This paper not to be cited without prior reference to the Council *)

t INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR THEEXPLORATION OF THE SEA

C.M. 1975/B: 3Gear and Behaviour Committee.

Ref. Fislieries Improvement Committee.

REPORT OF THE AD HOC MEETING ON DESIGN AND PRACTICAL OPERATIONOF RESEARCH AQUARIUM SYSTEMS, HELD AT TEXEL, THE NETHERLANDS,

FROM 7 to 10 APRIL 1975.

*) General Secretary, International Council for the Explorationof the Sea, Charlottenlund Slot, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark.

This paper not to be citedINTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FORTHE EXPLORATION OF THESEA.

without prior reference to the author.C.M.1975/B:3

Gear and Behaviour Committee.Ref. Fisheries Improvement Committee.

REPORT OF THE AD HOC MEETING ON DESIGN AND PRACTICAL OPERATION OFRESEARCH AQUARIUM SYSTEMS HELD AT THE MUSSEL EXPERIMENTAL STATIONTEXEL, THE NETHERLANDS FROM APRIL 7TH - 10TH 1975. BY KIND INVI­TATION OF MR. A.C. DRINKWAARD.=================================================================

This working group was convened as a result of resolution numberC. Res. 1974/2: 8. which stated since there was a need to con­sider the more fundamental aspects of research aquarium designand operation, particularly for fish behaviour studies and sincethis broader subject was important also for aquaculture, anad hoc meeting should be convened at a time to be agreed, pre­ferably at a place havins modernBquarium facilities Ce.g. TexeI,Netherlands), to discuss and recommend guidelines for the designand practical operation of research aquarium systems:

Dr. S.J. de Groot convened the meeting with Mr. P. Anthony asrapporteur and with the following people in attendance:

List of Participants

,

Dr. H. Ackefors

K. Albrechtsen

Mr. P. Anthony

Dr. J.H.S. Blaxter

Mr. J.W. de Blok

- Institute of Marine ResearchS - 45300 - Lysekil - Sweden.

- Danmarks Fiskeri og Havunder­s~gelser

Charlottenlund Slot2920 Charlottenlund,Denmark.

- Marine LaboratoryP.O.B. 101 Victoria RdAberdeen.Scotland (U.K.)

- Dunstaffnage Marine ResearchLaboratoryP.O.B. 3, Oban, Argyll,Scotland (U.K.)

- Netherlands lnst. of SeaResearchTexel - the Netherlands.

- 2 -

,.

Mr. O. Cendrero

Mr. K. Christensen

Dr. J. Dahl

Mr. A.C. Drinkwaard

Mr. D.G. Ellis

Dr. Ir. F.H. Fockens

Dr. M. Fonds

Mr. F. de Graaf

Dr. S.J. de Groot

Mr. E. Hoffmann

Dr. R. Kirk

Dr. V. Labordus

Mr. L. Noort

Dr. W.R. Penrose

- 2 -

- Instituto Espanol de Oceano­grafia,LaboratorioOceanografico

oLealtad 13, 5 SantanderSpain.

- Milj~styrelsens Fiskerilab.Jaegersborg Alle 12920 Charlottenlund - Denmark

- Danmarks Fiskeri - ogHavunders~gelser

Charlottenlund Slot2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark.

- Mosselproefstation RIVO't Horntje, TexeI,The Netherlands.

- Research DevelopmentDirectorate HalifaxLaboratory,P.O.B. 429 Halifax,Nova Scotia, Canada

- Technical University,Mekelweg 2, DelftThe Netherlands.

- Netherlands Inst. of SeaResearchTexel - The Netherlands.

- Artis AquariumPlantage Middenlaan 45Amsterdam,The Netherlands.

- Netherlands Inst. for'.Fishery InvestigationsP.O.B. 68, Ymuiden, TheNetherlands.

- Danmarks Fiskeri - ogHavunderss~gelser

Charlottenlund Slot,2920 Charlottenlund Denmark.

Ave de Mai, 2571200 Bruxelles.Belgium.

- Dept. of ZoologyUniversity of UtrechtPadualaan 8 - UtrechtThe Netherlands.

- T.F.D.L.Mansholtlaan 12Wageningen,The Netherlands.

- Biological Station, 3 Water St.,St. John'sNew Foundland - Canada, AlC 258.

Dr. P. Sorgeloos

Mr. H. Talloen

Mr. R. Van Thielen

Dr. J.C. Wallace

Dr. P. de Wilde

Dr. M. Zahn

- Lab. Biologisch Onderzoekvan MilieuverontreinigingJozef Plateaustraat 22B- 9000 Gent - Belgium.

- Lab. Biologisch Onderzoekvan MilieuverontreinigingJozef Plateaustraat 22B- 9000 Gent - Belgium.

- Institut für MeereskundeAquarium 23 KielDüsternbrookerweg -W. Germany.

- Institute of Biologyand Geology, Universityof TromsöN- 9001 TromsöP.O.B. 790 Norway.

- Netherlands Institute ofSea ResearchTexel - The Netherlands.

- Löbbecke Museum undAquarium4 Düsseldorf 1Postfach 1120, W. Germany

- 3 -

The meeting continued with contributions as listed in appendix 1.

Several subjects were put forward for special consideration bythe meeting.

1. Dr. R. Kirk emphasised that the Commision of the Environmen­tal Council of the EEC was looking for ways to help scien­tists in EEC and other countries in the harmonisation of

:sci~ntific programmes. He asked that the meeting should con-sider the merits of different ideas such as the EEC:-

a) paying for the organisation of meetings; setting up a libraryof videotapes; circulating a newsletter.

b) circulating lists of manufacturers of items of aquarium in­terest

c) preparing a multilanguage dictionary of terms used in ma­rine science.

2. Dr. J. Wallace explained that Tromsö University have theproblem of siting a new Marine Aquarium. The choice is be­tween a facility on the site of an old marine station withaccess to good seawater and boats but 3 km from the Univer­sity or a si te in the University campus with a long'pipe­line to the sea. After some discussion the meeting was re­quested to vote on the alternatives and the vote was 19 to2 in favour of staying close to the sea.

Discussions then took place under the following headings:1. Location of facilitiesjStrategy of design.

The analogy was drawn between the design of research veosclsand aquaria and it was thought that consideration should begiven to designing relativcly simple buildings with'a finite life.

.4-

- 4 -

It was emphasised that there should always be the closestcooperation between architects: design engineers, buildersand the future users if design faults are to be avoided.

2. Water Sources

Careful comparison of costs should be made of the variousmethods of obtaining seawater such as by research vessels,tankers, pipelines or preparation of synthetic seawater.When a closed system is necessary one must calculate wetherit is not cheaper to use artificial sea water. The mater-ials are obtainable ready-mixed and are easy to prepare.Pipelines for open systems are expensive to install andmaintain and obtaining water by tanker can also be expensiveand time-consuming. By the time natural sea water has beenpumped and stored the organic matter will have changed andits possible advantageous properties may have been lost.Artificial sea water has a predictable composition and withits use there is no danger of introducing pollutants from thesea. Artificial sea water can also bc seeded \..,i th micro orga­nisms and treated with EDTA to improve itG quality. Experiencefrom inland sea water aquaria shows that the more delicate in­vertebrates will breed in such conditions. Interest was ex­pressed in the method of obtaining pre-filtered sea water fromunder the seabed. (e.g. the sub-sand extraction system of SeaWater Supplies Ltd. Skegness, Lincolnshire, England.

, ..'" ..

3. Water Quality.

A. The relative merits of open versus closed systems are asshown below:

Closed

CheaperNo danger of spoilingDanger of pollution from open seaNo accumulation of metabolitesDanger of foulingFood from waterLess stabilitySpread of disease unlikely

More expensiveDanger of spoilingNo danger of pollution fromAccumulation of metabolitesNo danger of foulingNo food in waterGreater water stabilitySpread of disease likely

open sea

The meeting concluded that a dual system was preferable especiallywhere sedimentation tanks or other means of excluding fouling or­ganisms could be included. Even with an open system there shouldbe sufficient reservoir capacity to switch to a closed system inan emergency.

B. Filtration

~lE~.:.The relative merits of dry trickling filters and wet sand filterswere discussed; It was emphasised that a large surface are isrequired for biological filtration and therefore trickling fil­ters have a much higher effective capacity especially when usingsuch materials as anthracitc lavalite, and/er dead shell.

.. !3 ..

r

Ideally filtration should be carried out in two stages - firstlymechanical and secondly biological.

Area of filters.

Depending on stocking density and head of water available on effec­tive wet filter could be expected to have a maximum filtering rateof 2 to 3 m3/m/hr. A dry trickling filter could be expected toachieve a higher rate. With an aerated filter the total filtervolume need not exceed 10% of the volume of the stocked tankes)even at a high stocking density.

Aeration of filters.

