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First report of Pyrethroids in river fish:
a case study in Iberian river basins (Spain)
Cayo CORCELLAS1, Ethel Eljarrat1*, Damià Barceló1,2
1 Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dep. of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA‐CSIC) Barcelona, Spain.2 Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain.
* Ethel Eljarrat: [email protected]
OUTLINE
• INTRODUCTION
• METHODOLOGY
• RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
• CONCLUSIONS
1
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS & DISS. CONCLUSIONS
• Pyrethroids are very common insecticides
• They are used all across the world
• General characteristics:
• High molecular mass (> 300 g mol‐1)
• Hydrophobicity (log KOW ≈ 6‐7)
• 2 or 4 enantiomeric pairs
• Low environmental persistence (< 90 days)
• Selective insecticide activity
• Low toxicity in mammals
2INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS & DISS. CONCLUSIONS
INTRODUCTION
Are all these characteristics really true?
•Low environmental persistence (< 90 days) ??
• They are ubiquitous in environment due to the
continuously dump.
•Selective insecticide activity ??
• High acute toxicity in aquatic systems (LC50 (trout)= 1 μg L‐1 [1])
•Low toxicity in mammals ??
• Carcinogenic and ED for mice (chronic toxicity)
[1] Oros and Werner. 2005. White Paper for the Interagency Ecological Program. San Francisco Estuary Institute, Oakland, CA.
3INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS & DISS. CONCLUSIONS
INTRODUCTION
• RECENT STUDIES show some bioaccumulation:• Pyrethoids in human breast milk [1,2,3]
• Pyrethroids in brasilian dolphins [4]
• Brazilian dolphins case
[1] Zehringer and Herrmann (2001) European Food Research and Technology, 212:247‐251[2] Bouwman, et al. (2006) Environ. Pollut. 144:902‐917[3] Corcellas et al. (2012) Environ. Int. 47:17‐22[4] Alonso et al. (2012) Environ.Int. 47:99‐106
Calves Juveniles Adults
Pyrethroid level vs. dolphin length
Mother transfer
and dilution
Adult metabolism
Change on diet
Dolphin levels are due to the diet?
Pyrethroids in fish?
4
OBJECTIVES
INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS & DISS. CONCLUSIONS
• Evaluate the presence of 12 pyrethroids in fish samples.Bifenthrin, Cyfluthrin, Cypermethrin, Cyhalothrin, Deltamethrin, Fenvalerate,
Fluvalinate, Permethrin, Phenothrin, Resmethrin, Tetramethrin, Tralomethrin.
• Study the pyrethroid levels in fishes from different
Iberian Basin Rivers.
• Compare pyrethroid levels with other emerging
pollutant levels.
• Describe selective isomero/enantiomero‐
accumulation in common Iberian River fishes.
5INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS & DISS. CONCLUSIONS
In the frame of the project SCARCE‐Consolider‐Ingenio (2010 CSD2009‐00065)
Guadalquivir River4 Sampling Points
(Luciobarbus Sclateri)n = 5
Júcar River5 Sampling
Points(Gobio Lozanoi)
n = 14
Llobregat River5 Sampling Points
+ 1 Reservoir(Cyprinus Carpio)
n = 13
Ebro River5 Sampling Points
(Luciobarbus Graellsii)n = 15
RES
SAMPLING
6
METHODOLOGY
INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS & DISS. CONCLUSIONS
0.2 g (dw) sample
Basic Alumina
C18
Ultrasound Assisted Extraction
Clean‐up GC (chiral + achiral)MS‐MS
• Spiked overnight with d6‐t‐PERM (4 ng) and d6‐t‐CYP (2 ng).
• UAS with 20 mL Hexane:CH2Cl2 (2:1).
• Clean – up eluent: 30 mL Acetonitrile.
• Final volume of 100 µL Ethyl acetate.
