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First report of Pyrethroids in river fish: a case study in Iberian river basins (Spain) Cayo CORCELLAS 1 , Ethel Eljarrat 1* , Damià Barceló 1,2 1 Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dep. of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEACSIC) Barcelona, Spain. 2 Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain. * Ethel Eljarrat: [email protected]

report of Pyrethroids in river fish · First report of Pyrethroids in river fish: a case study in Iberian river basins (Spain) Cayo CORCELLAS1, Ethel Eljarrat1*, Damià Barceló1,2

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Page 1: report of Pyrethroids in river fish · First report of Pyrethroids in river fish: a case study in Iberian river basins (Spain) Cayo CORCELLAS1, Ethel Eljarrat1*, Damià Barceló1,2

First report of Pyrethroids in river fish: 

a case study in Iberian river basins (Spain)

Cayo CORCELLAS1, Ethel Eljarrat1*, Damià Barceló1,2

1 Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dep. of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA‐CSIC) Barcelona, Spain.2 Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain.

* Ethel Eljarrat: [email protected]

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OUTLINE

• INTRODUCTION

• METHODOLOGY

• RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

• CONCLUSIONS

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1

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS & DISS. CONCLUSIONS

• Pyrethroids are very common insecticides

• They are used all across the world 

• General characteristics:

• High molecular mass (> 300 g mol‐1)

• Hydrophobicity (log KOW ≈ 6‐7)

• 2 or 4 enantiomeric pairs

• Low environmental persistence (< 90 days)

• Selective insecticide activity

• Low toxicity in mammals

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2INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS & DISS. CONCLUSIONS

INTRODUCTION

Are all these characteristics really true?

•Low environmental persistence (< 90 days) ??

• They are ubiquitous in environment due to the 

continuously dump.

•Selective insecticide activity ??

• High acute toxicity in aquatic systems (LC50 (trout)= 1 μg L‐1   [1])

•Low toxicity in mammals ??

• Carcinogenic and ED for mice (chronic toxicity)

[1] Oros and Werner. 2005. White Paper for the Interagency Ecological Program. San Francisco Estuary Institute, Oakland, CA. 

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3INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS & DISS. CONCLUSIONS

INTRODUCTION

• RECENT STUDIES show some bioaccumulation:• Pyrethoids in human breast milk [1,2,3]

• Pyrethroids in brasilian dolphins [4]

• Brazilian dolphins case 

[1] Zehringer and Herrmann (2001) European Food Research and Technology, 212:247‐251[2] Bouwman, et al. (2006) Environ. Pollut. 144:902‐917[3] Corcellas et al. (2012) Environ. Int. 47:17‐22[4] Alonso et al. (2012) Environ.Int. 47:99‐106

Calves Juveniles Adults

Pyrethroid level vs. dolphin length

Mother transfer

and dilution

Adult metabolism

Change on diet

Dolphin levels are due to the diet?

Pyrethroids in fish?

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4

OBJECTIVES

INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS & DISS. CONCLUSIONS

• Evaluate the presence of 12 pyrethroids in fish samples.Bifenthrin,  Cyfluthrin,  Cypermethrin,  Cyhalothrin,  Deltamethrin, Fenvalerate, 

Fluvalinate, Permethrin, Phenothrin, Resmethrin, Tetramethrin, Tralomethrin.

• Study the pyrethroid levels in fishes from different

Iberian Basin Rivers.

• Compare pyrethroid levels with other emerging 

pollutant levels.

• Describe selective isomero/enantiomero‐

accumulation in common Iberian River fishes. 

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5INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS & DISS. CONCLUSIONS

In the frame of the project SCARCE‐Consolider‐Ingenio (2010 CSD2009‐00065)

Guadalquivir River4 Sampling Points

(Luciobarbus Sclateri)n = 5

Júcar River5 Sampling

Points(Gobio Lozanoi)

n = 14

Llobregat River5 Sampling Points

+ 1 Reservoir(Cyprinus Carpio)

n = 13

Ebro River5 Sampling Points

(Luciobarbus Graellsii)n = 15

RES

SAMPLING

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6

METHODOLOGY

INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS & DISS. CONCLUSIONS

0.2 g (dw) sample

Basic Alumina

C18

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction

Clean‐up GC (chiral + achiral)MS‐MS 

• Spiked overnight with d6‐t‐PERM (4 ng) and d6‐t‐CYP (2 ng).

• UAS with 20 mL Hexane:CH2Cl2 (2:1).

• Clean – up eluent: 30 mL Acetonitrile. 

• Final volume of 100 µL Ethyl acetate.

