REPORT-ok

“SCREENING OF THE ELEVATED C02 TOLERANT MOSSES, THEIR POTENTIALS IN THE C BALANCE, SEASONAL AND ANNUAL ATMOPSHERIC

METAL MNTORING.

*(joining of the JRF)

(C.S.T Project Report 2nd year) (24 Auguest, 2014- September2015)

1. INTRODUCTION

Present CO2 concentration is in the range of 240-312 ppm and same was 140 ppm in the beginning of the present century. It is expected that in future by the end of present century the C level will touch the values of 659- 700 ppm .

Therefore, in changing scenario, it is very important to know the response of the elevated CO 2 on the metabolic process and growth of the plants. Same needs to be correlated with the other atmospheric pollutants i.e. (specially metals) and as well as amelioration strategies.

Since elevated CO2 is known to increase the biomass of the plants, therefore we cannot rule out their potentials in trapping more metals and bind them in the cell as a results their potentials can not be over looked as an ameliorating organism. Same is also applicable in the case of mosses as most of the mosses take their nutrients from atmosphere as they lack root.

Present study is aimed at to screen the potentials of common available mosses for metal monitoring and screening of the tolerant moss during elevated CO2. For the same (i) widely distributed mosses were collected, (ii) they were validated for metal and elevated CO 2 tolerance, (iii) and finally metal tolerant moss were shortlisted and inducted for biomopping program.Later on such moss exposed for 4 moths (representing one season) for seasonal atmospheric metal load. Beside this, native mosses were also collected for the annual metal load

Human activities are modified the bio-geochemical cycle of metals with a progressive increase in the flow of bioavailability of chemicals into terrestrial ecosystem. The majority of the pollutants are metals, sulphur and nitrogen compounds which originate from man-made activities. Metals that have density exceeding generally a value of 4.5 g/cm3 are called heavy metals. The term has been criticized because the limit is artificial and there is no biological ground for its use(Hudson,2004). The tremendous increase in the use of metals invincibility results in increased flux of gases or particulate matter in the environment to the extent that they show significant affect on natural component and cause harm to living things. The metals i.e As, Cr, Be, F, V, Se, Cd, Zn, Hg, and Pb are closely associated with air pollution, are derived from a wide spectrum of natural and anthropogenic sources (Market, 1993).The sources of air pollution in these areas are industrialization, automobiles and generator exhaust resulting from the combustion of fuel, beside otherman-made activities (Xuoloug et.al 1997). A comparative studies show that metallic pollution are more hazardous than other way of pollution. To combat the atmospheric elemental pollution, monitoring is desired for policy maker. Without quantification of atmospheric pollution, mitigation plan can not be executed. Therefore, monitoring of the elemental load is pre requisite for clean environment.

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Monitoring of the atmospheric pollution can be done by the biological as well as instrumens. Instrumental, chemical, and biological tool are the way to go for metal monitoring. High cost, maintenance, interrupted power supply and manpower limits the use of instrumental monitoring. Chemical treatment is it itself hazardous for their surroundings. On the contrary, biological biomonitoring is the use of the properties of an organism to obtain information on certain aspects of the biosphere.The relevant information is deduced from either the changes in the behaviour or from the analysis of specific substance in the monitor tissues (Wolterbeek, 2001).The comparative study shows that biological tools are best to interact with environment pollution amongst biomonitoring materials, plants arethe best. However, mosses are an excellent indicator, biomonitor and accumulator of metals compare to other biological organisms like bacteria, fungi, algae, lichens, pteridophytes and gymnosperms, due to the following characteristics.

1.1 Why Mosses are preferred over the algae, Fungi,Gymnosperm, Pteridiophyte and Angiosperm.

(a) Unlike bacteria and fungi, bryophytes are autotrophic and no chlorophyll.(b) Algae grow in water (aquatic) therefore misfit for air monitoring.(c) Pteridiphytes and gymnosperm have conductive stand and roost, (which are absent in

bryophytes) as a result chances of contamination from soil are there.

1.2 Advantages of bryophytes for biomonitoring.

1. Green and perennial2.Grow in a wide variety of habitat and throughout the year.3. Grow in even extreme conditions (temperature, water, light)4. Ability to store moss specimen for several years without any special care.5 Large surface area to weight ratio.6. Small size and easy to handle.7 .They have no real root system, they lack cuticle and have one-celled thickened leaves, they take nutrient over a entire plant surface from air and from atmospheric precipitation.8. Due to lack of any protective layer like cuticle means that ions retained on their surface have direct access to exchange sites in the cell wall.9. They are able to sorbs ions from very dilute due to their high cation exchange capability and lack of vascular supply immobilize the metal in tissue.10. Absorption and accumulation of nutrients or elements directly from the atmosphere due to poly galacturonic acids which helps in high cation exchange to. 11. Herbarium samples can be analyzed immedatly or even after year as decomposition of biomass is very slow hence metals are retained for long duration. 12.Mosses are direct probe for the level of metallic pollutants.13. Rapid absorption rate and slow and partial absorption allow us toanalyse andevaluate metals pollution weeks after the pollution occur.14. There is a large relation of the metal concentration between bryophytes and air.

1.3 Distribution of mosses

Mosses are important on hilly forest ecosystem. The percentage occurrence of mosses on hills in India is quite high as compare to any other plant groups.About 27.5% of world`s mosses and 11.26% of liverworts are present in India (Banerjee,1998).

Due their characteristic given above, they have been preferred for present study.

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2.REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Human population, man-made activities and industrial activity are principally responsible too for the changes in environment globally. Beside man-made activities Physical, chemical and biological metrological processes are also responsible to bring them in atmosphere. (Pacyna,1998). Over a Past few decade, air pollution is widespread and has an increasing trend in urban areas due to vehicles, generators, traffic jams (Nriagu, 1979; 1992; Bergkvist et al., 1989) . Vehicular emissions are of particular concern since these are ground level sources and thus have the maximum impact on the general population. Also, vehicles contribute significantly to the total air pollution load in many urban areas. Human population, man-made activities and industrial activity are principally responsible too for the changes in environment globally. Beside man-made activities Physical, chemical and biological metrological processes are also responsible to bring them in atmosphere. (Pacyna,1998)

Beside, population of the biosphere has also been accelerated drastically, since the beginning of industrial revolution. This rapid increase in urban population has resulted in unplanned urban development, increase in consumption patterns and higher demands for transport, energy, other infrastructure, thereby leading to pollution problems. All the chemical compounds or elements that are released into the atmosphere primarily as a result of human activities, can damage living organisms, are considered pollutants. The majority of the metals, PAH, sulphur and nitrogen compounds that are considered pollutants originate from anthropogenic sources (Pitcairn et al.,1995; Pacyna & Pacyna, 2001).

Metals are important pollutants in environment. An exposure to these is a significant problem of environmental toxicology.

Mitigating the air pollution is a very complex problem but same is desired to identify the source and nature of emissions have to be identified (Borut et al., 2002; Giordano et al., 2005; Tripathi and Gautam, 2007). The necessary information on air pollutants can be obtained by using the equipments, electricity and manpower, which is generally associated with high cost. Bryophytes/mosses have been used in present study as terrestrial biomonitors and bioindicators of air pollution are recognized as more sensitive to pollution than other plants (Sardans and Penuelas 2005; Sun et al., 2009; Saxena and Arfeen, 2009). However, biomonitoring includes a broad array of environmental study and examines the relationship between biological variables and pollutants. The tools of biomonitoring are bioaccumulators, species or organisms that accumulate metals and bioindicator, organism that react to specific pollutants in a consistent, measurable fashion. Bryophytes/mosses have been used in present study as terrestrial biomonitors and bioindicators of air pollution are recognized as more sensitive to pollution than other plants (Sardans and Penuelas, 2005; Sun et al., 2009; Saxena et al 2014). Mosses effectively accumulate the majority of metals and other trace elements from air and precipitation. More than three decades mosses are used as biomonitors. This technique is widely accepted and is being used at present as the method to assess the atmospheric deposition of heavy metals are cheap and less expensive.

Thus, it seems very important to develop and improve a long term monitoring technique to assess the type and level of heavy metal pollution of any particular area. Sources of air pollution refer to the various locations, activities or factors which are responsible for the releasing of pollutants into the atmosphere. The sources can be classified into two major categories which are: Anthropogenic sources (human activity) mostly related to burning different kinds of fuel (Kim et al., 2003b). “Stationary sources” include smoke stacks of power plants, manufacturing facilities (factories) and waste incinerators, as well furnaces and other types of fuel-burning heating devices. “Mobile sources” sources include automobiles and generators. The main cause of air pollution is fuel combustion through any of these sources (Goyal and Siddhartha, 2003).