It was stressed that aerobic conditions should be present through­out the depth of a filter bed and that this condition can be bestachieved by aeration of a wet filter bed or by use of a dry trick­ling filter.Sand in a wet filter will tend to aggregate and so the paths foraeration will be reduced. It is therefore better to use a light­non-clurrping material with a large internal surface area such aslavalite.

~~~~!~~~~~~~-~!_!~~~~~~~The possibility for backflushing of a filter or the first in aseries of filters should be included in any new system.

C. Supersaturation and degassing.

Supersatuation is most likely to occur by leakage in pump systemor by warming. Degassing is best carried out by degassing towers,cascades or strong aeration. Accurate measurement of supersa-turation is difficult and the use of a saturometer is recom­mended. (see appendix 5).

D. Effluent control.

It was recognized that a problem can exist in controlling pol­lutants and disease organisms in the effluent from experimentalaquaria.

4. Volume of System / Turnover Rates.

In closed systems the minimum ratio between volume of reservoirand holding tanks should be 4: 1 with a turnover rate of onetank volume per hour at normal stocking densities.

5. Materials and Coatings.

Metals apart from cast iron should be avoided wherever possible,and all materials including plastics should be tested for toxi­city especially with delicate invertcb~atbs. Re-inforced con­crete should be sealed as a precaution against corrosion of thereinforcement. Sealing must be done both outside and inside thetank, since the reinforcement can be corroded by splashing oroverflowing water affecting the outside wall. Regular checkingand maintenance of such coatings is essential. Where concreteis to be in contact with seawater it is preferable to USe sul­phate-resistant cement j -:" ,"

- 5 -

.. 6 ..

•

high alumina cement should be avoided.Great care should be taken in selecting silicone rubber fornquarium use.

6. Temperature Control.

Thyristor temperature control can be used to avoid electricalinterference and excessive surface temperatures of heaters.While vulcathene tubing can provide a cheap heat-exchange ma­terial for small systems graphite heat exchangers are recommen­ded for larger installations. Small pore graphite heat exchan­gers should be sited after the filtering system. Where it isnot possible to use a two step refrigeration system use of atoxic primary coolant such as commercial anti-freeze or ammoniashould be avoided. Pure polythylene glycol and Freon are suit­able alternatives.

7. Lighting

If it is not possible or desirable to use overhead daylight,but nevertheless artificial light of similar quality and in­tensity is required, the very economical halogen-metal vapourhigh pressure lamps (eg. OSRAM HQI 250 W) may be used. Theseare superior in light output per Watt and in their similarityto daylight, compared with fluorescent tubes. For maximal algalgrowth the sodium vapour lamps are better in light output perwatt than either halogen-metal vapour or fluorescent lamps,althaugh the spectral composition is very different from day­light.

8. Safety Devices.

Localised earth leakage circuit breakers should be included inthe power supply af a seawater aquarium.

9. Disease.

Disease organisms can pass more easily through dry tricklingfilters than wet sand filters.

10. Tank.

Tanks should,if possible, be circular or failing this shouldbe constructed with rounded corners.

11. Management and Staffing.

Technical contral af the aquarium system should be in the handsaf as few peaple as possible.Ta ensure optimum use af aquarium facilities experimental spaceshould be allocated far strictly limited periods af time.

12. Other Systems •

Where sheltered sea conditions are available cansideration should

- 6 -

M 7 -

be given to rafts and cages as cheap and effective methods ofholding stocks of fish.

The Working Group finally discussed the following recommenda­tions for a future meeting.In view of the importance and complexity of the problems ofdesign and practical operation of Research Aquarium systemdiscussed at the meeting a need was feIt for further broaderbased discussion and it was recommended that:

1. the chairman should investigate the merits of a joint meetingwith the Mariculture Group.

2. the link with the European Union of Aquarium Curators al­ready established through Mr. de Graaf CSecretary E.U.A.C.)should be strengthhened possibly with a joint meeting inStuttgart in September 1976.

List of appendices 1 - 5.

1. List of contributions and visits.2. List of aquarium specifications in a standard form.3. List of design faults.4. List of useful publications.5. List of manufacturers.

- 7 -

- 8 -

Appendix 1. List of contributions and visits.

a. Contributions.

- 8 -

1. P. Anthony (Aberdeen)

2. J.H.S. Blaxter (Oban)

3. F. de Graaf (Amsterdam)

4. V. Labordus (Utrecht)

5. L. Noort and F.A. Fockens(Wageningen, Delft)

6. H.H. Trekel (Kiel)

7. M. Zahn (Düsseldorf)

8. W.R. Penrose (New Foundland)

9. J.W. de Blok, P. de WildeM. Fonds (TexeI)

10. D. Ellis (Halifax)

11. J.C. Wallace (Tromsö)

b. Visits

1. A.C. Drinkwaard (TexeI)

2. G.J. de Haan (TexeI)

Aquarium systems in use atthe Marine Laboratory,Aberdeen.

- The Oban aquarium system.

- The Marine circulationsystem in use at theAmsterdam Zoo. Aquarium.

- Aquarium system in useat the Zoology Department;University of Utrecht.

- Design of a Large marineaquarium at the NetherlandsInstitute for FisheryInvestigations, Ymuiden.

- Water quality control atthe aquarium of the Institutfür Meereskunde, Kiel.

- 1) Temperature gradient tank2) Filter systems3) Use of different lamps

- Measurement and treatmentof supersaturation.

- Design of the Netherlands In­stitute of Sea Research.(N.I.O.Z.)

- Design of the Halifaxaquarium.

- Problems of siting an aquariumin Tromsö.

- Design of the MusseI Ex­perimental Station (Nether­lands Institute for FisheryInvestigations).with a tour of the station

- A tour of the NatureEducation Centre and Sealbasins and aquarium system.

- 9 ~

•

3. J.W. de Blok (TexeI)

4. F. de Graaf (Amsterdam)

- 9 -

- A tour of the Neth. Inst.of Sea Research (N.I.O.Z.)Aquarium system.

- A tour of the AmsterdamZoo Aquarium •

.. 10 ..

Appendix 2. List of Aquarium specifications in a standardform.

- 10 -

a)

b)

c)

d)e)

f)g)

i)

j)

k)

1)

Fish Behaviour Unit Aquarium Marine Laboratory (DAFS),Aberdeen, Scotland (U.K).Scottisch Marine Biological Association ExperimentalAquarium, Oban, Scotland (U.K).Seawater Facility, Newfoundland Environment Center,St. John's, Canada.Tromsö Marine Biological Station, Norway.Aquarium of the Institut für Meereskunde an der Uni­versität Kiel, Kiel, W. Germany.Löbbecke-Museum und Aquarium Düsseldorf, W. Germany.Design of a possible future aquarium system for theNetherlands Institute for Fishery Investigations,Ymuiden, The Netherlands. ,Simplified scheme of the water circulation in onesection of the aquarium of the Netherlands Instituteof Sea Research, TexeI, The Netherlands.The aquarium of the Dept. of Zoology, State Universityof Utrecht, The Netherlands.Artis-Aquarium of the Roy. Zool. Soc. llNatura ArtisMagistra", Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Aquarium facilities Danmarks Fiskeri-og Havunder­s~gelser, Ch~rlottenlund, Denmark.The Mussel Experimental Station, Netherlands Institutefor Fishery Investigations, TexeI, the Netherlands.

- 11 ~

I-..

a) .FISH BBJIAVrOUR UIJIT AQUARIUl7. AHETIDEEH

This consists of two closed, potentially independent systemswhich can be cross linked in a number of ways to suit theexperiments being carried out.

1. Hain circulation system

- 11 -

Reservoirsystem·pump

- circulation pumps 'temperature controlnumerous fibreglass tanks low level sump

high level filters reservoir.

2. Annular tank system

Annular tank with observation chamber circulation pumpshigh level filter partial temperature control

annular tank.This system is normally run with a bleed in from/overflow,to, system 1 to ensure uniform water quality in the aquariumand to keep the temperature down when necessary since thereis no refrigeration capacity in the annular tank circulation.

Reservoir capacity

182 000 1 (40 000 gall) in an underground concrete reser­voir.

Experimental tank capacity

1. 36 000 1 (8 000 gall) in fibreglass tanks varying insize from 115 1 up to 3.5 m diam 1.2 m deep, 6 800 1

·tanks.

2. 82 000 1 (18 000 gall) max. capacity. The annular tankcan be operated at any level up to 1.2 m depth.

Total capacity

1. 219 000 1 (48 000 gall)

2. 82 000 1 (18 000 gall)

1.&2. 301 000 1 (66 000 gall)

Output of circulation pumps

1. Hain pumps 9 000 l/h (2 000 gph) - continuous runningSump pumps - 11 250 l/h (2 500 gph) - intermittent runningcontrolled by level probes in the sump

2. Circulation pumps - 7 250 l/h (1 600 gph)

Temperature control

1. Hain circulation systems has complete temperature control.The sea water temperature can be adjusted to any level be­tween 6°0 and 18°0. Refrigeration is supplied by a two tiersystem using calcium chloride brine as the intermediatecoolant. The brine and circulating sea water pass througha graphite heat exchanger. Heating is supplied by 4 - 21/2kw titanium heaters, at present mounted in the heat exchanger

.. 12 -

but soon to be placed in aseparate fibreglass heatingtank. By use of stainless st~el thermocouples and anelectronic control system the pre-set temperature isautomatically maintained within + 1°C. There is a sepa­rate warm sea water supply to each room in the unit sothat individual tanks can be run at a temperature abovethat of the main circulation if necessary.

2. The annular tank has only partial temperature controlsupplied by 3 - 3 kw quartz glass heaters mounted in atemperature control tank automatically controlled to giveany preset temperature. Cooling is supplied by bleedingin water from the main circulation system.

Filters

1. 17.5m2 (190 sq.ft) total area with an approx. flow of510 l/m2/hr (10 g/sq.ft./hr.)

2. 2.3m2 (25 sq.ft.) total area with an approx. flow of52 l/m2/min (1 g/sq.ft./min.)In each case the filter bed is made up from (startingfrom the surface) 15 cm (6") washed sand, 5 cm (2") finegranite gravel, 1.5cm (3") marble chips and 7 - 10 cmC3 - 4") of larger granite aggregate.

Turnover times

1. Varies from 11/2 hrs in 115 I (25 gall) and 230 I(50 gall) tanks to 8 hrs in 6 800 I (1 500 gall) tanks.Total turnover time for the system is 24 hrs.

2. In the annular tank the turnover rate depends on the cir­culation rate of the pumps (7 250 l/h) plus the amount ofbleed in from the main circulation but will normally bearound 8 - 9 hrs.

Stocking densities

1. Roundfish - from 2 - 3 g/l in the larger tanks to 5 - 6g/l in the small 230 I (50 gall) tanks.

Flatfish - up to 8 g/l.

2. The annular tank is often stocked at less than 2 g/lsince the experiments normally carried out do not requirelarge numbers of fish.

Water replacement rate

Fresh sea water is regularly brought in by research vessels,and collected from relatively unpolluted points on the coast,to give, usually, a complete change of aquarium water inapprox. 6 months. A direct seawater pipeline is planned.

- 12 -

- 13 ...

II .. - 13 -

FISH BEHAVIOUR UNIT

DIAGRAM OF SEAWATER CIRCULATION SYSTEM--------------------------------------

fibre­glass

tanks

heatintank

reservoir

refrigeratio+temp.control

overflow- - ->- - - - - - - - ->- -I

1I11I

~I

II

II,

III

*II1I

I~v!:..rf.l~w_<- _ _ Isump -<-1

IIl'I1

- - - - - - - - - - _>_ - - - - - __ I

large filters

-----D(J---..-P<I--~--_.,.--~-....,.-­___1-

heatintank

small

filter

annular tank

->- - direction of flow

-Mo- va1ve

yII

I1 ------>---

overflow- --<-11I1I~

SECTION THROUGH FILTER-----------------------1-­)(

-overflow port

in1et -..

- --- - -_....-. - -

sandp;ranite s;ravelmarble cn1psgranite aggregate

- 14 -

NITRATE

AMMONIA

NITRITEpH

WATER QUALITY

Average analyses of water drawn from main circulation system.

Normal rates 0.01 - 0.04 ppm (total NH4 +).On one or two occasions when the filtershave been non-operational the levels roseto 0.4 ppm within several days but returnedto normal levels within 5 days of faultsbeing rectified.

Normal around 20 ppm depending on the re­placement rate of sea water, but has risento 60 - 70 ppm in periods when sea watercollection has been slow.

Varies from 0.07 - 0.1 pp.

Stable over long periods between 7.6 and7.9-

S%o Stable over long periods between 34.0 and34.5.

OXYGEN SATURATION This obviously varies from tank to tankdepending on stocking etc but normallyis between 90 and 100%.

- 14 -

COPPER

ZINC

0.003 ~ 0.007 ppm.

<0.01 pp.

Other metals such as cadmium have sometimes been presentat higher than expected concentrations and this has beendue to the breakdown of certain stainless steel componentsof the circulation system.

~ 15 -

b) • SCOTTISH MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION EXPERIMENTAL AQUARIUM,

OBAN, SCOTLAND.

This as an open system with a double circuit (all pipes,pumps and reservoirs in duplicate for cleaning and main­tenance purposes). Pipes are ABS Durapipe, pumps Mono­pumps with stainless steel rotor and rubber stator.Each circuit consists of:Main intake in sea 15 cm (diam.) pipe SH 900Monopump 600 m overland pipeline of 10 cm pipe with13 expansion joints 31.5 m3 concrete reservoir tank

weir 31.5 m3 reservoir tank (the water level inthis tank is controlled by electrodes operating the SH900 monopump) 10 cm pipe SH 80 Monopump (con­tinuously running)* 10 cm water main to aquarium(plus 5 cm water main to ground floor of laboratory)7.5 cm collection pipes 15 cm diameter collectionpipe sea (or if solenoid valves operate, back to firstreservoir tank).Reservoir capacity: 4 x 31.5 m3

Experimental tank capacity: none permanent, aquarium ismainly open plan without permanent tanks. Aquarium floorarea is 200 m2 with mezzanine (balcony) floor of 70 m2 •

* N.B. There are no header tanks - the supply is pressurisedand the SH 80 pumps are thyristor controlled by a trans­ducer to give apressure of 0.7 Kg/cm2 at all levels of de­mand up to 22.5 m3 .h.Output of pumps: SH 900 45,000 l/h

SH 80 22,500 l/h at full revs.There is no main temperature control and there are nofilters. Compressed air supply is at 0.7 Kg/cm2 from aNash air compressor.Other facilities include:3 constant temperature rooms - total area 46 m2 •5 air-conditioned rooms (will maintain 5 deg C belowambient)- total area 67 m2 •3 associatcd laboratories - total area 41 m2 •Water quality: Salinity 27 to 34% depending on rainfalljt 0 6 0 •emperaturc 7 C to 1 C dcpendlng on seasonj copper 2to 5~g/1 (ppb)j air saturation often more than 100%,dcgassing may be required.

- 15 -

- 16 -

c). SEAWATER FACILITY, NEWFOUNDLAND ENVIRONMENT CENTER,

ST. JOHN'S, CANADA

This system is in late planning stages and encompassesthe following features:

