. Z., and Gusty, Yu. M. Tr. po Khim. i Khim. Teknol. 10 (2): 171.--4 (1967). Set ACETONE plus Potassium Tert.- Butoxide.

ISOPROPYL CHLOROFORMATE. (CH3)~CHOCO.C1 (self-reactive) Isopropylchloroformate stored in ~ refrigerator

exploded. Wisch~neger (1973). See also ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL plus Phos- gene.

ISOPROPYL HYPOCHLORITE (CHa)2CHOCI (self-reactivc) Isopropyl hypochloritc decomposes ext)losively

when exposed to light and rapidly even in its absence. Mellor 2, Supp. l: 550 (1956). See also ALCOHOLS plus Hypochlorous Acid.

LANTHANUM La Phosphorus See CERIUM plus Phosphorus.


599 4 9 1 M - 8 1

LANTHANUM OXIDE Chlorine Triflfforide

La20a See CHLORINE TR1FLUORIDE Plus Ar- senic Trioxide.

LANTHANUM PHOSPHIDE LaP Water See CEROUS PHOSPHIDE plus Water.

LEAD Pb Chlorine Trifluoride Sodium Azide Sodium Carbide

See ALUMINUM plus Chlorine Trifluoride. See SODIUM AZIDE plus Copper. See MERCURY plus Sodium Carbide.

LEAD ACETATE (CH3COO)~Pb Potassium Bromate See POTASSIUM

Acetate. BROMATE plus Lead

LEAD AZIDE Pb(Na)2 (self-reactive) Lead ,~zide decomposes at 250 ° C. I t is ex-

plosively trustable. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:43 (1967). See also SODIUM AZIDE plus Copper.

LEAD CHLORATE Pb(CI03)3 Sulfur See SULFUR plus Lead Chlorate.

LEAD CHLORITE Pb (self-reactive)

(C102)~ Lead chlorite has detonator properties but its behavior is somewhat unpredictable. MeUor 2, Supp. l: 574 (1956).

LEAD DIOXIDE PbO~ Chlorine Trifluoride See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Alu-

minum Oxide. Hydrogen Peroxide Hydrogen peroxide reacts violeutly with lead

dioxide, lead monoxide, mercuric oxide, potassium, and sodium. Mellor 1:937 (1946-1947).

Performic Acid See PERFORMIC ACID plus Lead Dioxide.

LEAD FLUORIDE PbF~ Fluorine See FLUORINE plus Lead Fluoride.

LEAD HYPOPHOSPHITE Pb(PH~O~)2 Lead Nitrate This mixture forms a highly explosive double

salt with rate of detonation greater than that of mercury fuhninate. Mellor 8:887 (1946-1947).


(self-reactive) Lead hypophosphite forms impact-sensitive ammunition-priming mixtures. MeUor 8, Supp. 3:623 (1971).

LEAD MONOXIDE Hydrogen Peroxide

PbO See LEAD DIOXIDE plus Hydrogen Per- oxide.

LEAD NITRATE Pb(NO3)~ Ammonium See AMMONIUM THIOCYANATE plus

Thiocyanate Lead Nitrate. Lead Hypophosphite See LEAD HYPOPHOSPHITE plus Lead

Nitrate.

LEAD OXYCHLORIDE Pb2OC12 Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Boric Acid.

LEAD PEROXIDE Pb02 Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Boric Acid.

LEAD STYPHNATE (self-reactive) This compound is a weak but highly sensitive

explosive. Urbanski, Vol. III, p. 213 (1967). An employee was removing a beaker of lead styphnate from a laboratory oven when he apparently bumped the beaker on the side of the oven. A detonation occurred. MCA Case History 987 (1966). Three kilograms of lead styphnate detonated from an unknown cause in the anteroom of a dry-house. Wet material in two adjacent drying rooms did not detonate. Chem. Abst. 26:5210 (1932).

LEAD SULFATE PbS04 Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Boric Acid.

LEAD SULFIDE PbS Iodine Monochloride

Hydrogen Peroxide

See IODINE MONOCHLORIDE plus Cad- mium Sulfide. See ANTIMONY TRISULFIDE plus Hydro- gen Peroxide.


601 491M-83

LEAD TETRAAZIDE (self-reactive)

Pb(N3)4 Lead tetraazide is too uustable to be isolated. The ammonium double salt is an unstable explosive compound. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:22 (1967).

LEAD TRINITRORESORCINATE (See LEAD STYPHNATE.)

LEWIS-TYPE CATALYSTS Allyl Chloride See SULFURIC ACID plus Allyl Chloride.

LINSEED OIL Chlorine See CHLORINE plus Polypropylene.

LITHIUM Li Arsenic

Beryllium Bromoform

Carbides

Carbon Dioxide Carbon Monoxide

and Water

Carbon Tetrabromide Carbon Tctrachloride

Chlorine Chloroform Chromic Oxide

Chronfium

The reaction of lithium is violent with both strongly heated arsenic and phosphorus. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:77 (1956). See LITHIUM plus Vanadium. Lithium mixed with the following compounds can explode on impact: bromoform, carbon tetrabromide, chloroform, iodoform, methyl dichloride, and methyl diiodide. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:83 (1961). Molten lithium attacks carbides and silicates. MeUor 2, Supp. 2:84 (1961). See also LITHIUM Plus Water. The product of the reaction between lithium and carbon monoxide, lithium carbonyl, detonates violently with water, igniting gaseous products. MeUor 2, Supp. 2:88 (1961). See LITHIUM plus Bromoform. A billet-cutting knife initiated a violently explosive reaction between lithium and carbon tetraehloride. Mellor 2, Supp. 2: (1961). See also LITHIUM plus Water. See CESIUM plus Chlorinc. See LITHIUM plus Bromoform. The reaction of lithium and chromic oxide occurs around 180 ° C with consequent temperature rise to 965 ° C. MeUor 2, Supp. 2:81 (1961). See LITHIUM plus Vanadium.

602 /

491M-84 R E P O R T OF C O M M I T T E E ON C H E M I C A L S AND E X P L O S I V E S

Cobalt Alloys

Ferrous Sulfide

Hydrogen

Iodine Iodoform Iron Alloys Manganese Alloys Methyl Dichloride Methyl Diiodide Molybdenum Trioxide

Nickel Alloys Niobium Pentoxide

Nitrogen

Organic Matter

Phosphorus

Rubber Silicates Sodium Nitrite

Sulfur

Tantalum Pentoxide

Molten lithium attacks the following alloys: cobalt alloys, iron alloys, manganese alloys, nickel alloys. Mellor 2, Supp. 2 :80 (1961). The reaction of lithimn and ferrous sulfide occurs around 260 ° C with consequent temperature rise to 945 ° C. Mellor 2, Supp. 2 :82 (1961). Lithium burns in gaseous hydrogen. Mellor 1:327 (1946-1947). See IODINE plus Lithium. See LITHIUM plus Bromoform. See LITHIUM plus Cobalt Alloys. See L IT HIUM plus Cobalt Alloys. See L IT HIUM plus Bromoform. See LITHIUM plus Bromoform. The reaction of lithium and molybdenum trioxide occurs at about 180°C with consequent temperature rise to 1400 ° C. MeUor 2, Supp. 2 :82 (1961). See L ITHIUM plus Cobalt Alloys. The reaction of lithium and niobium pentoxide occurs around 320 ° C, with consequent temperature rise to 490 ° C. MeUor 2, Supp. 2:81 (1961). The reaction of lithium and nitrogen increases greatly as the metal melts. Mellor 2, Supp. 2 :77 (1961). Molten lithium attacks plastics and rubber. Mellor 2, Supp. 2 :84 (1961). See LITHIUM plus Arsenic. See PHOSPHORUS plus Cesium. See LITHIUM plus Organic Matter. See L ITHIUM plus Carbides. Lithium reacts with sodium nitrite to form lithium sodium hydronitrite, a compound which decomposes violently around 100 ° - 130 ° C. Mellor 2, Supp. 2 :78 (1961). The reaction of lithium and sulfur is very violent when either is molten, starting with explosive violence. Mellor 2, Supp. 2 :74 (1961). The reaction of lithium and tantalum pentoxide occurs around 410°C with consequent temperature rise to 595 ° C. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:81 (1961).


603 491M-85

Lithium (co nt.) Titanium Dioxide

Tungsten Trioxide

Vanadium

Vanadium Pentoxide

Water

The reaction of lithium and titanium dioxide occurs around 200°C with a flash of light; the temperature can reach 900 ° C. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:81 (1961). The reaction of lithium aud tu.ugsten trioxide occurs at about 200°C with consequent temperature rise to 1030 ° C. MeUor 2, Supp. 2:82 (1961). Molten lithium at 180°C attacks vanadium, beryllium, or chromium severely. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:80 (1961). The reaction of lithium and vanadium pentoxide occurs around 400 ° C; the temperature then rises rapidly to 768 ° C. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:81 (1961). Liquid lithium is readily ignited and reacts with most extinguishing agents, including water, carbon tctrachloride and carbon dioxide. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:71 (1961).

LITHIUM ALUMINUM HYDRIDE LiAIH4 Alcohols See LITHIUM ALUMINUM HYDRIDE plus

Acids

Benzoyl Peroxide

2-Chloromethylfuran and Ethyl Acetate

"Dimethyl Ether

Methyl Ethyl Ether

Perfluorosuccinamide

Tetrahydrofuran

Water. See LITHIUM ALUMINUM HYDRIDE plus Water. See BENZOYL PEROXIDE plus Lithium Aluminum Hydride. See 2-CHLOROMETHYLFURAN plus Lith- ium Aluminum Hydride and Ethyl Acetate. Use of lithium aluminum hydride to dry methyl ethers may cause explosions, which are attributed to solubility of carbon dioxide. High concentrations of peroxides were found to be present. MCA Guide for Safety, Appendix 3 (1972). See LITHIUM ALUMINUM HYDRIDE plus Dimethyl Ether. Perfluorosuccinamide was added to an ether solution of lithium aluminum hydride in a nitrogen atmosphere. Hydrolysis was then attempted but as the second drop of water was added, a violent explosion occurred. MCA Guide for Safety, Appendix 3 (1972). See TETRAHYDROFURAN plus Lithium Aluminum Hydride.


Water Lithium aluminum hydride reacts vigorously with hydroxy compounds: water, alcohols, carboxylic acids. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:142 (1961).

LITHIUM CARBIDE Iodine Selenium Sulfur

Li2C~ See IODINE plus Cesium Carbide. See SULFUR plus Lithium Carbide. See SULFUR plus Lithium Carbide.

LITHIUM CARBONYL LiCO (self-reactive) See LITHIUM plus Carbon Monoxide and

Water.

LITHIUM CHLORIDE LiC1 Bromine Trifluoride See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Barium

Chloride.

LITHIUM HYDRIDE LiH Nitrous Oxide See NITROUS OXIDE plus Lithium Hydride.

LITHIUM METHYL (See METHYL-LITHIUM.)

LITHIUM PHENYLAZOXIDE Li0N:NCsH5 (self-reactive) See PHENYL-LITHIUM plus Nitrous Oxide.

LITHIUM SODIUM HYDRONITRITE (See LITHIUM plus Sodium Nitrite.)

LITHIUM TETRAAZIDOBORATE LiB(N3)4 (self-reactive) See BORON TRIAZIDE (self-reactive).

MAGNESIUM Mg Bromobenzyl

Trifluoride

Chlorinc Trifluoride Nitric Acid

Performi~ Acid

Bromobenzyl trifluoride was added to magnesium turnings in sodium-dried ether at a rate so as to maintain reflux. After a period of time an explosion occurred. MCA Case History 1834 (1972). See ALUMINUM plus Chlorine Trifluoride. A mixture of finely divided magnesium and nitric acid is explosive. Pieters, p. 28 (1957). Powdered magnesium can decompose performic acid violently. Berichte 48:1139 (1915).


605 491M-87

MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE MgCI 2-Furan Percarboxylic See 2-FURAN

Acid (self-reactive). PERCARBOXYLIC ACID

MAGNESIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE Mg(PH202)2 (self-reactive) Magnesium hypophosphite liberates spon-

taneously flammable phosphine when heated. Mellor 8:885 (1946-1947).

MAGNESIUM NITRATE Mg(N03)2 Dimethyl Formamide See DIMETHYL FORMAM1DE plus Mag-

nesium Nitrate.

MAGNESIUM OXIDE Chlorine Trifluoride

MgO See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Alu- minum Oxide.

MAGNESIUM PERCHLORATE Mg(Cl04)2 Ammonia Magnesium perchlorate was contained in a

small steel refrigeration-type drying tube and the ammonia was passed through it (after the system was evacuated) in small increments in an attempt to further desiccate it. I t was noted that the outside of the drying tube was warm to the touch. Shortly thereafter the tube exploded violently. F. F. Chapman (1973).

Hydrocarbons Magnesium perchlorate, used in drying unsaturated hydrocarbons, exploded oll being heated to 220 ° C. P. M. Heertjes and J. P. W. Houtman, Chem. Weekblad 38:85 (1941).

MANGANESE ALLOYS Lithium See LITHIUM plus Cobalt Alloys.

MANGANESE DIOXIDE Mn02 Chlorine Trifluoride See also CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus

Aluminum Oxide. Sodium Peroxide See SODIUM PEROXIDE Plus M'mganese

Dioxide.

MANGANESE HEPTOXIDE Mn207 (self-reactive) See also POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE

plus Sulfuric Acid.

606 491M-88 R E P O R T OF C O M M I T T E E ON C H E M I C A L S A N D E X P L O S I V E S

MANGANOUS BROMIDE MnBr2 Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Ammonium Bromide.

MANGANOUS CHLORIDE MnC12 Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. Sodium See SODIUM plus Ferrous Chloride.

MANGANOUS HYPOPHOSPHITE Mn(PH.~02)2 (self-reactive) Manganous hypophosphite detonates above

200 ° C.

Mellor 8:889 (1946-1947).

MANGANOUS IODATE Mn(I03)3 Bromine Trifluoride See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Bis-

muth Pentoxide.

MANGANOUS IODIDE Mni~ Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Ammonium Bromide.

MANGANOUS OXIDE MnO Fluorine See FLUORINE plus Trimanganese Tetroxide.

MERCAPTANS RSH Calcium Hypochlorite See CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE plus Mer-

captans.

MERCURIC AZIDE Mg(N3)~ (self-reactive) Mercuric azide decomposes at 190 ° C. It is

explosively unstable. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:43 (1967).

MERCURIC BROMIDE HgBr2 Sodium See SODIUM plus Ferrous Chloride. Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

MERCURIC CHLORIDE HgCl.o Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. Sodium See SODIUM plus Ferrous Chloride.

MERCURIC CHLORITE Hg(CIO~)~ (self-reactive) Mercuric chlorite.is an explosive s~tlt.

MeUor 2, Supp. 1:575 (1956).

MERCURIC CYANIDE Hg (CN)2 Fluorine See FLUORINE plus Mercuric Cyanide.

R E V I S I O N S TO N F P A NO. 49lM

607 491M-89

MERCURIC CYANIDE OXIDE Hg2(CN)=O (self-reactive) Several instances are cited where explosions

have occm'red in handling or manipulating this substance. Rubbing the material is a frequent cause of the explosions. Chem. Abst. 16:2010 (1972). Chem. Abst. 11:300 (1917).

MERCURIC FLUORIDE HgF2 Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. Sodium See SODIUM plus Ferrous Chloride.

MERCURIC IODIDE Chlorine Trifluoride

Potassium Sodium

HgI2 See CHLORINE TRIFLUO~RIDE plus Mer- curic Iodide. See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. See SODIUM Plus Ferrous Chloride.

MERCURIC NITRATE Hypophosphoric Acid

Hg(NOa)2 Mercuric nitrate is violently reduced to mercury by hypophosphoric.acid. Mellor 4:993 (1946-1947).

MERCURIC OXIDE Chlorine Hydrogen Peroxide

HgO See CHLORINE plus Mercuric Oxide. See LEAD DIOXIDE plus Hydrogen Peroxide.

MERCURIC SULFATE Hydrogen Chloride

HgSO4 Absorption of gaseous hydrogen chloride on mercuric sulfate becomes violent at 125 ° C. MeUor 2, Supp. 1:462 (1956).

MERCUROUS AZIDE (self-reactive)

MgNa Mercurous azide decomposes at 210 ° C. is explosively unstable. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:43 (1967).

I t

MERCUROUS CHLORIDE HgCl Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Ahuninum 13,romide. Sodium See SODIUM plus Ferrous Chloride.

MERCUROUS HYPOPHOSPHATE Hg4P206 (self-reactive) Mercurous hypophosplmtc decomposes

plosively. Mellor 8, Supp. 3:651 (1971).

e x -


MERCUROUS NITRATE HgN03 Carbon See CARBON plus Mercurous Nitrate.

MERCURY Hg Chlorine

Sodium Carbide

MERCURY SALTS Nitromethane

Flame forms with chlorine jet over mercury surface at 200 ° -300 ° C. Mellor 2, Supp . 1:381 (1956). Ground mixtures of sodium carbide and mercury, aluminum, lead, or iron can react vigorously. MeUor 5:848 (1946-1947).

See COPPER SALTS plus Nitromethane.

MESITYL OXIDE 2-Aminoethanol

Chlorosulfonic Acid

Ethylene Diamine

Nitric Acid

Oleum

Sulfuric Acid

(CH3)~C :CHCOCH3 Mixing mesityloxide and 2-aminoethanol in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under corn-

, plete reference. Mixing mesityl oxide and chlorosulfonic acid hi a closed contahmr caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing mesityl oxide and ethylene diamine in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing mesityl oxide and nitric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Notc under complete reference. Mixing mesityl oxide and oleum in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note.under complete reference. Mixing mesityl oxide and 96% sulfuric ackl in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

REVISIONS TO NFPA NO. 491M 609

491M-91

METALLIC HALIDES Bromine Pentafluoride See BROMINE

Metal Oxides. PENTAFLUORIDE plus

METAL OXIDES Bromine Pentafluoride

Performic Acid

See BROMINE PENTAFLUORIDE plus Metal Oxides. Metal oxides catalyze the decomposition of performic acid, resulting in aa explosion. Grignard 11:179 (1935-1954).

METALS Bromine Pentafluoride

Bromirie Trifluoride

Performic Acid

Very violent reactions may occur between bromine pentafluoride and powdered or warmed metals. MeUor 2, Supp. 1:172 (1956). Halogen fluorides appear to react with all metals. The reaction is vigorous when no film forms. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:163 (1956). Metals catalyze the decomposition of performic acid and can make it explosive. Grignard 11:179 (1935-1954).