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In India, 25% of the total energy is (of which 98% comes from oil) consumed by transport sector only, which is reported to be contributing more than 50% of air pollution problem in most of the cities, and in some cases it is even up to 80% due to population pressure.

Uttrakhandand, Himachal, Punjab, Kasmir had extensive tracts of natural forests until a few centuries back (Banerjee, 1983). The area is tucked by an evergreen subtropical forest having trees of oak, conifer, rhododendron, pine, deodar, bryophytes etc (Saxena, et al., 2006). In recent decades the number and intensity of anthropogenic sources, such as waste burning, fertilizers, vehicle emissions, agricultural and sewage sludge, have increased the overall environmental element concentration which has witnessed large-scale changes in land use pattern of the region. This Rapid urbanization and agricultural expansion has depleted the forest cover and degraded the landscape (Kushwaha, et.al., 2004). The majority of the pollutants are metals, sulphur and nitrogen compounds, which originate from man-made activities due to industrialisation.

Therefore, it is prerequisite to develop an effective large-scale monitoring network for heavy metals to prepare strategy for mitigating the problem (Hodson, 2004). Air quality can be monitored by measuring the pollutants directly in the air or in deposition, by constructing models depicting the spread of pollutants, or by using biomonitors (Markertet al. 2003). While air quality monitoring can be thought of as a value regulating i.e. how much pollutant is released into the environment, bioindication of pollution impact and biomonitoring can be thought of as an information feedback mechanism. A comparative study shows that metallic pollutants are more hazardous than any other way of pollution (Soleimani and Rafinejad, 2008). The metals As, Cr, Be, F, V, Cu, Se, Cd, Zn, Hg and Pb are closely associated with air precipitation and are derived from a wide spectrum of natural and anthropogenic sources (Shahmansouri et al., 2005). Therefore, monitoring of air contaminants is necessary to determine impact upon ecosystem and control measure requires for abatement of their sources in their respective region (Saxena et al., 2008a).In recent decades the number and intensity of anthropogenic sources, such as waste burning, fertilizers, vehicle emissions, agricultural and sewage sludge, have increased the overall environmental element concentration (Bargagli, 1998; Saxena et al., 2008b). This fact seems to be true for the mountainous region of Kumaon and Garhwal (Uttrakhand) where there are large numbers of vehicles and other human actives increased with time. Increasing population and tourist inflow to these hills is also an important factor for the increased environmental deterioration as automobiles are only the mode of transport.

2.1. MONITORING OF METALS:

Biomonitoring is defined generally as the use of biological organisms to obtain information on certain characteristics of the biosphere. The organism used is called a bioindicator or biological monitor (Markertet al., 1997). There is considerable variation between the term bioindicator and biological monitor. Bioindicator generally refers to all organisms that provide information on the environment or the quality of environmental changes, and biomonitors are the organisms that provide quantitative information on the quality of the environment (Markertet al., 2003). Thus, with proper selection of organisms, air-pollution monitoring is possible even in remote areas as samples can be collected and measurements of pollutants done at laboratories miles away from the site. Even though there might be deposition of pollutants on the surface, these can be taken care of by proper washing of samples before measurements.

Biomonitoring provides a first level assessment of environment health (Reimann, et al., 2001).It provides a measure of integrated exposure over a period of time. Monitoring toxic air pollutants is needed for understanding their spatial and temporal distribution and ultimately to minimize their harmful effects. Direct physical and chemical methods of air pollution monitoring are expensive, while bioindication has also been used to evaluate air pollution risk (Dmuchowski and Bytnerowicz., 2009).

The major advantages of biomonitoring are: a) No long term use of expensive sampling equipment is required.

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b) Sampling of organisms used as biological monitor is generally easier. c) The concentrations in the monitor organisms are higher than the system to be monitored. This improves the accuracy of measurements. d) Most organisms reflect external conditions averaged over certain periods of time.

Biochemical/physiological effects can be detected by cell biology method to detect multi elemental effects of environmental pollutants (Poikolainen, et al., 2004). Furthermore, biomonitoring can provide regional information about the seriousness of pollution and an early warning when the problem is still at sub lethal levels. The most important reasons for using biomoniting techniques are:-

1. The direct determination of effect.2. The determination of synergetic and antagonistic effects of multiple pollutants on an

organism.3. The early recognition of pollutant damage to plants as well as toxic dangers to humans.4. Relatively low cost compared to technical measuring methods.

Several heavy metals survey mode in different countries such as Brazil (Silvia et al. 2004), Denmark (Karl et al.,2002), Portugal (Vasconcelos and Tavares 1997), India (Khillareet al., 2004), Spain (Moreno-Grauet al.,1997, 2000), Egypt (Abdel-Ghaniet al.,2007), and Russia (Drobyshev and Emelina,2001), not to mention national and international continuous monitoring programs for regulatory purposes are in progress under European Monitoring and Evaluation Program.

2.2 PASSIVE BIOMONITORING:

Passive monitoring observes plant growing naturally with in the area of interest. More likely it is use of organisms, and parts of organisms, which are natural components of the ecosystem and appear spontaneously (Kauss and Hamdy, 1985; Chaphekar, 1991). The use of native mosses as passive biomonitors for atmospheric deposition of metals has been reported in a large number of studies including local investigations as well as regional surveys in different parts of the world, due to the high correlation between deposition rates and levels in moss tissues particularly in western and northern Europe (Ruhling, et al.,1968, 1987, 1994. Berg et al. 1995a; Berg and Steinnes 1997; Rühling and Steinnes 1998; Gerdol et al. 2000; Szczepaniak and Biziuk 2003). The aim of European Heavy Metals Survey, to determine patterns of metal load variation across the region, identify the main polluted areas and develop the understanding of long-range transboundary pollution (Harmens et al. 2007, 2008). It is possible to use Terrestrial mosses as a Bio-monitoring agent to analyse atmospheric metal load because of the morphology and physiology (Aboal.JR, et. Al 2010; González-Miqueo et al. 2010 )

Bryophytes, especially the carpet-forming species, are considered suitable native biomonitors for the assessment of the long-term accumulation of deposited air borne metals because they obtain most of their elemental supply from the atmosphere, due to a lack of a root system.

A majority of studies dealing with metal uptake efficiency from precipitation in moss (Thoni, et al., 1996, Berg, et al., 2003) used the passive or native method, using a regression method, for which metal concentrations in moss were compared with metal concentration in precipitation. Relative atmospheric metal as well as absolute deposition levels were calculated by the uses of native mosses (Berg, et al., 2003; Sucharova and Suchara, 2004).

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2.3 ACTIVE BIOMONITORING:

Satisfactory results are often obtained by using Naturally flourishing mosses to biomonitor heavy metals: to describe spatial and temporal patterns (Harmens et al., 2012), and to locate sources of contamination (Fernández et al., 2007).

Active monitoring methods detect the presence of air pollutant by placing test mosses of known response into the study area. It includes all methods (transplant method), which insert organism from control conditioned into the site to be monitored (Lovett Doust, et al., 1994). In this approach an organism is used which is obtained from controlled sites or cultured in the laboratory and is exposed at for a defined period. The “moss bag” technique originally introduced by Goodman and Roberts (1972) and later modified by Little and Martin (1974) has become very popular. Transplant techniques appear to be useful, in particular at relatively high pollutant levels. This technique is also very useful especially in such polluted areas where wild growing mosses are lacking (Makholm and Miadenoff, 2005).

Haseloff (1982) divided the active Biomonitoring into transplantation, test plant and test chamber methods. In the transplantation procedure suitable organism (mainly mosses and lichens) are transported from unpolluted areas to the polluted site under consideration. This method is usually applied to testing either synergetic or single species effects of pollutants on sensitive biomonitors. Moss transplants have often been used as active biomonitors if selected moss species is absent in the study area (Tyler, 1990; Falla, et al., 2000).

The aim of European Heavy Metals Survey, Conducting every five year, since 1980 to determine concentration and patterns of metal load across the region, identify the main polluted areas and develop the understanding of long-range transboundary pollution (Gerdol et al. 2002,Harmens et al. 2007, 2008).