(1) Water will be pumped at 2250 I/min directly from the At­lantic Ocean to a maximum height of 125 m and over adistance of 2 km. Full duplication with crossover capa­bility is incorporated throughout.

(2) All tank facilities will be centralized in one spaceexcept for (a) a bacteriological isolation room for fishdisease studies, (b) a legal bioassay area which must bemade inaccessible to all but designated personnel, and(c) a public aquarium.

(3) Provision is made for selective, priority-based switchingfrom open to closed mode in case of system failure. Forexample, legal bioassays, where flow-through conditionsare prescribed, would draw from the reservoir on a prioritybasis.

Reservoir Capacity

225,000 1. designed for linear (first-in, first out)flow. Will sustain bioassay facility for 500 hr if ne­cessary.

Experimental-Tank Capacity

(1) 16-3200 1. tanks (2 m diam. x 1 m), mainly for livefish holding.

(2) 32-300 1. tanks (1x1xO.5 m), for toxicology, surgicalwork.

(3) 40-35 1. tanks (0.4xo.4xo.3 m), for salmonid development_ work.

(4) 12-2.5 m water tables.

(5) Bioassay system as prescribed by current law, including4 tanks as described under (2) above. Requires 22.5 1./min.

(6) 1-120,000 1. behaviour tank (8.5 m diam. x 2.5 m).

(7) Floor space for special purpose tanks.

- 16 -

Total

(1 )(2)(1+2)

Capacity

225,000 l.180,000 1­405,000 1.

Output of Circulation Pump.

(1) Main pumps (2) - 2x136,oOO l/hr (only one operationalat a time).

(2) Circulation pumps - on individual tanks.

.. 17 ...

Temperature Control

Means and limits not yet determined.

Filters

Individual meehanieal filters for eaeh tank while operatingin reeireulating.

Turnover times

(1) Reservoir: 1.6 hr nonexponential design(2) All tanks in full 'open' mode: 1% per minutes (exponential)

Stoeking Densities

(1) Requirements of individual seientist, sinee an opensystem.

Water Replaeement Rate

(1) Same as reservoir, 1.6 hr, exeept in partial or totalreeireulation mode.

WATER QUALITY

A monitoring system is planned:

(1) Automatie for eontinuously measured parameters.(2) Diseontinuous for nitrate, ete.

Provision for installing deaerating equipment at reservoir.

- 17 -

d). TROMS~ MARINE BIOLOGICAL STATION, NORWAY.

Sea Water System

Sea (open intake) -.- Reader Tank ~ Public Aquarium andOne Laboratory --. Waste.

Reservoir Capacity

Zero. There is no reservoir.

Tank Capacity

Laboratory:-Circa 10,000 l.in tanks of various sizes.Public Aquarium:-Circa 40,0001.

Total Capacity

50,0001.

Pump Output

5000 l/h - continuous running.

Temperature Control

None

Filters

None

Turnover time

Varies according to size of tank and flow from taps feedingtanks. In the largest tanks the minimum turnover time isaround 6 hours.

Stocking Densities

- 18 -

Round fish:Flatfish

Up to around 5 g/l.Up to around 7 g/l!

Water Quality

As in the sea. Sediment after stormy weather is a problem,otherwise the water quality is good.

This system was designed for the small public aquarium andit is inadequate as a university research facility. Acompletely new system is being planned.

... 19 ...

45 000 135 000 1

8 500 13 200 1

size from

•

e). AQUARIUM OF THE INSTITUT FUR MEERESKUNDE AN DER UNIVERSITÄT

KIEL, KIEL, W. GERMANY.

The aquarium is separated in a public and a research sec­tion. It consists of different closed independent systemsof fresh- and seawater.

1.a. Main circulation system for North sea water (S%0=32-34)and Baltic water (S%o 15-20):Aquarium ~mechanical fil ter ~ pump -+ foaming wi thair and ozone~ algae tank -+ pump -.. temperaturecontrol _ aquarium.

b. Fresh water and tropical sea water system:Aquarium --... small scale ozonisator (only in thetropical section) ~ gravel fil ter ~ pump --.aquarium.

2. Water supply system:a. Direct pumping from harbour or research vessel ~

sedimentation tank --.. pump ...... sandfilter --. pump-..storage tank-+- pump ~high level tank -. auto­matic supply to main system by level control.

b. The "North Sea System" is supplied with Baltic seawater.Natural sea salt is added to get North sea salinity.

c. Supply capacity: "North Sea" water 84 000 1Baltic water 99 000 1

3.a. Public aquarium capacityNorth sea water systemBaltic water systemFresh water systemTropical water systemin glass and concrete tanks varying in125 1 to 11 000 1 .

b. Research aquarium capacityMaximum capacity about 14 000 1 in glass and fibre­glass tanks varying from 40 1 to 4 000 1.

- 19 -

4. Total capacity: "North Seat! waterBaltic water

129 000 1148 000 1

5. Output of circulation pumps:Main pumps 10 000 l/h intermittent runningSump pumps 6 000 l/h intermittent runningCirculation pumps 40 000 l/h continuous running

6. Temperature control:Both main circulation system have a complete tempera­ture control. Temperature range from 8 to 16°c.Refrigation is supplied by fresh water of 4°c as theintermediate coolant. Heat exchange by passingthrough graphite.

.. 20 ..

- 20 -

AQUARIUM KIEL SCHEMA DER

WASSERZI RKULA TI ON

uhlvor­chtung

H hb h··\tvom oc e a er

~ .Ozon- -

1!Anlage ,.JL

ffi rl K"ARBEITS- ! 00 ~ I-Ät- ri

I GANG gog 0

o~: ~l~ ~ f t....... 1"=

WASSER-CHAU-

~~

,... ........ ,...... ........ 'AUFBEREITUNG L--AUM

...........................II r- III

~p ! U f'

~~' f 1u fu u -

?\I , IV = l Algen- Becken

ff_..........................~

~fl·- - U~ U ~

_······1f'········O··_····"="'_·;=

_ 1 Cl:

SR

I Vorfilter II Sterilisator III Abschäumer IV Entgasung

- 21 -

2 x 5 800 1 22 x 29.4 m

•7.

Individual tank temperature control made possibleby either glass heaters or cooling by portable units •

FiltersIn the main circulation systems filtration only byusing synthetic plankton gauze as a mechanical filter.Water purification is only done by high pressurefoaming with air and ozone. No other filters havebeen used up to date. After passing the ozonisationunits water flows through an aerated algal tankfor.remo­val of nutrients.Algal tank capacityVegetation surface

- 21 -

8.

9.a.

b.

•10.

Turnover timesIn the main system approx. once per hour ( 40 000 l/h)

Water replacement rateSea water is regularly taken from Kiel harbou~ bydirect pumping into the supply system as describedunder point 2.Due to loss of water by evaporation and foamingweekly replacement rate can reach up to 10% of totalsystem capacity •

Stock densitiesVarying greatly depending on the current researchprogrammes and the animals kept in stock for labo­ratory use.Maximum carrying capacity not known.

Water Quality

Mean values 1974 in the main circulation systems

North sea system Baltic system

Nitrite ppm/l 0.17 0.14Nitrate ppm/l 2.65 2.19Ammonia ppm/l 0.06 0.06Phosphate ppm/l 3.88 3.97pR 7.93 7.67Oxygen saturation not below 90%s%o 30.7 - 35.2 15.8 - 21.3

.. 22 ..

•

•

f). LöBBECKE-MUSEUM UND AQUARIUM DtlSSELDORF, W. GERMANY •

Althoughan show aquarium nevertheless it is used forresearch on maintaining, hatching and even breeding offish and invertebrates and for research film as welle

Facilities of the cold sea water system

Circulation

Stocked tanks (concrete)~ dry forefil ter~ low level sump ~pump _high level dry fore filter _ high level wet gravel­filter -.. cooling tank ~stocked tanks.

Reservoir capacity

No reservoir. 3000 1. mixing tank.

Stocked tank capacit~

25 000 1 in concrete tanks varying in size from 450 1up to 4 000 1.

Total capacity

30 000 1 (filter+cooling tank+sump content = 5 000 1)

Sump pumps

Twofold. Intermittent running controlled by level probesin the sump.

Temperature control

The seaowater tem~erature can be adjustedto any level be­tween 9 C and 19 C. There are two separate cooling systems,switched over automatically in case of emergency, each con­sisting of refrigeration engine working by freon (Frigen),sea water circulation pump and stainless steel heat ex­changer, intermittent running controlled by two contactthermometers(of glass), one thermometer for switch on theother for switch off.The pre-set temperature is automatically maintained with­in :!: 0,5°C.

Filters

Dry.forefilters are filled with glasswool and activecharcoal 30 cm thick, 1 m2 • Cleaned fortnighly.The wet filter is filled with glasswool and gravel 40 cmthick, 4 m2 •

Turnover times

Varies from 6 hrs. in 2 000 1 tanks to 12 hrs. in 4 000 1tank.

- 22 -

.. 23 ..

Stoeking densitJ

About 1 g biomass pro 1.

Water replaeement rate

Monthly is replaeed 10% by fresh artifieial sea water.

- 23 -

Water guality

AmmoniaNitrateNitritepRDensitieOxygen saturationReavy metals

No measuringUp to 100 ppm (100 mg/I)Below 0,09 ppmNearly stable between 8,2 and 8,41,025No reeent measuringBy using of EDTA no heavy metal ions are free

~ Faeilities of the warm sea water seetion

No eireulation. Eaeh tank with separate filter.No reservoir. 2 000 1 mixing tank.Stoeked tank eapaeity: 10 000 1 in tanks of either PVCor asbestos eonerete or glass, varying in size from170 1 up to 2 000 1.Temperature eontrol: Reating is supplied by eleetriealeeramie heaters, eleetronie eontrolled.

I\ilters: 1. Aerated wet filters (never eleaned) with dryfore filters (eleaned onee within 1 - 3 days),running only by pressed air.

2. Wet gravel filters with a layer of aetiveehareoal and glasswool. on top (this layeris replaeed monthly by a new one), runningonly by pressed air.

3. In addition to the gravel filters for 2 000 1tanks: Injeetion foamer (Tunze).

Stoeking densitie: Does not exeeed 1 g biomass/lWater replaeement rate: On an average 25 - 30% a monthby fresh artifieial sea water, but depending of waterquality (see below).

Water quality: pR is not allowed to fall below 8,2Nitrite is not allowed to exeeed 0,1 ppm(on oeeasion this happens only in newlyinstalled tanks and filters).By use of EDTA no heavy metals are ableto aet.

- 24 -

•

-'.

•

g). DESIGN OF A FUTURE AQUARIUM SYSTEM FOR THE NETHERLANDS

INSTITUTE FOR FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS, YMUIDEN, THE NETHERLANDS

The total building is divided into thrce floors.They are placed on top of each other, Consequently thetotal plant has been separated in three different floorlevels. None of the compartments has an opening to letlight enter. Daylight is not allowed.In the compartment at the lowest floor-Ievel the mainstorage for the seawater is found.

This main storage has to have a volume of at least twotimes the volume of the aquaria and must be big enoughto contain the total volume of the system.The storage temperature has to be 8 degrees centigradeor belml 8.The cooling of the water to the storage-temperature takesplace in two heat-exchangers of the shell and tube type.Each of them is able to cool back the total amount ofcirculating seawater. These double way of carrying outthe system will be found everywhere in the design.This double capacity serves to clean, to sterilize andequipment repair, without having to stop process.The seawater has to flow from the biological filters,which are also placed in the room with the lowest floor­level, through the heat-exchangers into the main storages.However, the chosen difference in level between the filtersand the reservoirs is too small to cause the required flowby gravity for the transfer in the heat-exchangers.This required flow is obtained by a system of an inter­mediate reservoir and pumps.From the main storage the water is brought to the highestfloor-level by means of a pump through a main deliverypiping-line. Before the water leaves the compartment withthe lowest floor-level, however, it first passes an ultraviolet sterilization filter.From the highest floor-Ievel the whole flow in the aqua­rium system is based on gravity.On the highest floor-level the seawater is distributedamong four units of heat transfer. They are built up frömseveral shell and tube heat-exchangers. One part of thewater is cooled to Z degrees centigrade, another part oft~e seawater is brought again as exactly as possible to8 C and again another part is heated to ZO°C. The waterflows from the heat-exchangers into the gravity tanks.The required different temperatures in the aquaria arecaused by continuously water refreshing by water of therequired temperature. The demanded temperature per aqua­rium is obtained by mixing of seawater with differenttemperature levels.Temperatures below 8°c are obtained by mixing water cf2°C with water cf BOc; temperatures above BOc are ob­tained by mixing water of BOe with water cf ZooC.

- z4 -

.. 25' ..

•

•

•

The gravity tanks serve to maintain a constant pressureahead of the control valves of this temperature control.The water level in the tanks has to be on a constantlevel.A second function of the gravity tanks is the formationof a buffer, by which small fluctuations in the tempera­ture of the water in leaving the heat exchangers, aredamped.The air, which has been dissolved in the water underpressure by me ans of pumping, will be given the possibi­lity to expand and to get out. This is the third functionof the gravity tanks. The minimal storage time for thisprocess amounts to six minutes,The water flows from the gravity tanks to the secondfloor-level.The second floor is the aquarium room.Here the water is distributed through four ring-mains.The piping systems are hung up from the ceiling. None ofthese pipes hangs at the same height. The suspensionvaries in height and the routes varies.Instead of using bends, 4-way pipes pieces with blankflanges have been used in order to gain access intothe pipes to inspect and to clean the tubes withoutdemounting large systems parts.From these ring mains the water comes into the aquariathrough the control valves and mixing manifolds.The fish tanks have to be put in a schock- and vibra­tion-free place. Each aquarium is placed on a supportingframe of its own, which is mounted on the floor by wayof anti-vibration mountings. The raised installment ofthe aquaria has also the advantage that all the outgoingtubes can be put on the flocr.Consequently the operating parts are within easy reach.The paths between and along the aquaria are formed bya raised wooden floor in the shape of a platform orplank bridges •The collecting-mains are put under them and they areeasily to reach by using panels which can be taken outin a simple way.The water discharged from the basins is lead to thelowest floor level thr~gh the collecting mains underthe paths into three biological filters. Two of themare in full operation, while the third is partly inoperation or be-ing purified. The flow velocity throughthe filters has been chosen on an maximum of 1.25 m3per m2 filter surface per hour. The shells of the filtersare constructed of glass fibre reinforced polyester.

The filter bed is built up as folIows:

- a sand layer of about 50 cm depthj the sand has agrain size of .5 to .6 mm •

- 25 -

- 26 -

-' 26 -

..

•a layer consisting of pieces of marble or shells inorder to correct the pR, depth 20 cm, size of thepieces 5 to 7 mm.and a layer to support of gravel, totaldepth 30 cm,size of the pieces 5 to 7 mm.