METHANE CH4 Bromine

Pentafluoride Chlorine Chlorine Dioxide Oxygen Difluoride

See BROMINE PENTAFLUORIDE plus Acetic Acid. See CHLORINE plus Methane. See CHLORINE DIOXIDE plus Butadiene. See HYDROGEN plus Oxygen Difluoride.

METHANOL CH30H Phosphorus Trioxide See DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE plus Phos-

phorus.

3-METHOXY-4-HYDROXY BENZALDEHYDE CH30(HO) C6H~CHO (See VANILLIN.) Bromine See BROMINE plus Methyl Alcohol. Perchloric Acid See PERCHLORIC ACID plus Ethyl Alcohol. Potassium Tert.- See ACETONE plus Potassium Tert.-Butoxide.

Butoxide Tetrachlorobenzene See SODIUM HYDROXIDE plus Tetra-

and Sodium chlorobenzene and Methyl Alcohol. Hydroxide


METHYL AZIDE CHsN3 Dimethyl Malonate A serious explosion occurred in the con-

and Sodium densation of ,nethyl azide with dimethyl Methylate malonate in the presence of sodium methylate.

Ch. Grundmann and H. Haklcnwanger, Angew Chem. 62A: 410 (1950).

METHYL 2-AZIDOBENZOATE CH3OCO.C6H4-2-NNN (self-reactive) During distillation of this material the ap-

paratus exploded. Wischmeyer (1972).

METHYL BROMIDE Dimethyl Sulfoxide

CH~Br A reaction between methyl bromide and dimethyl sulfoxide resulted in an explosion that shattered the apparatus. Searos and Sera~skas (1973).

2-METHYL-3-CHLOROFURAN (self-reactive)

Lithium Aluminum Hydride and Ethyl Acetate

OCCH3:CCICH:CH I I

A small sample (20 milliliters) had been made, distilled and allowed to stand over the weekend. During the weekend it exploded. MCA Guide for Safety, Appendix 3 (1972). A mixture of chlorinated orga~fic compounds consisting principally of 2-METHYL-3- CHLOROFURAN was subjected to reductive dechlorination, with lithiunl aluminum hydride after which ethyl acetate was added in small increments to decompose excess lithium aluminum hydride. After a few drops had been added, a violent explosion occurred. Chem. d" Ind. 14:432 (1957).

METHYL DICHLORIDE CHIC12 Lithium See LITHIUM plus Bromoform. Sodium-Potassium See SODIUM-POTASSIUM ALLOY

Alloy Methyl Dichloride. plus

5-METHYL-2, 4-DIETHYNYLPHENOL (CHi C-),zC6H2(OH)CH3 (self-reactive) This compound is unstable in light and air.

Chem. Abst. 75:19831 (1971).

"METHYL DIIODIDE CH~I2 Lithium See LITHIUM plus Bromoform.

REVISIONS TO N F P A NO. 491M 611

491M-93

METHYLENE CHLORIDE C1CH2CI N-Methyl-N-Nitroso See N-METHYL-N-NITROSO UREA plus

Urea and Potassium Hydroxide and Methylene Chloride. Potassium Hydroxide

Potassium Tert.- See ACETONE plus Potassium Tert.-Butoxide. Butoxide

METHYLENE DIISOCYANATE OCN-CH:-NCO Dimethyl Formamide See DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE plus Methy-

lene Diisocyanate.

METHYL ETHYL ETHER CH3OC~H5 Lithium Aluminum See IJ-THIUM ALUMINUM HYDRIDE

Hydride plus Dimethyl Ether.

METHYL ETHYL KETONE CH3COC~H5 ChlorosulfonicAcid Mixing methyl ethyl ketone and chloro-

sulfonic acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn andRossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

Oleum


Mixing methyl ethyl ketone and oleum in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. See ACETONE plus Potassium Tert.-Butoxide.

2- METHYL-5-ETHYLPYRIDINE N :C(CH3)CH :CHC(C2Hb) :CH

Nitric Acid See NITRIC ACID plus 2-Methyl-5-Ethyl- pyridine.

METHYL HYPOCHLORITE CH~OCI (self-reactive) Methyl hypochlorite decomposes explosively

when exposed to light and rapidly even in its absence. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:550 (1956). See also ALCOHOLS plus Hypochlorus Acid.

METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE CH3COCH2CH(CH~)2 Potassium Tert.- See ACETONE plus Potassium Tert.-Butoxide.

Butoxide


METHYL LITHIUM CH3Li Air Mellor 2, Supp. 2:91 (1961).

MOLYBDENUM Mo Bromine Trifluoride


Powdered molybdelmm, powdered titanium, and powdered vanadium all react with bromine trifluoride, producing incandescence. Mellor 2, Supp. l: 164 (1956). Reaction between molybdenum or tungsten and bromine trifluoride is vigorous. No protective film forms with the volatile hexafluoride of the metal. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:163 (1956). Mellor 2, Supp. 1:156 (1956).

MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE MoS, Hydrogen Peroxide See ANTIMONY TRISULFIDE plus Hydro-

gen Peroxide.

MOLYBDENUM TRIOXIDE MoOn Chlorine Trifluoride See also CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus

Aluminum Oxide. Lithium See LITHIUM plus Molybdenum Trioxide.

MONOAMMONIUM PHOSPHATE NH4H2PO~ Sodium See SODIUM plus Monoammonium Phos-

phate.

MONOETHANOLAMINE NH2CH2CH20H See 2-AMINOETHANOL

N- CHLOROETHYLENEIMINE CI.NCH~CH~ I _ _ l

(self-reactive) M C A Guide .for Safety, Appendix 3 (1972).

NEODYMIUM Nd Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Neodymium and nitrogen rcact vigorously. MeUor 8, Supp. 1:164 (1964). Neodymium and phosphorus react vigorously at 400 ° - - 500 ° C. Mellor 8, Supp. 3:347 (1971).

NEODYMIUM PHOSPHIDE NdP Nitric Acid Neodymium phosphide and nitric acid react

violently. MeUor 8, Supp. 3:348 (1971).

Water See CEROUS PHOSPHIDE plus Water.

R E V I S I O N S TO N F P A NO. 49]M 613

491M-95

NICKEL Ni Hydrazine

Hydrazoic Acid

PerformicAeid

Phosphorus

NICKEL ALLOYS Lithium

NICKEL BROMIDE Potassium

NICKEL CHLORIDE Potassium

NICKEL CHLORITE (self-reactive)

NICKEL FLUORIDE Potassium

The catalytic decomposition of hydrazine in the presence of Raney nickel may be vigorous at room temperature. MeUor 8, Supp. 2:83 (1967). Raney nickel and hydrazoic acid undergo a vigorous decomposition. Mellor 8, Supp. 2 :4 (1967). Powdered nickel can decompose performic acid violently. Berichte 48:1139 (1915). See COPPER plus Phosphorus.

See LITHIUM plus Cobalt Alloys.

NiBr2 See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

NiC12 See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

Ni(CIO2)2 The dihydrate of nickel chlorite explodes when heated to 100 ° C. MeUor 2, Supp. 1:574 (1956).

NiF2 See POTASSIUM plus Ammonium Bromide.

NICKEL HYPOPHOSPHITE Ni(PH202)~ (self-reactive) Nickel hypophosphite liberates spontaneously

flammable phosphine above 100°C. MeUor 8:890 (1946-1947).

NICKEL IODIDE NiI2 Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

NICKEL NITRIDE Acids

NiaN The reaction of nickel nitride and acids may be explosive with high acid concentrations and heat. Mellor 8, Supp. 1:238 (1964).


NIOBIUM Nb Bromine Trifluoride

Chlorine

Niobium and tantalum each reacts with bromine trifluoride with incandescence. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:164 (1956). Powdered niobium reacts energetically with chlorine. Mellor 2, Supp. l: 381 (1956).

NIOBIUM PENTOXIDE Nb.205 Bromine Trifluoridc See BROMINE TIIIFLUORIDE plus Bis-

muth Pentoxide. Lithium See LITHIUM plus Niobium Pentoxide.

NITRIC ACID HN03 Acetic Anhydride

Acetylene

Acrolein Allyl Alcohol Allyl Chloride 2-Aminoethanol Ammonia Ammottium Hydroxide

Aniline Antimony Bromine Pentafluoride

n-Butyraldehyde Calcium

Hypophosphite Carbon

See ACETIC ANHYDRIDE plus Nitric Acid. Experiments demonstrate that mixtures containing more than 50% by weight of nitric acid in acetic anhydride may act as detonating explosives under certain conditions. An indication is given of the percentage mixtures of acetic anhydride-nitric acid which could be detonated using a priming charge and detonator. BCISC 42 (166): 2 (1971). Concentrated nitric acid on acetylene gives trinitromethane, which melts at 15°C and is explosive in the liqukt state. Kirk and Othmer 9:430-2 (1947). See ACROLEIN plus Nitric Acid. See ALL~fL ALCOHOL plus Nitric Acid. See ALLYL CHLORIDE plus Nitric Acid. See 2-AMINOETHANOL plus Nitric Acid. See NITRIC ACID plus Diborane. Mixing 70% nitric acid and 28% ammo!fium hydroxide in a closed container c~msed the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mellor 8, Supp. 1:349 (1964). See also NITRIC ACID plus l)iborane. See ANTIMONY plus Nitric Acid. See BROMINE PENTAFLUORIDE plus Nitric Acid. See n-BUTYRALDEHYDE plus Nitric Acid. See- CALCIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE plus Nitric Acid. See CARBON plus Nitric Acid.


615 491M-97


Chlorosulfonic Acid

Cresol C u m e n e

Cuprous Nitride Cyclohexanol

Diborane

Diisopropyl Ether Epichlorohydrin Ethylene Diamine Ethyleneimine Fluorine Furfuryl Alcohol

Glyoxal

Hydrazine Hydrazoic Acid Hydrogen Peroxide"

Hydrogen Telluride

Indane and Sulfuric Acid

Isoprene Maguesium Mesityl Oxide 2-Methyl-5-

Ethylpyridine Neodymium

Phosphide Oleum

See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Nitric Acid. See CHLOROSULFONIC ACID plus Nitric Acid. See CRESOL plus Nitric Acid. See CUMENE plus Nitric Acid. See CUPROUS NITRIDE plus Sulfuric Acid. Cyclohexanol and nitric acid can react at room temperature to form "~ violently explosive material. Chem. & Ind. 1971: (19) (1971). Mixtures of fuming nitric acid and any of the follo wing are self-igniti ng: d i bonu m, anili ue, terpenes, furfuryl alcohol, and ammonia. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:341 (1967). See DIISOPROPYL ETHER plus Nitric Acid. See EPICHLOROHYDRIN plus Nitric Acid. See ETHYLENE DIAM1NE plus Nitric Acid. See ETHYLENEIMINE plus Nitric Acid. Scc FLUORINE plus Nitric Acid. Furfuryl alcohol is ignited immediately by concentrated nitric ~cid. MCA Case History 193 (1952). See also NITRIC ACID plus Diborane. Mixing 70% nitric acid and glyoxal in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete ~'cference. See HYDRAZINE plus Nitric Acid. See HYDRAZOIC ACID plus Nitric Acid. See HYDROGEN PEROXIDE plus Nitric Acid. Cold fuming nitric acid ignites hydrogen telluride, sometimes explosively. Pascal 10:505 0931-1934). See INDANE plus Nitric Acid and Sulfuric Acid. See ISOPRENE plus Nitric Acid. See MAGNESIUM plus Nitric Acid. See MESITYL OXIDE plus Nitric Acid. Chem. Eng. News 51 (34) 142 (1973).

See NEODYMIUM PHOSPHIDE plus Nitric Acid. See OLEUM plus Nitric Acid.


Nitric Acid (cont.) Phthalic Acid

Phthalic Anhydride


Propylene Oxide Pyridine Selenium

Iodophosphide Sodium Azide Sodium Hydroxide Sulfamic Acid

Sulfuric Acid and Glycerides

Terpenes Tetraboron

Decahydride Triazine

Vinyl Acetate Vinylidene Chloride

NITRIC OXIDE Aluminum Carbon Disulfide

NO

Ozone Phosphorus Rubidium Carbide

Sodium Monoxide Unsymmetrical

Dimethylhydrazine

See PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE plus Nitric Acid. See PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE plus Nitric Acid. See PROPIOLACTONE (BETA-) plus Nitric Acid. See PROPYLENE OXIDE plus Nitric Acid. See PYRIDINE plus Nitric Acid. See SELENIUM IODOPHOSPHIDE plus Nitric Acid. See SODIUM AZIDE plus Nitric Acid. See SODIUM HYDROXIDE plus Nitric Acid. See SULFAMIC ACID plus Nitric Acid. Sulfuric acid, nitric acid and fat were placed in a tightly closed container. Within 10 minutes, the container exploded. Chem. Eng. News 51 (31): 32 (1973). See NITRIC ACID plus Diborane, See TETRABORON DECAHY, DRIDE plus Nitric Acid. Nitrolysis of triazine with 99% nitric acid in a trifluoroacetic anhydride solvent caused a violent explosion at 36 ° C. Rolston (1972). See VINYL ACETATE plus Nitric Acid. See VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE plus Nitric Acid.

See ALUMINUM pins Carbon Disulfide. These compounds react explosively with emis- sion of light. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:232 (1967). See OZONE plus Nitric Oxide. See PHOSPHORUS plus Nitric Oxide. See RUBIDIUM CARBIDE plus Sulfur Dioxide. See SODIUM MONOXIDE plus Nitric Oxide. This mixture ignites on sparking. MeUor 8, Supp. 2:234 (1967).

NITROAROMATIC COMPOUNDS Chlorinc Trifluoride Solutions of nitroaromatic compounds in

chlorine trifluoride are extremely sensitive to shock. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:156 (1956).

REVISIONS TO NFPA NO. 49[M

617 491M-99

NITROBENZENE C6HsNO2 Nitrogeu Tetroxide See NITROGEN TETROXIDE plus Nitro-

Silver Perchlorate

NITROGEN N~ Lithium Neodymium

benzene. See SILVER PERCHLORATE plus Acetic Acid.

See LITHIUM plus Nitrogen. See NEODYMIUM plus Nitrogen.

NITROGEN DIOXIDE Cyclohexane Fluorine Formaldehyde

NITROGEN IODIDE Ozone

No2 See CYCLOHEXANE plus Nitrogen Dioxide. See FLUORINE plus Nitrogen Dioxide. See FORMALDEHYDE plus Nitrogen Di- oxide.

NI3 Set OZONE plus Nitrogen Iodide.

NITROGEN IODIDES (self-reactive) See IODINE plus Ammonium Hydroxide.

NITROGEN PEROXIDE NO2 (See also NITROGEN TETROXIDE.) Aluminum See ALUMINUM plus Carbon Disulfide. Ammolfia See NITRIC OXIDE plus Ammonia. Boron Trichloride See BORON TRICHLORIDE plus Nitrogen

Peroxide. Sodium See SODIUM plus Nitrogen Peroxide.

NITROGEN TETROXIDE N~04 Alcohols An explosion of these materials killed a re-

search worker in a 1955 accident. MeUor 8, Supp. 2:264 (1967).

Nitrobenzcue Mixtures of nitrogen tetroxide and nitrobenzene qualify as military explosives. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:264 (1967).

Petroleum An explosion of these materials killed 17 workers and devastated a plant in Bodio, Switzerla,nd. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:264 (1967). See NITROGEN TETROXIDE plus Fuels. See NITROGEN TETROXIDE plus Orgalfie Matter.

Toluene A mixture of these chemicals caused an explosion at an industrial plant in Zschornewitz. MeUor 8, Supp. 2:264 (1967).

618 491M-I00 R E P O R T OF C O M M I T T E E ON C H E M I C A L S AND E X P L O S I V E S

NITROGEN TRICHLORIDE NCI3 Ozone See OZONE plus Nitrogen Trichloride.

NITROGEN TRIFLUORIDE NF3 Tetrafluorohydrazine Several hundred grams of a crude reaction

NITROGLYCERIN Ozone

NITROMETHANE Hexamethylbenzene

mixture involving nitrogen trifluoride and tetrafluorohydrazine had been collected in a small stainless steel cylinder, l)uring opening of valves to measure cylinder pressure, the cylinder exploded, killing one man and in- juring another. MCA Case History 683 (1966).

C3H~(ONO~)3 See OZONE plus Nitroglycerin.

O~NCH3 See HEXAMETHYLBENZENE plus Nitro- methane.

o-NITROPHENOL HO-C6H4-2-N02 Potassium Hydroxide See POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE plus o-

Nitrophenol.

CH3CHNO~CH3 See CHLOROSULFONIC ACID Nitropropane. See OLEUM pltLs 2-Nitropropane.

2-NITROPROPANE Chlorosulfo,lie Acid

Oleum

N-NITROSOMETHYLUREA ONN(CHa)CO.NH2

plus 2-

Potassium Hydroxide and Methylene Chloride.

See N-METHYL-N-NITROSO UREA plus Potassium Hydroxide and Methylene Chloride.

NITROSYL AZIDE NON~ (self-reactive) This unstable yellow compound decomposes

even at minus 50 ° C. MeUor 8, Supp. 2:22 (1967).

NITROSYL CHLORIDE NOCI Aluminum See ALUMINUM plus Nitrosyl Cldoride.

NITROSYL PERCHLORATE NO.CIO. (self-reactive) Decomposition of ~fitro~yl perehlorate begins

just below 100 ° C. Above 100 ° C (115-120 ° C) a low order explosion occurs. H. Gerding and W. F. Haak, Chem. Weekblad 52:282-3 (1956).

R E V I S I O N S T O N F P A NO. 4911V[ 619

491M-101

Metal Salts The hot reaction of nitrosyl perchlorate with metal salts, which is a way to prepsre per- chorates, forms salts that are very explosive. Kirk and Othmer, Second Ed. 5:69 (1963).

NITROS YLSULFURIC Dinitroanilinc

Hydrochloride

ACID 0 :NOSO:OH An explosion occurred during the diazotization using nitrosylsulfuric acid which resulted in several fatalities. Subsequent tests have shown that this was due to the high concentration of reactants in the mixture. MCA Case History 1763 (1971).