• GC:

• ACHIRAL: DB5‐ms column (15m), Time analysis: 17 min. [1]

• CHIRAL: BGB‐172 column (30m), Time analysis: 74min. [2]

• NCI (ammonia as reagent gas) [1] ML. Feo, E.Eljarrat, D.Barceló (2011) Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 25:869‐876[2] C.Corcellas, E.Eljarrat, D.Barceló J. Chromat. A. (submitted)

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7

GENERAL RESULTS

INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS & DISS CONCLUSIONS

• 100% of positive samples• Wide range of results

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8INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS & DISS CONCLUSIONS

OTHER RESULTSAnalysing  other compounds in equivalent samples 

Pyrethroids were the most ubiquitous and presented levels even three times higher than other pollutants 

Flame retardants Personal Care Products

Pharmaceuticals

ng/g dw

100%

Up to 9%

Detection frequency

2%

Up to 46%Up to 98%

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9

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION

INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS & DISS CONCLUSIONS

• Different distribution depending on the river basin.

• Fluvalinate, phenothrin and resmethrin were never detected.

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10

JÚCAR DISTRIBUTION

INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS & DISS CONCLUSIONS

• Differences among species (even in the same sample 

point).

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11

ISOMERIC SEPARATION

INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS & DISS CONCLUSIONS

R2

CO

O

CCR1 13

αR 2

CO

O

CCR 1 13

α

N

Type I pyrethroids Type II pyrethroids

Cypermethrincis1

trans1cis2

trans2

4 diastereomers

8 enantiomers

Permethrin

cistrans

2 diastereomers

4 enantiomers

i iii+iv

I IIIII+IV

VIVVII+VII

1. cis2. trans

1. cis12. trans13. cis24. trans2

i. 1R-3Rii. 1S-3Siii. 1S-3Riv. 1R-3S

I. 1R-3R-αRII. 1S-3S-αSIII. 1S-3R-αSIV. 1R-3S-αRV. 1R-3R-αSVI. 1S-3S-αRVII. 1S-3R-αRVIII. 1R-3S-αS

[1] C.Corcellas, E.Eljarrat, D.Barceló J. Chromat. A. (submitted)

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12

ISOMERIC Example

INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS & DISS CONCLUSIONS

R 2

CO

O

CCR 1 13

α

N

Type I pyrethroids Type II pyrethroids

Cypermethrincis1

trans1cis2

trans2

4 diastereomers

8 enantiomers

Permethrin

cistrans

2 diastereoisomers

4 enantiomers

i iii+iv

I IIIII+IV

VIVVII+VII

1. cis2. trans

1. cis12. trans13. cis24. trans2

i. 1R-3Rii. 1S-3Siii. 1S-3Riv. 1R-3S

I. 1R-3R-αRII. 1S-3S-αSIII. 1S-3R-αSIV. 1R-3S-αRV. 1R-3R-αSVI. 1S-3S-αRVII. 1S-3R-αRVIII. 1R-3S-αS

Cypermethrin 

Barbel sample

Catfish sample

Rcis/trans >1

cis1: Racemic mixture

cis2: Enantio‐selective

Rcis/trans >1

cis1: Enantio‐selective

cis2: Enantio‐selective

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13

ISOMERIC main RESULTS

INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS & DISS CONCLUSIONS

species permethrin tetramethrin cyhalothrin Cyfluthrin cypermethrin

cis cis trans cis1 cis2 cis1 cis2 cis1 cis2

Barbels R R ‐

Carps ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ R R

Trouts R ‐ ‐ ‐ R R R

Budgeons R R R

Catfishes ‐ ‐ R ‐ ‐ R

EnantioselectivityR Racemic mixture  

• Rc/t  >1 except for tetramethrin.

• Selective bioaccumulation could be different depending on the species.

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15

CONCLUSIONS

INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS & DISS. CONCLUSIONS

• For the first time it was studied the bioaccumulation ofpyrethorids in river fishes.

• 100% of analyzed fish samples were positive to pyrethroids.

• Permethrin, cypermethrin, tetramethrin and cyhalothrinwere the most abundant pyrethroids.

• Usually, pyrethroid concentrations were higher than thoseof other known and/or emerging pollutants.

• Each species tended to bioaccumulate preferably somepyrethroids. 

• Different species could bioaccumulate different isomersand even enantiomers of each pyrethroid.

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16

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS

INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS & DISS. CONCLUSIONS

This study was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the project SCARCE 

(Consolider Ingenio 2010 CSD2009‐00065)

This work has also been partly funded by the Generalitat de Catalunya 

(Consolidated Research Group Water and Soil Quality Unit 2009‐SGR‐965) 

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THANK YOU 

FOR YOUR 

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