• GC:
• ACHIRAL: DB5‐ms column (15m), Time analysis: 17 min. [1]
• CHIRAL: BGB‐172 column (30m), Time analysis: 74min. [2]
• NCI (ammonia as reagent gas) [1] ML. Feo, E.Eljarrat, D.Barceló (2011) Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 25:869‐876[2] C.Corcellas, E.Eljarrat, D.Barceló J. Chromat. A. (submitted)
7
GENERAL RESULTS
INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS & DISS CONCLUSIONS
• 100% of positive samples• Wide range of results
8INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS & DISS CONCLUSIONS
OTHER RESULTSAnalysing other compounds in equivalent samples
Pyrethroids were the most ubiquitous and presented levels even three times higher than other pollutants
Flame retardants Personal Care Products
Pharmaceuticals
ng/g dw
100%
Up to 9%
Detection frequency
2%
Up to 46%Up to 98%
9
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION
INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS & DISS CONCLUSIONS
• Different distribution depending on the river basin.
• Fluvalinate, phenothrin and resmethrin were never detected.
10
JÚCAR DISTRIBUTION
INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS & DISS CONCLUSIONS
• Differences among species (even in the same sample
point).
11
ISOMERIC SEPARATION
INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS & DISS CONCLUSIONS
R2
CO
O
CCR1 13
αR 2
CO
O
CCR 1 13
α
N
Type I pyrethroids Type II pyrethroids
Cypermethrincis1
trans1cis2
trans2
4 diastereomers
8 enantiomers
Permethrin
cistrans
2 diastereomers
4 enantiomers
i iii+iv
I IIIII+IV
VIVVII+VII
1. cis2. trans
1. cis12. trans13. cis24. trans2
i. 1R-3Rii. 1S-3Siii. 1S-3Riv. 1R-3S
I. 1R-3R-αRII. 1S-3S-αSIII. 1S-3R-αSIV. 1R-3S-αRV. 1R-3R-αSVI. 1S-3S-αRVII. 1S-3R-αRVIII. 1R-3S-αS
[1] C.Corcellas, E.Eljarrat, D.Barceló J. Chromat. A. (submitted)
12
ISOMERIC Example
INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS & DISS CONCLUSIONS
R 2
CO
O
CCR 1 13
α
N
Type I pyrethroids Type II pyrethroids
Cypermethrincis1
trans1cis2
trans2
4 diastereomers
8 enantiomers
Permethrin
cistrans
2 diastereoisomers
4 enantiomers
i iii+iv
I IIIII+IV
VIVVII+VII
1. cis2. trans
1. cis12. trans13. cis24. trans2
i. 1R-3Rii. 1S-3Siii. 1S-3Riv. 1R-3S
I. 1R-3R-αRII. 1S-3S-αSIII. 1S-3R-αSIV. 1R-3S-αRV. 1R-3R-αSVI. 1S-3S-αRVII. 1S-3R-αRVIII. 1R-3S-αS
Cypermethrin
Barbel sample
Catfish sample
Rcis/trans >1
cis1: Racemic mixture
cis2: Enantio‐selective
Rcis/trans >1
cis1: Enantio‐selective
cis2: Enantio‐selective
13
ISOMERIC main RESULTS
INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS & DISS CONCLUSIONS
species permethrin tetramethrin cyhalothrin Cyfluthrin cypermethrin
cis cis trans cis1 cis2 cis1 cis2 cis1 cis2
Barbels R R ‐
Carps ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ R R
Trouts R ‐ ‐ ‐ R R R
Budgeons R R R
Catfishes ‐ ‐ R ‐ ‐ R
EnantioselectivityR Racemic mixture
• Rc/t >1 except for tetramethrin.
• Selective bioaccumulation could be different depending on the species.
15
CONCLUSIONS
INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS & DISS. CONCLUSIONS
• For the first time it was studied the bioaccumulation ofpyrethorids in river fishes.
• 100% of analyzed fish samples were positive to pyrethroids.
• Permethrin, cypermethrin, tetramethrin and cyhalothrinwere the most abundant pyrethroids.
• Usually, pyrethroid concentrations were higher than thoseof other known and/or emerging pollutants.
• Each species tended to bioaccumulate preferably somepyrethroids.
• Different species could bioaccumulate different isomersand even enantiomers of each pyrethroid.
16
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS
INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS & DISS. CONCLUSIONS
This study was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the project SCARCE
(Consolider Ingenio 2010 CSD2009‐00065)
This work has also been partly funded by the Generalitat de Catalunya
(Consolidated Research Group Water and Soil Quality Unit 2009‐SGR‐965)
THANK YOU
FOR YOUR
ATTENTION