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3. MATERIAL AND METHODS

3.1 SURVEY OF SITES: ( Garhwal, Uttranchal, Himanchal)For collection and transplant of moss specimens, different sites were identified after G. P. S. based survey at Uttarakhand (Nainital, Muktshwar, Bheemtal, Almora, Artola, Jageshwar, Pi thoragarh, and Ranikhet,Kumaon and Chamba, Dhanaulty, New Tehri, Masoorie and surroundings of Dehradoon were inducted from Garhwal region ). Dharmshala, McLeoidganj, Palampurand its surrounding belongs toHimachal, were also inducted for CO2 studeis and atmospheric metal monitoring programme.

3.2 STUDY AREA :The study area is Uttrakhand,is a land of forests and clear gurgling streams and mountains. The brief description of the study area is given below. The map of the study area and location of sampling sites are shown in figures (3.4.1.1-3.4.1.9).

3.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE STATE UTTRAKHAND

Location: Located in the northern part of India

GPS

Co-ordinates:28° 43' North Latitude and 77o 34' East Longitude.

Area: 51,125 sq. km.

Population: 10116752 (Census 2011)

Climate: Average summer temperatures vary between 30 o C to 18 o C and winter is also bearable 4 o C to 18 o C

Traffic density: High to Medium and low at some places.

Tourist destination: Kumaon-Almora, Ranikhet, Nanital, Pithoragarh,Chamoli, champawat, Bageshwar, Udham singh nagar.

Garhwal- Dehradun, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarkashi, Pauri, Rudrapryag, Haridwar.

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S

W

N

E

C

A

B

3.4. MONITORING SITES OF UTTRAKHAND Uttarakhand state lies at 28° 53’ 24’’ N to 31° 27’ 50’’ N latitude and 77° 34’ 27’’ E to 81° 02’ 22’’ E longitude, covering an area of 51125 sq. Km. Covering thirteen hilly districts. Uttrakhand comprise two geographically distinct divisions the Kumaon and Garhwal.

3.4.1 SELECTION OF SITESMonitoring studies in Kumaon region includes Mukteshwar, Almora,Artola, Jageshwar, Nainital, Ranikhet and Pithoragarh, while Garhwal division coversChamba, Mussorrie, Dhanualti. To obtain an average change in metal concentration of atmosphere different sites were identified at each direction (EAST, WEST, NORTH and SOUTH). The transplants kept at a distant of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 Km from the centre of the city in respective direction. There was also a benefit to this type of selection was that we also obtained data of the different direction and at variable distant, compared them and obtained maximum and minimum concentration change in different direction and distant by which we also knew the direction and location of the source of metal which was responsible for concentration change in atmosphere. Control sites were also considered in the study for the representation of the background value of metals, and for this they are Mukteshwar (Reserve forest) in Kumaon and Chamba (Reserve forest) inGarhwal region has been identified.

PLAN FOR MONITORING (PASSIVE AND ACTIVE) SITES

Sampling details wise:

City centre (0 Km.)A. 0.5 Km distance from the centre of the cityB. 1.0 Km distance from centre of the cityC. 1.5 Km distance from the centre of the city

3.4.A. KUMAON REGIONThe Kumaon region consists of a large Himalayan tract, together with two submontane strips called the Terai and the Bhabhar. The submontane strips were up to 1850 m an almost impenetrable forest,

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhabhar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terai

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/submontane

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas

given up to wild animals; but after 1850 m the numerous clearings attracted a large population from the hills, who cultivated the rich soil during the hot and cold seasons, returning to

3.4.1.1.MUKTESHWAR

Location : In Nanital district of Uttarakhand

GPS Co-ordinates:

29°.47' North Latitude 79°.64' East Longitude.

Altitude: 2286 meters (7500ft)

Climate:Summer: 30° C (maximum) and 14° C (minimum) Winter: 14°C (maximum) and -5° C (minimum)

Area: 8.856 sq. km.

Traffic density: Medium

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Control site: Mukteshwar Temple , IVRI Campus Mukteshwar

Mukteshwar is a small town, and one of the most-sought tourist destinations, in the Kumaon hills of Uttarakhand. It is situated at an altitude of 7,500 ft above sea level and is famous for the wonderful 180-degree view of the captivating snow capped mountain ranges that it provides.

3.4.1.2 NAINITAL

Location: In Nainital .

GPS

Co-ordinates:29°. 23' North Latitude and 79°. 27' East Longitude

Altitude: 1,938 meters (6,358 ft)

Climate:Summer: 28° C (maximum), 10° C (minimum) Winter: 15° C (maximum), 2° C (minimum)

Area: 12 sq. km.

Traffic density: Very high(1 min= 4-5 Vehicles)

Tourist destination: Naini Lake, Naina Devi Temple, Naina Peak, Snow View Point,

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Dorothy’s Seat, St John’s Church, Hanuman Garhi, Astronomical Observatory, Tiffin Top and Lover’s Point

Nainital, is a popular hill station at an altitude of 1,938 metres (6,358 ft) above sea level. Valley with a pear-shaped lake, approximately two miles in circumference, and surrounded by mountains, of which the highest are Naina (2,615 m (8,579 ft) on the north, Deopatha (2,438 m, 7,999 ft) on the west, and Ayarpatha (2,278 m,7,474 ft) on the south.

3.4.1.3 RANIKHET

Location: In Almora district of Uttarakhand.

GPS Co-ordinates:

29 ° .65 'North Latitude and 79 ° .42 ' East Longitude

Altitude: 1,869 m (6,132 ft)

Climate: Summers: 30o C (max) and 8o C (min)Winters: 7o C (max) and 3o C (min)

Area: 21.76 sq. km.

Traffic density: High to very crowded in summers

Tourist Jhula Devi Temple, Ram Mandir, Nanda Devi Temple, Upat Kalika,

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http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Ranikhet&params=29.65_N_79.42_E_

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level

destination:Rani Jheel, Hairakhan Dham, Bhalu Dam, Mankameshwar Temple, Chaubatia Orchard, Kumaon Regimental Centre Museum & Memorial

Ranikhet is a hill station and cantonment town in Almora district in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. It is the home for, Kumaon Regiment (KRC) & Naga Regiment is maintained by the Indian Army.

Ranikhet is at an altitude of 1869 metres above sea level and within sight of the western peaks of the Himalayas. As a beautiful cantonment town in the Almora district of Uttarakhand, Ranikhet is the perfect destination for those who love to enjoy the calm and serene beauty of nature.

3.4.1.4 ALMORA


GPS Co-ordinates:

29 °37' North Latitude and 79°40' East Longitude

Altitude: 1646 m (5400 ft)

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Army

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_Regiment

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumaon_Regiment

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhand

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almora_district

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonment

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_station

Area: 11.9 sq. km.

Population: 621927 (census 2011)

Climate:Summer: 30° C (maximum) and 12° C (minimum) Winter: 10° C (maximum) and 0° C (minimum)

Traffic density: Very high

Tourist destination:Jageshwar Temple, Gana Nath Temple, Chaiti Temple, Katarmal Temple, Banri Devi Temple, Ranikhet, Kausani.

Almora is located in the Kumaon region of the state of Uttarakhand in northern India. It is a quaint town full of life, with a prosperous cultural inheritance and history. It is believed to be the ‘Artistic Capital’ of the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand. Almora is surrounded by dense and impenetrable pine and fir trees.

3.4.1.5. JAGESHWAR


GPS

Co-ordinates:29 °39' North Latitude and 79°35' East Longitude.

Altitude: 1,870 meters (6,140 ft)

Area: 11.9 sq. km.

Population: 4,781 (census 2001)

Climate: Summer: 30° C (maximum) and 12° C (minimum) Winter: 10° C (maximum) and 0° C (minimum)


Jageshwar is a pilgrimage town in Almora district, Uttarakhand, dedicated to Lord Shiva, located 36 km northeast of Almora, in Kumaun region. The temple city comprises a cluster of 124 large and small stone temples, dating 9th to 13th century AD, with many preserved by the India.It has well preserved natural vegetation on least affected by any type of pollution on the average flow of automobile is 10-20 per day.

3.4.1.6. PITHORAGARH

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumaun

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almora

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Shiva

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhand

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almora_district

Location : In Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand

GPS Co-ordinates:

29° 34′ North Latitude, 80° 13′ East Longitude.