NITROUS OXIDE (self-reactive)

Aluminum Hydrazine Lithium Hydride

Phelw1-Lithium Sodium

NITRYL CHLORIDE Ammonia

N20 This compound decomposes explosively at high temperatures. Mellor 8, Supp. 2" 207 (1967). See ALUMINUM plus Carbon Disulfide. See NITROUS OXIDE plus Lithium Hydride. Spontaueous ignition occurs when nitrous oxide and lithium hydride or hydrazine are mixed. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:214 (1967). See PHENYL-LITHIUM plus Nitrous Oxide. See SODIUM plus Nitrogen Peroxide.

/ /

NO2CI Mellor 8, Supp. 1:331 (1964).

NITRYL FLUORIDE Phosphorus Potassium

NO~F See PHOSPHORUS plus Nitryl Fluoride. See POTASSIUM plus Nitryl Fluoride.

N, N-DICHLOROMETHYLAMINE CH3NC12 Sodium Sulfide N, N-dichloromethylamine exploded violently

on addition of sodium sulfide. Biul. Wojskowej Akad. Tech. 8 (.48): 75-9 (1959).

N, N-DIMETHYLANILINE C~HsN(CH3)2 Benzoyl Peroxide See BENZOYL PEROXIDE plus N, N-Di-

methylaniline.


N - M E T H Y L - N - N I T R O S O UREA ON-N(CHa)CO.NH~ Potassium Hydroxide Diazomethane was being prepared by portion-

and Methylene wise addition,s of N-methyl-N-nitroso urea to Chloride a flask containing 40% potassium hydroxide

and methylene chloride. At the fourth addition a loud detonation occurred. MCA Guide for Safety, p. 301 (1972).

OLEUM H2S0~.S03 Acetic Acid Acetic Anhydride Acetonitrilc Acrolein Acrylic Acid Acrylonitrile Allyl Alcohol Allyl Chloride 2-Aminoethanol Ammonium Hydroxide

Aniline n-Butyraldehyde Cresol C u m e n e

Dichloroethyl Ether Diethylene Glycol

Monomethyl Ether Diisobutylene Epichlorohydrin Ethyl Acetate Ethylene Cyanohydrin

Ethylene Diamine Ethylene Glycol Ethylene Glycol

Monoethyl Ether Acetate

See ACETIC ACID plus Oleum. See ACETIC ANHYDRIDE plus Oleum. See ACETONITRILE plus Oleum. See ACROLEIN plus Oleum. See ACRYLIC ACID plus Oleum. See ACRYLONITRILE plus Oleum. See ALLYL ALCOHOL plus Oleum. See ALLYL CHLORIDE plus Oleum. See 2-AMINOETHANOL plus Oleum. Mixing oleum and 28% ammonium hydroxide in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under Com- plete reference. See ANILINE plus Oleum. See n-BUTYRALDEHYDE plus Oleum. See CRESOL plus Oleum. See CUMENE plus Oleum. See DICHLOROETHYL ETHER plus Oleum. See DIETHYLENE GLYCOL MONO. METHYL ETHER plus Oleum. See DIISOBUTYLENE plus Oleum. See EPICHLOROHYDRIN plus Oleum. See ETHYL ACETATE plus Oleum. Mixing oleum and ethylene cyanohydriu in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). Sce Note under complete reference. See ETHYLENE DIAMINE plus Oleum. See ETHYLENE GLYCOL plus OLEUM. See ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOETHYL ETHER ACETATE plus Oleum.


621 491M-103

Ethylcneimine


Hydrofluoric Acid

Isoprene

Isopropyl Alcohol

Mesityl Oxide

Methyl Ethyl Ketone

Nitric Acid

2-Nitropropane


Propylene Oxide

Mixing oleum and ethyleneimine in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. See GLYOXAL plus Oleum. Mixing oleum and 36% hydrochloric acid ill a closed container c,msed the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing oleum and 48.7% hydrofluoric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. See ISOPRENE plus Oleum.

Mixing olcum and isopropyl alcohol in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. See MESITYL OXIDE plus Oleum.

See METHYL ETHYL KETONE plus Oleum.

Mixing oleum and 70% nitric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete referc~lce. Mixing olcum ~md 2-nitropropane in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

Mixing oleum and propiolactoue (BETA-) in closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete refcrencc. Mixing oleum and propylene oxide in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.


Oleum (cont.) Pyridine

Sodium Hydroxide Styrene Monomer

Sulfolane

Vinyl Acetate

Vinylidene Chloride

ORGANIC MATTER Boron Trichloride

Bromine Monofluoride


Bromine Trifluoride

t-Butyl Peracetate

t-Butyl Perbenzoate

Chloric Acid Chlorine

Chlorine Monoxide


Mixing oleuin and pyridine in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note trader complete reference. See SODIUM HYDROXIDE pha Oleum. Mixing oleuln and styrene monomer in a closed contai~mr caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing oleum and sulfolane in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing oleum and vinyl acetate in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete rcfere~me. Mixing oleum and vinylidene chloride in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

See BORON TRICHLORIDE plus Nitrogen Peroxide. See BROMINE MONOFLUORIDE plus Water. See BROMINE PENTAFLUORIDE plus Acetic Acid. See BROMINE MONOFLUORiDE plus Water. See t-BUTYL PERACETATE plus Organic Matter. See t-BUTYL PERBENZOATE plus Orga~fic Matter. See ANTIMONY plus Chlorie Acid. See BROMINE MONOFLUORIDE plus Water. See CHLORINE MONOXIDE plus Organic Matter. See also BROMINE MONOFLUORIDE.plus Water.


623 491M-105

Chlorine Trioxide

Chromic Anhydride

Diisopropyl Peroxydicarbonate

Fluorine Fluorine Perehlorate

Halogea Fluorides

Iodine Heptafluoride

Iodine Monoehloride

Iodine Pentafluoride

Iodine Pentafluoride

Lithium Peracetie Acid Potassium Oxides Potassium

Permanganate

See CHLORINE TRIOXIDE plus Organic Matter. See CHROMIC ANHYDRIDE plus Organic Matter. See DIISOPROPYL PEROXYDICARBON- ATE plus Organic Matter. See FLUORINE. plus Organic Matter. See FLUORINE PERCHLORATE plus Or- ganic Matter. See BROMINE MONOFLUORIDE plus Water; see individual fluoride plus organic matter. See BROMINE MONOFLUORIDE plus Water. See IODINE MONOCHLORIDE plus Or- ganic Matter. See also BROMINE MONOFLUORIDE plus Water. See also IODINE PENTAFLUORIDE plus Water. See LITHIUM plus Organic Matter. See PERACETIC ACID plus Organic Matter. See POTASSIUM plus Air. See POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE plus Organic Matter.

ORGANIC SULFIDES Calcium Hypoehlorite

RSR See CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE plus Or- ganic Sulfides.

OSMIUM Os Chlorine Trifluoride Oxygen Difluoride

See ANTIMONY plus Chlorine Trifluoride. See IRIDIUM plus Oxygen Difluoride.

OSMIUM-AMMINE NITRATES (self-reactive) Osmium-ammine nitrates may be impact-

sensitive. Os(NH3)40~(N03)2 crystals are very unstable. MeUor 15:727 (1946-1947).

OSMIUM-AMMINE PERCHLORATES (self-reactive) Osmium-ammine perehlorates may be impact-

sensitive. Mellor 15:727 (1946-1947).


OXALIC ACID HO.CO.CO.OH FurfurylAlcohol See FURFURYL ALCOHOL

Acid. plus Oxalic

OXALYL -BROMIDE Sodium-Potassium

Alloy

C20,Br2 See SODIUM-POTASSIUM Oxalyl Bromide.

ALLOY plus

OXALYL CHLORIDE C~O2C12 Sodium-Potassium See SODIUM-POTASSIUM

Alloy 0xalyl Bromide. ALLOY plus

OXIDIZING AGENTS Carbides

OXYGEN 02 Aluminum Boron Trichloride

Calcium Phosphide Chlorotrifluoroethylene

and Bromine Hydrazine

Oxygen Difluoride and Water

Phosphine

Phosphorus Potassium and Carbon

Monoxide Potassium Peroxide

Tetrafluorohydrazine

OXYGEN (LIQUID) Hydrazine

See CARBIDES plus Oxidizing Agents.

See ALUMINUM Plus Oxygen. Oxygcn and boron trichloride react vigorously on sparking. Mellor 5:131 (1946-1947). See SULFUR plus Calcium Phosphide. See CHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENE plus Oxygen and Bromine. Oxygen and hydrazine form explosive mixtures. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:72 (1967). Violent explosions resulted when a spark was discharged in a mixture containing 25-70% oxygen difluoride in oxygen over water. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:191 (1956). This reaction is explosive at ordinary temperatures. MeUor 8, Supp. 3:281 (1971). See PHOSPHORUS plus Oxygen. See POTASSIUM plus Carbon Monoxide and Oxygen. The reaction of oxygen and potassium peroxide is violent at pressures of oxygen as low as 10 mm. Mellor 2, Supp. 3:1626 (1963). An explosive reaction of these two chemicals is likely in thc presence of organic matter. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:113 (1967).

02 Spontaneous ignition occurs when these chemicals are mixed. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:95 (1967).


625 491M-107

O X Y G E N DIFLUORIDE OF: Aluminum Chloride A vigorous reaction occurs

Ammonia

Arsenic Trioxide

Bromine Carbon Monoxide Chlorine Chlorine and Copper Chromic Oxide

Hydrogen Hydrogen Sulfide

Iodine Iridium Methane Osmium Oxygen and Water

Palladium Phosphorus Pentoxide

Platinum Rhodium Ruthenium

between oxTgen difluoride and aluminum chloride, arsenic trioxide, chromic oxide, or phosphorus pentoxide. MeUor 2, Supp. 1:192 (1956). Oxygeu difluoride and ammonia react immediately with white fumes. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:192 (1956). See OXYGEN DIFLUORIDE plus Aluminum Chloride. See BROMINE plus Oxygen Difluoride. See HYDROGEN plus Oxygen Difluoride. See CHLORINE plus Oxygen Difluoride. See CHLORINE plus Oxygen Difluoride. See OXYGEN DIFLUORIDE plus Aluminum Chloride. See HYDROGEN plus Oxygen Difluoride. Oxygen difluoride and hydrogen sulfide explode on mixing. Mellor 2, Supp. ! : 192 (1956). See BROMINE plus Oxygen Difluoride. See IRIDIUM plus Oxygen Difluoride. See HYDROGEN plus Oxygen Difluoride. See IRIDIUM plus Oxygen Difluoride. See OXYGEN plus Oxygen Difluoride and Water. See IRIDIUM plus Oxygen Difluoride. See OXYGEN DIFLUORIDE plus Aluminum Chloride. See IRIDIUM plus Oxygen Difluoride. See IRIDIUM plus Oxygen Difluoride. See IRIDIUM plus Oxygen Difluoride.

OZONE 03 Bromine

Diallyl Methyl Carbinol and Acetic Acid

Dinitrogen Pentoxide

Ethylene

Severe explosions occur in attempts to form tribromine octoxide from these reactants. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:748 (1956). See DIALLYL METHYL CARBINOL plus Ozone and Acetic Acid.

Mixtures of ozone and dinitrogen pentoxide are flammable or explosive. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:276 (1967). Mellor 1 : 911 (1946-1947).

626 491M-108 R E P O R T OF C O M M I T T E E O N C H E M I C A L S AND E X P L O S I V E S

Hydrogen Bromide

Hydrogen Iodide

Nitric Oxide

Nitric Oxide

Nitrogen Trichloride

Nitrogen Triiodide

Nitroglycerin

Stibine

PALLADIUM Pd Oxygen Difluoride

These chemicals react instantaneously, ex- ploding except at low pressure of 2-3 mm mercury. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:736 (1956). The reaction between these chemicals is even more energetic than between ozone and hydrogen bromide. MeUor 2, Supp. 1:736 (1956). Mixtures of nitric oxide and ozone explode even when the quantity of ozone is small. Mellor 8:432 (1946-1947). Mixtures of ozo.ne and nitric oxide explode violently at liquid-air temperatures. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:164 (1967). A mixture of ozone and nitrogen trichloride will explode. Mellor 1 : 911 (1946-1947). Ozone and nitrogen triiodide form an explosive mixture. Mellor I : 911 (1946-1947). Ozone and nitroglycerin explode on mixing. Mellor 1:911 (1946-1947). MeUor 1:907 (1946-1947).

See I R I D I U M plus Oxygen Difluoride.

PALLADIUM-AMMINE NITRATES (self-reactive) Palladium-ammine nitrates may be impact-

sensitive. Pd(NH3)2(NO3)2 aud Pd (Nlis)4(NO~)~ detonate violently when heated. MeUor 15:685 (1946-1947).

PALLADIUM-AMMINE PERCHLORATES (self-reactive) Palladiuna-ammine perchlorates may be im-

pa ct-sensitive. MeUor 15:684 (1946-1947).

PARATHION (C2I-IsO)2 P(S)OC6H,NO2 Endrin While a mixture of parathion and endrin were

being blended into a petroleum solvent an exothermic reaction occurred which caused some of the solvent to vaporize. The solvent vapor-air mixture exploded. Overheating, possibly caused by mechanical agitation, started the exothermic reaction. Doyle (1973).


627 491M:-109

PENTACHLOROETHANE C2HCI5 Sodium-Potassium See SODIUM-POTASSIUM

Alloy Bromoform. ALLOY plus

PENTAMMINOAZIDOCOBALTIC AZIDE CoNa(NHa)5(N3)2 (self-reactive) Cobalt ammine azides explode violently on

impact. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:48 (1967).

PENTAMMINOCHLOROCOBALTIC CHLORITE Co(NH3) sCI(CI02)2

(self-reactive) Pentamminochlorocobaltic chlorite contains an explosive combination of ions. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:575 (1956).

"PEROXY" ACIDS (PERFORMIC, PERACETIC, etc.) • (self-reactive) Peracids should be handled only in small

quantities and with extreme care when pure or very concentrated. Organic peracids, such as peracetic acid, axe so unstable that they may explode during distillation, even under reduced pressure. Kirk and Othmer, Second Ed. 14:809 (1963). Grignard 11:90 (1935-1954).

PERACETIC ACID Acetic Anhydride

Organic Matter

CH3CO.OOH Acetic anhydride and peracetic acid react readily to form acetyl peroxide which is an extremely sensitive explosive. MCA Case History 1795 (1971). See also HYDROGEN PEROXIDE plus Acetic Anhydride.

Upon contact with peracetic acid, organic materials can ignite or result in explosions. Haz. Chem. Data, p. 214 (1973).

PERCAMPHORIC ACID CsH14(COO.OH)2 (self-reactive) Percamphoric acid explodes

rapidly to 80 to 100 ° C. Chem. Reviews 45:15 (1949).

when heated

628 4 9 1 M - 1 1 0 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CHEMICALS AND EXPLOSIVES

PERCHLORATES Benzene

Ethyl Alcohol

Certain metal perchlorates recrystallized from benzenc or ethyl alcohol can explode spontaneously. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 62 (10) : 3524 (October 1940).

See PERCHLORATES plus Benzene.

PERCHLORIC ACID (self-reactive)

Acetic Anhydride

Bismuth

Dibutyl Sulfoxide

Ethyl Alcohol

HCIO~ After an animal carcass was dissolved in nitric acid, fat was skimmed off and 125 milliliters of perchloric acid was added. The sample was heated on a hot plate to dryness in a l-liter beaker after which two samples were placed on a stainless steel steam tray (steam off). When the samples were touched, they exploded. Chem. Eng. News. 51 (6): 29 (Feb. 5, 1973).

The addition of acetic anhydride to an aqueous solution of perchloric acid causes the formation of acetic acid which can react violently with the perchloric acid. Rev. Met. 46 (8): 549-560 (1949). Mere. Poudres 32:179-196 (1950).

See BISMUTH plus Perchloric Acid.

A 70% perchloric acid solution reacts, in- stantly and explosively on contact with dibutyl sulfoxide. Wischmeyer (1973).

In mineral analysis the potassium cation is sometimes identified by adding perchloric acid in the presence of ethyl alcohol con- Centration.' Explosions frequently occur that are due to the spontaneous decomposition of ethyl perchlorate formed during concentration and of residual perchloric acid. With methyl alcohol, the reaction is identical except that the methyl perchlorate that is formed is very explosive. Analyst 80:10 (1955).


629 491M-111

Fluorine

Hydrochloric Acid

Methyl Alcohol

Steel

Sulfuric Acid

Sulfur Trioxide

See FLUORINE plus Perchloric Acid.

See HYDROCHLORIC ACID plus Perehlorie Acid.

See PERCHLORIC ACID plus Ethyl Alcohol.

Explosions may occur when 72 percent perchloric acid is used for determination of chromium in steel. These explosions are apparently due to the formation of mixtures of perchlorie acid vapor and hydrogen, catalyzed by the presence of steel particles. The presence of steel burnings lowered the explosion temperatures of such mixtures to 215 ° C. Addition of a little water to keep the.Jr boiling temperature at 150 to 160 ° C pre- vented the formation of explosive gas mixtures. ACS 146, p. 189 (1960).

Pascal 16:298 (1931-1934).

The reaction of anhydrous perchloric acid with sulfur trioxide is violent and accompanied by the evolution of considerable heat, even when diluted with an inert solvent such as chloroform. Pascal 16:300-303 (1931-1934).

PERCHLORYL FLUOROXIDE FCI04 See FLUORINE PERCHLORATE.

PERCHROMATES

Aniline

Pyridine

Quinoline

A mixture of aniline and a perchromate gives rise to an explosive reaction as the temperature is increased. Ri~st and Ebert, p. 297 (1948).

Heating a mixture of pyridine and a perchromate can lead to an explosion. Riist and Ebert, p. 297 (1948).

Heating a mixture of quinoline and perchromate can produce an explosion. Ri~st and Ebert, p. 297 (1948).


PERFLUOROPROPIONYL FLUORIDE F3CCF~CO.F Fluorine An explosion occurred during the investigation

of a new method of forming perfluoropropionyl hypofluorite. The method involved cooling the reactor to minus 50 ° C after which a 50-50 fluorine-nitrogen mixture was added to perfluoropropionyl fluoride. I t is possible that a small amount of water, which may have been introduced due to the low temperature, converted some of the perfluoropropionyl fluoride to the perfluoropropionic acid, a precursor for the formation of one of the acyl hypofluorites. The latter are known to be explosive. MCA Case History 1045 (1966).