Over the sand layer on a height o. about 30 cm the wateris distributed equally oVer the filter surface.From the biological filters the water flows through acollecting pipe and through the intermediate reservoirto the main reservoirs.

HEAT EXCHANGE'R BATTER'I 11Ii_SOC tu" 200CQfT'lQ.Il'. 34.0~Jh

Q min " 2.0 rJJh

RING MAINS

9'~-:--:::-:;· GR~VITYTANKII

-=-=- Sm 2QOC

________ • .HIGH nOOR LEVEL

I

HEilT EXCHANGER BATTERV 11NORMAL. ti_8"C tu .BoC

Q~m .35.5 "!/hQ ITlIn " 18.5 rn/nABLE 10 REPlACE

HEAT EXCHANGER BAHERV 11

AQUARIUM

DISTRIBUTION PIPES

HEAT EJtCHANGER BATl[RV 1

HQRMAL ti_8°~, tu ,,8°tGnom" 355~ln

amin" 185m/hABlE 10 REPlACE

HEAT El(CHANGER BATTEIW I

HE"T EXCHANQfR BATTfRV I1•• 8°C t .... "zc>comal " 15.5 ~Ih

Qmin " 15 ~Jh

SEVERAl CONNB:TlNGPOSSI81LITlES

MAIN OEllVERV PlPING UNEQ 77 rrtlh t.BoC V.-16m/5FOR Q94.J:h Y.cn2ß)'s

•

38.4/"' _ 3Bnth_._--._--- 3• .lih__-,-ME=IJUM==~l~

Law FLOOR lEVEL

BIOLOGlCAL FIlTERS

HEAT EXCHANGER

~-- .. -.t=:-::.====1

..

RESERVOIR I STORAGE TEMP BOC RESERVOIR 11 STORAGE 'TEMP BOC

- 27 -

- 27 -

h).SIMPLIFIED SCEEME OF TEE WATER CIRCULATION IN ONE SECTION OF TEE AQUARIUM OF THE

NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE OF SEA RESEARCH, TEXEL, THE NETHERLANDS •

..sea ~

•

aDuring high tide sea water with a salinity of ~pprox.

30 o/~o S is pumped from a sheitered harbour site into3 sedimentation tanks (a). It is stored for at least 3weeks for sedimentation of plankton and silt.

b

60n meter pipe line

.. (". .... :-\V ~

2.3 2.3 2.3....... 2 .' ......, m ..In the laboratory sea water from the storage tanks (f)is pumped to aseries of gravity tanks (b) for a constantpressure in the lines, aeration, temperature control etc.

2

Tne sea water laboratory (c) consists of one open spacewith a glass roof 5 meter high. The laboratory is dividedin 5 sections, each with 2 sea water circuits (1 and 2).The 5 sections have corresponding sections of storagetanks (f), gravity tanks (b) and filters (d).

-..:J

· X··c :,1 I\) :2;::l

.

All sea water used in the laboratory passes through openrapid 2and filters (d), each with a surface area of2.25 m and a sand bed of 1.5 m high. They can be cleanedbJ backflush with sea water and compressed nir.

Prom the filters the water runs back into the storagetanks (f). Each sec~ion of the laboratory has two setsof 3 tanks of different size, which can bc useäseparately or in combination. Prom the tanks the wateris pumped for both circuits (1 and 2), by two parallelpumps Ce) to the gravity tanks in the top of thebuilding.

15 153

m

1

d

f

e

-1-.-- 2~ . I~amage 'U

~---, \_--" \-~_.''''--_._-

•

40 403

m

- 28 -

•

To give a rough idea about the limits of the yearlyvariation in quantity of the sea water in the laboratory,two examples are given from two different sections (A and B).The storage tank A (60 m3 ) was only used for work withlow stocks of lamellibranchs and polychaets, tank B (60m3 )was used for experiments on feeding and growth with approx.200 fish (total weight approx. 10 kg). The sea water intank B was changed every 4 months.

- 28 -

Site NH4 N02 N03

P04 Cu Zn PH Silt

ugrat/liter ppb/liter mg/liter

sea 5-25 0.2-9 10-120 0.5-6 1.5-4 1.5-16 7.9-8. L 3-100sedimentation 4-20 0.2-9 10-50 1-4 1-4.5 0.5-15 7.9-8.1 1.5-5tanks (a)

«ea water lab.ank A 4-8 0.2-2 60-170 4-9 4-10 12-25 8.2-8. 1.4-5

tank B 4-13 0.2-1 150-550 10-1E 3-11 16.34 7.8-8.~ 2-4

•

... 2~

•

•

i). TEE AQUARIUM OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY. STATE UNIVERSITY

OF UTRECHT, THE NETHERLANDS.

The objective is to store and to breed under controlledconditions a diversity of , as a rule small, aquaticanimals - fishes, amphibia, molluscs etc. - for experi­mental (research) purposes. In a large number of aquariums,about 13 different conditions must be maintained: sea­water and fresh water, different illuminations and tem­peratures etc •• In addition, limited terrarium facili-ties are available. The use of materials subject toerosion is restricted as much as possible.

Sea-water system

This consists of two closed, potentially independentsystems; one is kept at a constant 23°C, in the otherthe temperature can be adjusted between 12°C and 16°c.

23°C: aquarium - filter/reservoirs - circulatingpumps ­temperature control system - aquariums. In the 10 aqua­riums of 200 L. each, the proportion of the quantityof water in the aquariums and that in the filter/reser­voirs is about 1 : 1; replacement about twice a year;turnover-times approximately 1 _1 1/2 hrs.

12° - 16° C: aquariums - reservoirs - circulatingpumps ­filter/reservoirs - circulating pumps - temperature con­trol system - aquariums. Available are 16 full glassaquariums (200 L. each), 4 polyethylene tanks (250 L.)and 2 polythylene tanks (1500 L.). The proportion be­tween the quantity of water in the aquariums and thatin the filter/reservoirs is about 1:1. The turnover-timesmay fluctuate, but as a rule they are approximately1 -1 1/2 hrs. (200 L. aq) and 2 hrs. (1500 L. tanks).The total volume of about 35 m3 is generally replacedtwice a year.

Filters: the filterbeds consist of (top to bottom) agauze filter (mechanical filter) - animal charcoal (Os­caril) - gravel ~1 1/2) - broken shell - gravel (~1 1/~cm).· The filters may be regenerated. After the 0bout1 cm3 ) the water passes two aerated and illuminatedreservoirs (together about 5 m3 ). Each system has twoparallel connected units filter/reservoirs and circu­lating pumps.

Animals: most invertebrates, e.g. molluscs, (Crepidula,Nassarius, Mytilus, Dentalium, some in large numbers),and fish (including shark) •

The aquariums of the Laboratory of chemical animal phy­siology are connected to the same circulation system.

- 29 -

•

w

PAESSED AIA

oo

[EH R T NJ00

I, I .' I ! \ , \\"

. SHOA 'R

FILTER SYSTEM

THEAIo!QS'A'

1~~I!~ili.lII~~~I~~1

r---:,.-::::::::.:::.:::::::-_-::::-::-.:.::======.::::.::::=::-:::::=::::-.:-_-=.:::.::::::.-.-..-1

II!.!~~...J~":""=N"'!lf.....:rrl-::;~~ ::.,. :: ~ 11

"I,I._____________________ e~~~~~~ l~_

-"-"~"-'-'.!>!!!.B!!___4'~,,---~1 I : I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ~: I I, :, ., ,I'

THERMOSlAI o--n••------Ö..------rn----",-----",-------.. ..6

•

PRINCIPLE OF ROOM-TEMPERATURE CONTROL

•

•

- -~AQ!:,~ t

......-1><>0 I A- m_

Jl1&~~1) t<

-{:>4-----1O"C--I --'>& I H("TE~

LY t'L~_JJ

k - / '-t><l--"'-s'\: -

I ' , .' ,.. .' / " , ~,

" / /' //"

J1l1ti,9 "" - / / / / / / / / / f--;;~~-"'-- "c-~

....!QYA~ tI ~~~

... ~~ --

.A~T'ROM STOCK TA.K

., ... ~PRINCIPLE OF WATER TEMPERATURE CONTROL

..

•

This Lab. uses circulating fresh water systems (12°C and23°C), similar to those described above.

Technical details have been omitted, as the set-up hasbeen adapted to the particular requirements. The aqua­rium equipment has been designed in cooperation withVerhoeven, B.V., Consulting Engineers, Amersfoort,tel. 033 - 19441, who may supply further informationto those interested.

Fresh water system

As a rule this sytem is without circulationj in part ofthe aquariums the water is permanently replaced by tap­water with a turnover-time of about 24 hrs. Most of thefullglass aquariums, containing 20 L., 75 L., or 200 L.,are placed on frames.

The water temperature is adjusted by thermostats, oneof which controls the room temperature within + 3°C ofthe required water temperature. Another thermostat issubmerged in an aquarium.

Two adapted refrigerators are being used for experi­mental work at lower temperature.

All aquariums are illuminated with fluorescent lamps,connected to time-control switches. In order to avoidabrupt differences in illumination at the beginningand at the end of the day, the room ceiling illuminationis also connected to time-control switches, which turnthe ceiling lights on and off half an hour before andhalf an hour after the aquarium illumination respec­tively •

- 31 -

... 32 ...

•

j) • ARTIS - AQUARIUM, AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS.

The Artis - Aquarium, Amsterdam Netherlands is a publicaquarium belonging to the Royal Zoological Society,Natura Artis Magistra.The Artis - Aquarium posesses four main circulationsystems of the closed type:a) seawater 10 - 14° centigrade~ b) seawater 16 - 19°centigradej c) seawater 24 - 26 centigradej d) fresh­water 24 - 26° centigrade. In preparation are two addi­tional closed circulation systems: e) seawater 24 - 26°centigrade especially for tropical marine invertebratesjf) freshwater 15 - 17° centigrade. All these circula­tion systems work on the same principle.

1) Main circulation systems seawater

Reservoir _ circulationpump _ temperature controlsystem _ reservoir ~ tanks ~ central filtersystem-----. reservoir surplus water to pressure pointreservoir.

Capacities

reservoir tanks filters total capacity

seawater 10 - 14° 60 m3 153"

15m3/10m2

90 m3m

seawater 16 - 19° 180 m3 40 m3 30m3/23m2

250 m3

seawater 24 - 26° 180 m3 40 m3 30m3/23m2

250 m3

Output of circulationpumps

All circulationpumps have an output of 25 - 30 m3/h

Temperature control

1) CoolingRefrigeration in the two cooled seawatersystems is

supplied by a two-step system. First freshwater in aclosed system is cooled by freon, then the chilIed fresh­water and the circulating seawater pass through a grap­hite heat exchanger.

2) HeatingThe circulating seawater and hot water from the main

central heating plant pass through a graphite heat ex­changer.Both temperature control systems are automatically con­trolled and have the necessary safety devices.

- 32 -

- 33 -

•

Scheme of :rnain circu1ation systems.

: ........

•... ,.;..;..,~\.. 'i .•~

._~ .i..--

coo1ingor

hea1dng

..

1.2.3.4.5·

6.

inf10v of circu1ation vater;tank;ccarse sandfilter (backvashable);siphon;second filterco=partment(broken cobblestones);fourth filtercompartment(crushed oystershell);

{.

8.9.

10.11.12.

overflow of filter to either first reservoir,second or third reservoir;reservoir compartments;reservoir compartments;reservoir compartments;third filtercompartment (crushed oystershell);fifth filtercompartment (bonecharcoal).

I

\JoI\JoI

I

•

Filters

1) seawater 10 - 1~0 centigrade:total area 10 m with an approximate flow of 10 - 15 m3

through the filter~ which corresponds to an approx.flow of 2 m3 per mC on the first filter compartment.The filtersystem consists of 3 compartments:

a) coarse sandfilter; grainsize 2 - 4 mm; layer 20 cmthick. The filterbed is uniform and is supported bya special filterbottom with socalled Hudo-filterheads.This compartment can be backwashed with tapwater andcompressed air.

b) and c) crushed oystershellj layer 50 cm thick, witha small layer of bone-charcoal on top of the last com­partment.

2) seawater 16 - 19° and seawater 24 - 26° centigrade:total area 23 m2 with an approximate flow of 20 m3/hthrough the filt~r, which corresponds to an approxi­mate flow of 2 m5 per m2 on the first filter compart­ment. Both filtersystems consiss of 5 compartments:

a) coarse sandfilter; grainsize 2 - 4 mm; layer 20 cmthick. The filterbed is uniform and is supported bya special filterbottom with socalled Hudofilterheads.This first compartment can be backwashed with tap­water and compressed air.

b) layer of 50 cm thick broken cobblestones

c) and b) crushed oystershellj layer 50 cm thick

d) bonecharcoal 150 kg (renewed once a year)

Turnover rates

Depending on the size of the tank turnover varies from3/4 hour in the smallest tanks (200 liters) to about 6hours in the biggest tank (25.000 liters)Total turnover time for the seawater 10 - 14° is 2 1/2hour, for the other two systems 10 hours.

Stocking densities

Varies somewhat and is not exactly known, but lies be­tween 1 - 3 gram/liter tankvolume.

Water replacement rate

In each system about 1/3 of the total eapaeity is replaeedby natural seawater brought in by ship from the Atlantie.Onee a year •

- 34 -

Aeration

All tanks are aerated in order to keep the whole water­column in motion. The last compartments of the reservoirsare also aerated. Amount of air used for aeration pur­poses : 45 m3 .h.

Materials in contact with seawater in the system

All material coming into contact with the circulatingseawater are plastics: PVC or polyaethylene.

Safety of the system

To guard against breakdown of essential equipment in thesystems all vital components are present in twofold:circulationpumpsj aeration systemj pumps used in water­temperature controlj heating plant. There is a genera-4t tor for use in power breaks from the mains.

Waterquality

As shown on accomp. table. Nitrate figures are valuesreached just before 1/3 replacement of the circulatingseawater •..

- 35 -

• Artis Aquarium, Amsterdam data sheet - seawater

system 10°C 18°c 24°c

temperature 12.8 17.1 24.2

pH 8.0 8.06 8.04

redoxpotential mV 200 200 ·200

Salinity SO/oo 32.5 32.3 34.0

Chlorinity Cl 0/00 18.0 17.9 18.8

oxygen saturation % 100 100 100

nitrate mg N03

- Nil 40.0 37.5 51.0

nitrite mg N02 - Nil 0.0056 0.0062 0.0104

ammonium mg NH3

- Nil 0.008 0.019 0.016

..

AQUARIUM FACILITIES DANMARKS FISKERI-OG HAVUNDERS~GELSER!

CHARLOTTENLUND, DENMARK.

12 indoor 1 m3 concrete tanks4 indoor 2 m3 concrete tanks

These tanks are connected with the circulation systemof the Danmarks Akarium (public aquarium). Cold andheated sea water available.There seems to be plans for a new aquarium building.The facilities of the Danmarks Akvarium are described ina booklet by J. Boetius (1948) and distributed by theAquarium in Charlottenlund •

- 36 -

- 37 -

1). THE MUSSEL EXPERIMENTAL STATION, NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE FORFISHERY INVESTIGATIONS, TEXEL, THE NETHERLANDS.

- 37 -

•

•

•

•

The M.E.S. at Texel is a branch of the Netherlands Institutefor Fishery Investigations. It is being used by the MolluscanShellfish Department for research concerning the musselindustry~

except the food-technologocal cannery/processing research

At the M.E.S. ~ttentioll.Jp paid, to., the following topics:

l~_~~~~~!~_~~~_~l~!~~~2~

• Spawning/propagation. (*).• Spat settlement and seed resource.• Growth and fattening - incl. natural food resources. (*).• Rearing ecology - incl. pedological and hydrological patterns. (*).• Rearing methods (culture systems). ,• Sowing, fishing and bottom care (culture techniques).• Sanitary - and pest control.• Rewatering: de-sanding, stocking and conditioning for cleaned

or only rinsed fresh (market) transit and cannery-processing.• Ecologically and mechanically induced stress-symptons (keepability).• Metabolism: enzymatic processes with interaction of excretion

products.• Metabolism: pro teins/amino acids.• ~~bohydrates and lipids are studied at the Institute for Chemical

Zoophysiology of the Utrecht University: Joint venture in formation).• Mechanical declustering and cleaning systems in relation to the

influences on the musseIs. ' ,• Production' and trade statistics, overall economic evaluation •.

Part of these topics are interrelated.

The necessity to develop alternative artificial rewatering placesrequired the foundation of the M.E.S. in 1969/70, weIl providedas a pilot-plant for several activities.