Altitude: 1, 635 meter (5, 396 feet)

Climate:Summer: 30° C (maximum) and 14° C (minimum)Winter: 22° C (maximum) and 0°C (minimum)

Area: 8.856 sq. km.

Population: 485993(census 2011)

Traffic density: High

Tourist destination:Patal Bhubaneswar, Gangolihat, Chandak, Dewalthal, Dharchula, Munsiyari and Kali Mandir

Pithoragarh, located at an elevation of 1, 635 m above the sea level (5, 396 feet), is a district in Uttarakhand with its headquarters in the town of the same name. The famous hill station Pithoragarh is in Uttarakhand, which seems to be attracting a lot of tourists these days, because the state not only offers the tourists a chance to enjoy natural beauty but also a chance to try various adventure sports, such as white river rafting, hang-gliding and skiing.

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3.4.1.bGARHWAL REGION

Garhwal (30° 30′ 0″ N, 78° 30′ 0″ E) is a region and administrative division of Uttaranchal, lying in the Himalayas. It is bounded on the north by Tibet, on the east by Kumaon region, on the south by Uttar Pradesh, and on the west by Himachal Pradesh. The region consists almost entirely of rugged mountain ranges running in all directions, and separated by narrow valleys which in some cases become deep gorges or ravines. Garhwal region are comprises of the following study sites.

3.4.1.7..MUSSOORIE

Location: In Dehradun district of Uttarakhand.

GPS Co-ordinates:

30° 27' North Latitude and 78° 5' East Longitude.

Altitude: 1825 m

Climate: Summers: 30o C (max) and 15o C (min)Winters: 10o C (max) and 0o C (min)

Area: 12 sq. km.

Population: 25,753 (census 2011)

Traffic density: Very high

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Tourist destination:Lal Tibba, Camel's Back Point, Gun Hill, Kempty Falls, Municipal Garden, Sir George Everest House, Jwalaji Temple, Children’s Lodge, Benog Mountain Sanctuary

Mussoorie is one of the most beautiful hill stations not only in Uttarakhand, but the whole of India.It is located about 35 km from the state capital of Dehradun. This hill station, situated in the foothills of the Garhwal Himalayan ranges, is also known as the Queen of the Hills.Station is over crowed in over the year.

3.4.1.8. DHANAULTI

Location : In Tehri Garhwal district of Uttarakhand.

GPS Co-ordinates:

30°.27 ' North Latitude 78°.15’ East Longitude.

Altitude: 2250 m

Climate: Summer temperatures in the town, range from 32°C to 7.5°C, while winter temperatures remain between 7°C and 1°C.

Area: 64.25 sq. km.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garhwal_Division

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_station

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehradun

Population: Between 5000-10000


Tourist destination:ECO Park,Surkanda Devi Temple,trekking opportunities around Dhanaulti - Surkanda Devi, Chandrabadni and Kunjapuri

Dhanaulti is not much popular but it’s really a wonderful travel destination in Uttrakhand. It is just 30 Km. away from Mussorie, which is one of the major hill station of Uttrakhand. Dhanaulti is situated on Mussoorie-Chamba road at the height of 2250 meters.

3.4.1.9 CHAMBA

Location : In Tehri gharwal district of Uttarakhand.

GPS Co-ordinates:

30° 20' North Latitude and 78° 23' East Longitude.

Altitude: 1676m.

Climate: Summer : 38°C- 15°C Winter: 15°C-8°C

Area: 4 sq. km.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surkanda_Devi

Population: 6579(2001)


Tourist destination:

Its nearby tourist places are Dhanaulti, Surkanda Devi Temple, Ranichauri, New Tehri and Kanatal, midway through Chamba-Dhanaulti road.

Chamba (1676) m. is just 60 km from Mussoorie. Chamba is yet another of those destinations which still stands oblivious to most tourists and therefore unspoilt and fresh like a daisy with lot of pines and deodar and good views.

3.5 APPLICATION OF G.P.S. TOOL IN MONITORING PROGRAMME WITH SIGNIFICANCE

Global Positioning System (GPS) is used to provides pin point location, altitude, time, temperature, date for even abundance of flora, fauna of the area identified. GPS comprises of 24 satellites, which are in orbit some 12,000 miles above the earth's surface. GPS operates on the principle of triangulation. The satellites broadcast their position on a continuous basis, and by combining the measurements from different satellites. GPS technology provides highly accurate information, including digital maps of surveying area and pin point the location of the particular plant species.

3.6 Field trips and collection of moss samplesMosses were collected periodically i.e. after every four month representing one season (winters: November to February; summers: March to June; Rains : July to October). It is because that we want to work out on seasonal trend of atmospheric metal precipitation. The mosses were collect from walls, roofs, or natural rocks, where nearlyno overhanging vegetation or tree canopy was present. They were collected only from approx.1.5 m above ground level, to avoid road-splashes and areas rich with domestic waste. Cross sectional survey and collection was made in urban, sub-urban and rural sitesi.e. from center of the city i.e, from O km, distance upto 5 km from the city from each direction.

3.6.a Field tripofKumaon, Garhwal and Jammu region 2014-2015. Sites of collectionsare:- (*Identification process is still in progress)

Table: List of moss available and collected during trip

SN Tentative identified mosses Collected on Location Voucher number assigned1 Isotergium elegans 09-11-14 Nainital 20141109-00802 Tortulla ruralis 09-11-14 Nainital 20141109-0081 3 Minium cuspidatum 09-11-14 Nainital 20141109-00824 Hypnum cupressiforme 09-11-14 Nanital 20141109-00835 Thuidium cyambifolium 09-11-14 Nanital 20141109 -0084 6 Polytrichum sp. 09-11-14 Nanital 20141109-0085 7 Trachypodopsis serrulata 09-11-14 Nanital 20141109-00868 Isoptergium distichaceum 09-11-14 Nanital 20141109-00879 Hypnum cupressiforme 09-11-14 Mukteshwar 20141109-0088 10 Thuidium cyambifolium 09-11-14 Mukteshwar 20141109-0089 11 Trachypodopsis serrulata 09-11-14 Mukteshwar 20141109-0090

18

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanatal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Tehri

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranichauri



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanaulti

12 Polytrichum sp. 09-11-14 Mukteshwar 20141109-009113 Thuidium cyambifolium. 10-11-14 Artola 20141110-009214 Hypnum cupressiforme 10-11-14 Artola 20141110-009315 Isotergium elegans 10-11-14 Artola 20141110-009416 Polytrichum sp. 10-11-14 Artola 20141110-009517 Tortulla ruralis 10-11-14 Artola 20141110-009618 Trachypodopsis serrulata 10-11-14 Artola 20141110-009719 Plagominium sp. 10-11-14 Artola 20141110-009820 Hypnum cupressiforme 10-11-14 Ranikhet 20141110-009921 Thuidium cyambifolium 10-11-14 Ranikhet 20141110-010022 Polytrichum sp. 10-11-14 Ranikhet 20141110-010123 Tortulla ruralis 10-11-14 Ranikhet 20141110-010224 Thuidium cyambifolium 10-11-14 Pithoragarh 20141110-010325 Hypnum cupressiforme 10-11-14 Pithoragarh 20141110-010426 Polytrichum sp. 10-11-14 Pithoragarh 20141110-010527 Thuidium cyambifolium 17-11-14 Mussorie 20141117-010628 Hypnum cupressiforme 17-11-14 Mussorie 20141117-010729 Polytrichum sp. 17-11-14 Mussorie 20141117-010830 Isotergium elegans 17-11-14 Mussorie 20141117-010931 Tortulla ruralis 17-11-14 Mussorie 20141117-011032 Polytrichum sp. 17-11-14 Chamba 20141117-011133 Thuidium cyambifolium 17-11-14 Chamba 20141117-011234 Hypnum cupressiforme 17-11-14 Chamba 20141117-011335 Thuidium cyambifolium 18-11-14 Dhanulti 20141117-011436 Hypnum cupressiforme 18-11-14 Dhanulti 20141117-011537 Polytrichum sp. 18-11-14 Dhanulti 20141117-011638 Tortulla ruralis 18-11-14 Dhanulti 20141117-011739 Trachypodopsis serrulata 18-11-14 Dhanulti 20141117-011840 Rhodobryum sp. 27-02-15 Jammu 20150227-011941 Tortulla ruralis 27-02-15 Jammu 20150227-012042 Arichum aculeatum 27-02-15 Jammu 20150227-012143 Funaria hygrometrica 27-02-15 Jammu 20150227-012244 Minium integun 27-02-15 Jammu 20150227-012345 Dicranum assamicum 27-02-15 Jammu 20150227-012446 Minium integnum 27-02-15 Jammu 20150227-012547 Isotergium Elegans 07-03-15 Nainital 20150307-012648 Tortulla ruralis 07-03-15 Nainital 20150307-012749 Minium cuspidatum 07-03-15 Nainital 20150307-012850 Hypnum cupressiforme 07-03-15 Nanital 20150307-012951 Thuidium cyambifolium 07-03-15 Nanital 20150307-013052 Hymnostomum eduntulum sp 07-03-15 Nanital 20150307-013153 Trachypodopsis serrulata sp 07-03-15 Nanital 20150307-013254 Hypnum cupressiforme 07-03-15 Mukteshwar 20150307-013355 Thuidium cyambifolium 07-03-15 Mukteshwar 20150307-013456 Isotergium elegans 07-03-15 Mukteshwar 20150307-013557 Polytrichum sp. 07-03-15 Mukteshwar 20150307-013658 Trachypodopsis serrulata 07-03-15 Mukteshwar 20150307-013759 Hypnum cupressiforme 08-03-15 Artola 20150308-013860 Thuidium cyambifolium 08-03-15 Artola 20150308-013961 Isotergium elegans 08-03-15 Artola 20150308-014062 Isotergium distichaceum 08-03-15 Artola 20150308-014163 Tortulla ruralis 08-03-15 Artola 20150308-014264 Trachypodopsis serrulata 08-03-15 Artola 20150308-014365 Minium cuspidatum 08-03-15 Artola 20150308-014466 Rhodobryum giganteum 08-03-15 Artola 20150308-014567 Hypnum cupressiforme 08-03-15 Ranikhet 20150308-014668 Thuidium cyambifolium 08-03-15 Ranikhet 20150308-0147