PERFORMIC ACID (self-reactive)

Aluminum Aniline

Benzaldehyde

Formaldehyde

Lead Dioxide

Magnesium Metal Oxides Metals Nickel Phosphorus

O C H 0 0 H Performic acid is an unstable compound capable of undergoing rapid, spontaneous exothermal decomposition at room temperature, even in the absence of foreign substances. I t is shock sensitive. Chem. Eng. News 28:3067 (Sept. 4, 1950). Chem. Reviews 45: 4, 7 (1949). Chem. Eng. News 30:3041 (1952). See ALUMINUM plus Performie Acid. Aniline is oxidized violently by performic acid when the acid strength is more than 600/0 by weight. Berichte 48: 1139 (1915).

• Benzaldehyde is oxidized violently by performic acid. Berichte 48:1139 (1915). Formaldehyde is oxidized violently by coil: centrated performic acid. Berichte 48:1139 (1915). A concentrated solution of performic acid can explode upon contact with powdered lead dioxide. Berichte 48:1139 (1915). See MAGNESIUM plus Performic Acid. See METAL OXIDES plus Performic Acid. See METAL plus Performic Acid. See N I C K E L plus Performic Acid. See PHOSPHORUS plus Performic Acid.


631 491M-113

Sodium Nitride

Zinc

Sodium nitride can decompose performic acid explosively. Berichte 48: 1139 (1915). See ZINC plus Performic Acid.

PEROXIDES ROOR Thiocyanates See THIOCYANATES plus Oxidizing Agents.

PEROXYACETIC ACID CHaCO.OOH See PERACETIC ACID.

PEROXYCAMPHORIC ACID CsH,,(COO.OH)2 See PERCAMPHORIC ACID.

PEROXYFORMIC ACID OCHOOH See PERFORMIC ACID.

PEROXYTRICHLOROACETIC ACID C13CCO0.OH See PERTRICHLOROACETIC ACID.

PERTRICHLOROACETIC ACID C13CCOO.OH (self-reactive) Pertrichloroacetic acid is very unstable. De-

composition products include phosgene, chlorine, hydrochloric acid and carbon monoxide. Chem. Reviews 45 (1) : 10 (1949).

PETROLEUM Nitrogen Tetroxide .See "NITROGEN TETROXIDE plus Petro-

leum.

PHENYL-LITHIUM Nitrous Oxide

LiCsH6 The reaction of phenyl-lithium produces unstable lithium phenylazoxide as a product. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:93 (1961).

PHOSGENE 0CC12 Aluminum

2, 4-Hexadiyn-1, 6-Diol

Isopropyl Alcohol Potassium Sodium

See ALUMINUM plus Phosphorus Trichlo- ride. Phosgene and 2, 4-hexadiyn-1, 6-diol react to form 2, 4-hexadiyn-1, 6-bischloroformate, which is a shock-sensitive compound. P. E. Driedger and H. V. Isaacson, Chem. Eng. News 50 (12): 51 (1972). See ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL plus Phosgene. See POTASSIUM plus Phosgene. See SODIUM plus Phosgene.


PHOSPHANES PxHy (self-reactive)

PHOSPHINE PHa Boron Trichloride

Oxygen . Potassium and

Ammonia

The higher phosphanes (beyond P2H4) decompose rapidly in light at room temperature. M.ellor 8, Supp. 3:274 (1971).

See BORON TRICHLORIDE plus Nitrogen Peroxide. See OXYGEN plus Phosphine. See POTASSIUM plus Phosphine and Am- mmfia.

PHOSPHONITRILE AZIDE-TRIMER (self-reactive) This is a highly explosive compound, readily

detonated by friction. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:23 (1967).

PHOSPHONIUM PERCHLORATE 2PHa.3HCIO4 (self-reactive) Violent explosions have occurred in spite of

every precaution. Helv. Chim. Acta 17:222-4 (1934). This is a very explosive salt and cannot be dried. MeUor 8, Supp. 3:274 (1971).

PHOSPHORUS P Boron Triiodide

Cerium Cesium

Chlorates

Chlorine

White or red phosphorus and boron triiodide react with incandescence. Mellor 5:136 (1946-1947). See CERIUM plus Phosphorus. Phosphorus reacts vigorously below 250 ° C with any of the following materials: cesium, lithium, potassium, rubidium, sodium, sulfur. Mellor 8, Supp. 3:228 (1971). A mixture of red phosphorus and chlorates bursts into flames after a few moments. Moist chlorates explode on contact with white phosphorus. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:584 (1956). The reaction of phosphorus and chlorine, fluorine, or bromine is highly exothermie. All can explode in contact with white phosphorus. Mellor 8, Supp. 3:228 (1971). The reaction of white phosphorus and liquid chlorine is explosive. Mellor 2, Supp. l: 379 (1956).


633 491M-115

Chlorine and Heptane

Chlorine Trifluoride Chromium Trioxide Copper Iodine Monobromide

Iodine Monochloride Iron Lanthanum Lithium

Neodymium Nickel Nitryl Fluoride

Oxygen

Performie Acid

Platinum Potassium Rubidium Selenium Monochloride

Selenium Oxyfluoride

Selenium Tetrafluoride

Sodium Sodium Chlorite

Sulfur Vanadium

Oxytrichloride

Flaming occurs when liquid chlorine in heptane is added to red phosphorus at 0 ° C. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:379 (1956). See ANTIMONY plus Chlorine Trifluoride. Mellor 11:234 (1946-1947). See COPPER plus Phosphorus. Phosphorus reacts violently with molten iodine monobromide or iodine monochloride. Mellor 8, Supp. 3: 264. See PHOSPHORUS plus Iodine Monobromide. See CO15PER plus Phosphorus. See CERIUM Plus Phosphorus. See LITHIUM plus Arsenic. See also PHOSPHORUS plus Cesium. See NEODYMIUM plus Phosphorus. See COPPER plus Phosphorus. Red phosphorus and nitryl fluoride react at room temperature. Mellor 8, Supp. 3:264 (1971). Phosphorus and oxygen or iodine undergo a vigorous reaction at room temperature. MeUor 8, Supp. 3:228 (1971). Red phosphorus is violently oxidized by performic acid. Grignard 11:179 (1935-1954). Ber/ch/e 48:1139 (1915). See COPPER plus Phosphorus. See PHOSPHORUS plus Cesium. See PHOSPHORUS plus Cesium. White phosphorus mixed with selenium monochloride explodes. Mellor 8, Supp. 3:264 (1971). This mixture ignites spontaneously. MeUor 8, Supp. 3:264 (1971). This mixture produces a violent reaction. Mellor 8, Supp. 3:264 (1971). See PHOSPHORUS plus Cesium. Red phosphorus and sodium chlorite react in aqueous suspension in a strongly exothermic manner. The reaction can have a sudden, almost explosive stage. Mellor 8, Supp. 3:645 (1971). See PHOSPHORUS plus Cesium. This mixture produces an explosive reaction below 100 ° C with more than small amounts. Mellor 8, Supp. 3:264 (1971).

6 3 4 491M-116 R E P O R T O F C O M M I T T E E ON C H E M I C A L S A N D E X P L O S I V E S

PHOSPHORUS CYANIDE P3CN Air This very reactive cyanide ignites in air when

touched with a warm rod. Mellor 8, Supp. 3:583 (1971).

Water Phosphorus cyanide reacts violently with water. Mellor 8, Supp. 3:583 (1971).

PHOSPHORUS HEXAOXYTETRASULFIDE P408S~ Water This sulfide decomposes rapidly in moist air.

Mellor 8, Supp. 3:437 (1971).

PHOSPHORUS ISOCYANATE PaOCN Acetaldehyde Phosphorus isocyanate and acetaldehyde, acetic

acid, silver nitrate, or sulfuric acid react violently. Mellor 8, Supp. 3:585 (1971).

Acetic Acid See PHOSPHORUS ISOCYANATE plus Acetaldehyde.

Chlorine See CHLORINE plus Phosphorus Isocyanate. Silver Nitrate See PHOSPHORUS ISOCYANATE plus

Acetaldehyde. Sulfuric Acid See PHOSPHORUS ISOCYANATE plus

Acetaldehyde. Water The hydrolysis of phosphorus isocyanate is

rapid. MeUor 8, Supp. 3:585 (1971).

PHOSPHORUS PENTACHLORIDE PC16 Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Boron Tribromide. Sodium See SODIUM plus Cobaltous Bromide.

PHOSPHORUS PENTOXIDE P205 Ammonia Reaction of

Calcium Oxide


Oxygen Difluoride

Sodium Carbonate

Sodium Hydroxide

phosphorus pentoxide and ammonia is rapid, contrary to older reports. Mellor 8, Supp. 1:331 (1964). This is a vigorous reaction. Mellor 8, Supp. 3:403 (1971). See CALCIUM OXIDE plus Phosphorus Pentoxide. See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Ar- senic Trioxide. See OXYGEN DIFLUORIDE plus Aluminum Chloride. See SODIUM CARBONATE plus Phosphorus Pentoxide: See CALCIUM OXIDE Plus Phosphorus Pentoxide.


635 491M-117

PHOSPHORUS TETRAOXYTRISULFIDE P~O4S3 Water The sulfide ignites if moistened with a little

water. Mellor 8, Supp. 3:437 (1971).

PHOSPHORUS TRIBROMIDE PBr3 Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Boron Tribromide. Ruthenium Tetroxide See RUTHENIUM TETROXIDE plus Phos-

phorus Tribromide. Sodium See SODIUM Plus Cobaltous Bromide.

PHOSPHORUS TRICHLORIDE POl3 Aluminum See ALUMINUM plus Phosphorus Trichloride. Diallyl Phosphite and See DIALLYL PHOSPHITE plus Allyl

Allyl Alcohol Alcohol and Phosphorus Trichloride. Iodine Monochloride See IODINE MONOCHLORIDE plus Phos-

phorus Trichloride.

PHOSPHORUS TRIFLUORIDE PF3 Diborane The reaction product of this combination,

borane-phosphorus trifluoride compound, is spontaneously flammable in air. Mellor 8, Supp. 3:442 (1971).

PHOSPHORUS TRIFLUORIDE-BORANE COMPOUND HaBPF3 (self-reactive) See PHOSPHOROUS TRIFLUORIDE plus

Diborane.

PHOSPHORUS TRIOXIDE Arsenic Trifluoride See

Dimethyl Formamide

Dimethyl Sulfoxide

Dimethyl Sulfite

Methanol

P406 ARSENIC TRIFLUORIDE plus Phos-

phorus Trioxide. See DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE plus Phos- phorus Trioxide. See DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE plus Phos- phorus Trioxide. See DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE plus Phos- phorus Trioxide. See DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE plus Phos- phorus Trioxide.

PHOSPHORYL BROMODIFLUORIDE POBrF2 Water See PHOSPHORYL FLUORIDE plus Water.


PHOSPHORYL CHLORIDE POCI3 Boron Triiodide Phosphoryl chloride and boron triiodide react

vigorously. Mellor 5:136 (1946-1947).

Sodium See SODIUM plus Phosphoryl Chloride.

PHOSPHORYL CHLORODIFLUORIDE POC1F2 Water See PHOSPHORYL FLUORIDE plus Water.

PHOSPHORYL DIBROMOFLUORiDE POBr~F Water See PHOSPHORYL FLUORIDE plus Water.

PHOSPHORYL DICHLOROFLUORIDE POCI~F Water See PHOSPHORYL FLUORIDE plus Water.

PHOSPHORYL FLUORIDE POF3 Water The hydrolysis of phosphoryl fluoride and the

halofluorides (phosphoryl chlorodifluoride, phosphoryl dichlorofluoride, phosphoryl bromodifluoride, and phosphoryl dibromofluoride) is a vigorous reaction. Mellor 8, Supp. 3:458 (1971).

PHTHALIC ACID HOCO.CsH4CO.OH Nitric Acid See PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE plus Nitric

Acid.

P H T H A L I C ANHYDRIDE

Nitric Acid

CeH4CO.OCO I I

The exothermic nitration of phthalic acid or phthalic anhydride by a fuming nitric acid - - sulfuric acid mixture may give mixtures of the potentially explosive phthaloyl nitrates or ni- trites or their nitro derivatives. Formation of these compounds may be avoided if the nitrat- ing mixture is extensively diluted with sulfuric acid and if a small (1.5 mole equivalent) of nitric acid is present. Chem. & Ind. 20:790 (1972). Chem. & Ind. 17:664 (1972).

PLATINUM Pt Bromine Trifluoride

and Potassium Fluoride

Oxygen Difluoride Phosphorus

Platinum is attacked by bromine trifluoride at 280 ° C in presence of potassium fluoride. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:164 (1956). See IRIDIUM plus Oxygen Difluoride. See COPPER plus Phosphorus.


,637 491M-119

PLATINIC BROMIDE Bromine Trifluoride

PtBr4 See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Platinic Bromide.

PLATINIC CHLORIDE PtC14 Bromine Trifluoride See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Platinie

Bromide.

PLATINOUS HYPOPHOSPHITE Pt(PH~02)~ (serf-reactive) Platinous hypophosphite liberates spontane-

ously flammable phosphine above 130 ° C. Mellor 8:890 (1946-1947).

PLATINUM-AMMINE (self-reactive)

NITRATES Platinum-ammine nitrates may be impact- sensitive. Pt(NHa)~NOa and Pt(NH3)~(OH)~ (N08)2 detonate when heated. Mellor 16:412 (1946-1947).

PLATINUM-AMMINE (self-reactive)

PERCHLORATES Platinum-ammine perehlorates may be impact- sensitive. Mellor 16:412 (1946-1947).

POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL Chlorine See CHLORINE

phenyl. plus Polychlorinated Bi-

POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE [-Si(CH3)~O-]x Chlorine See CHLORINE plus Polypropylene.

POLYISOBUTYLENE Silver Peroxide

[CH~:C(CH~)d~ " See SILVER PEROXIDE butylene.

plus Polyiso-

POLYPHOSPHORYL CHLORIDES Water These polymers hydrolyze violently.

Mellor 8, Supp. 3:507 (1971).

POLYPROPYLENE Chlorine Potassium

Permanganate

(CH2:CHCH3)x See CHLORINE plus Polypropylene. See POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE plus Polypropylene.

POTASSIOPHOSPHINE KPH2 (See POTASSIUM DIHYDROPHOSPHIDE)


POTASSIUM K (See IODINE plus Lithium). Air The higher oxides of Potassium , formed in air,

Aluminum Bromide

Aluminum Chloride Aluminum Fluoride Ammonium

Chlorocuprate Ammonium Bromide

Ammonium iodide Antimony Tribromide Antimony Trichloride Antimony Triiodide Arsenic Trichloride Arscnic Triiodide

react explosively with pure potassium, sodium, sodium-potassium alloys, and orgaific matter. Mellor 2, Supp. 3:1559 (1963). A mixture of potassium and ally of the following metallic halides produces a strong explosion on impact: aluminum bromide, aluminum chloride, aluminum fluoride, ammonium ehlorocuprate, antimony tribromide, antimony trichloride, antimony triiodide, arsenic trichloride, arsenic triiodide, bismuth tribromide, bismuth trichloride, bismuth triiodide, cadmium bromide, cadmium chloride, cadlnium iodide, chromium tetrachloridc, cupric bromide, cupric chloride, cuprous bromide, cuprous chloride, cuprous iodide, manganous chloride, mercuric bromide, mercuric chloride, mercuric fluoride, mercuric iodide, mercurous chloride, nickel bromide, nickel chloride, nickel iodide, silicon tetrachloride, silver fluoride, stamfic chloride, stamfic iodide (with sulfur), stannous chloride, sulfur dibromide, thallous bromide, vanadium pentachloride, zinc bromide, zinc chloride, and zinc iodide. Mellor 2, Supp. 3" 1571 (1963). See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. See POTASSIUM plus Aluininum Bromide. See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

A mixture of potassium and any of the following compounds produces a weak explosion on impact: ammonium brolnide, ammonium iodide, cadmium fluoride, chromium trifluoride, manganous bromide, manga~mus iodide, nickel fluoride, potassium ehlorocuprate, silver chloride, silver iodide, strontium iodide, thallous chloride, and zinc fluoride. Mellor 2, Supp. 3:1571 (1963). See POTASSIUM plus Ammonium Bromide. See POTASSIUM See POTASSIUM See POTASSIUM See POTASSIUM See POTASSIUM

plus Alumimun Bromide. plus Aluminum Bromidc. plus Aluminum Bromide. plus Aluminum Bromide. plus Aluminum Bromide.

REVISIONS TO NFPA NO. 491M 639

491M-121

Arsine and Ammonia

Bismuth Tribromide Bismuth Trichloride Bisnmth Triiodide Boric Acid

Boron Tribromide

Cadmium Bromide Cadmium Chloride Cadmium Fluoride Cadmium Iodide Carbon

Carbon Dioxide

Carbide Monoxide and Oxygen

Carbon Tetrachloride Charcoal

Chlorine Trifiuoride Chromium

Tetrachloride Chromium Trifluoride

Potassium and arsine react vigorously ill liquid ammonia at minus 78 ° C. The product reacts vigorously with air. Mellor 2, Supp. 3:1579 (1963). See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. A mixture of potassium and any of the following compounds may explode on impact: boric acid, copper oxychloride, lead oxychloride, lead peroxide, lead sulfate, silver iodate, sodium iodate, and vanadium oxychloride. Mellor 2, Supp. 3:1571 (1963). A mixture of potassium and any of the following halide compounds produces a very violent explosion on impact: boron tribromide, carbon tetrachloride, cobaltous bromide, cobaltous chloride, ferric bromide, ferric chloride, ferrous bromide, ferrous chloride, ferrous iodide, phosphorus pentachloride, phosphorus tribromide and sulfur dichloride. Mellor 2, Supp. 3:1571 (1963). See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. See POTASSIUM plus Ammonium Bromide. See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. See POTASSIUM plus Graphite and Potassium Superoxide. Mixture of solid forms of potassium, and carbon dioxide (as dry ice) explodes when subjected to shock. MeUor 2, Supp. 3:1568 (1963). The reaction of potassium and carbon monoxide forms an explosive carbonyl compound, potassium carbonyl, which reacts violently with oxygen. Mellor 2, Supp. 3:1567 (1963). See also SODIUM CARBONYL plus Air. See POTASSIUM plus Boron Tribromide. Both charcoal and graphite react vigorously with liquid potassium. Mellor 2, Supp. 3:1566 (1963). See ANTIMONY plus Chlorine Trifluoride. See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

See POTASSIUM plus Ammonium Bromide.