The original Delta Plan, which envisaged complete enclosure of theEaster Scheldt by'1978 prompted a search to find a,replacing natural,area for rewatering the mussels of the Dutch Waddensea (70% of theproduction in the Netherlands).When this search proved to be in vain, it was decided to carry outa study on the possibilities of establishing an artificial, functionalreplacement for the natural rewatering places in the Easter Scheldtnear the molluscan shellfish centre Yerseke (Province of Sealand). 'The decision to build a large-scale ,plant for the experimental andcommercial rewatering of musseIs was taken in 1964 with a view tothe demonstrative value for the musselindustry as a whole and thepossibility of economic studies lateron. On the other hand, itwas borne in mind that starting empirically with commercial quantitiesof mussels would give more rapidly the required basic answers and theclear formulation of the problems,in stead of starting with fundamentalscientific work concerning the behaviour of mussols.In the latter case, it was not yet known wliich points of impact shouldthen be followed at first. There were only hazy notions about theimportance of the time-consuming dE:-tuil research.

This policy has worked vory weIl. The problems of tho rowatering I

of musseIs are caught up both in principle and practically. Now,the work is continuing on matters of detail and in a broader conte:'t.The musseId metabolism under different circumstanc06 plays animportant role in thia connection.

... -:58

,

~<

. " t .)

, ~­

-

•

- 38 -

Thankfully, a good use can be made of the fundamental scientific·workof other researchers, which was in progress elsewhere during the lastyears.

The foundation of the M.E.S. is set up as a Delta-compensation projectby the Government. So, the Ministry of Traffic and Waterworks paid twothirds of the original building costs as a lump sumo The Ministry ofAgriculture and Fisheries bears the working-expenses and furtherdevelopment-costs.

The studies which underline the present alternative solutions forthe rewatering of all the Dutch mussels,and what necessarily hasto be imported,have been carried out by the M.E.S. in conjunctionwith the Governmental Service for Traffic and Waterworks. Theassistance of the Netherlands Hydraulics Laboratory and theAgriculture (Fishery) Economic Research Institute was also calledin.

Assuming a reduced tide in the Easter Scheldt (1985), proposed inthe framework of the recent reconsideration of the Deltaproject,it is not certain whether the present natural rewatering placeswill be able to continue to function as required. In any case,with the present know-how, it will be able to find a way out tocontinue the old musseI industry of the Netherlands. The musseImerchants will be able to retain-and even intensify-their directcontact with the product and its environment when they (must)change to the use of built basins. However, it is likely theywill get the possibilities to do that along the coast-line of themusseI centre Yerseke, instead of along the Western Waddenseaborder.

Literature.

Drinkwaard, A.C., The Dutch musselculture and its. improvement efforts.Proceedings Shellfish Conference1975 of the Shellfish Associationof Great Britain. London.Fishmongers'Hall. In press.

~

••

M.E.S - Rewatcring place, water supply and - running system•.

Thc·total capacity of the station,pumping seawater from outsidethe surrounding dikc of the Polder 't Horntjc in which thc M.E.S.is situated,amounts to ample 1 m3/sec • (3 pressure pumps of 15, 25and 35 m3/h.).

Wide iron tubes bring the water to a stopvalvep~t in the,body of thedike. The stopvalves have to be closed during extreme high tide,occuring about four times a year. From the stopvalve pit,the sea­water runs through three wide black vulcathene tubes in the soilto a large open gravity tank. From this tank, the water runsunder gravity and is being led over the whole area.

Thc supply tubes arising vertically out of thc soil, are alsoprovided with stopvalves. These valves are closed when the systemis used as a closed system. The water in the system is then pumpedaround. In this case a fourth large tube carries the circulatingwater straight away from the inner pumping station to the gravity ,tank. It is also possible to short-circuit the musselbasins withoutuso of the gravity tank.

Normally, tho inner pumpingstation,whon the system io used aa anopen systom, returns thc used oeawater to the sea. The drain pipo io

••

:-:

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, I

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partly made of iron and partly of eonerete, with .0. large non-returnvalve at the seaward side.

The system ean also be used as .0. mixed half-open system. This meansthat part of the used water is mixed with new seawater in'the gravitytank. Part of the usecl and re-used water is returned to sea. In thesame way, 'mixing with fresh or braekish water from Texel's inland is'also possible in shorter or longer eireuits.

The inlets of the inner pumping station with four pressure pumps,three of 23 m3/h. and one of 15 m3/h. minimum capacity,are underthe lowest waterlevel of the whole area. At this point all water.of the rewatering place either used or unused (over-flows andby-passes) is collected.

The pumps of the inner pumping station are connected to levelswitches at different settings: Aecording to the amount of wateroffered, they eome into operation. An eleetric or mechunicalfailure of the pumps in the inner pumping station automaticallyresults in .0. switching off the pumps in the pumping station outsidethe dike •

Rainwater from the roads, seawater and household water from thelaboratory and other locations around the rewatering place is keptapart. A separate pump brings this water also back to the sea, farenough mVrlY from the inlets of the outside pumpingstation, to besure, that no mixing and uptake is possible.

The modelling of the open gravity tank having an oblong form enablescoarse sandpartieles to sink down during the passage of the seawaterthrough the tank.At the end of this large bath-tub shaped, ample 50 m long tank,aventuri is built with .0. hydrometer recording the amount of waterper hour. This hydrometer is also connected to a recorder in thecontrol-room of the inner pumping station.

Dependent on the seawater level at the outside pumping station(normal differences between high and low tide are here 1-2 metres),the pumps give more or less water. Notwithstanding the amount ofwater is always known,a security-deviee is built in to have nevermore than exactly 1 m3 per second in the experimental part of theplot behind the gravity tank. So, it is not possible that more than1 m3/sec.passes·the10 settling tanks, just behind the gravity tank.

The device is formed by an exactly adjusted narrowing of the/eulvert­profile down below. As soon as more than 1 m3/sec. is coming, anoverflow comes into operation. This system is also related to theexact adjustment of the water quantities in the musseI basins, theexperimental part of the rewatering place.

Settling the Waddensea water,is neeessary. Sometimes the amount ofsilt with fine sand particles comes to more than 200 mg/litre, 20times more than normally oceurs in the Easter Seheldt in the Southof the Netherlands.Therefore, bcsi'des temperature :.and salini ty albo' thc turbidi ty of thewatcr ncur t~e outsidö pumping station is monitored permanently.

The ten settling tanks together have .0. useful surface of 2000 m2 , witha depth of 2 m. Floating material can be skimmed. Bottom material canbe moved under water to silt hoppers. These hoppers can be do-siltedby opening the valves of drainpipes above an even lower situatedwater by-pass. The eombined clcaning operation is done by moehanieallyworkin~ paddleboards, put on an electric- trolley moving very slowly

. (:About' 1 em/see.) over tha walls of the settling tanks.

The wet profile of the aettling compartment is about )0 times largerthon that of the gravity tunk. The stuying time for settline iG _ 40 _olwoyo more thon one ~our.

Llast- 40 -

..

".

The fourLsettling tanks can easily be utilized for other purposes.This means, that the water running from'the first six tanks canbe conducted in opposite direction through the four last tank andthat they can be used as culture or live tanks.

The water for the experimental musselcompartment (1500 m2 ) reachesthe bank of six raceways via six regulating chutes, adjustable inlitres per second by floating measuring scales.

2The concrete raceways have a surface of 250 m each with walls of1 m. height. The useful surface for musseIs is over 200 m2 • Thebreadth of each raceway is 5 m.

One of the raceways has been provided with iron grids and rails a­long them.Itisnow fitted for the rearing of small hatchery-producedoysterspat from the U.K., to help to learn the Netherlands oyster­growers thebest'P!occdures before this spat can be sowed on thenatural oysterplots. Light screening is possible for this raceway.

Partly separated from the above mentioned installation there arethree big square supply-basins with a capacity of 4 500 m3 each.The depth is about 3 m. They can be filled with seawater or polder­water. The seawater can be supplied by the settling tanks. Thefresh or brackish water can be supplied by a polder pumping station

,(175 m3/h) , about one mile from the M.E.S ••

At the beginning of the long pipeline, chlorine gas can be injected.The polder water is most often polluted.Before this chlorinatedwater enters into one of the supply basins,it is on its way formore than half an hour. On arrival,it is first filtered by arotating strainer. The gauze meshwidth of the strainer is 801J.

This provision was installed for the large scale salinity-Iowering-,and-rising experiments in order to learn the acceptable salinityfluctuations in relation to the mussel~ adaptation processes whenlying together in large beds.

This provision opens the possibilities to biological decompositionstudies. One of the large basins can be fertilized with the biodegrablewastes,and fattening experiments of musseIs can be done in relationto the utilization of musseIs as fish food. Phytoplankton blooms areobserved.

The three basins can be interconnected by opening the spindIe valves.Normally, one of the supply basins is always in use as storage basinof new seawater to supply the laboratory aquarium and working as anopen system. By connecting these basins, they can in principle alsoform an important Eart of the most extended closed-eirculating systemwith some .18 000 mj of water in operation. Supply of different typesof water remains possible. An outside-pollution calamity can be .withstood.

Without any difficulty, we once had an unexpected spatfall of oystersat the walls of one of the basins. By looking at the recorder slipswe could find out under which temperature and salinity circumstancesthis spatfall happened the year before.

The salinity can be checked in succession at six different pointsdistributed over the whole area. The salinity is measured bymeasuring the water's electric conductivity. Oxygen concentrationscan be checked with probes at the beginning and at the end of themusseI raceways. All these data, including the temperature, candirectly be recorded in the observation room of the indoor aquarium •

.. 41 -

I

«,I

...

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•

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Besides the basic-system, several mobile pumps of much lowercapacities are available, a.o. for the seawater supply ofvcrtical tanks (10 m3) with compact masses of musseIs for therewatering research for the canneries.

It may be clear that more can be done with these extensivelife-keeping facilities than accompanying the musseI industryonly. Therefore it is not yet sure that in future the activitiesat the M.E.S. will justify the name of this station. With littledifficulty the name can be changed in M.E.S. - MaricultureExperimental Station. But, in the Netherlands new maricultureproblems and initiatives are nd piled up. First of all, the tradi tionalcultures have to be saved •.

An article with more detailed information will be prepared for thejournal "Aquaculture".

M.E.S. - Indoor Aquarium.

On the design and operation of the small laboratory-aquarium, itcan be noted that after being used for five years it was foundnecessary to reconstruct the installation•••• "Originally, it isset up to learn the requirements and how to conform thereto ••• !"

Normal, warmed und cooled seawater has been used. For each typeof water coated concrete underground seawatertanks are available.The biggest tank (35 m3 ) is being used for the normal seawatersupply, this tank is connected with the outdoor large supply basinmentioned before. Used as a closed system, a built-in biologicalcockle shell and gravel filter is in operation. For all pipes,black vulcathene is used.

The ring-circuit pipelines for the three types of seawater havetaps over the experimenting tables and are being kept under pressureby utilizing effective pressure valves. This appeared to be agood system, but not good enough for accurate equalization of thesingle water flows, as soon as several taps are opened. Therefore,we will install gravity tanks, already contemplated earlier.

The capacity of the three ring-line pumps is 4 m3/h. The two pu~psfor the larger open system is 72 m3/h. due to larger indoorquantities of musseIs. In that case the water is discharged tothe large outdoor system.

The indoor experimental-basin surface is 12 m2 , 4 plasticraceways of 6 x 0,5 m, with a total cubic capacity of 6 m3.Possibilities to measure pH and to record oxygen uptake,ammonia production, water flow and light intensity. Theartificial lighting's intensity is adjustable. Daylightonly by roof bow-windows, which can be closed hermetically.Compressed air available. Mobile diatom filters.

The recorders are mounted in a separate observation room.Visual contact with the wet section via a glass wall. Electriccables passing through the wall are combined as much as possibleto cable racks, somewhat below the ceiling.

The analytical support is given by a laboratory far commonanalytical \vork. Small' punp3 pump nen and used seawater to thislaboratory for sampling purposes.

A full description will be given as soon as the recanstructianwill be completed.

- 42 -

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TEXEL

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERY

•NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE FOR FISHERY INVESTAIONS

MUSSEL EXPERIMENTAL STATION

wo'Il

....WxW

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M.E.S. - PersonneI.

2 Seientists.Chief biologist.Biochemist.

1 Office seeretary.3 Researehers.

Chemieal analist.Ass. biologist - lab. work.Ass. biologist - sea work.