19

69 Trachypodopsis serrulata 08-03-15 Ranikhet 20150308-014870 Minium cuspidatum 08-03-15 Ranikhet 20150308-014971 Polytrichum sp 08-03-15 Ranikhet 20150308-015072 Hypnum cupressiforme 08-03-15 Pithoragarh 20150308-015173 Thuidium cyambifolium 08-03-15 Pithoragarh 20150308-015274 Trachypodopsis serrulata 08-03-15 Pithoragarh 20150308-015375 Isotergium elegans 08-03-15 Pithoragarh 20150308-015476 Polytrichum sp. 08-03-15 Pithoragarh 20150308-015577 Hypnum cupressiforme 24-03-15 Dhanulti 20150324-015678 Thuidium cyambifolium 24-03-15 Dhanulti 20150324-015779 Polytrichum sp. 24-03-15 Dhanulti 20150324-015880 Isotergium elegans 24-03-15 Dhanulti 20150324-015981 Trachypodopsis serrulata 24-03-15 Dhanulti 20150324-016082 Tortulla ruralis 24-03-15 Dhanulti 20150324-016184 Hypnum cupressiforme 25-03-15 Mussorie 20150325-016285 Thuidium cyambifolium 25-03-15 Mussorie 20150325-016386 Polytrichum sp. 25-03-15 Mussorie 20150325-016487 Isotergium Elegans 25-03-15 Mussorie 20150325-016588 Trachypodopsis serrulata 25-03-15 Mussorie 20150325-016689 Thuidium cyambifolium 25-03-15 Chamba 20150325-016790 Hypnum cupressiforme 25-03-15 Chamba 20150325-016891 Bryum sp. 25-03-15 Chamba 20150325-016992 Polytrichum sp. 25-03-15 Chamba 20150325-017093 Tortulla ruralis 13-06-15 Nainital 20150613-017194 Minium cuspidatum 13-06-15 Nainital 20150613-017295 Hypnum cupressiforme 13-06-15 Nanital 20150613-017396 Thuidium cyambifolium 13-06-15 Nanital 20150613-017497 Isotergium Elegans 13-06-15 Nanital 20150613-017598 Trachypodopsis serrulata 13-06-15 Nanital 20150613-017699 Polytrichum sp. 13-06-15 Nanital 20150613-0177100 Isotergium distichaceum 13-06-15 Nanital 20150613-0178101 Hypnum cupressiforme 13-06-15 Mukteshwar 20150613-0179102 Thuidium cyambifolium 13-06-15 Mukteshwar 20150613-0180103 Isotergium Elegans 13-06-15 Mukteshwar 20150613-0181104 Polytrichum sp 13-06-15 Mukteshwar 20150613-0182105 Trachypodopsis serrulata 13-06-15 Mukteshwar 20150613-0183106 Rodobryum gigentitum 13-06-15 Mukteshwar 20150613-0184107 Rodobryum roseum 14-06-15 Artola 20150614-0185108 Thuidium cyambifolium 14-06-15 Artola 20150614-0186109 Hypnum cupressiforme 14-06-15 Artola 20150614-0187110 Isotergium elegans 14-06-15 Artola 20150614-0188111 Polytrichum sp. 14-06-15 Artola 20150614-0189112 Tortulla ruralis 14-06-15 Artola 20150614-0190113 Trachypodopsis serrulata 14-06-15 Artola 20150614-0191114 Minium cuspidatum 14-06-15 Artola 20150614-0192115 Isotergium distichaceum 14-06-15 Artola 20150614-0193116 Rodobryum gigentitum 14-06-15 Artola 20150614-0194117 Dicranum 14-06-15 Artola 20150614-0195118 Minium Marginatum 14-06-15 Artola 20150614-0196119 Atrcumi sp 14-06-15 Artola 20150614-0197120 Hypnum cupressiforme 14-06-15 Ranikhet 20150614-0198121 Thuidium cyambifolium 14-06-15 Ranikhet 20150614-0199122 Trachypodopsis serrulata 14-06-15 Ranikhet 20150614-0200123 Minium cuspidatum 14-06-15 Ranikhet 20150614-0201124 Polytrichum sp. 14-06-15 Ranikhet 20150614-0202125 Tortulla ruralis 14-06-15 Ranikhet 20150614-0203126 Hypnum cupressiforme 14-06-15 Pithoragarh 20150614-0204

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127 Thuidium cyambifolium 14-06-15 Pithoragarh 20150614-0205128 Polytrichum sp. 14-06-15 Pithoragarh 20150614-0206129 Rynchostegiella divaricatifilia 14-06-15 Pithoragarh 20150614-0207130 Isotergium elegans 14-06-15 Pithoragarh 20150614-0208131 Thuidium cyambifolium 16-06-15 Dhanulti 20150616-0210132 Hypnum cupressiforme 16-06-15 Dhanulti 20150616-0211134 Polytrichum sp. 16-06-15 Dhanulti 20150616-0212135 Isotergium elegans 16-06-15 Dhanulti 20150616-0213136 Tortulla ruralis 16-06.15 Dhanulti 20150616-0214137 Trachypodopsis serrulata 16-06.15 Dhanulti 20150616-0215138 Thuidium cyambifolium 16-06-15 Mukteshwar 20150616-0216139 Hypnum cupressiforme 16-06-15 Mukteshwar 20150616-0217140 Polytrichum sp. 16-06.15 Mukteshwar 20150616-0218141 Tortulla ruralis 16-06-15 Mukteshwar 20150616-0219142 Trachypodopsis serrulata 16-06-15 Mukteshwar 20150616-0220143 Thuidium cyambifolium 17-06-15 Chamba 20150617-0221144 Hypnum cupressiforme 17-06-15 Chamba 20150617-0222145 Polytrichum sp. 17-06-15 Chamba 20150617-0223146 Bryum sp. 17-06-15 Chamba 20150617-0224

3.7 MONITORING SITES OF UTTARAKHAND:(Average temperatures data ofGarhwal and Kumaon comprise Uttarakhand.)3.7.a Average meta data of the collection sites in Kumaon regions:

SN Mukteshar Nanital Ranikhet Almora Artola Jageshwar Pithoragarh

Soil pH 6.2 6.5 7 6.4 6.5 6.3 6.2

Soil Temp. 15 o C 12.8 o C o C 13.4o C 9.2o C 8.7o C 13.7 o C

Ambient Temp 13 o C 11.5 o C 14 o C 11 o C 8 o C 7o C 11.4 o C

Wind current 7.5 8.5 9.4 8 7.3 7.9 9.7

Light (Lux) 1400 5500 2800 700 175 350 2800

Latitude 29°47ʹ N 29°23ʹ N 29°65ʹ N 29°62ʹ N 29°37ʹ.53N 29°37ʹ.54 N 29°34ʹ N,

Longitude 79°64ʹ E 79°28ʹ E 79°42ʹ E 79°67ʹ E 79°49ʹ.75E 79°49ʹ.76E 80°13ʹE

3.7.b : Meta data of the collection sites during winters of Garhwal regions:

S.N Chamba Mussoorie Dhanulti

21

Soil pH 8.0 7.8 7.7

Soil Temp. 18 o C 15 o C 13.6 o C

Ambient Temp 12 o C 11 o C 10 o C

Wind current 8.2 7.5 7.7

Light (Lux) 5500 2800 2800

Latitude 30°20'N 30°27'N 30°25'N

Longitude 78°23'E 078°05'E 78°14'E

3.8. SCREENING OF METAL TOLERANCE POTENTIAL OF MOSS SAMPLES IN FIELD AND LAB

Non invasive signal were used to screen the metal tolerance in mosses. Light energy that has been absorbed by a leaf will excite electrons in chlorophyll molecules. Energy in photosystem II can be converted in to chemical energy to drive photosynthesis (photochemistry). If photochemistry is inefficient, excess energy can damage the leaf. Energy is emitted (known as energy quenching) in the form of heat or emitted as chlorophyll fluorescence. Therefore, by measuring of chlorophyll fluorescence signals, the efficiency of photochemistry and non-photochemical is assessed. By measuring chlorophyll fluorescence signals, it is possible to assess stress levels in plants.

Moss samples were validated for their metal tolerance potential to inducted them as a biomonitor.

PRINCIPLE: Before selecting moss for biomonitoring studies, photosynthetic efficiency analyzer (PEA) was use to measure to validate the metal tolerance potential of the undertaken moss by measuring chlorophyll fluorescence signal so that metal tolerant moss is identified and inducted in the national monitoring programme.

Conceptual:-

About 90% light energy used for CO2 fixation (in the form of ATP and NADPH) in the Calvin cycle here.

About 5-15 % light energy is dissipated by a variety of non-photochemical processes (principally as heat).

A small proportion (about 0.2 to 2 % energy- is lost in this process the fluorescent light has a longer wavelength) is used here is re-emitted as fluorescence.

However, when the plant is not well, or diseased, or its physiology is effected during the stress, then plants is not able to convert all energy in C fixation, and there is loss of energy in the form of Chl. fluorescence More the Chl fluorescence more the plant health status is impaired. Therefore an increase in chl fluorescence signal is indication of the stress in plants.

Hence, these signals, in the form of enhance chl fluorescence are used to measure the health status of the plant during stress. The down word change in chl fluorescence or signal is indicator of stress and

22

in the healthy plant same is close to 0.8-0.85. Advantage of this tool is that approach is non-invasive and we need not to sacrifice the sample.

Measurement of Chl Fluorescence:

The first step in the measurement process is to cover the sample area of the moss, with a small lite weight leaf clips provided by the manufacturer. The clip has a small shutter plate which should be closed over the leaf when the clip is fixed over the leaf means light is excluded and dark adaptation takes place. After an interruption of the light period of 30 minutes, clips shutter was opened to take the measurement after pressing the sensor button. All values (Fo,Fm, Fv) were recorded by machine as control .

The moss beds were covered by plastic bell jar (1 sq. feet size) after spraying known concentrations of the metal solution. The ratio of variable (Fv) to maximal fluorescence (Fm), where Fv = Fm-Fo, and Fo stands for minimal initial fluorescence, was measured at different intervals to indirectly evaluate the photosynthetic activity in response to the metals.

As mentioned, Fm is the maximum chlorophyll a fluorescence at the light intensity used, but Fv is related to the maximum capacity for photochemistry of Photosystem II (Govindjee, 2004). The Fv/Fm ratio has thus been considered as a sensitive indicator of plant photosynthetic efficiency/performance, with its maximum value being about 0.8-0.85. It should however be stressed that this is an indirect measure of photosynthesis efficiency; further, changes in Fo, due to several other reasons, may also affect the photosynthesis. However, this measurement was used because it is a non-invasive, rapid and a sensitive method.

3.9 TRANSPLANTS

For transplants, nylon moss bags of 6 x 8 were prepared and stuffed with 10 g of moss samples and same were transplanted in triplicates at the height of at least 6 feet above the nearest ground surface, cross-section wise (0.5 Km, 1 Km and 3 Km) in all the four directions. They were free from any canopy cover and buildings. Each site was visited primarily to check meteorological data. After an exposure of 120 days i.e. 4 months (representing one season), moss bags were harvested and in its place fresh transplants were made. Harvested moss bags were brought to the lab in polythene bags for further analysis.

From the results of the Chl fluorescence, widely distributed common moss species was identified for metal monitoring program. Widely distributed species was validated for the metal tolerance and later on inducted for the national ambient metal monitoring program

3.10 CLEANING AND DRYING OF MOSS SAMPLES:After collection native and transplant moss samples, were sorted carefully and other plants or plant parts such as seeds, needles and grasses were removed (Saxena and Saxena, 2000). Brown parts were taken out and only green parts were dried to constant mass at 30-35°C. The rest of the dried material not used in analyses was stored in an environmental specimen bank for future investigations. The sorted moss samples were washed with tap water for number of times to remove unwanted material and final washing was done with distilled water at least 2-3 times.

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3.11 PREPARATIONS OF HERBARIUM RECORDS

Voucher Herbarium envelopes were prepared with brown paper. Dried 10-20 bryo-specimens were kept on filter paper. Same was placed in a voucher envelope after tentative identification. Slip (mentioned below) containing information regarding temporary herbarium number, family, genera, species, and place of collectionfig 3.11.The identified bryo-specimens were given herbarium numbers and deposited to:

“Bryophyte Environmental Bank” was established in Botany Department, Bareilly College, Bareilly in 1991. Mosses and liverworts collected from different sites were deposited in this. For present study specimens collected during three years in different seasonal sampling were deposited for record.Four sets are formed of each moss sample. Numbered assigned as 20140321BaP-T, 20140321BbP-T, 20140321BcP-T , 20140321BdP-T.

a) Out of these two sets (b & C) will be deposited in International Herbarium of Cryptogams

Fig.3.11

3.12. ESTIMATION OF METALS:

3.12.a.MOSS ANALYSIS FOR METALS

3.12.b.Digestion of samples

The green or greenish brown part of moss (freshly collected plant material) was used for the analysis without washing. The moss samples were cleaned to remove all soil particles, dust or other higher plant material (Barman, 1980). After drying at 70°C, 1 gm of plant material was digested with 3 ml of concentrated HNO3 and with 1 ml of HClO4.

Digested samples were filtered (using filtering paper: Whatmanno.42) solution was diluted to 50 ml in distilled water.

3.12.c.Calibration of the Machine and Methodology using CRM

The sample preparation and analysis included the usual quality assurance protocols, including

24

Herbarium No. ……………………….......Family ..........................................Genus ........................................... Species ...........................................Latitude ...........................................Longitude ...........................................Altitude ...........................................Date ...........................................Collection by .............................................

repeated measurements of a sample during the analysis runs, reagent blanks and use of in-house or procured certified reference plant material (Kolthoff,et al., 1971). Same was procured from Certified National Institute of Standard Technology-Denmark.(Reference Sample-SRM 1575 a Pine Needle-2009)Certified reference material are intended for use in the evaluation of analytical methods for determination of element

3.12.d.Analysis of the samples

Metals in the acid mixture were analysed using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS, Electronic Corporation of India Ltd). The sample preparation and analysis included the usual quality assurance protocols, including repeated measurements of a sample during the analysis runs, reagent blanks and an in-house certified reference plant material (Kolthoff, et al., 1971)*. The analysis was highly reliable with variability between replicates and between measurements of the same sample generally being <5%.

Nine different metals (zinc, copper, cadmium, lead, chromium, nickel, cobalt, iron and lithium) were analyzed by using respective hollow cathode lamps (imported) purchased from the ECIL, Hyderabad.