Potassium (cont.) Cobaltous Bromide See POTASSIUM Cobaltous Chloride See POTASSIUM Copper Oxychloride See POTASSIUM Cupric Bromide See POTASSIUM Cupric Chloride See POTASSIUM Cuprous Bromide See POTASSIUM Cuprous Chloride See POTASSIUM Cuprous Iodide See POTASSIUM Ferric Bromide See POTASSIUM Ferric Chloride See POTASSIUM Ferrous Bromide See POTASSIUM Ferrous Chloride See POTASSIUM Ferrous Iodide See POTASSIUM Graphite See POTASSIUM Graphite and

Potassium Superoxide •

Hydrogen Iodide

Hydrogen Peroxide Iodine Iodine Monobromide

Iodine Monochloride

Lead Oxychloride Lead Peroxide See Lead Sulfate See Manganous Bromide See Manganous Chloride See Manganous Iodide See Mercuric Bromide See Mercuric Chloride See

• Mercuric Fluoride See Mercuric Iodide See Mercurous Chloride See Nickel Bromide See Nickel Chloride See Nickel Fluoride See Nickel Iodide Nitryl Fluoride

plus Boron Tribromide. plus Boron Tribromide. plus Boric Acid. plus Aluminum Bromide. plus Aluminum Bromide. plus Aluminum Bromide. plus Aluminum Bromide. plus Aluminum Bromide. plus Boron Tribromide. plus Boron Tribromide. plus Boron Tribromide. plus Boron Tribromide. plus Boron Tribromide. plus Charcoal.

MeUor 2, Supp. 3" 1566 (1963). A very violent explosion results when a mixture of potassium and hydrogen iodide is struck by a hammer. Mellor 2, Supp. 3:1563 (1963). See LEAD DIOXIDE plus Hydrogen Peroxide. See IODINE plus Lithium. Potassium in contact with molten iodine monobromide creates a strong explosion. Melh)r 2, Supp. 3:1563 (1963). Mellor, 2, Supp. 1:501 (1956). Mellor, 2, Supp. 3:1563 (1963). See POTASSIUM plus Boric Acid.

POTASSIUM plus Boric Acid. POTASSIUM plus Boric Acid. POTASSIUM Plus Ammonium Bromide. POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. POTASSIUM plus Ammonium Bromide. POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. POTASSIUM plus POTASSIUM plus POTASSIUM .plus POTASSIUM plus POTASSIUM plus

Aluminum Bromide. Aluminum Bromide. Aluminum Bromide. Aluminum Bromide. Ammonium Bromide.

See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. Heated potassium metal burns with a lilac flame in vapor of nitryl fluoride. Mellor 2, Supp. 3:1566 (1963).

REVISIONS TO NFVA NO. 491M

641 491M-123

Potassium (cont.) Phosgene

Phosphine and Ammonia

Phosphorus Phosphorus

Pentachloride

Mixture of potassium and phosgene explodes when subjected to shock. Mellor 2, Supp. 3:1568 (1963). Potassium and phosphine react in liquid ammoni~ to form potassium dihydrophosphide, a spontaneously flammable solid. Mellor 8, Supp. 3:283 (1971). See PHOSPHORUS plus Cesium. See POTASSIUM plus Boron Tribromide.

Phosphorus Tribromide See POTASSIUM plus Boron Tribromide. Potassium

Chlorocuprate Potassium Oxides Potassium Ozonide

Potassium Peroxide Potassium Superoxide Selenium Monochloride Silicon Tetrachloride Silver Chloride Silver Fluoride Silver Iodate Silver Iodide Sodium Iodate Sodium Nitrite and

Ammonia

Stannic Chloride Stannous Chloride Stannic Iodide and

Sulfur Strontium Iodide Sulfur

Sulfur'Dibromide Sulfur Dichloride Thallous Bromide Thallous Chloride Vanadium Oxychloride Vanadium

Pentachloride Water

See POTASSIUM plus Ammonium Bromide.

See POTASSIUM plus Air. Potassium in contact'with the following oxides causes an explosive reaction: potassium ozonide, potassium peroxide, potassium superoxide. Mellor 2, Supp. 3:1577 (1963). See POTASSIUM plus Potassium Ozonide. See POTASSIUM plus Potassium Ozonide. MeUor 2, Supp. 3:1564 (1963). See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. See POTASSIUM plus Ammonium Bromide. See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. See POTASSIUM plus Boric Acid. See POTASSIUM plus Ammonium Bromide. See POTASSIUM plus Boric Acid. Solutions of potassium and sodium nitrite in liquid ammonia form disodium nitrite, which is very reactive and easily explosive. MeUor 2, Supp. 3:1566 (1963). See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

See POTASSIUM plus Ammonium Bromide. Vapors of potassium and sulfur react with chemiluminescence at 300 ° C and low pressures. Mellor 2, Supp. 3:1564 (1963). See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. See POTASSIUM plus Boron Tribromide. See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. See POTASSIUM plus Ammonium Bromide. See POTASSIUM plus Boric Acid. See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

Mellor 2, Supp. 3:1560 (1963).

642 491M-124 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CHEMICALS AND EXPLOSIVES Potassium (cont.)

Zinc Bromide Zinc Chloride Zinc Fluoride Zinc Iodide

See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. See POTASSIUM plus Ammonium Bromide. See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

POTASSIUM AZIDODISULFATE KNa(SO4)2 Water This reaction is an explosive one.

Mellor 8, Supp. 2:36 (1967).

POTASSIUM BROMATE KBrOa Lead Acetate During an attempt to make lead bromate, an

explosion occurred that caused two deaths. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:770 (1956).

Selenium See SELENIUM plus Potassium Bromate.

POTASSIUM BROMIDE KBr Bromine Trifluoride See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Potas-

sium Bromide.

POTASSIUM CARBONATE K~C03 Chlorine Trifluoride See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Nitric

Acid.

POTASSIUM CARBONYL KCO Oxygen See POTASSIUM plus Carbon Monoxide and

Oxygen.

POTASSIUM CHLORATE Ammonium Chloride See

Ammonium Salts

Boron Sulfur

KC103 POTASSIUM CHLORATE plus Am-

monium Salts. The reaction of potassium chlorate with ammonium salts is violent. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:586 (1956). See BORON plus Potassium Chlorate. See SULFUR plus Potassium Chlorate.

POTASSIUM CHLORIDE KC1 Bromine Trifluoride See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Potas-

sium Bromide.

POTASSIUM CHLOROCUPRATE K~CuCI4 Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Ammonium Bromide.

POTASSIUM DICHROMATE K2Cr207 Hydrazine Potassium dichromate or sodium dichromate

reacts explosively with hydrazine. Mellor 11:234 (1946-1947).


491M-125

POTASSIUM DIHYDROPHOSPHIDE KPH2 (self-reactive) See POTASSIUM plus Phosphine and Am-

monia.

POTASSIUM FERROCYANIDE K4Fe(CN)6.3H~O Cupric Nitrate See CUPRIC NITRATE plus

Ferrocyanide. Potassium

POTASSIUM FLUORIDE KF Platinum and See PLATINUM plus Bromine Trifluoride and

Bromine Trifluoride Potassium Fluoride.

POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE K0H N-Methyl-N-Nitroso See N-METHYL-N-NITROSO UREA plus

Urea aad Potassium Hydroxide and Methylene Chloride. Methylene Chloride

POTASSIUM IODIDE Bromine Trifluoride


KI See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Potas- sium Bromide. See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Nitric Acid.

POTASSIUM NITRATE KNO3 Fluorine See FLUORINE plus Potassium Nitrate.

POTASSIUM OXIDES Potassium Sodium Sodium-Potassium

Alloy Organic Matter

KxOy See POTASSIUM plus Air. See POTASSIUM plus Air. See POTASSIUM plus Air.

See POTASSIUM plus Air.

POTASSIUM OZONIDE KO3 Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Potassium Ozonide. Sodium See SODIUM plus Potassium 0zonide. Water Both potassium ozonide and potassium super-

oxide react explosively with water. Both are too unstable to be isolated. Mellor 2, Supp. 3:1631 (1963).

POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE KOH Chlorine and See CHLORINE plus Hydrogen peroxide and

Hydrogen Peroxide Potassium Hydroxide. o-Nitrophenol Molten ortho nitrophenol reacts violently with

potassium hydroxide (commercial 85% pellets). Pouwels (1972).


N-Nitrosomethylurea

Nitrosomethyl Urea and Methylene Chloride

Sodium Azide and Benzoyl Chloride

A reaction between n-nitrosomethylurea and potassium hydroxide in n-butyl ether resulted in an explosion due to the formation of diazomethane. Schwab (1972). See NITROSOMETHYL UREA plus Potas- sium Hydroxide and Methylene Chloride.

See SODIUM AZIDE plus Benzoyl Chloride and Potassium Hydroxide.

POTASSIUM HYPOBORATE KBOH3 (self-reactive) Potassium hypoborate is a stronger, more

violent reducing agent than potassium hypophosphite. McUor 5:37 (1946-1947).

POTASSIUM NITRATE KN03 Sodium Hypophosphite A mixture of potassium nitrate and sodium

hypophosphite constitutes a powerful explosive. Mellor 8:881 (1946-1947).

Trichloroethylene See TRICHLOROETHYLENE plus Potas- sium Nitrate.

POTASSIUM p-NITROBENZENE-DIAZOSULFONATE 02N-CaHr4-N :NS03K

(self-reactive) While a chemist was examining some crystals of potassium p-nitrobenzene-diazosulfonate wi th . a loupe the entire 10-gram batch, which was on a sheet of filter paper, exploded. The crystals were probably the "labile" form (potassium p- nitrobenzene-sya-diazosulfonate) and would have in time converted to the "stable" form. Crucible 58 (9): 147 (1973).

POTASSIUM PERCHLORATE Fluorine See FLUORINE plus Potassium Perchlorate.

POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE KMnO~ Hydrogen Peroxide Potassium permanganate can produce an ex-

plosion when brought into contact with very concentrated hydrogen peroxide. Haz. Chem. Data, p. 230 (1973).


645' 491M-127

Organic Matter

Polypropylene

Sulfuric Acid

An explosive reaction can occur when solid, finely divided potassium permanganate comes in contact with organic substances. Pascal 16:1041 (1931-1934). Pieters, p. 28 (1957). Haz. Chem. Data, p. 230 (1973). Potassium permanganate being conveyed through a polypropylene tube ignited the tube. MCA Case History 1842 (1972). Permanganate anhydride, Mn2OT, forms in tile course of the reaction of concentrated sulfuric acid with crystallized potassium permanganate at low temperature (minus 20 ° C). An oily liquid forms under the layer of sulfuric acid that is very unstable and detonates when the temperature is increased (70 ° C). Ri2st and Ebert, p. 29 (1948). Pieters, p. 28 (1957). Gallais, pp. 696, 697 (1957).

POTASSIUM PEROXIDE K~O2 Air See POTASSIUM PEROXIDE plus Water. Oxygen See OXYGEN plus Potassium Peroxide. Water Potassium peroxide is very reactive, and can

explode in air or water. Mellor 2, Supp. 3:1577 (1963).

POTASSIUM SUPEROXIDE KO~ Sodium See SODIUM plus Potassium Ozonide. Water See POTASSIUM OZONIDE plus Water.

POTASSIUM TERT.-BUTOXIDE Acetic Acid Acetone Butyl Acetate Carbon Tctrachloride Chloroform Diethyl Sulfate Dimethyl Carbonate Epichlorohydrin Ethyl Acetate Ethyl Alcohol Isopropyl Alcohol Methyl Alcohol Methylene Chloride Methyl Ethyl Ketone Methyl Isobutyl

Ketone

KOC(CH3)3 See ACETONE plus Potassium Tert.-Butoxide. See ACETONE plus Potassium Tert.-Butoxide. See ACETONE plus Potassium Tert.-Butoxide. See ACETONE plus Potassium Tert.-Butoxide. See ACETONE plus Potassium Tert.-Butoxide. See ACETONE plus Potassium Tert.-Butoxide. See ACETONE plus Potassium Tert.-Butoxide. See ACETONE plus Potassium Tert.-Butoxide. See ACETONE plus Potassium Tert.-Butoxide. See ACETONE plus Potassium Trrt.-Butoxide. See ACETONE plus Potassium Tert.-Butoxide. See ACETONE plus Potassium Tert.-Butoxide. See ACETONE plus Potassium Tert.-Butoxide. See ACETONE plus Potassium Tert.-Butoxide. See ACETONE plus Potassium Tert.-Butoxide.


Propyl Alcohol Propyl Formate Sulfuric Acid

See ACETONE plus Potassium Tert.-Butoxide. See ACETONE plus Potassium Tert.-Butoxide. See ACETONE plus Potassium Tert.-Butoxide.

POTASSIUM TRIPERCHROMATE K3CrOO4 (self-reactive) Potassium triperchromate decomposes ex-

plosively at 178 ° C. The impure salt is explosive. Mellor 11:356 (1946-1947).

PROPANE CH3CH2CH3 Chlorine Dioxide See CHLORINE DIOXIDE plus Butadiene.

1-PROPANETHIOL Calcium Hypochlorite See CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE plus 1-

Propanethiol.

PROPIOLACTONE (BETA-)


Aniline Chlorosulfonie Acid

Ethylene Diamine

Ethyleneimine

Hydrochloric Acid

Hydrofluoric Acid

OCO.CH~CH= I I

See-2-AMINOETHANOL plus Propiolaetone. Mixing propiolactone (BETA-) a n d 28~O ammonium hydroxide in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. See ANILINE plus Propiolactone. Mixing propiolactone (BETA-) and chlorosulfonic acid in a closed c(~r/tainer caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. See ETHYLENE DIAMINE plus Propiolae- tone (BETA-). See ETHYLENEIMINE plus Propiolactone (BETA-). Mixing propiolactone (BETA-) and 36% hydrochloric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing propiolactone (BETA-) and 48.7~0 hydrofluoric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.


647 491M-129

Nitric Acid

Oleum Pyridine Sodium Hydroxide

Sulfuric Acid

PROPYL ALCOHOL Potassium Tert.-

Butoxide

Mixing propiolactone (BETh-) and 70% nitric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. See OLEUM plus Propiolactone (BETh-). See PYRIDINE plus Propiolactone (BETh-). See SODIUM HYDROXIDE plus Propiolac- tone (BETh-). Mixing propiolactone (nETh-) and 96% sulfuric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

CH3CH~CH2OH See ACETONE plus Potassium Tert.-Butoxide.

PROPYLENE H3CCH :CH2 Nitrous Oxide See NITROUS OXIDE plus Propylene.

PROPYLENE OXIDE

Ammonium Hydroxide

Chlorosulfonic Acid

Hydrochloric Acid

Hydrofluoric Acid

CH3CHCH20 1 !

Mixing propylene oxide and 28% ammonium hydroxide, in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing propylene oxide and chlorosulfonic acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete refernece. Mixing propylene oxide and hydrochloric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing propylene oxide and 48.7% hydrofluoric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.


Nitric Acid

Oleum Sulfuric Acid

Mixing propylene oxide and 70% nitric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970)'. See Note under complete reference. See OLEUM plus Propylene Oxide. Mixing propylene oxide and 96% sulfuric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

PROPYL FORMATE. C3HTOCHO Potassium Tert.- See ACETONE plus Potassium Tert.-Butoxide.

Butoxide

PROPYL MERCAPTAN C3H~SH Calcium Hypochlorite See CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE plus Mer-

captan.

P Y R I D I N E t.

Chlorosulfonie Acid

Nitrie Acid

G l e a m Perchromates Propiolaetone (BETA-)

Silver Perchlorate

Silver Pcrchlorate Sulfuric Acid

N :CHCH :CHCH :CH I

Mixing pyridine and chlorosulfonic acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing pyridine and 70% nitric acid in a closed codtainer caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. See OLEUM plus Pyridine. See PERCHROMATES plus Pyridine. Mixing pyridine and propiolactone (BETA-) in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. See SILVER PERCHLORATE plus Acetic Acid. See SILVER PERCHLORATE plus Toluene. Mixing pyridine and 96% sulfuric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

R E V I S I O N S T O N F P A N O . 491M

649 491M-131

PYRIDINIUM PERCHLORATE (C~H6N)CI04 (self-reactive) This salt may explode violently in contact with

metals. Mellor 2, Supp. l: 603 (1956).

PYROPHOSPHORYL CHLORIDE P20aCI2 Water The vigorous hydrolysis of pyrophosphoryl

chloride is like that of phosphorus pentoxide. Mellor 8, Supp. 3: 505.

PYROSULFURYL AZIDE (N3802)20 (self-reactive) Pyrosulfuryl azide decomposes

below 80 ° C. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:36 (1967).

explosively

I I OUINOLINE CHCHCHCHCCNCHCHCH

I I Perehromates See PERCHROMATES plus Quinoline.

RHENIUM Re Fluorine Rhenium and fluorine react readily at 125 ° C.

Mellor 2, Supp. 1:64 (1956).

RHODIUM Rh Chlorilm Trifluoride Oxygen Difluoride

See ANTIMONY plus Chlorine Trifluoride. See IRIDIUM plus Oxygen Difluoride.

RHODIUM-AMMINE NITRATES (self-reactive) Rhodium-ammine nitrates may b e impact-

sensitive. Rh(NHs)sI(N03)2 crystals explode when heated. Mellor 15:590 (1946-1947).

RHODIUM-AMMINE PERCHLORATES (self-reactive) Rhodium-ammine perehlorates may be impact-

sensitive. Mellor 15:590 (1946-1947).

RHODIUM TETRABROMIDE RhBr4 Bromine Trifiuoride See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Potas-

sium Bromide.


RUBBER Chlorine Trifluoride

Iodine Monochloride

Lithium

See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Rub- ber. See IODINE MONOCHLORIDE plus Organic Matter. See LITHIUM plus Organic Matter.

RUBIDIUM Chlorine Phosphorus

Rb See CESIUM plus Chlorine. See PHOSPHORUS plus Cesium.

RUBIDIUM AZIDE (self-reactive)

RbN3 Rubidium azide decomposes at 321 ° C. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:43 (1967).