2 ~boratory workers.Ass. miere biologist and chemist.Ass. metabolie physiologist (applied).

2 Teehnieal assistants.Eleetrieian/meehanieian - Station manager.Eleetronies Engineer - Deputy station manager.

3 Meehanics.Engine mechanie.Driver/meehanie.Stationkeeper - operator.

1 Handy man.Part time.

Students.Agrieultural University Wageningen (occasionally).

NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE FOR FISHERY INVESTIGATIONSMollusean Shellfish DepartmentMUSSEL EXPERIMENTAL STATION

A.C. Drinkwaard, M. Sc.Chip.f of the Department.

- 42 -

July 197'='.

Address:

Telephone:

Polder 't Horntje - H. 47.OUDESCHILD (1819) TEXEL.Netherlands.

0226 - 343.

•

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"

- 43 -

Appendix 3. List of design faults.

1). Marine Laboratory, DAFS, Fish Behaviour Unit Aquarium,Aberdeen, Scotland (U.K.).

1. Glass walls in gantry tank room allow undesirable side lightingand limit storage areas.

2. Inadequate storage and workshop space.

3. Lack of adequate observation facilities above the gantry tank.

4. Inadequate sealing of reinforced concrete leading to corrosionof reinforcement rods.

5. No backflushing facility in filters.

6. Certain components in the circulation system made from inappro­priate metals, such as welded stainless steel, leading to corrosion.

7. Inadequate drainage in the floors of most rooms leads to waterc~llecting in inaccessible corners.

- 44 ..

- 44 -

2). Scottish Marine Biological Association, Dunstaffnage MarineResearch Laboratorium, Experimental Aquarium, Oban, Scotland (U.K.).

1). Unsuitable transducer for water pressure control (Penny &Giles type now used).

2). Inadequate number of expansion joints in overland pipeline ­needed almost twice the number originally calculated.

3). Inadequate drainage to handle floods on aquarium floor.

4). Stainless steel, even of sea quality may "rust" at welds,and should be avoided.

5). PIaster walls in air conditioned rooms disintegrate in seawater atmosphere.

6). Right-angle bends in pipework too close to pump outlets.

7). Inadequate gradient on sea water collection system.

... 45 -

...

- 45 -

3). Tromsö Marine Biological Station, Norway.

1). No sedimentation facility. After stormy weather there is alot of sediment in the water. This makes the public aquariumunusable, the instruments in the laboratory unreliable andsometimes blocks the laboratory supply pipes.

2). The sea water taps in the laboratory are placedhigh on thewalls and are not easy to reach.

3). The drainage in the laboratory is such that the floor isalways wet.

4). No "dry" laboratory close to the wetlab •

- 46 -

- 46 -

4). Netherlands Institute of Sea Research, TexeI, The Netherlands.

1). The elevation of the sea water laboratory, approx. 4 metersabove ground level, has advantages but is rather expensive.

2). Avoid the use of heavy metals (particularly copper and zinc)in roof constructions, because this may contaminate the seawater.

3). Care must be taken that all doors are sufficient wide to passlarger apparatus.

4). Avoid insufficient capacity of sea water discharges. Dischargelines should be as straight as possible to avoid clogging byair or sand.

5). Portable cooling machines should be located outside the laboratory, ..because they produce noise.

2). The division of each storage tank into three compartments ofdifferent size appears to be very practical.

3) It is important to have a flexible system of temperature regulationin the laboratory. For experimental work with factor combinations(see Alderdice 1972 in o. Kinne (ed.) Marine Ecology vol. I) anumber of simple conditioned rooms (at least 7, better 14-16)would be practical.

Publication:

J.W. de Blok, 1975. The Texel aquarium. Neth. J. Sea Res. 9(2) (in press).

- 47 ..

- 47 -

5). Artis Aquarium. Roy. Zool. Soe., Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

1). Use of toxie materials (metals, unsuitable plastics and plastieeoatings) whieh eome into eontaet with the eireulating seawater.These materials should also be avoided above tanks filters andreservoirs.

2). Avoid too narrow drainpipes from tanks ete. Diameter should atleast be about 10% larger than reeommended by engineers.

3). All vital teehnieal equipment as eireulationpumps, eompressedair systems, eooling and heating equipment should be in two­fold.

In elosed systems great eare should be given to determining thedimensions of and the ratio between tanks, filters and reservoirs.The entire systems should be designed for maximal load eapaeities.

In all pipingsystems right angles ,should be avoided as mueh aspossible, espeeially in pressure lines.

In elosed and semi elosed systems ample space should be providedin the reservoirs for bringing in or making new seawater. Pro­visions should be available to condition this new water beforebringing it gradually into the systems.

4).

~ 5).

6).

7). Avoid too complicated control and safety designs.

8). Provide for ample working space around the observation tanks,espeeially for eleaning etc.

9). Provide for good and enough drainpipes for waste water in therooms where tanks, filters and reservoirs are situated.

- 48 -

Appendix 4. List of useful publications (261 refs).

- 48 -

Anon. 1959.

Anon. 1968

Anon. 1971

Abel, E., 1963

Alderson,R., 1974.

Aleem, A.A., 1949.

Arte, P., 1962.

Arte, P., 1963.

Atz, J.W., 1947.

Atz, J.W. 1949.

Die Wiedereröffnung der BiologischenAnstalt Helgoland auf der InselHelgoland 1959. HelgoI. wiss.Meeresunters. 7 (1) 50 pp.

Plastic tanks aid fish farm inJapan. Canadian Plastics. Ontario26 (10).

High pressure aquarium systemtools for deep ocean biologystudies. Marine Newsletter 2(2): 1-2.

Die Raumenge als psychischerFaktor bei Fischen. In: 1 erCongr. Intern. 'd AquariologieMonaco - 1960. Communications,Val. D. Bull. Inst. Oceanog.Monaco Nr. spec. 1D: 71-78.

Sea-water chlorination and thesurvival and growth of the earlydevelopmental stages of plaicePleuronectes platessa L. anddover sole, Solea solea (L.)Aquaculture 4 (1): 41-53

An apparatus for producing tides.J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 28 (3):663-665.

A system of free and simultaneausoxygenation of water and decanta­tion of sand. In ler Congr. Intern.d'Aquariologie, Monaco Val. B.Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco 19621B: 125.129. (in French).

A system of mounting large panesof glass with pliant-mastics.In ler Congr. d'Aquariologie,Monaco Val. C. Bull. Inst.Oceanog. Monaco 1963 1C: 59-60(in French).

New tanks for old. Animal King­dom 50 (3): 84-88.

The balanced aquarium myth.Aquarist and Pondkeeper 14 (7):159-160.

- 49 -

Atz, J.W.,1949.

Atz, J.W., 1964

The myth of the balanced aquarium.Nat. Hist. (New York) 58 (2):72-77.

Some principles and practices ofwater management for marine aqua~

riums. In: Clark & Clark (1964):3-16.

- 49 -

•

Axelrod, H.R. andBader, R., 1966

Axelrod, H.R., 1970.

Bakus, G.J., 1965.

Balloy, M., 1969.

Barnabe, G., 1974.

Barriety, L., 1962.

Barriety, L., 1964.

Bay, E.C., 1967.

Beaubien, L.A., et al, 1972.

Bennington, N.L. andDildine, G.C., 1936.

The education aquarium for nativeand exotic fishes. T.F.H. Publi­cations. Inc.: Jersey City, N.J.96 pp.

Photography for aquarists. T.F.H.Publications Inc. Jersey City.64 pp.

A refrigerated seawater systemfor marine organisms. TurtoxNews 43 (9): 230-231.

(The purification of seawaterin a smallclosed aquarium system).Bull. Inst. Peches Mar. Maroc.17: 45-48.

Some heating devices for Seawater aquaculture. Aquaculture4(3): 305-306.

The open circuit with natural seawater. In:ler Congr. Intern.

,d'Aquariologie, Monaco Vol. B.Bull. Inst. Oceanogr. Monaco1962 1B: 1-11 (in French).

A subsiduary hot-water circuitin an aquarium fed by an opencircuit. In: Clark & Clark(1964): 77-79.

An inexpensive filter aquariumfor rearing and experimentingwith aquatic invertebrates.Turtox News 45 (6): 146-148.

Behaviour of materials in asubsurface ocean environment.U.S. Naval Research Laboratory,Washington, D.C. Report No. 7447.110 p.p.

Equipment for the study of aquaticanimals under controlled conditionof temperature and light. Ecology17 (2): 322-24.

- 50 -

Ben-Yami, M., 1974.

Berg, C.O., 1948.

Beyerman, K., andEckrich, W., 1973

Bleakney, J.S., 1970.

Bliss, D.E., 1946.

Boulenger, E.G., 1939.

Bouxine, H., 1935

Brandela, M., 1967

Brandenberg, W., 1966.

Breder, C.M. jr., 1957.

Breder, C.M. jr., 1964.

Brockway, D.R., 1950

- 50 -

Gnawing at fishing netting - a pro­blem in cage-raising of herbivo­rous fish.Aquaculture 3(2): 199-202.

Techniques for projecting ima­ges of living animals by use ofminature aquaria and projectinglantern.Trans. Amer. Micrsc. Soc. 67(4): 384-387.

Adsorption von Spuren von In­secticiden aus Wasser an Polya­thylen.Z, anal. Chem. 265 1-4.

A compact aquarium unit of macro­photography.Veliger 13 (2): 196-198.

Laboratory marine aquaria.Turtox News 24 (3): 57-63.

Keep an aquarium.Ward Lock & Co. Ltd. Landon88 pp.

Installation d'un aquariummarin pour un laboratoire situede la mer.Bull. Soc. Nation AcclimarFrance 82 (5/6): 138-162.

Dosage de l'oxygene dissousdans l'eau par rapport au tempsd, aeration.Arch. Inst. Pasteur Madagascar36 (1): 115-120.

Filtration of marine aquaria.Ichthvol. Aquarium J. 37 (4)173-184.

Miniature circulating system forsmall laboratory aquariums.Zoologica 42 (1): 1-10.

Miniature circulating systemsfor small laboratory aquariums.In: Clark & Clark (1964): 39-53·

Metabolie products and theireffects.Prog. Fish Cult. 12 (3): 127-129.

- 51 •

•

Brungs, W.A., andMount, D.I., 1967.

Brungs, W.A., andMount, D.I., 1970.

Bureh, A.B. andEakin, R.M., 1933·

Burrows, R.E., 1964.

Cannon, E.G., andGrove, A.J., 1927.

*)

Cargo, D.G., 1964.

Carroll, U.H., 1939.

Chadwich, H.C.,1925.

Chin, E., 1959.

Clark, J.R., andEidsler, R., 1964.

Clark, J.R., andClark, R.L., (Ed.), 1964.

Clark, M.J.R., 1974.

Cansdale, G., 1975.

---- -----------1

- 51 -

A device for continuous treatmentof fish in holding chambers.Amer. Fish. Soc. Trans. 96(1): 55-57.

A water delivery system forsmall fish-holding tanks.Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., 99(4): 799-802.

A device for water circulation.Science 80 (2085): 563-64.

Effects of accumulated excretoryproducts on hatchery rearedsalmonids.Bur. Sport Fish. and Wildlife,Report 66: 1-11.

An aerating and circulatingapparatus for aquaria andgeneral use.Jour. Roy. Microsc. Soc. 47(4): 319-322.

Estuarin water system at Solo­mons, Maryland.In: Clark & Clark (1964): 103-1 2.

Sintered pyrex glass aerators.Plantphysiol. 14 (3): 603-5.

A water regulator for small tanks.Proc. & Trans. Liverpool Biol.Soc. 40: 54-55.

An inexpensive re-circulatingsea-water system.Progr. Fish-Cult. 21 (2): 91-93.

Sea water from ground sourees.In: Clark & Clark (1964): 173-184.

Sea water systems for experimentalaquariums. A collection of papers.Res. Rep. U.S. Wildle Servo 63:1-192.

Annotated extracts of some papersdealing with the measurement andsolubility of dissolved atmos­pheric gases,

Clear, clean water from wells in the sand.Fish Farm. Int., 2(1):11-12.

... 52 -

Collignon, J., 1962.

Cope, O.B~, 1954.

Coutant, R., 1963.

Cumming, K.B., 1966.

Dantinne, R., 1963.

Davenport, D., andJoice, D.K., 1962.

Defretin, R., 1962.

Dover, C., 1929.

with nitrogen gas supersaturationand with gas bubble disease infish. Pollution Control BranchjBritish Columbia Water ResourcesService, Department of LandsForests and Water ResourcesjVictoriaj British ColumbiajCanada. (Available from authorgratis).

L'Aquarium de Casablanca.Bull. Inst. Pech. Mar. Maroc.8: 37-52.

Converting carboys into jars andaquaria.Progr. Fish-Culturust 16 (3):139-140.

Apartment and laboratory aquariumsIn: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario­logie. Monaco Vol. C.Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco1963 1C: 125-128.

Disposable aquaria.Progr. Fish-Cult. 28 (2): 92.

The construction of aquariums(material).In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario­logie Monaco Vol. C.Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco1963 1C: 33-38. (in French).

The sea water (filter) system'at the University of California,Santa Barbara.In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario­logie, Monaco Vol. B.Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco.1962 1B: 79-82.

An open supply circuit fed by animmersed pump.In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario­logie Monaco 1960 Vol. B.Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco.(1962) 1B: 69-78. (in French).

Aquaria for rearing minute or­ganisms requiring runningwater.Nature 124 (3122): 336.

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A device for collecting free­swimming bivalve larvae fromlaboratory aquaria,Veliger 15 (3): 256-257.

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Akvariedekaoration. De sm~ ak­varieböger 19J. Fr. Clausens Forlag Köbenhavn.60 p.p.

The use of glass in aquariumconstruction.In: ler Cong. Intern. d'Aquario­logie Monaco Vol. C.Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco 19631C: 45-57. (in French).

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First steps in aquarium keeping •Marchall Press Ltd., London 33 pp.

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A temperature-controlled saltwater circulating apparatus fardeveloping fish eggs and larvae.J. Cons. int. Explor. Mer, 28,364-84.

Seawater system at the FridyHabour Laboratories of the Uni­versity of Washington.In: Clark & Clark (1964): 131-136.

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Bau eines experimentell-ökolo­gischen Laboratoriums auf demSüdhafengelände.Der Helgoländer-Dezember Ausgabe.

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Consideration on new proposalof the construction of a publicaquarium.In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario­logie, Monaco Vol. C.Bull. Inst. Oceang. Monaco 1963LC: 15-26. (in French).

Finishing details of aquariumreservoirs and laboratory tanks.In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario­logie Monaco Vol. C•Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco1963 1C:39-43. (in French).

The effect of depth in theaquarium.In: ler Cong. Intern. d'Aquario­logie, Monaco, Vol. C.Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco 19631C: 87-91. (in French).

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Composing submarine landscapefor photographic reproduction.Jour. Biol. Photogr. Assoc.4 (1): 3-8.

Test-tube aquarium and ninepower lens.Turtox News 19 (1): 1-4.

Light and tropical marine In­vertebrates.In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario­logie, Vol. D.Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco 19631D: 91-104.

Management of closed-systemmarine aquariums.Helgoländer Wisse Meeresunters.,20: 637-641.