3.13. List of Certified Research Material

S.no Name i.d Place Date of collecting

1 Plagiochasma rupestre (forst.)Steph 01073/B Australia,23°47.15’S,133°04.04’ 5,Jun,2001

2 Hypnumcupressiforme.Hedw 9218/R Mount Elgon Nat. P., Kenya 15-17.Jan., 1992

3 Leptodon smithii (Hedw). Web.& Mohr

97145/ W approach of Mt. Elgon,Uganda (1°9.6’N,34°30.7’E)

23.sep. 1997

4 Racomitriumlamprocarpum (C.Mull.) 9218/EA Mount Elgon Nat. P., Kenya 15-17.Jan., 1992

5 Neckera Bruch .&Schimp ex C.Mull 9210/H Mount Elgon Nat. P., Kenya 11-22.jan1992

6 Bryumpreussii Broth. 9215/V Mount Elgon Nat. P., Kenya 12.jan.19927 TortulafragilisTayl. 9108/G Tanzania,NguruMountains,Morogoro

district31.jan.1991

8 Bryoerythrophyllumcampylocarpum (C.Mull) Crum.

9105/Y Tanzania,NguruMountains,Morogoro district

30.jan.1991

9 DistichiumcapillaceumHedw. 97145/M

W approach of Mt. Elgon,Uganda (1°9.6’N,34°30.7’E)

23.sept. 1997

4.RESULTS

25

4.1: Collection of metrological data

Table I: GPS based data of native sample sites in the Kumaon region during summer, rainy and winter seasons of the years (2014-2015)

Stations/

Seasons

Geographic coordinates Meta data

Latitude, N Longitude,E Average Temp°C

Soil

pHHumidity%

Light

(Foot

Candle)Wind current

Mukteshwar

Summer 29°28.638′ 79°39.198′ 18.5 7.9 56 1000 7.9

Winter 29°29.111' 79°42.200' 6.8 8.0 47 500 8

Rainy 29°30.985' 79°45.365' 8.3 7.5 79 8 7.9

Jageshwar

Summer 29°37ʹ.439 79°49ʹ.76 23.0 7.9 58 1000 7.6

Winter 29°37ʹ.504 " 79°49ʹ .532 12.9 7.8 53 500 7.52

Rainy 29°37ʹ.489 " 79°49ʹ .634 17.6 7.2 82 16 8.2

Artola

Summer 29°37.023 79°51.870' 21.3 7.1 48 2000 8.00

Winter 29°37.603′ 79°50.267′ 10.2 7.7 36 1000 8.6

Rainy 29°37.515' 79°50.022' 14.1 7.9 79 32 7.8

Nainital

Summer 29°23.211' 79°28.400' 22.8 7.8 34 2000 8.5

Winter 29°23.111' 79°27.432' 8.5 8.1 55 1000 7.4

Rainy 29°24.102' 79°26.263' 10.6 8.1 75 32 7.8

Pithoragarh

Summer 29°34.620' 80°12.640' 26.4 7.9 40 2000 7.3

Winter 29°34.525' 80°12.666' 14.6 7.6 45 500 8.6

Rainy 29°34.648' 80°12.702' 12.0 7.9 79 16 6.8

Ranikhet

26

Summer 29°38'672" 79°25'774" 30.12 8.2 25 1000 8.4

Winter 29°38'723" 79°25'784" 13.6 8.1 51 65 7.6

Raint 29°38'745" 79°25'814" 9.5 8.4 80 16 8.6

Artola

Summer 29°35'467" 79°39'796" 31.4 7.9 37 2000 8.2

Winter29°35'727"

79°39'375" 18.0 8.0 42 500 8.7

Rainy29°35'959"

79°39'568" 9.0 8.1 79 32 7.6

Table II: GPS based data of native sample sites in the Garhwal region during summer, rainy, and winter seasons of the years 2014–2015.

Stations/

Seasons

Geographic coordinates Meta data

Latitude, N Longitude,EAverage

Temp°C

Soil

pHHumidity%

Light

(Foot

Candle)

Wind current

Chamba

Summer30°20'729" 78°23'560"

17.8 7.9 58 1000 7.2

Winter30°20'919" 78°23'476"

6.9 8.0 42 500 8.6

Rainy30°20'911" 78°23'468"

8.3 7.5 80 8 7.1

Mussoorie

SummerN30°27'367" E078°05'231"

23.8 7.9 51 1000 8.9

WinterN30°27'378"

E078°05'236"

12.9 7.8 56 500 7.8

RainyN30°27'354"

E078°04'853"

18.8 7.2 85 16 7.00

Dhanulti

Summer30°25'435" 78°14'805"

16.0 7.1 51 2000 7.9

Winter30°25'425" 78°14'795"

9.0 7.7 33 1000 8.6

Rainy30°25'829" 78°14'721"

13.3 7.9 81 32 7.9

Experiments on validation of tolerant mosses in field

27

Table 4.2 A. Effectof zinc on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses in field of Kumaon regions (Nainital) at different concentrations.

S.NO Moss Control 10 ppm conc. 20 ppm conc. 40 ppm conc.1 Hypnum cupressiforme 0.761 0.696 0.654 0.5872 Thuidium cymbifolium 0.753 0.713 0.672 0.6023 polytrichym sp. 0.696 0.662 0.612 0.5624 Tortulla ruralis 0.663 0.653 0.597 0.5295 Minium cuspidatum 0.653 0.614 0.559 0.507

Table 4.2.B Effect of lead on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from Kumaon regions (Nainital) at different concentrations.

S.NO Moss Control 10 ppm conc. 20ppm conc. 40 ppm conc.1 Hypnum cupressiforme 0.761 0.706 0.654 0.5862 Thuidium cymbifolium 0.753 0.692 0.649 0.5653 polytrichym sp. 0.696 0.669 0.634 0.5424 Tortulla ruralis 0.663 0.602 0.537 0.495 Minium cuspidatum 0.653 0.627 0.556 0.508

Table 4.2.C Effect of copper on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from Kumaon regions (Nanital) at different concentrations.

S.NO Name of the Moss Control . 10 ppm conc. 20 ppm conc. 40 ppm conc.1 Hypnum cupressiforme 0.761 0.761 0.729 0.6672 Thuidium cymbifolium 0.753 0.753 0.715 0.6823 Polytrichum sp. 0.696 0.696 0.652 0.6324 Tortulla ruralis 0.663 0.663 0.61 0.5745 Minium cuspidatum 0.653 0.653 0.619 0.56

Table 4.2.DEffect of zinc the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from regionsKumaon at (Artula) different concentrations.

S.NO Name Of the Moss Control 10ppm conc. 20ppm conc. 40 ppm conc.1 Hypnum cupressiforme 0.761 0.719 0.672 0.6032 Thuidium cymbifolium 0.753 0.712 0.686 0.6263 polytrichym sp. 0.696 0.676 0.604 0.5764 Tortulla ruralis 0.663 0.616 0.556 0.4895 Minium cuspidatum 0.653 0.634 0.569 0.517

Table 4.2 .E Effect of lead on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from regionsKumaon at (Artula) different concentrations.

S.NO Name Of the Moss Control 10ppm conc. 20ppm conc. 40 ppm conc.1 Hypnum cupressiforme 0.761 0.706 0.654 0.5862 Thuidium cymbifolium 0.753 0.692 0.649 0.565

28

3 Dicranum sp. 0.696 0.669 0.634 0.5924 Tortulla ruralis 0.663 0.602 0.537 0.4905 Minium cuspidatum 0.653 0.627 0.556 0.508

Table 4.2.F Effect of Copper on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from regionsKumaon at (Artula) different concentrations.

S.NO Name Of the Moss Control 10ppm conc. 20ppm conc. 40 ppm conc.1 Hypnum cupressiforme 0.761 0.729 0.667 0.5932 Thuidium cymbifolium 0.753 0.715 0.682 0.6173 Dicranum sp. 0.696 0.652 0.632 0.5634 Tortulla ruralis 0.663 0.610 0.574 0.5215 Minium cuspidatum 0.653 0.619 00.560 0.515

............................................................................

Table 4.2.G Effect of zinc on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from regionsGarhwal at (Mussoorie) different concentrations.

S.NO Name Of the Moss Control 10ppm conc. 20ppm conc. 40 ppm conc.1 Thuidium cymbifolium 0.738 0.683 0.629 0.5832 Polytrichum sp. 0.724 0.671 0.604 0.5673 Hypnum cupressiforme 0.715 0.652 0.583 0.5314 Isoptergium distichaceum 0.679 0.644 0.556 0.5175 Tortulla ruralis 0.689 0.64 0.557 0.519

Table .4.2.H Effect of Lead on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from regions Garhwal at (Mussoorie) different concentrations.