RUBIDIUM CARBIDE Bromine Iodine Nitric Oxide

Selenium Sulfur Dioxide

Rb~C~ See BROMINE plus Rubidium Carbide. See IODINE plus Cesium Carbide. See RUBIDIUM CARBIDE plus Sulfur Di- oxide. See SELENIUM plus Rubidium Carbide. Rubidium carbide ignites on warming in sulfur dioxide or nitric oxide vapor. Mellor 5:848 (1946-1947).

RUBIDIUM CHLORIDE RbC1 Bromine Trifluoride See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Barium

Chloride.

RUTHENIUM Ru Oxygen Difluoride See IRIDIUM plus Oxygen Difluoride.

RUTHENIUM TETROXIDE Ru04 Phosphorus Ruthenium tetroxide and phosphorus tri-

Tribromide bromide undergo a vigorous exothermic reaction. Mellor 8, Supp. 3:521 (1971).

SELENIUM Se Chlorates

Chlorine Trifluoride Lithium Carbide Potassium Bromate

A moist mixture of selenium and any chlorates but the alkali chlorates becomes incandescent. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:583 (1956). See ANTIMONY plus Chlorine Trifluoride. See SULFUR plus Lithium Carbide. The reaction is violently explosive. MeUor 2, Supp. 1:763 (1956).


651 491M-133

Rubidium Carbide

Silver Bromate

The carbide burns in selenium vapor. Mellor 5: 848 (1946-1947). The reaction is violently explosive. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:766 (1956).

SELENIUM IODOPHOSPHIDE Se3P412 Nitric Acid These compounds react explosively.

Mellor 8, Supp. 3:247 (1971).

SELENIUM MONOCHLORIDE Se2Cl~ Phosphorus See PHOSPHORUS plus Selenium

chloride. Mono-

SELENIUM OXYFLUORIDE SeOF~ Phosphorus See PHOSPHORUS plus Selenium Oxyfluoride.

SELENIUM TETRAFLUORIDE SeF4 Phosphorus See PHOSPHORUS

fluoride. plus Selenium Tetra-

SILANES Air Mellor 1:376 (1946-1947).

SILICATES Lithium See LITHIUM plus Carbides.

SILICON Si Chlorine Cobaltic Fluoride

Sodium-Potassium Alloy

See ANTIMONY plus Chlorine Trifluoride. A mixture of silicon powder and cobaltic fluoride glows red on gently warming. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:64 (1956). The reaction of silicon and sodium-potassium alloy forms sodium silicide, which is spontaneously flammable in air. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:564 (1961). See also SODIUM SILICIDE plus Air.

SILICON TETRACHLORIDE SiCI4 Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. Sodium See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

SILICON TETRAAZIDE Si(N3)4 (self-reactive) Spontaneous explosions have been observed

with this compound. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:50 (1967). See BORON TRIAZIDE (self-reactive).


SILVER Ag Chlorine Trifluoride Hydrogen Peroxide

SILVER AZIDE AgN3 (self-reactive)

See ALUMINUM plus Chlorine Trifluoride. Finely divided silver and a strong hydrogen peroxide solution may explode. Mellor 1:936 (1946-1947).

Silver azide decomposes at 250 ° C. I t is explosively unstable. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:43 (1967). Silver azide is shock-sensitive when dry and has a detonation temperature of 250 q C. Photo. Sci. & Eng. 10 (6): 334-337 (1966). See also AZIDES.

SILVER BROMATE Sulfur Tellurium

AgBr03 See SULFUR plus Silver Bromate. See TELLURIUM plus Silver Bromate.

SILVER CHLORATE AgC1Oa Sulfur See SULFUR plus Silver Chlorate.

SILVER CHLORIDE Bromine Trifiuoride

Potassium

AgC1 See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Barium Chloride, See POTASSIUM plus Ammonium Bromide.

SILVER CYANIDE AgCN Fluorine See FLUORINE plus Silver Cyanide.

SILVER FLUORIDE Potassium Sodium

AgF See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. See SODIUM pltis Aluminum Bromide.

SILVER FULMINATE (self-reactive)

AgON :C Silver fulminate is shock-sensitive when dry and has a detonation temperature of 175 ° C. Photo. Sci. & Eng. 10 (6): 334-337 (1966).

SILVER IODATE AgI03 Potassium See PoTAss IUM plus Boric Acid.

SILVER IODIDE AgI Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Ammonium Bromide.


653 491M-135

SILVER NITRATE AgN03 Chlorine Trifluoride See CHLORINE TR1FLUORIDE plus Nitric

Acid. Phosphorus Isocyanate See PHOSPHORUS ISOCYANATE plus Acet-

aldehyde.

SILVER NITRIDE (self-reactive)

Ag3N Silver nitride can be detonated by shock even if wet. Detonation temperature is 100 ° C. Photo. Sci. & Eng. 10 (6): 334-337 (1966). Dried silver nitride explodes readily, even from a strong flash of light. Mellor 8, Supp. 1:155 (1964).

SILVER OSMIAMATE (self-reactive)

AgOsN03 Silver osmiamate detonates violently at 80 ° C or by percussion. Mellor 15:728 (1946-1947).

SILVER OXALATE (self-reactive)

Chlorine

Ag0C0.C0.OAg Newly prepared silver oxalate, that had been oven dried for several days at 50 ° C maximum, was placed in a mechanical mortar-and-pestle type grinder. When the motor was turned on, an explosion occurred that seriously injured two people. Impact detonation was the prob- able cause of. the ,detonation. Textbooks indicate'that silver oxalate is explosive above 150°C and that the explosion hazard is moderate when exposed to heat. BCISC 44 (175): 19 (1973). See CHLORINE plus Mercuric Oxide.

SILVER PERCHLORATE AgCI04 Acetic Acid Silver perchlorate-acetic acid solvated salt is

liable to explode when struck. Shock-sensitive solvated salts are also formed with silver perchlorate and aniline, benzene, chlorobenzene, glycerol, nitrobenzene, pyridine, and toluene. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:616 (1956).

Aniline See SILVER PERCHLORATE plus Acetic Acid.

Benzene See SILVER PERCHLORATE plus Acetic Acid.


Carbon Tetrachloride and Hydrochloric Acid

Chlorobenzene

Glycerol

Nitrobenzene

Pyridine

Toluene

Toluene

Thc reaction of silver perchlorate with carbon tetrachtoride in the presence of a small amount of hydrochloric acid produces trichloromethyl perehlorate, which detonates at 40 ° C. Kirk and Othmer, Second Ed. 5 : 7 2 (1963). Pascal 16:316 (1931-1934). See SILVER PERCHLORATE plus Acetic Acid. See SILVER PERCHLORATE plus Acetic Acid. See SILVER PERCHLORATE plus Acetic Acid. See SILVER PERCHLORATE plus Acetic Acid. See SILVER PERCHLORATE plus Acetic Acid. Many "hydrocarbon-metal perchiorate" complexes are exposive, for example the complexes of benzene, toluene, aniline, pyridine, and dioxane. Analyst 81): 13 (1955).

SILVER PERCHLORATE-ACETIC ACID SOLVATED SALT AGC104:CH3COOH

(self-reactive) See SILVER PERCHLORATE plus Acetic Acid.

SILVER PERMANGANATE AgMnO, Ammonium Hydroxide Silver permanganate reacts with ammonium

hydroxide to form a complex of the formula [Ag(NH3)~]MnO~ which is shock senstiive. Pascal 16:1062 (1931-1934).

SILVER PEROXIDE Polyisobutylene

SILVER SALTS Nitromethane

Ag202 An explosion occurred during filling of a container with 2 kilograms of silver peroxide containing 1% by weight of polyisobutylene. Arbeitsschutz 6:248 (1972).

Sec COPPER SALTS plus Nitromethane.

SODIUM ACETOACETIC ESTER IC~H2(NO2)~C6Hs 2-Iodo-3, See 2-IODO-3, 5-DINITROBIPHENYL plus

5-Dinitrobiphenyl Ethyl Sodio-Acetoacetate.


655 491M-137

SILVER SULFIDE Ag2S Iodine Monochloride See IODINE MONOCHLORIDE plus Cad-

mium Sulfide.

SODIUM Na Iodine Air Aluminum Bromide

Aluminum Chloride Aluminum Fluoride Ammonium

Chlorocuprate Antimony Tribromide See Antimony Trichloride See Antimony Triiodide See Arsenic Trichloride See Arsenic Triiodide See Bismuth Tribromide See Bismuth Trichloride See Bismuth Triiodide See Boron Tribromide See Carbon Dioxide

Carbon Monoxide and Ammonia

See IODINE plus Lithium. MeUor 2, Supp. 2:440 (1961). A mixture of sodium and any of the following halide compounds produces a strong explosion on impact: aluminum bromide, aluminum chloride, aluminum fluoride, ammonium chlorocuprate, antimony tribromidc, antimony trichloride, antimony triiodide, arsenic trichloride, arsenic triiodide, bismuth tribromide, bismuth trichloride, bismuth triiodide, boron tribromide, cupric chloride, ferrous chloride, iodine monobromide, manganous chloride, mercuric bromide, mercuric chloride, mercuric fluoride, mercuric iodide, mercurous chloride, silicon tetrachloride, silver fluoride, stannic chloride, stannic iodide (with sulfur), stannous chloride, sulfur dibromide, thallous bromide, vanadium pentaehloride, and zinc bromide. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:497 (1961). See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. SODHJM plus Aluminum Bromide. SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

An explosive reaction occurs when dry ice and solid sodium are brought together by impact. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:468 (1961). The reaction of sodium and carbon monoxide in liquid ammonia forms sodium earbonyl, which explodes when heated in air. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:467 (1961). See also SODIUM CARBONYL plus Air.


Carbon Tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride Cobaltous Chloride Chlorine

Chlorine Trifluoride Chromium

Tetrachloride

Cobaltous Bromide

Cupric Chloride Ferric Bromide Ferric Chloride Ferrous Bromide Ferrous Chloride Ferrous Iodide Fluorine Hydrogen Chloride

Hydrogen Peroxide Hydrogen Sulfide

Iodine Iodine Monobromide

Iodine Monochloride

Manganous Chloride Mercuric Bromide Mercuric Chloride Mercuric Fluoride

See SODIUM plus Carbon Dioxide. See SODIUM plus Cobaltous Bromide. See SODIUM plus Cobaltous Bromide The vapors of sodium and chlorine react with a luminous flame. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:380 (1956). See CALCIUM plus Chlorine Trifluoride. A mixture of sodium and chromium tetrachloride creates a very violent explosion on impact. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:497 (1961). A very violent explosion results when a mixture of sodium and any of the following is struck with a hammer: cobaltous bromide, carbon tetrachloride, cobaltous chloride, ferric bromide, ferric chloride, ferrous bromide, ferrous iodide, phosphorus pentachloride, phosphorus tribromide, sulfur dichloride. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:497 (1961). See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. See SODIUM plus Cobaltous Bromide. See SODIUM plus Cobaltous Bromide. See SODIUM plus Cobaltous Bromide. See SODIUM plus Alumitlum Bromide. See SODIUM plus Cobaltous Bromide. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:450 (1961). Sodium reacts very vigorously with gaseous hydrogen chloride. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:452 (1961). See LEAD DIOXIDE plus Hydrogen Peroxide. A very rapid reaction results when moist gaseous hydrogen sulfide contacts sodium. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:456 (1961). See IODINE plus Lithium. A mixture of sodium and iodine monobromide explodes when struck with a hammer. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:452 (1961). See also SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. The reaction of sodium and iodine monochloride is vigorous when both materials are molten. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:451 (1961). See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.


657 491M-139

Sodium (cont.) Mercuric Iodide Mercurous Chloride Monoammonium

Phosphate

Nitric Acid Nitrogen Peroxide

Nitrous Oxide Phosgene

Phosphorus Phosphorus

Pentachloride Phosphorus

Tribomide Phosphorus

Trichloride Phosphoryl Chloride

Potassium Oxides Potassium Ozonide

Potassium Superoxide Selenium

Silicon Tetrachloride Silver Fluoride Stannic Chloride Stanaic Iodide and

Sulfur Stannous Chloride Sulfur Sulfur Dibromide

See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. An explosive reaction occurred when monoammonium phosphate was used to extinguish a sodium fi.re. No reactions were experienced when sodium bicarbonate or potassium bicarbonate was used in a sodium fire. Bohling (1971). Mellor 2, Supp. 2:452 (1961). Gaseous sodium reacts with the vapors of nitrogen peroxide and nitrous oxide with marked luminescence at 260 ° C. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:463 (1961). See SODIUM plus Nitrogen Peroxide. Vapors of sodium and phosgene react with luminescence at about 260 ° C. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:470 (1961). See PHOSPHORUS plus Cesium. See also SODIUM plus Cobaltous Bromide.

See SODIUM plus Cobaltous Bromide.

See also SODIUM plus Phosphoryl Chloride.

Gaseous sodium reacts with the vapors of phosphoryl chloride andphosphorus trichloride with luminescence at 270 ° C. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:463 (1961). See POTASSIUM plus Air. Sodium in contact with either potassium ozonide or potassium superoxide produces an explosive reaction. Mellor 2, Supp. 3:1577 (1963). See SODIUM plus Potassium Ozonide. The reaction of sodium and selenium is lumines- cent above 300 ° C at low pressure. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:455 (1961). See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:455 (1961). See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.


Sodium (cont.) Sulfur l)ichloride

Sulfur Dioxide

Sulfuric Acid Tellurium

Thallous Bromide Vanadium

Pentachloride Vanadyl Chloride

Water Zinc Bromide

A mixture of sodium and sulfur dichloride explodes when struck with a hammer. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:460 (1961). The reaction of sodium and sulfur dioxide is almost as vigorous as that between sodium and water. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:458 (1961). Mellor 2, Supp. 2:453 (1961). A vigorous reaction results whcn liquid tellurium is poured over solid sodium. MeUor 2, Supp. 2:455 (1961). See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

Sodium and vanadyl chloride react violently when heated to 180 ° C. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:496 (1961). See SODIUM plus Carbon Dioxide. Sce SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

SODIUM ACETATE CH3COONa Fluorine See FLUORINE plus Sodium Acetate.

SODIUM AMIDE NaNH2 Chromic Anhydride Whe~ these solids are ground together, a

vigorous reaction results. Mellor 11:234 (1946-1947).

SODIUM AMINO PHOSPHIDE NaNHPH2 (self-reactive) Sodium amino phosphide is spontaneously

flammable in air. Lehman and 1Vilson, p. 50 (1949).

SODIUM AZIDE (self-reactive)

Benzoyl Chloride and Potassium Hydroxide

Chromyl Chloride

Copper

NaN3 Sodium azide decomposes at 275°C. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:43 (1967). The mixture of sodium azide and benzoyl chloride reacts spontaneously with evolution of heat in a potassium hydroxide solution. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:55 (1967). The reaction of sodium azide and chromyl chloride is all explosive one. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:36 (1967). A solution of sodium azide in copper pipe with lead joints formed copper azide and lead azide, both detonating compounds. Klotz (1973).


659 491M-141

.. Lead Nitric Acid

See SODIUM AZI])E plus Copper. The reaction of sodium azide and strong nitric acid is energetic. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:315 (1967).

SODIUM BICARBONATE NaHC0a Sodium- See SODIUM-POTASSIUM

Potassium Alloy Water. ALLOY plus

SODIUM BROMIDE Bromine Trifluoride

NaBr See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Potas- sium Bromide.

SODIUM CARBIDE Aluminum Carbon Dioxide

Chlorine Iron Lead Mercury Water

Na2C2 See MERCURY plus Sodium Carbide. Sodium carbide ignites on warming in carbon dioxide. Mellor 5:848 (1946-1947). See CHLORINE plus Sodium Carbide. See MERCURY plus Sodium Carbide. See Mercury plus Sodium Carbide. See MERCURY plus Sodium Carbide. An explosion of sodium carbide can occur in water if a large excess of carbide is present. MeUor 5:848 (1946-1947).

SODIUM CARBONATE Na2C03 Phosphorus Pentoxide The anhydrous reaction of sodium carbonate

and phosphorus pentoxide, initiated by local heating, can generate relatively high temperatures. Mellor 8, Supp. 3:406 (1971).

SODIUM CARBONYL Air

Na~C202 See also SODIUM plus Carbon Monoxide and Ammonia.

SODIUM CHLORATE Ammonium

Thiosulfate

NaCl03 A bulk cargo of sodium chlorate became hot while beir/g transported in a tank that had previously contained ammoaium thiosulfate. Under controlled laboratory conditions, a small quantity of ammonium thiosulfate in sodium chlorate could be made to decompose explosively. MCA Case History 2019 (April 1974).


SODIUM CHLORIDE Bromine Trifluoride

NaCl See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Pots,s- sium Bromide.

SODIUM CHLORITE (self-reactive)

Phosphorus Sulfur

NaCl02 The trihydrate crystals of sodium chlorite explode 9 n percussion. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:573 (1956). See PHOSPHORUS plus Sodium Chlorite. See SULFUR plus Sodium Chlorite.

SODIUM DICHROMATE Na2Cr207 Hydrazine See POTASSIUM DICHROMATE plus Hy-

drazine.

SODIUM HYDROXIDE NaOH Acetic Acid Mixing sodium hydroxide and glacial acetic

Acetic Anhydride

Allyl Chloride

Acrolein


Chlorohydrin

Chlorosulfonic Acid

acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing sodium hydroxide and acetic arLhydride in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. In contact with dry sodium hydroxide, hydrolysis may take place producing allyl alcohol. V entrone (1971). Mixing sodium hydroxide and acrolein in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Nitric Acid. Mixing sodium hydroxide and chlorohydrin in a closed container caused the temperature and

• pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under com- plet~e reference. Mixing sodium hydroxide and chlorosulfonic acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

REVISIONS TO N F P A NO. 491M

661 491M-143


Glyoxal

Hydrochloric Acid

Hydrofluoric Acid

Nitric Acid

i Oleum

Phosphorus Pentoxide


Sulfuric Acid

Mixing sodium hydroxide and ethylene cyanohydrin in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under eom~ plete reference.

Mixing sodium hydroxide and glyoxal in a closed container caused 'the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. .-

Mixing sodium hydroxide and 36% hydrochloric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference."

Mixing .sodium hydroxide and 48.7.°-/0 hydrofluoric acid in a closed, container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

Mixing sodium hydroxide and 70% nitric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressUre to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

Mixing sodium hydroxide and oleum in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

See CALCIUM OXIDE plus Phosphorus Pentoxide.

Mixing sodium hydroxide and propiolactone (BETA-) in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

Mixing sodium hydroxide and 96% sulfuric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.