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Illumination by electricity ofaquaria of Paris Museum of Afri­can and Oceanic arts.In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario­logie, Monaco 1960 Vol. B.Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco (1962)LB: 85-89. (in French).

Das Meeresaquarium.Kosmos Verlag. Stuttgart.

Das Tropisches Meerwasseraquarium.J. Neumann Neudam Verlag. Basel.Wien.

An apparatus for keeping marineorganisms under circulation innarrow observational tanks.J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 16 (3):757-60.

An integrated multiple unitcontrolled temperature systemfor sea water aquaria.Laboratory Practice 18 (3)300-304.(The technique of glued aquariumsand their utilization in biology).Vie et Milieu 12 (4): 701-704.

Marine aquaria in the laboratory.Adv. Science 16: 106-109.A fast-flow closed-circuit marineaquarium.In: Clark & Clark (1964): 69-75.

Tanks for culture of marineli fe-Patent No. 3,465,718.Official Gazette. U.S.Patent Office 866 (2): 455.

The behaviour and physiologyof pinnipeds. Appleton-Century­Crofts, New York, N.Y. 411 pp.

An aquarium with simulatedstream of flow.Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 94 (3):274-276.

Apparatus for holding oystersunder equal water flows.Limn. and Oceanogr. 10 (4):605-606.

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Europe's first fish behaviourtank.World Fishing. April.

Filtration and ultraviolet sterili­zation of sea water in large closed ,and semi-closed aquarium systems.In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario­logie, Monaco Vol. B.Bull. Inst. Oeeanog. Monaco 1962.1B: 49861.

On operation of filter of marineelosed-system aquarium.Suisan Zoshoku, 8: 123-132.

Studies on water eontrol by fil­tration through sand bed in amarine aquarium with elosed eir­culating system-I. Oxygen con­sumption during filtration asan index in evaluating the degreeof purifieation of breedingwater.Bull. Jap. Soe. Sei.Fish.,31: 977-982.

Studies on water control by fil­tration through sand bed in amarine aquarium with closed eir­culating system-lI. Relation offiltering velocity and depthof sand layer to purification ofbreeding water.Bull. Jap. Soe. Sci. Fish.,31: 983-990.

Studies on water control by fil­tration through sand bed in amarine aquarium with closed cir­culating system-III Relation ofgrain size of filter sand topurification of breeding water.Bull. Jap. Soe. Sei. Fish.32: 11-19.

Studies on water control by fil­tration through sand bed in amarine aquarium with closed cir­culating system-IV. Rate of pol­lution of water by fish and possiblenumber and weight of fish kept inan aquarium.Bull. Jap. Soc. Sei. Fish.32: 20-27.

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Honig, C., 1934.

Influenees of nitrate aeeumlatedin eulturing water on Oetopusvulgaris.Bull. Jap. Soe. Sei. Fish.,32: 105-111.

Studies on water eontrol by fil­tration through sand bed in amarine aquarium with closed eir­eulating system-Vi. Acidifieationof aquarium water.Bull. Jap. Soc. Sei. Fish.,36: 26-34.

Cireulatory system for rearingaquatie animals and relatedwater quality eontrol •Baioteku (Teehnol. BioI.), 3:605-609.

Water eontrol by filtration inelosed eulture systems.Aquaculture 4 (4): 369-385.

On the mierofield of marineinvertebrates in the AsamushiAquarium.Bull. Mar. Biol. Sta. Asamushi11 (2): 113-116.

On a new model of exhibition asa study of exhibitory method inan aquarium.Bull. Mar. Biol. Sta. AsamushiTohoku Univ. 12 (40): 227-235.

The reactions of fish in eon­centration gradients,Inst. Freshw. Res. DrottningholmReport no. 43.

Apparatus for automatieally fee­ding fish.Patent No. 3,465,719.Offieial Gazette, U.S. PatentOffice 866 (2): 455.

Onderzoek over de reiniging vanzeewater in groote aquaria,Thesis. Amsterdam (in Duteh).

Nitrates in aquarium Water.J. mare biol. Ass. U.K. 19 (2):723-725.

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Hubbard, R.C., 1968. Husbandry and laboratory eare ofPinnipeds.In: Harrison et ale (1968):299-358.

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Jurberg, Pedro, andPiere, Ota'vio, 1971.

Practical suggestions for con­struetion and maintenance oflarge-volume sea-water systems.In: Clark & Clark. (1964): 185-186.

Aquarientechnik.Kosmos Verlag. Stuttgart.

Large floating structure forholding Pacific salmon.J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 27,947-50.

Use of ozone in seawater forcleasing shellfish.Effluent & Water TreatmentJournal 12 (5): 260-262.On the rearing of some cold waterfishes in the aquarium by thenewly-designed cooling apparatus.Bull. Mar. Biol. Sta. AsamushiTohoku Univ. 12 (4): 219-226.Portable aquarium filter.Amer. Midland Nat. 25 (2): 471-72.Uses of acriflavine in aquariummanagement.Aquarium Philad. 23 (4): 123-127.

Ammonia removal by selective ionexchange, a backup system formicrobiological filters in closed­system aquaculture.Aquaculture 4 (1): 61-68.

Sea-water system of the MarineLaboratory of the University ofCalifornia, Santa Barbara.In: Clark & Clark (1964): 143-146 •

A closed system marine aquariumwith compartments for individualobservations.Rev. Brasel Biol. 81 (1): 33-36.(in Portuguese).

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Kabasawa, H., andYamada, M., 1975.

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On survival ability of copper­ion in the fish-rearing watersystem.Sci. Rep. Keikyu AburatsuboMar. Park Aquarium No. 5,6:26-31. (in Japanese Summary inEnglish). .

The influence of excretory sub­stances of fishes on their owngrowth.Prog. Fish. Cult., 23 (2):70-75.

Biochemical studies on thebacteria in aquarium circu­lating system. I. Changes ofthe qualities of breeding waterand bacterial population of theaquarium during fish cultivation.Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish.,30: 55-62.

Biochemical studies on thebacteria in the aquarium with acirculating system II. Nitri­fying activity of the filter­sand.Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci~ Fish.31 (1): 67-71. (in Japanese,Summary in English).

Microbiological studies on thenitrogen cycle in aquatic en­vironments: I: Effect of oxygentension on the microflora andthe balance of nitrogenous com­pounds in the experimental aqua­rium.Mem. Res. Inst. Food. KyotoUniv. 32: 7-15.

A filtering system for indivi­dual tanks.Bulletin of Aquatic Biology2 (21): 117-118.

A filtering system for indivi­dual tanks.In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario­logie, Monaco Val. B.Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco1962 1B: 63-64.

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Kelley, W.E., 1962.

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Komaki, Y., 1966.

KÜbler, R., 1969.

An aquarium exhibited with po­larized light.In: ler Congr. Intern. Aquario­logie, Monaco Vol. B.Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco1962 1B: 83-84.

Some optical properties ofaquaria and their applicationto lighting and design.In: ler Conga Intern. d'Aquario­logie, Monaco Vol. C.Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco1963. 1C: 93-98.

Some optical configurationsfor semi-closed circulatingaquarium system. Program 50 thanniversary meeting.American Society of Ichthylogistand Herpetologists.p. 42 (Abstract).

Ideal configurations for semi­closed circulating aquariumsystem. Program, 50th anni­versary, meeting.American Society of Ichthylogistand Herpetologists.p. 42 (Abstract).

Marine aquariums:Principle and Practice.Aquarium Systems Inc.Eastlake Ohio, 25 p.p.

Mikroskoposche Arbeitsmetodenfür Aquarienfreunde.Microcosmos (Stuttgart) 22 (6):91-94.

Technical notes on keepingeuphausiids alive in the labo­ratory with a review of experi­mental studies on euphausiids.Information Bull. of Planktologyin Japan 13: 95-105.

Licht in AquariumKosmos Verlag. Stuttgart.

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Un periodische Änderungen in stoff­haushalt von Seewaszer aquarien.Hydrobiologia 8: 66-78.

Cement in the construction of apublic aquarium.

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Liao, P .B., andMayo, R.D. , 1974.

Lickey, M.E., et al., 1970.

In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario­logie, Monaco Vol. C.Bull. Inst. Oceanogr. Monaco.1963 1C: 27-31 (in French).

An annular tank for sea fishes.In: Clark & Clark (1964): 141-142.

Constant temperature bath for ex­perimental aquaria in linearseries.Copeia 1953 (4): 242.

Artistic conseption of aquaticlandslopes in aquariums and aqua­terrariums.In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario­logie, Monaco Vol. C.Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco1963 1C: 67-85. (in French).

An economical floating cage formarine culture,Aquaculture 4, 323-28.

Aquariums d'eau douce et d'eaumer.Delachaux et Niestle, NeuehateI,Paris.

Experimental sea-water aquarium.U.S. Fish Wildle Servo Circ.334: 1-14.

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An aquarium filter designed forlaboratory use.Turtox News 35 (1): 13.

Salmonid hatchery water reusesystems,Aquaculture 1 (3): 317-335.

Intensified fish culture com­bining water reconditioningwith pollution abatement.Aquaculture 3 (1): 61.-85.

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A stream tank at the Hölle La­boratory.Rept. Inst. Freshwater Res.Drottningholm 35: 113-117.

Sea-water system at the PointWhitney Sheelfish Laboratory.In: Clark & Clark (1964): 147­153.

Detergent method for cleaningaquarium sand.Turtox News. 33 (10): 204.

Sea-water systems at marine la­boratories~

Science 106 (2747): 171-173.

Laboratory techniques in zoo­logy. Butterworth,Inc. Washington, Dist. Columbia404 pp.

Salt-water system at the St.Andrews Biological Station ofthe Fisheries.Research Board of Canada.In: Clark & Clark (1964): 125-130.

A tidal aquarium system.Jour. Roy. Microsc. Soc. 55(4): 245-248.

Construction of fiberglass watertanks.Progr. Fish-Cult. 26 (2): 91-92.

Management of public aquaria.Transactions of the AmericanFisheries Society. 1879: 40-50

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McCrimmon, H.R., andBerst, A.H., 1966.

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Mcinerney, J.E., andHoar, W.S., 1964.

A water recirculation unit for usein fishery lahoratories.Progr. Fish-Cult. 28 (3): 165-170.

Preparation of refrigerator li­ners (for aquaria).J. Amer. Killifish. Ass. 3 (2):29-30

A medium-sized sea-water system, for the laboratory.In: Clark & Clark (1964): 35-37.

Meulengracht-Madsen, J., 1971.Akvariet i fokus.J.Fr. Glausens Forlag. Köbenhavn.

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Morris, R.W., 1950.

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Müller, R., andSchmidt, G., 1962.

Müller, R., andSchmidt, G., 1962.

Müller, R., andSchmidt, G., 1962.

A simple, thin aquarium.Science 93 (2418): 432.

Regulation thermique des aquariumsa eau froide et dispositif anti­buee.Contributions du Departement desPecheries Quebec 81: 115-121.

Thermal regulation of cold­water aquariums and in anti­condensation devices.In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario­logie, Monaco Vol. B.Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco 19621B: 15-121. (in French).

A modified filtration and aera­tion unit for experimentalaquaria.Jour. Parasitol. 46 (6): 767-768.

An outlet screen for small marineaquarium.Turtox News 28 (7): 128.

What should our labels be like?In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario­logie, Monaco Vol. C.Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco 19631C: 61-66. (in French).

Erfahrungen bei künstlicherBeleuchtung mit Glüdfaden-Gas­misch-Lampen.In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario­logie, Monaco Vol. B.Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco 19621B: 91-95.

Beheizung von Seewasserbeckendurch Verwendung von Heizkorpenaus V4A Stahl. 'In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario­logie, Monaco Vol. B.Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco 19621B: 103-108.

/

Einfache Zusatz-kühlvorrichtingfür Seewasser-becken in geheiztsenRäumen.In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario­logie, Monaco Vol. B.Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco 1962.1B: 123-126.

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Murphy, W.K., 1969.

Murphy, W.K., 1974.

Nakamura, E.L., 1964.

Nakamura, E.L., 1966.

Neander, A., 1928.

O'Neill, R.V., 1968.

New, M.B., et al., 1974.

Nourisson, M., andVeillet, A., 1963.

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Olla, B.L., et ale 1967.

Overdick-Erdmann, L., 1957.

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Ultraviolet sterilization ofwater and its relation to main­taining organisms.(Underwater Technology Conference,San Diego 9-12 March 1969).American Society of MechanicalEngineers.ASME Publication 69 UNT-12: 4 pp.

Experiences with ozone usage inrecycled oceanarium water.Report J.M. Montgomery, ConsultingEngineers Inc. La Jolla, California,USA, 7pp.

Salt weIl water facilities at theBureau of Commercial FisheriesBiological Laboratory, Honolulu.In: Clark & Clark (1964): 160-172.

Fiberglass tanks for transferof pelagic fishes.Prog. Fish. Cult., 28: 60-62.

Trichopterologiska bidrag.I: Till trichopterlavernasakvarieteknik m.m. Ent. Tidsr.(Stockhl.). 49 (1): 1-7.

A simple marine aquarium system.Turtox News 46 (5): 166-168.

A recirculation system for ex­perimental aquaria.Aquaculture 3 (1): 95-103.

(Programmed automatie regulationof water temperature in a open­circuit aquarium).In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario­logie, Monaco Vol. D.Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco 19631D: 121 -1 25 •

The chemical composition of seawater in the aquarium.Proc. Zool. Soc. Londn, 129137:145.

A large experimental aquariumsystem for marine pelagic fishes.Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc, 96 (2):143-150.

(A sensitive thermostate foraquaria and terraria).Bol. Soc. Biol. Conception(Chile) 32: 59-61.

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Paccaud, A.~ 1962.

Parisot, T.J., 1967.

Percier, A., 1962.

Peterfi, T., 1928.

Pettitt, C., 1974.

Pinter, H., 1969.

Plessis, Y., 1963.

Plessis, Y.B., 1964.

Pletcher, T.F., 1966.

Poizat, C., 1972.

Considerations generales sut tenuedes Animaux marins specialement desPoissons dits lide Coraux", en eaude mer artificelle.In: ler Congr. Intern d'Aquario­logie Vol. B.Bull. Inst. Oceanogr. Monaco 1962.1B: 39-48.

A closed recirculated sea-watersystem.Progr. Fish-Cult. 29 (3): 133-139.

L'approvisionnement d'un aquariummarine et les methodes des pechecommerciale.In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario­logie~ Monaco Vol. A.Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco 19621A: 110-119.

Methodik der wissenschaftlichenBiologie.I & 11 J. Springer. Berlin.I: 1425 pp. 11: 1219 pp.

Seawater and its use in smallresearch aquaria.Laboratory Practice, Jan., 8-11.

Odling av akvariefisk.Tidsskriften Akvariet, Göteborg.295 pp.