Sodium Hydroxide (cont.) Tctrachlorobenzene

and Methyl Alcohol

In the manufacturing of the sodium salt of trichlorophenol, sodium hydroxide, methyl alcohol and tetrachlorobenzene were heated. During the heating process, the pressure suddenly increascd rapidly and an cxplosiou occurred. MCA Guide for Safety, Appendix 3 (1972).

SODIUM HYPOBORATE NaBOH3 (self-reactive) Sodium hypoborate is a stronger, more violent

reducing agent than sodium hypophosphite. Mellor 5:37 (1946-1947).

SODIUM HYPOBROMITE NaOBr Cupric Salts Solutions of sodium hypobromite are de-

composed by powerful catalytic action of cupric ions, eveu as impurities. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:751 (1956).

SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE NaOC1 (self-reactive) Anhydrous sodium hypochlorite is very ex-

plosive. Merck Index, p. 960 (1968).

Ammonium Acetate Decomposition of sodiuln hypochlorite takes place withill a few seconds with the following salts: ammonium acetate, ammonium carbonate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium oxalate, and ammonium phosphate. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:550 (1956). See SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE plus Am- monium Acetate. See SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE plus Am- monium Acetate. See SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE plus Am- monium Acetate. See SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE plus Am- monium Acetate.

Ammo~ium Carbonate

Ammonium Nitrate

Ammonium 0xalate

Ammonium Phosphate

SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE NaPH20~ (self-reactive) Explosions can occur when hot sodium hypo-

phosphite solution is evaporated. Mellor 8:881 (1946-1947).

Air MeUor 8, Supp. 3:623 (1971). Potassium Nitrate See POTASSIUM NITRATE plus Sodium

Hypophosphite.


663 491M-145

Sodium Nitrate

SODIUM IODATE Hydrogen Peroxide

Potassium

See SODIUM NITRATE plus Sodium Hypo- phosphite.

NaI03 Iodates decompose hydrogen peroxide cata- lytically. Mellor 1:940 (1946-1947). See POTASSIUM plus Boric Acid.

SODIUM IODIDE NaI Bromine Trifluoride See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Potas-

sium Bromide.

SODIUM METHYLATE CH3ONa Methyl Azide and See METHYL AZIDE plus Dimethyl Malon- Dimethyl Malonate ate and Sodium Methylate.

SODIUM MONOXIDE Nitric Oxide

Na~O Sodium monoxide and nitric oxide react vigorously above I00 ° C. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:629 (1961).

SODIUM NITRATE NAN03 Sodium Hypophosphite A mixture of sodium nitrate and sodium

hypophosphite constitutes a powerful explosive. Mellor 8:831 (1946-1947).

SODIUM NITRIDE Air

Performic Acid

Na3N The reactivity of sodium nitride resembles that of sodium metal. MeUor 8, Supp. 1:154 (1964). See PERFORMIC ACID plus Sodium Nitride.

SODIUM NITRITE Lithium

• Potassium and Ammoaia

NaNO~ See LITHIUM plus Sodium Nitrite. See POTASSIUM plus Sodium Nitrite and Ammonia.

SODIUM OZONATE Acids

Water

NaOa Acids initiate a fast decomposition of sodium ozonate. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:641 (1961). Water initiates a fast decomposition of sodium ozonate. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:641 (1961).


SODIUM PERCHLORATE NaCIO, Ammonium Nitrate A mixture of these chemicals is used as an ex-

plosive. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:608 (1956).

SODIUM PEROXIDE Manganese Dioxide

Sulfur Monochloride

Na202 The catalyzed decomposition of sodium peroxide with manganese dioxide may be violent. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:635 (1961). A violent reaction results on mixing sodium peroxide and sulfur monochloride. MeUor 2, Supp. 2:634 (1961).

SODIUM-POTASSIUM Bromoform

Carbon Dioxide Carbon Tetrachloride

Methyl Dichloride

Oxalyl Bromide

Oxalyl Chloride

Potassium Oxides Silicon Sodium Bicarbonate

Tetrachloroethane

Pentachloroethane

Water

ALLOY NaK Mixtures of sodium-potassium alloy and bromoform, tetrachloroethane, or pentachloroethane can explode on standing at room temperature. They are especially sensitive to impact. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:563 (1961). Mellor 2, Supp. 2:563 (1961). Mellor 2, Supp. 2:563 (1961). See also SODIUM-POTASSIUM ALLOY plus Water. The mixture of sodium-potassium alloy and methyl dichloride detonates strongly if struck. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:563 (1961). A mixture of sodium-potassium alloy and either oxalyl bromide or oxalyl chloride explodes violently. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:564 (1961). See SODIUM-POTASSIUM ALLOY plus Oxalyl Bromide. See POTASSIUM plus Air. See SILICON plus Sodium-Potassium Alloy. See SODIUM-POTASSIUM ALLOY plus Water. See SODIUM-POTASSIUM ALLOY plus Bromoform. See SODIUM-POTASSIUM ALLOY plus Bromoform. Sodinm-potassinm alloy undergoes a violent reaction with certain extinguishing agents: water, sodium bicarbonate, carbon tetrachloride. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:564 (1961).


665 491M-147

SODIUM SULFIDE Na2S N, N-Dichloromethyl See N, N-DICHLOROMETHYL AMINE

Amine plus Sodium Sulfide.

SODIUM SUPEROXIDE Na02 (self-reactive) Sodium superoxide violently evolves oxygen

above 250 ° C. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:639 (1961).

Water The reaction of sodium superoxide and water is fast and vigorous, liberating oxygen. Mellor 2, Supp. 2:639 (1961).

SODIUM TETRAZOLYL-5-AZIDE NaNN:NN:CNNN I I

(self-reactive) Sodium tetrazolyl-5-azide is a shock-sensitive compound. Chem. Eng. News 43 (52): 29, 30 (Dec. 27, 1965).

SODIUM TRIPERCHROMATE NaaCrO04 (self-reactive) Sodium triperchromate decomposes explosively

at 115 ° C. Mellor 11:356 (1946-1947).

STANNIC CHLORIDE Potassium Sodium

SnC15 See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

STANNIC IODIDE Potassium and

Sulfur Sodium and Sulfur

SnI4 See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

STANNIC OXIDE Sn02 Chlorine Trifluoride See CHLORINE

Arsenic Trioxide. TRIFLUORIDE plus

STANNOUS CHLORIDE SnC12 Bromine Trifluoride See BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Stan-

nous Chloride. Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. Sodium See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

STANNOUS FLUORIDE SnF12 Chlorine See CHLORINE plus Stannous Fluoride.

666 491M-148 REPORT OF COMg.fITTEE ON CHEMICALS AND EXPLOSIVES

STEEL Perchloric Acid See PERCHLORIC ACID plus Steel.

STRONTIUM CHLORIDE SrCI~ 2-Furan See 2-FURAN

Percarboxylic Acid (self-reactive). PERCARBOXYLIC ACID

STRONTIUM IODIDE SrI2 Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Ammonium Bromide.

STRONTIUM PHOSPHIDE Sr3P2 Bromine See BROMINE plus Strontium Phosphide. Chlorine See CHLORINE plus Strontium Phosphide. Fluorine See FLUORINE plus Strontium Phosphide.

STYRENE MONOMER Chlorosulfonic Acid

Oleum Sulfuric Acid

CH~ :CHC6H3 Mixing styrene monomer and chlorosulfonic acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. See OLEUM plus Styrene Monomer. Mixing styrene monomer and 96% sulfuric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

SULFAMIC ACID Nitric Acid

HSO3NH~ Fuming nitric acid combined with sulfamic acid causes violent release of nitrous oxide. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:316 (1967).

SULFOLANE O2SCH2CH~CH~CH2 J f

Chrosoulfonic Acid Mixing sulfolane and chlorosulfonic acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

Oleum See OLEUM plus Sulfolane.

SULFUR S Ammonia The reaction of ammonia with specially pre-

pared sulfur may form explosive sulfur nitride. Mellor 8, Supp. 1:330 (1964).


4 9 1 M - 1 4 9

Barium Chlorate

Boron Bromates Calcium Phosphide

Chlorine Trifluoride Lead Chlorate

Lithium Lithium Carbide

Potassium Potassium Phosphorus Trioxide Potassium Chlorate

Silver BrSmate

Silver Chlorate

Sodium and Stannic Iodide

Sodium Chlorite

Sulfur Dichloride

A mixture of sulfur and barium chlorate ignites at about 108 ° - - 111 ° C. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:583 (1956). See BORON plus Sulfur. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:763 (1956). Calcium phosphide reacts with sulfur or oxygen incandescently at about 300 ° C. Mellor 8: 841 (1946-1947). See ANTIMONY plus Chlorine Trifluoride. A mixture of sulfur and lead chlorate ignites at about 63 ° - - 67 ° C. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:583 (1956). See also SULFUR plus Chlorates. See L IT HIUM plus Sulfur. Lithium carbide burns in the vapor of sulfur or selenium. MeUor 5:848 (1946-1947). See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. See POTASSIUM plus Sulfur. Mellor 8, Supp. 3:436 (1971). A mixture of sulfur and potassium chlorate ignites at about 160 ° - - 162 ° C. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:583 (1956). See also SULFUR plus Chlorates.

An explosive reaction occurs in the presence of water. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:766 (1956).

A mixture of sulfur and silver chlorate ignites at about 74 ° C. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:583 (1956). See also SULFUR plus Chlorates.


Solid sulfur will ignite if mixed with solid sodium chlorite and moistened. MeUor 2, Supp. 1:572 (1956).

See SODIUM plus Cobaltous Bromide.

SULFUR DIBROMIDE

Potassium

Sodium

SBr2

See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.


/ !


SULFUR DICHLORIDE Aluminum Ammonia

Potassium Sodium

SCI~ See ALUMINUM plus Carbon Disulfide. The reaction product of sulfur dichloride and ammonia is a powerful detonating compound, sulfur nitride. Mellor 8:624 (1946-1947). See POTASSIUM plus Boron Tribromide. See SODIUM plus Cobaltous Bromide. See SODIUM plus Sulfur Dichloride.

SULFUR DIOXIDE Aerolein Aluminum Chlorine Trifluoride

Rubidium Carbide

SO~ See ACROLEIN plus Sulfur Dioxide. See ALUMINUM plus Carbon Disulfide. See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Am- monia. See RUBIDIUM CARBIDE plus Sulfur Dioxide.

SULFURIC ACID Acetic Anhydride

Acetonitrile Acrolein Acrylonitrile Allyl Alcohol Allyl Chloride Allyl Chloride


Ammonium Tripcrchromate

Aniline Bromine Pentafluoride

n-Butyraldehyde

Chlorates

H2S04 See ACETIC ANHYDRIDE plus Sulfuric Acid. See ACETONITRILE plus Sulfuric Acid. See ACROLEIN plus Sulfuric Acid. See ACRYLONITRILE plus Sulfuric Acid. See ALLYL ALCOHOL plus Sulfuric Acid. See ALLYL CHLORIDE plus Sulfuric Acid. Allylchloride may polymerize violently under conditions involving an acid catalyst, such as sulfuric acid, ferric chloride, aluminum chloride, Lewis acids, and Ziegler type catalysts (initiators). Ventrone (1971). See 2-AMINOETHANOL plus Sulfuric Acid. Mixing 96% sulfuric acid and 28% ammonia in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. See AMMONIUM TRIPERCHROMATE plus Sulfuric Acid. See ANILINE plus Sulfuric Acid. See BROMINE PENTAFLUORIDE plus Nitric Acid. See n-BUTYRALDEHYDE plus Sulfuric Acid. See CHLORATES plus Sulfuric Acid.


669 491M-151


Chlorosulfonic Acid

Cuprous Nitride Diisobutylenc Epichlorohydrin


Ethylene Di~mine

Ethylene Glycol Ethylenimine Hydrochloric Acid

Hydrofluoric Acid

Iodine Hept~fluoride

Indane and Nitric Acid

Isoprene Mesityl Oxide Nitric Acid and

Glycerides Phosphorus

Isocyanate Potassium Tert.-

Butoxide Piopiolactone

(SETh-) Propylene Oxide Pyridine Sodium Hydroxide

Styrene Monomer

Vinyl Acetate

Sec CHLORINE TR1FLUORIDE plus Nitric Acid. See CHLOROSULFONIC ACID plus Sulfuric Acid. See CUPROUS NITRIDE plus Sulfuric Acid. See DIISOBIJTYLENE plus Sulfuric Acid. See EPICHLOROHYDR1N plus Sulfuric Acid. See ETHYLENE CYANOHYDRIN plus Sulfuric Acid. See ETHYLENE DIAMINE plus Sulfuric Acid. Sec ETHYLENE GLYCOL plus Sulfuric Acid. See ETHYLENIMINE plus Sulfuric Acid. See HYDROCHLORIC ACID plus Sulfuric Acid. See HYDROFLUORIC ACID plus Sulfuric Acid. See IODINE HEPTAFLUORIDE plus Sul- furic Acid. See INDANE plus Nitric Acid and Sulfuric Acid. See ISOPRENE plus Sulfuric Acid. See MESITYL OXIDE plus Sulfuric Acid. See NITRIC ACID plus Sulfuric Acid and Glycerides. See PHOSPHORUS ISOCYANATE plus Acetaldehyde. See ACETONE plus Potassium Tert.-Butoxide.

See PROPIOLACTONE (BETh-) plus Sulfuric Acid. See PROPYLENE OXIDE plus Sulfuric Acid. See PYRIDINE plus Sulfuric Acid. See SODIUM HYDROXIDE plus Sulfuric Acid. See STYRENE MONOMER plus Sulfuric Acid. See VINYL ACETATE plus Sulfuric Acid.

SULFUR MONOCHLORIDE S~Cq., Sodium Peroxide See SODIUM PEROXIDE plus Sulfur Mono-

chloride.

SULFUR NITRIDE (self-reactive)

$4N4 Sulfur nitride detonates violently on impact. Mellor 8:624 (1946-1947).

670 491M-:152 R E P O R T O F C O M M I T T E E ON CHEMICA.LS AND E X P L O S I V E S

SULFUR TRIOXIDE Perchloric Acid

Tetrafluorethylene

TANTALUM Ta Bromine Trifluoride

S03 See PERCHLORIC ACID plus Sulfur Tri- oxide. The reaction of sulfur trioxide in excess with tetrafluoroethylene causes explosive decoln- position to c~rbonyl fluoride and sulfur dioxide. Chem. Eng. News 49 (22) : 3 (1971).

See NIOBIUM plus Bromine Trifluoride.

TANTALUM PENTOXIDE Ta206 Bromine Trifluoride See BROMIN]~ TRIFLUORIDE plus Bis-

muth Pentoxide. Chlorine Trifluoride See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Alu-

minum Oxide. Lithium See LITHIUM plus Tantalum Peutoxide.

TELLURIUM Te Chlorine Trifluoride Silver Bromate

Sodium

See ANTIMONY plus Chlorine Trifluoride. A vigorous reaction occurs in the prescnce of moisture. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:766 (1956). See SODIUM plus Tellurium.

TERPENES Nitric Acid See NITRIC ACID plus Diborane.

TETRABORON DECAHYDRIDE B4Ht0 Air This hydride ignites or explodes on exposure

to air. Mellor 5:36 (1946-1947).

TETRABORON DECAHYDRIDE B4H6 Nitric Acid The mixture of tetraboron decahydride and

nitric acid is explosive. Mellor 5:36 (1946-1947).

TETRACHLORETHANE CI2CHCHCI2 2, 4-Dilfitrophcnyl See 2, 4-DINITROBENZENE SULFENYL-

Disulfide CHLORIDE (self-reactive).

TETRACHLOROBENZENE C14C6H2 Sodium Hydroxide See SODIUM HYDROXIDE plus Tetra-

and Methyl Alcohol chlorobenzene and Methyl Alcohol.

REVISIONS TO NFPA NO. 491]VI

671 491M-153

TETRACHLOROETHANE C2H2C14 Sodium-Potassium See SODIUM-POTASSIUM

Alloy Bromoform. ALLOY plus

TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE CF2:CF2 Sulfur Trioxide See SULFUR TRIOXIDE plus Tetrafluoro-

ethylene.

TETRAFLUOROHYDRAZINE F~NNF2 Nitrogen Trifluoride See NITROGEN TRIFLUORIDE plus Tetra-

fluorohydrazine. Oxygen See OXYGEN plus Tetrafluorohydrazine.

TETRAHYDROFURAN

Lithium Alulninum Hydride

OCH~CH2CH2CH~ I .I

Fire can occur when tetrahydrofuran is uscd as a solvent for lithium aluminum hydride. Peroxides of tetrahydrofuran or their reaction products probably caused ~ vigorous reaction with lithium aluminum hydride, and subsequent fire. MCA Guide for Safety, Appendix 3 (1972).

TETRAIODOETHYLENE I2HC:CHI2 Iodine Pentafluoride See IODINE PENTAFLUORIDE plus Tetra-

iodoethylene.

TETRAMETHYLAMMONIUM CHLORITE (CH~)4NH~CI02 (self-reactive) Tetramethylammonium chlorite explodes on

percussion. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:573 (1956).

TETRAMMINOCUPRIC CHLORATE Cu(NH3)4(CI03)2 (self-reactive) This compound will detonate when struck.

Mellor 2, Supp. 1:592 (1956).

TETRAMMINOCUPRIC PERCHLORATE Cu(NH3)4(CIO4)2 (self-reactive) This compound will detonate when struck but.

is less sensitive than tetramminoeupric chlorate. MeUor 2, Supp. l: 592 (1956).


TETRAMMINODIAZIDOCOBALTIC AZIDE Co(N3)~(NH3)4N3 (self-reactive) See PENTAMMINO AZIDOCOBALTIC

AZIDE (self-reactive).

TETRAMMINOZINC CHLORATE Zu(NH3)4(CIO~)2 (self-reactive) This compomld detonates when struck.

Mellor 2, Supp. 1:592 (1956).

TETRAMMINOZINC PERCHLORATE Zn(NH3)4(CI04)2 (self-reactive) This compound detonates when struck but is

less sensitivc than tetramminiozine chlorate. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:592 (.1956).

THALLIUM TRINITRATE TRIHYDRATE T1 (N03)3 Formic Acid and A violent reaction occurred when a small

Vanillin amount of" vanillin was added to thallium trinitrate trihydrate (up to 50%) in 90% formic acid. Dean (1973).

THALLOUS AZIDE TIN3 (self-reactive). Thallous azide decomposes at 334 ° C. It is

almost as unstable as the copper salt. Mellor 8, Supp. 2:43 (1967).

THALLOUS BROMIDE T1Br Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. Sodium See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

THALLOUS CHLORIDE T1Cl Fluorine See FLUORINE plus Thallous Chloride. Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Ammonium Bromide.

THALLOUS PHOSPHIDE PTI~ Air This salt ignites if heated in air.

Mellor 8, Supp. 3:312 (1971).

THIOCYANATES Organic Peroxides Oxidizing Agents

Peroxides

RSCN See THIOCYANATES plus Oxidizing Agents. Caution should be exercised in treating a thiocyanate with an oxidizing agent such as a peroxide since such mixtures have been known to explode. Kharasch Vol. 1, p. 312 (1961). See THIOCYANATES phis Oxidizing Agents.


673 491M-155

THIODIGLYCOL Hydrogen Peroxide

and Acetone

(HOCH2CH2)2S Thiodiglycol was being oxidized with an excess of hydrogen peroxide using acetone as a solvent. At the conclusion the acetone and excess hydrogen peroxide were removed under vacuum in a steam bath. After about 15 minutes of heating on a steam bath, a violent explosion occurred. MCA Case History 223 (1962).

THIONYL CHLORIDE 2, 4-Hexadiyn-1,

6-Diol

Water

0SC12 Thionyl chloride and 2, 4-hexadiyn-1, 6-diol reacting in dimethyl formamide forms 2, 4- hexadiyn-1, 6-bischlorosulfite which is shock sensitive and decomposes violently upon distillation. P. E. Driedger and H. V. Isaacson, Chem. Eng. News 50 (12): 51 (1972). A flexible stainless hose that was being used for thionyl chloride transfer ruptured when contaminated with water. Water reacts with thionyl chloride liberating hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide gases. Wischmeyer (1972).

THIOUREA S:C(NH2)2 Acrolein See ACROLEIN plus Sulfur Dioxide.

THORIUM NITRIDE Water

TH3N4 Thorium nitride hydrolyzes vigorously. Mellor 8, Supp. 1:182 (1964).

THORIUM PHOSPHIDE Th3P4 Acids Thorium phosphide reacts with acids to release

spontaneously flammable phosphine. Mellor 8, Supp. 3:348 (1971).

TIN Sn Bromine

Bromine Trifluoride

Chlorine Chlorine Trifluoride

The violent reaction between these chemicals is controlled in halocarbon solutions. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:715 (1956). Tin and bromine trifluoride regct violently. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:164 (1956). Mellor 2, Supp. 1:380 (1956). See ALUMINUM plus Chlorine Trifluoride.


TITANIUM Ti ]~romineTrifluoride See MOLYBDENUM plus Bromine Tri-

fluoride.

TITANIUM DIOXIDE Ti02 Lithium See LITHIUM plus Titanium Dioxide.

TOLUENE C6HsCH3 Nitrogen Tetroxide Silver Perchlorate

Silver Perchlorate

See NITROGEN TETROXIDE plus Toluene. See SILVER PERCHLORATE plus Acetic Acid. See SILVER PERCHLORATE plus Toluene.

TRIAMMINOTRIAZIDOCOBALT Co(Nai3(NH3)3 (self-reactive) See PENTAMMINOAZIDOCOBALTIC

AZIDE (self-reactive).

TRIAZINE N:CHN:CHN:CH I I

Nitric Acid See NITRIC ACID plus Triazine.

TRIBROMONEOPENTYL ALCOHOL (BrCH2-)3COH Ethyl Acetoacetate See ETHYL. ACETOACETATE plus Tri-

and Zinc bromoneopentyl Alcohol and Zinc.

TRICHLOROETHYLENE CI~C :CHCI Potassium Nitrate A batch of 3257 grams of boron, 9362 grams

of potassium nitrate, 989 grams of laminac, and 500 grams of trichloroethylene had been mixing for 5 minutes, when an explosion occurred. MCA Guide for Safety, Appendix 3 (1972).

TRICHLOROMETHYL (self-reactive)

PERCHLORATE ClaC(CI04) See SILVER PERCHLORATE plus Carbon Tetraehloride and Hydrochloric Acid.

TRIFLUORONITROANILINE F3C6H(NOz)N :NOH (self-reactive) The recrystallized compound, which had

been made from trifluoronitroaniline, hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrite, exploded violently on impact. MCA Guid'e for Safety, Appendix 3 (1972).


675 491M-157

TRIHYDRAZINE NICKEL NITRATE Ni(NO3).3H2NNH2 (self-reactive) A small amount of thoroughly washed, dry

trihydraz!ne nickel nitrate exploded about ten minutes after exposurc to the atmosphere. H. Ellcrn and D. E. Olander, J. Chem. Edu. 32:24 (1955).

TRIHYDRAZINOCADMIUM CHLORATE Cd(N2H4)ffCI03)2 (self-reactive) This compound detonates when struck.

Mellor 2, Supp. 1:592 (1956).

TRIHYDRAZINOCADMIUM PERCHLORATE Cd(HzNNH~)ffC10~)2Cd

See CADMIUM PERCHLORATE HYDRAZINATE.

TRIHYDRAZINOCOBALTOUS CHLORATE CO(N2H4)3(CIO~)~ (self-reactive) This compound detonates when struck.

Mellor 2, Supp. 1:592 (1956).

TRIHYDRAZINONICKEL CHLORATE Ni(N2H4)ffC103)~ (self-reactive) This compound detonates when struck.

Mellor 2, Supp. 1:592 (1956).

TRIMANGANESE TETROXIDE Fluorine

TRINITROETHANOL (self-reactive)

TRINITROMETHANE (self-reactive)

Mn30 4 See FLUORINE plus Trimanganese Tetroxide.

(I~02) 3CCH20H Explosions were encountered during the distillation of trinitroethanol. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 72:5329 (1950).

(NO2) 3CH Explosions were encountered during the distillation of trinitromethane. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 72:5329 (1950). See also NITRIC ACID plus Acetylene.

TRISILYLPHOSPHINE SiH3P~ (self-reactive) This is a spontaneously flammable liquid.

Mellor 8, Supp. 3:283 (1971).

TUNGSTEN W Bromine Trifluoride


See MOLYBDENUM plus Bromine Tri- fluoride. See ANTIMONY plus Chlorine Trifluoride.

676 491M-158 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CHE~'IICALS AND EXPLOSIVES

TUNGSTEN CARBIDE WC Chlorine Trifluoride See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Mer-

curic Iodide.

TUNGSTEN TRIOXIDE W03 Chlorine Trifluoride See also CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus

Aluminum Oxide. Lithium See LITHIUM plus Tungsten Trioxide.

UNSYMMETRICAL DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE Nitric Oxide See NITRIC OXIDE

Dimethylhydrazine.

H~NN(CH3)~ plus Unsymmetrical

URANIUM OXIDES Bromine Trifluoride

UO2;UO3;U308 See B R O M I N E T R I F L U O R I D E plus Uranium Oxides.

URANIUM PHOSPHIDE U3P4 Hydrochloric Acid Uranium phosphide reacts with hydrochloric

acid to release spontaneously flammable phosphine. Mellor 8, Supp. 3:349 (1971).

URANYL PERCHLORATE UOz(CI04)~ Ethyl Alcohol Attempts at recrystallization from ethyl alcohol

resulted in an explosion. Mellor 2, Supp. 1:617 (1956).

p-URAZINE I

(self-reactive)

NHNHCO.NHNHCO I

While a chemist was manipulating the material in a glass container, an explosion occurred that shattered the container. The material that exploded was probably a nitrogen-containing by- product: MCA Case History 144 (1966).

UREA (N'H2)2CO Gallium Perchlorate See GALLIUM PERCHLORATE plus Urea.

VANADIUM V Bromine Trifluoride

Lithium

See MOLYBDENUM plus fluoride. See LITHIUM plus Vanadium.

Bromine Tri-

VANADIUM OXYDICHLORIDE VOCI2 Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Boric Acid.


677 491M-159

VANADIUM OXYTRICHLORIDE VOC13 Phosphorus See PHOSPHORUS plus Vanadium Oxytri-

chloride.

VANADIUM PENTACHLORIDE VCI6 Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide. Sodium See SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

VANADIUM PENTOXIDE Va~O~ Chlorine Trifluoride See CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE plus Alu-

minum Oxide. Lithium See LITHIUM plus Vanadium Pentoxide.

VANILLIN CH30(HO)C6H~CHO Thallium Trinitrate See THALLIUM TRINITRATE TRIHY-

Trihydrate and DRATE plus Formic Acid and Vanillin. Formic Acid

VINYL ACETATE 2-Aminoethanol Chlorosulfonic Acid

Ethylene Diamine

Ethyleneimine

Hydrochloric Acid

Hydrofluoric Acid

Nitric Acid

CH2:CHOCO.CH3 See 2-AMINOETHANOL plus Vinyl Acetate. Mixing vinyl acetate and chlorosulfonic acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. See ETHYLENE DIAMINE plus Vinyl Acetate. Mixing vinyl acetate and ethyleneimine in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing vinyl acetate and 36% hydrochloric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing vinyl acetate and 48.7% hydrofluoric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference. Mixing vinyl acetate and 70% nitric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

678 491M-160 R E P O R T OF C O M M I T T E E ON CHEMICALS AND E X P L O S I V E S

Oleum Sulfuric Acid

See OLEUM plus Vinyl Acetate. Mixing vinyl acetate and 96% sulfuric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE CH2:CCI2 Chlorosulfonic Acid Mixing vi~ylidenc chloride and ehlorosulfonie

acid in a closed co,ltainer caused the temperature mid pressure to itlcrease. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

Nitric Acid Mixing vinylidene chloride and 70070 nitric acid in a closed cotltaitmr caused the temperature £ud pressure to increase. Flynn and Rossow (1970). See Note under complete reference.

Oleum See OLEUM plus Vinylidene Chloride.

WAX, DRAWING Chlorine See CHLORINE plus Polypropylene.

ZIEGLER-TYPE CATALYSTS Allyl Chloride See SULFURIC ACID plus Allyl Chloride.

ZINC Zn Ammoniuln Nitrate Chlorine Trifluoride Chromic Anhydride

Ethyl Acetoacetatc and Tribromoneopentyl Alcohol

Performic Acid

Mellor 8, Supp. 1:546 (1964). See ALUMINUM plus Chlorine Trifluoride. A violent reaction or flaming is likely in the reaction of chromic anhydride and zinc dust. Mellor 11:237 (1946-1947). See ETHYL ACETOACETATE plus Tri- bromoneopentyl and Zinc.

Powdered zinc can decompose performic acid violently, causing an explosion. Bcrichte 48:1139 (1915).

ZINC BENZENEDIAZONIUM CHLORIDE C6Hs-N:NCI.ZnC12 (self-reactive) Zinc benzenedi,~zoniuln chloride had been

washed in dry acetone and had been stored in a vacuum desiccator 15 hours when it exploded. Chem. & Ind. p. 58-9 (1956).


679 491M-161

ZINC BROMIDE Potassium Sodium

ZnBr2 See POTASSIUM plus Ahuninum 13romide. Sec SODIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

ZINC CHLORIDE ZnCI= Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Aluminum Bromide.

ZINC FLUORIDE ZItF2 Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Amnaonium Bromide.

ZINC IODIDE ZI2 Potassium See POTASSIUM plus Alumium Bromide.

ZINC SULFIDE ZnS Iodine Monochloride See IODINE MONOCHLORIDE plus Cad-

mium Sulfide. 2. Insert the following references in lheir proper alphabetical location in the list of complete references at the end of the text. Angew. Chem. Angewandte Chemie, Weinheim,

Arbeitsschutz

Barrett

Biul. Wojst~owej Akad. Tech.

F. F. Chapman

Chem. Ber.

Comb. & Flame

Cond. Chem. Dict.

Crucible

Dean

West Germany Arbeitsschutz, Bundesministen Fuer Arbeit and Sozialordnung, Cologne Communication, R. E. Barrett, Chevron Oil Field Research Com- pany, La Holra, Calif. Biuletyn Wojskowski Akademii Techniczenj Imcni Jaroslawa Da- browskiego, Warsaw, Poland Communication, F. F. Chapman, Beckman Instrumcnts, Inc., Ful- lerton, Calif. Chemische Bcrichte, Weinheim- Bergstr., Wcst Germany Combustion and Flame, American Elsevier Publishing Co., Inc., New York The Condensed Chemical Diction- ary, Eighth Edition, Van Nost- rand Reinhold Co., Ncw York, N.Y., 1971 Crucible, Pit tsburgh Section, A~nerican Chemical Socicty Communication, F. H. Dean, On- tario Research Department, Sheri- dan Park, Ontario


Flynn and Rossow

Gallais

Gazz. Chim. Ital.

Grignard

Helv. Chim. Acta

Himiceskaja Promyslennost

J. Indian Chem. Soc.

Kharasch

Kite

Ki~tila

Klot~

M atsuguma

MCA Guide for Safety

Classification of Chemical Reac- tivity Hazards for the Advisory Com- mittee to the U. S. Coast Guard, National Academy of Sciences. J. P. Flynn and H. E. Rossow, The Dow Chemical Company, Mid- land, Michigan (1970) NOTE: The authors observed temperature and pressure effects when equimolar quantities of two chemicals were mixed in a closed container. In some cases the changes were solely vapor pressure effects due to heat of solution. Chimie Mindrale Thdorique et Ex- p~rimerdale ( Chimie Eleetronique), F. Gallais, Masson, Paris (1957) Gazzetta Chimica Italiana, Rome, Italy Traite de Chimie Organique, Grig- nard, Dupont and Locquin, Mas- son, Paris (1935-1954) Helvetica Chimica Acta, Basel, Switzerland H imiceskaja Promyslennosl. Mirfis- try of Chemical Industry, Mos- cow (U.S.S.R.) Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, Calcutta Organic Sulfuric Compounds, W. Kharasch, Editor, Pergamon Press, Elmsford, N. Y. (1961) Communication, G. F. Kite, phillip Morris Reseaxch Center, Rich- mond, Va. Dimethylformamide Chemical Uses, R. S. Kittila, E. I. duPont de Nemours, Wilmington, Del. (1967) Communication, M. O. Klotz, Ot- tawa Civic Hospital, Ottawa, On- tario Communication, H. J. Matsuguma, Pieatinny Arsenal, Dover, N.J. Guide for Safety in the Chemical Laboratory (Second Edition), Van Nostrand Publishing Company, New York (1972)


681 491M-163

Mere. Proc.°Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc.

Merck Safety Report Mukerjee

NSC Newsletter, Campus Safety

Pascal

Pouwels

Rolston

Riist and Ebert

Scaros and Serauskas

Stephenson

Tr. po KhOn. i Khim. Tekhnol.

Von Schwartz and Salter

Zh. Obshch. Khim. Z. Naturforsch

Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary Philosophical Society, Manchester, England Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, N.J. Communication, N. C. Mukerjee, Chemplast, P. O. Raman Nagar, Tamilnadu, India Newsletter, Campus Safety Associ- ation, National Safety Council, Chicago Traite de chimie mindrale, Paul Pascal, Paris, Masson (1931-1934) Communication, H. Pouwels, ACF Chemiefarma N. V., Maarssen, Netherlands Communication, C. H. Rolston, duPont Research and Develop- meat Center, WilmiJlgton, Del. Unfdlle Beim Chemischen Arbeiten, E. R/ist and A. Ebert, Rascher Verlag, Zdrich (1948) Communication, M. G. 'Scaros and J. A. Serauskas, Searle Labora- tories, Chicago Communication, F. G. Stephenson, Manufacturing Chemists' Associ- ation, Washington, D.C. Trudy pc Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, Gorki, U.S.S.R. Fire and Explosions Risks, E.Von Schwartz; Translated from the revised German edition by Charles T. C. Salter, Griffen & Co., Londoa (1940) Zhurnol Obshchei Khimii, U.S.S.R. Zeitschrift fuer Naturforschung, Tuebinger, West Germany

3. Make the following deletions and amendments to the reaction statements now in the text.

a. Delete:

ACETONE 1,1,1-Trichloroethane A mixture of 1,1,1-trichloroethane and acetone

will undergo a highly exothermic condensation reaction when catalyzed by a base. Albrecht (1970).


b. Delete:

CHLOROACETONE (self-reactive) Monochloroacetone exploded

during storage. Chem. Eng. News 9:29 (1931).

spontaneously

c. Delete:

DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE Aluminum and See ALUMINUM plus Organic Chlorides

Organic Chlorides and Dimethylformamide or Dimethylaceta- mide.

d. Revise:

GOLD Ammonium Hydroxide Delete only: " I t is believed the explosive sub-

and Aqua Regia stance was gold fulminate."

e. Delete:

NITRIC ACID Furfuryl Alcohol See U N S Y M M E T R I C A L D I M E T H Y L -

HYDRAZINE plus Nitric Acid, Nitrogen Tetroxide, and Sulfuric Acid.

f . Delete:

PERCHLORIC ACID Ethyl AlcOhol

g. Revise:

SILVER CHLORIDE Ammonia

A drop of anhydrous perchloric acid on ethyl alcohol causes a violent explosion. ACS 146: 188. Am. Chem. J. 23:444 (1900).

Revise to read: "When a solution of silver chloride in aqueous ammonia is exposed to air or to heat, a material, probably silver nitride, is formed that is detonated violently by shock. Mellor 3:382 (1946-1947); J. K. Luchs, Phot. Sci. Eng. 10 (6): 334-7 (1966). Kite (1973)."


683 4 9 1 M - 1 6 5

h. Delete:

SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE Oxalic Acid Weighed quantities of the two chemicals were

placed in a stainless steel beaker in preparation of a bleach solution. Just as water was first added, the mixture exploded. Sodium hypochlorite, a very very strong oxidizing ageilt, can react almost spontaneously with readily oxidizable materials, such as oxalic acid and cellulose. MCA Case History 839 (1962).

i. Revise:

SULFURIC ACID Water Revise first statement to read:

"During sulfonation of mononitrobenzene by fuming sulfuric acid, a leak from an internal cooling coil permitted water to enter the tank. A violent eruption occurred due to the heat of solution." Delete the second statement.

Documents

Report-of Committee on Chemicals and Explosives€¦ · chemicals (sce page 49-3). Since these limitations exclude many chcmicals that are hazardous primarily because of flammability,