Realisation d'habitats sableuxen milieu experimental.In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario­logie, Vol. D.Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco 19631D: 61-70.

Marine aquarium procedure andtechniques.In: Clark & Clark (1964): 69-75.

A portable aqurium for use atsea to photograph fish and aquaticlife.Fish. Res. Board. Can. J. 23(8): 1271-1275.

(Methods of raising opisthobranchgastropods of small average dimen.sions: Development of a recircu­lating sea-water aquarium: Firstresults).Tethys 4 (1): 251-267.

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Regier, H.A., andSwallow, W.H., 1968.

Richards, w.J., Palko, B.J.,and Scott, E.L., 1968.

Richardson, R.E., 1930.

Robinson, B.H., 1973.

Rollefsen, G., 1962.

RosenthaI, H.,

Roth, G.C., de, 1967.

Samuelsen, T.J., 1973.

Santo, R.S., de, 1967.

Satterfield, J.D.,Sullivan, J.R., andMoss, M.J., 1968.

An aquarium temperature controlsystems for field stations.Progr. Fish. Cult. 30 (1): 43-46.

A research aquarium suitablefor shipping use.American Fisheries Society.Transactions 97 (3): 286-287.

Notes on the simulations ofnatural aquatic conditions infresh-water by the use of smallnon-circulating balanced aquaria.Ecology 1 (1): 102-109.

A system for maintaining mid­water fishes in captivity.J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 30:126-128.

The aquarium in Bergen (Norway),ideas, design, equipment andfacilities.In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario­logie, Monaco Vol. B.Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco 19621B: 167-172.

Selected Bibliography on Ozone,its Biological Effects andTechnical Applications.Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, Techn.Rep. No. 456, 1974.

A device for aerating and cir­culating aquarium water withoutdisturbing the water surface.Turtox News 45 (11): 280-281.

Occasional references on aquariumtechnique - Bergen Aquarium,Norway.(This list contributed sub­stantially to the present one).

An aquarium tide timer, theoryand operation.Ecology 48 (4): 668-670.

Inexpensive undergravel filtersfor aquaria,Turtox News 45 (11) :316-317.

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- 68 -

Schiötz, A., andDahlström, P., 1969. Akvariefisk og planter.

G.E.C. Gads Forlag. Köbenhavn.

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Schiötz, A., andChristensen, S., (Ed.), 1970. Jeg har akvarium.

Politikens Forlag. Köbenhavn.

Schwartz, F.J., 1960.

Schäfer, W., 1952.

Schlesner, H.,

Scott, K.R., 1972.

Scott, K.R., andGillespie D.C., 1972.

Serf1ing, S.A., et ale 1974.

She1bourne, J.E., 1964.

Snow, C.O., 1964.

Sorgeloos, P., 1973.

Spotte, S., 1971.

Inexpensive self-c1eaning in­verse aquarium filter.Progr. Fish-Culturist 22 (2):87-89.Schau-Aquarien-heute.Natur und Volk 82 (5): 152-159(Biol. st. ) •

Auswirkungen einer Seewasser­Reinigunsan1age nach dem Ab­schäumungsprinzip mit Hilfe vonOzon auf den Bakteriengehaltdes Wassers eines Schau-aquariums.Diploma Thesis, Kiel 1973.Comparison of the efficiency ofvarious aeration devices foroxygenation of water in aquaria.Journ. Fish. Res. Board. Can.29 (11): 1641-1643.

A compact recircu1ation unitfor rearing and maintenance offish.J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 29,1071-74.A recircu1ating culture systemfor 1arvae of the American 10b­ster, Homarus americanus.Aquacu1ture 3 (3): 303-309.Experimental sea-water systemsfar rearing fish 1arvae.In: Clark & Clark (1964): 81-93.Oregon Fish Cammissions's sa1t­water system at Newport, Oregon.In: Clark & Clark (1964): 137-139.High density culturing cf thebrine shrimp, Artemia salina.Aquacu1ture 1: 385-391.Fish and Invertebrate 'Culture,Water management in closedsystems.Wiley-Interscience, New-York.

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-- ._-----------------~

•

Spotte, S., 1973.

Spotte, S., 1974.

Spronck, R., 1962.

Steward, J.E., andPower, H.E., 1963.

Strand, J.A.,Cummins, J.T., andVaughan, B.E., 1969.

Strand, J.A., et al., 1966.

Strasburg, D.W., 1964.

Sundnes, G., 1962.

Talbot, G.B., 1964.

Tchobanoglous, G., 1970.

Marine aquarium keeping, thescience, the animals and the art.Wiley-Interscience New-York.

Aquarium techniques: closed­system Marine aquariums.In: Exp. Mar. Biol. ed. R.N.Mariscal Academic Press, New York,London. p. 1-19.

Technical equipment of the newpublic aquarium of the Instituteof Zoology of the University ofLiege.In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario­logie, Monaco Vol. B.Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco1962 1B: 131-165. (in French) •

A sea-water aquarium for marineanimal experiments.Jour. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada20 (4): 1081-1084.

A fast-flow sealed disk filtersystem for marine aquaria.

o Limnology and Oceanography14 (3): 444-448.

Artificial culture of marinesea weeds in recirculationaquarium systems.Biological Bulletin 13 (3):487-506.

An aerating device for slatweIl water.In: Clark & Clark (1964): 161-167.

Apressure aquarium for experi­mental use.Fiskeridirek. Skrifter. Ser.Havunders. 13 (4): 1-7.

Salt-water system at the U.S.Biological Laboratory, Beaufort,North Carolina.In: Clark & Clark (1964): 119-123.

Filtration techniques in tertiarytreatment.J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed.42: 604-623.

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Theodor, J., andLaubier, L., 1963.

Thomas, H.J., 1964.

Thomas, L.J., 1927.

Tinker, S., 1962.

Tokioka, T., 1962.

Toth, S.E., 1965.

Townsend, C.H., 1928.

Tusche, H.W., 1954.

Uthe, J.F., Reinke, J.,and Gesser, H., 1972.

Valentin, R.J., 1968.

Veillet, A., 1963.

(The phemomenom of fluorescencein the aquarium and in the seaat Banyuls-sur-Mer).In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario­logie, Monaco Vol. D.Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco1963 1D: 87-90.

Notes from the aquarium of themarine laboratory Aberdeen.In: Clark & Clark (1964): 21-29.

Marine aquaria for high schoolsand colleges.Trans. Illinois State Aead. Sei.20: 125-128.

Water for aquarium purposesfrom a salt water weIl.In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario­logie, Monaco Vol. B.,Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco1962 1B: 65-68.

Problems in maintaining aquaria.Bull. Mar. Biol. Sta. Asamushi11 (2): 117-120.

A simplified filter for inlandmarine aquaria.Turtox News 43 (1): 32-33.

The publie aquarium, its constue~

tion, equipment, and managment.Dept. Fish. Document 1045249-337.

1x1 für junge und alte Aquarianer.A.Kernen Verlag. Stuttgart.

Extraction of organochlorineresidues from water by porouspolyurethane eoated with selee­tive adsorbent.Environ. Leters 3 117-135.

The salt water aquarium manual.Aquarium Stock Company, New York.159 pp.

(An open-circuit microaquariumfor microscopic and microcinema­tographie observation).In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario­logie, Monaco Vol. D.Bull. Inst. Oceanogr. Monaco 19631D: 105-107.

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•

•

Walker, J.H., 1930.

Walne, P.R., 1964.

Waters, B., andWaters, J., 1967.

Weigel, W., 1964.

Whittaker, R.H., 1961.

Wiedemann, E., 1943.

Wilson, L.P., andGreggs, M.A., 1941.

Wilson, D.P., 1952.

Wilson, D.P., 1960.

Wilson, D.P., 1962.

Wisby, W., 1964.

Wood, P.G., 1964.

Inexpensive aerated aquaria.Science 73 (1904): 709 •

Sea-water supply system in ashellfish-culture laboratory.In: Clark & Clark (1964): 155-159.

Salt-water aquariums.Holiday House, New York. 161 pp.

Das Schmuck-und Schauaquarium.Kosmos Verlag. Stuttgart.

Experiments with radiophos­phorous tracer in aquariummicrocosms.Ecol. Monag. 31 (2): 157-188 •

Zum technischen Ausbau vonMeeresaquarien.Der Zoologische Garten n.s.15 (3): 126-131.

Analysis of sea water in a clo­sed aquarium.Trans. New York Acad. Sci 3(8): 218-221.

The aquarium and sea-watersystem at the Plymouth labora­tory.J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 31 (1):193-211.

The new aquarium and sea-watercirculation systems at thePlymouth Laboratory.J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 39:391-412.

The semi-closed circulationsystem at the Plymouth labora­tory.In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario­logie, Monaco Val. B.,Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco 19621B: 13-27.

Sea-water supply in the tropics.In: Clark & Clark (1964): 113-1 17.

The principle of water sterili­sation by ultraviolet light,and their application in thepurification of oysters.Ministry of Agriculture, Fis­heries and Food, London, FisheryInvestigations ser. 2 23 (6):1-48.

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•

•Wood, L., 1965.

Wood, E.D., et ale 1967.

Zahn, M., 1960.

Zahn, M., 1963.

Zobell, C.E., andAnderson, D.Q., 1936.

A controlled condition system(CCS) for continously flowingseawater.Limnology and Oceanography 10(3): 475-477.Determination of nitrate inseawater by cadmium-copperreduction to nitrate.J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K., 47:23-31.Eine neue Wassertemperaturorgel.rnt. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 45(3): 455-460.Jahreszeitliche Veränderungender Vorzugstemperaturen vonScholle (Pleuronedes platessa L.)und Bitterling (Rhodeus sericeusPallas).Verh. Dtsch. Zool. Gesch.München, 562-580.

Observations on the Multipli­cation of bacteria in differentvolumes of stored seawater.Biol. Bull., 71: 324-342.

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r

• Appendix 5

Pumps:

List of manufacturers •

- 73 -

• a). Plastic centrifugal pumps •Kreiselpumpe BN 65-160 = 40 m~/hKreiselpumpe BN 40-160 = 40 m /hG. Jesse KG,3101 Nienhagen bei Celle, W. Ge3many •Kreiselpumpe UP 130 / PVC = 8 m /hFa. Schmitt,7505 Ettlingen, W. Germany.Kreiselpumpe KP 481/491,581/591,681/691G. Eheim Ing.7301 Deizisau, W. Germany.Kreiselpumpe Type KW 2020 = 9 m3/hFa. Stübbe Armaturen KG4973 Vlotho, W. Germany.

James Beresford & Son LtdAce Works, Kitts Green,Birmingham 33, England (U.K.).

Fa. H. Wernert & Co. KG, Postfach 1920, D - 4330 Mülheim, W. Germany.

b). Screw pumps.Mono pumps LtdMono House, Sekforde StreetClerkenwell GreenLondon EC1 1 England (U.K.).

Fabrikat Friedrichsfeld Type FPS 40 = 10 m3/hFabrikat Friedrichsfeld Type FPS 25 = 6 m3/h

Deutsche Steinzeug- und Kunststoffwarenfabrik68 Mannheim 71, W. Germany.

Reid & Sigrist Ltd., Golf Course Lane, Hinckley Road, LeicesterLE3 1 UA. U.K. (Thyristors controlling pumps).

Pipes fittings and valves.

Durapipe and Lambert Sales LtdNorton Canesj Carnock, Staffs WSH 3NS. (U.K.).

Vulcathene - EriksAlkmaar, Voormeer 33 - The Netherlands.

G.P. Plastics, Le Bas Tube Co., Ltd., Eagle Wharf Road, London,N.1. U.K. (PVC plastic pipes and valves).

George Hatch LtdQueenhithe, Upper Thames Street,London Ec4v 3DU (Quick release plastic hose couplings).

Penny & Giles Ltd., Mudeford, Christchurch, Hants, BH23 4AT, U.K.(pressure transducers).

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•

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Tanks.

Polyglass Ltd., 11, South Road, Morecambe, Lancs. U.K.(small fibre-glass tanks).

WCB Containers Ltd., Baylay Street, Stalybridge, Cheshire, U.K.(plastic tanks and containers).

Londex Ltd., 207 Anerley Road, London SE 20, U.K.(stainless steel electrodes for controlling water level).

Filtration.

LJB (Projects) Ltd., Eastbourne Terrace, Paddington, London W2 6LE,U.K. (Tilted plate filtration systems).

Sea Water Supplies Ltd., :North ParadeThe PromenadeSkegnessLincs, U.K.PE25 1DB(Design and installation of prefiltered sea-water systems for aquaria(including sub sand abstraction)).

Mason & Morton Ltd.,Fir Tree House,Headstone Drive, Wealdstone,Harroe, Middlesex HA3 5QS, U.K.(sea water filtration consultants).

Lavalit for filter bed of either aerated wet filter or trickling filter:for example40 plastic bags of 20 kg each, per bag DM 7,75Fa. L & H Dennerle, Postfach 927, D - 6780 Pirmasens, W. Germany.

Aeration.

Weiss saturometer - available from: ECO Enterprises5126-45th Avenue, N.E.,Seattle, Washington 98105,U.S.A.

Two models: (i) ES-2 (U.S.(ii) ES-3 (U.S.

unit).

$495) for outdoor environmental use, and$395) for use in aquaria (Physically smaller

Doulton Industrial Products LtdIndustrial Filtration Div.Filleybrooks, Stone, Staffs. U.K.Ceramic diffusers for aeration of large tanks)

Nash Engineering Co., Ltd., Industrial Estate, Winsford, Cheshire,U.K. (oil-free air compressors).

Fabr. SIHI (Siemen & Hinseh)102 m3/h durch FlüssigkeitsringpumpenSchulz & Vanselow, Ing.2 Hamburg 62, W. Germany.

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Ozonisation/Sterilisation.

Fabr. Sander 3 x 30 g/h3 x 1 g/h

E. Sander3151 Eltze/Kr. Peine, W. Germany.

Lamp & Machine Products Ltd., Blackwater Way, Industrial Estate,Aldershot, Hants. U.K. (ultra-violet sterilisation).

Hanivia Lamps, Ltd., 480, Bath Road, Slough, Bucks, SL1 6BL, U.K.(ultra-violet sterilisation).

Temperature control.

Fabr. Polaris5 x 17 400 kcal/hPolaris Kälte AnlagenWAJ Wegner und Co2 Hamburg 70, W. Germany.portable units byEheim Typ KAG 2100 and Colora Type TK 67Colora Messtechnik GmbH7073 Lorch (W~rtt.), W. Germany.

Glasshea.-thers 300WSchego Schemel & Goetz KG605 Offenbach am Main

Robert Jenkins & Co LtdWortley Road, Rotherham, Yorks. U.K. (Graphite heat exchangers).

James Jobling & Co LtdProcess Plant Div: Newstead Industrial (Glassheat exchangers)Estate, Trentham,Stoke-on-Trent ST48JG, U.K.

Grant Instruments Ltd.,Barrington, Cambridge CB2 5Q2, U.K.(temperature controlled tanks).

Zephyr, N.V., Zoetermeer - The Netherlands.

Graphite Equipment LtdArundel RoadIndustrial EstateUxbridgeEngeland(Graphite Heat Exchangers)

Light.

Lamps:

Algal tank AEG Isolux - D, 65 WColour blue (Osram 64)

red (Osram 77)white (Osram 20)

Aquarium Colour white (Osram 20)white (Osram 30)

Spot light 100 W (Osram Concentra)

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76

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For high economical ,.d?-ylight-similar lighting:halogen-metal vapour high pressure lampseg. OSRAM "power stars" HQI 250 W (20 000 1m, 80 lm/W, 1 200 cd/cm2 ,

average life expectance 6 000 hrs.) price ca. DM 74,-

Electronic control and surveillance Ltd. Beltonlane, GranthamLincolnshire, England (Wet environment light sources)

Safety devices.

Fuchs Electrical Industries (Earth fault relay equipment).

Instant seawater.

25 plastic bags, each for 1 cbm, per bag DM 43,­100 plastic bags, each for 1 cbm, per bag DM 40,45Fa. H. Wiegandt, Postfach 3135, D - 4150 Krefeld 1, W. Germany.

Aquarium Systems Inc., 33208 Lakeland Blvd., Eastlake, Ohio 44094,U.S.A. (Instant ocean).

Miscellaneous.

Information on titanium products

Polypropylene and polyethylenesquare mesh netting

Water Deionizing:

Imperial Metal Industries (Kynöch) LtdNew Metals DivisionP 0 Box 216Wi tton, Birmingham., U.K.

Jonex ProductsGellia Mills, Bonsall,Matlock, Derbyshire., U.K.

..

Fabr. Köttermann Type 7010 750 l/h3165 Hänigsen / Han., W. Germany.

/wm/ds