S.NO Name Of the Moss Control 10ppm conc. 20ppm conc. 40 ppm conc.1 Thuidium cymbifolium 0.738 0.664 0.609 0.5522 Polytrichum sp. 0.724 0.651 0.584 0.5273 Hypnum cupressiforme 0.715 0.642 0.561 0.5124 Isoptergium distichaceum 0.679 0.622 0.536 0.4975 Tortulla ruralis 0.689 0.636 0.542 0.51

Table 4.2.I. Effect of Copper on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from regions Garhwal at (Mussoorie) different concentrations.

S.NO Name Of the Moss control 10 ppm conc. 20 ppm conc. 40 ppm conc.1 Thuidium cymbifolium 0.738 0.672 0.617 0.5712 Polytrichum sp. 0.724 0.663 0.597 0.5313 Hypnum cupressiforme 0.715 0.659 0.576 0.5224 Isoptergium distichaceum 0.679 0.639 0.542 0.5065 Tortulla ruralis 0.689 0.637 0.55 0.513

Table.4.2 J.Effect of zinc on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from regions Garhwal at (Dhanulti) different concentrations.

29

S.NO Name Of the Moss control 10ppm conc. 20ppm conc. 40 ppm conc.1 Thuidium cymbifolium 0.755 0.688 0.638 0.5822 Hypnum cupressiforme 0.717 0.652 0.614 0.5593 Polytrichum sp. 0.743 0.663 0.628 0.5614 Brachythecium sp. 0.671 0.621 0.567 0.5125 Tortulla ruralis 0.696 0.649 0.587 0.535

Table.4.2 K Effect of lead on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from regions Garhwal at (Dhanulti) different concentrations.


Table.4.2.L Effect of Copper on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from regionsGarhwal at (Dhanulti) different concentrations.


GRAPH

30

Hypnum

cupre

ssifo

rme

Thuid

ium

cym

bifoliu

m

polytric

hym s

p.

Tortu

lla ru

ralis

Min

ium

cusp

idatum0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Control

10ppm conc.

20ppm conc.

40 ppm conc.

Fig.4.2.A Effect of zinc on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses in field of Kumaon regions (Nainital) at different concentrations.

Hypnum

cupre

s...

Thuid

ium

cym

bi...

polytr

ichym

sp.

Tort

ulla ru

ralis

Min

ium

cusp

i...

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Control10ppm conc.20ppm conc.40 ppm conc.

Fig 4.2.B Effect of lead on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from Kumaon regions (Nainital) at different concentrations.

Hypnum

cupre

s...

Thuid

ium

cym

bi...

polytric

hym s

p.

Tortu

lla ru

ralis

Min

ium

cusp

id...0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Control

10ppm conc.

20ppm conc.

40 ppm conc.

Fig 4.2.C Effect of copper on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from Kumaon regions (Nainital) at different concentrations.

31

Hypnum

cupre

s...

Thuid

ium

cym

bi...

polytr

ichym

sp

Tort

ulla ru

ralis

Min

ium

cusp

i...

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Control

10ppm conc.

20ppm conc.

40 ppm conc.

Fig. 4.2.D. Effect of zinc the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from regionsKumaon at (Artula) different concentrations.

Hypnum

cupre

ss...

Thuid

ium

cym

bif...

polytr

ichym

sp.

Tort

ulla ru

ralis

Min

ium

cusp

id...0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Control

10ppm conc.

20ppm conc.

40 ppm conc.

Fig. 4.2.E. Effect of lead the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from regionsKumaon at (Artula) different concentrations.

Hypnum

cupre

ssifo

rme

Thuid

ium

cym

bifoliu

m

polytric

hym s

p.

Tortu

lla ru

ralis

Min

ium

cusp

idat

um0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Control

10ppm conc.

20ppm conc.

40 ppm conc.

32

Fig. 4.2.F. Effect of copper the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from regionsKumaon at (Artula) different concentrations.

Thuidium cy

m...

Hypnum cu

pre...

Polytric

hum...

Brachyth

eciu...

Tortu

lla ru

r...0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

control

10 ppm conc.

20 ppm conc.

40 ppm conc.

Fig. 4.2.G.:Effect of zinc on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from regions Garhwal at (Mussoorie) different concentrations.

Thuidium cy

mbifoliu

m

Polytric

hum sp

Hypnum Cupres

siform

e

Isopter

gium disti

chace

um

Tortu

lla ru

ralis

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

control

10 ppm conc.

20 ppm conc.

40 ppm conc.

Fig. 4.2.H.:Effect of Lead on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from regions Garhwal at (Mussoorie) different concentrations.

33

Thuidium cy

mbifoliu

m

Polytric

hum sp

Hypnum Cupres

siform

e

Isopter

gium disti

chaceum

Tortu

lla rural

is0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

control

10 ppm conc.

20 ppm conc.

40 ppm conc.

Fig. 4.2.I.:Effect of Copper on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from regions Garhwal at (Mussoorie) different concentrations.

Thuid

ium

cym

bifoliu

m

Hypnum

Cupre

ssifo

rme

Polytric

hum sp

Brach

ythec

ium

sp

Tortu

lla ru

ralis0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

control

10 ppm conc.

20 ppm conc.

40 ppm conc.

Fig. 4.2.J.:Effect of Zinc on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from regions Garhwal at (Dhanulti) different concentrations.

34

Thuid

ium

cym

bifoliu

m

Hyp

num C

upress

iform

e

Polytr

ichum

sp

Brach

ythec

ium

sp

Tort

ulla rura

lis0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

control

10 ppm conc.

20 ppm conc.

40 ppm conc.

Fig. 4.2.K.:Effect of Lead on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from regions Garhwal at (Dhanulti) different concentrations.

Thuid

ium

cym

bifoliu

m

Hypnum

Cupre

ssifo

rme

Polytr

ichum

sp

Brach

ythec

ium

sp

Tort

ulla ru

ralis0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

control

10 ppm conc.

20 ppm conc.

40 ppm conc.

Fig. 4.2.L.:Effect of Copper on the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) on the mosses collected from regions Garhwal at (Dhanulti) different concentrations.

4.3PASSIVE GRAPH KUMON

35

Isot

ergi

um e

lega

ns

Tort

ulla

rura

lisM

iniu

m cu

spid

atum

Hypn

um c

upre

ssifo

rme

Thui

dium

cyam

bifo

lium

Poly

trich

um sp

Trac

hypo

dops

is se

rrul

ata

Isopt

ergi

um d

istich

aceu

mHy

mno

stom

um e

dunt

ulum

Hy

pnum

cupr

essif

orm

e Th

uidi

um cy

ambi

foliu

mTr

achy

podo

psis

serr

ulat

aPo

lytr

ichum

spIso

terg

ium

ele

gans

Th

uidi

um cy

ambi

foliu

mHy

pnum

cupr

essif

orm

e Iso

terg

ium

Ele

gans

Po

lytr

ichum

spTo

rtul

la ru

ralis

Trac

hypo

dops

is se

rrul

ata

Min

ium

cusp

idat

umIso

terg

ium

disti

chac

eum

Rhod

obry

um g

igan

teum

Hypn

um cu

pres

sifor

me

Thui

dium

cyam

bifo

lium

Poly

trich

um sp

Tort

ulla

rura

lisM

iniu

m cu

spid

atum

Trac

hypo

dops

is se

rrul

ata

Thui

dium

cyam

bifo

lium

Hypn

um cu

pres

sifor

me

Poly

trich

um sp

Isote

rgiu

m e

lega

ns

Nainital Mukteshwar Artola Ranikhet Pithor-agarh

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

Winter

Summer

Monsoon

Annual

Conc

entr

ation

µg/g

m

Fig.4.3.1.PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in metal cadmium(µg/gm)at different native sites in KUMOUN during 2014-2015

High Values of cadmium measured during winters in mosses Thuidium cyambifoliumwas 0.016 µg/gm from Nainital, 0.006 µg/gm from Mukteshwar where as in moss Hypnum cupressiforme intake of metal was the most from site Pithoragarh and Ranikhet both i.e 0.014 µg/gm (table 4.3.1) and measured least in Mukteshwar (0.005 µg/gm)

Maximum cadmium concentration in summer was measured in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumwas 0.020 µg/gm) from Nainital, in a same moss concentration was .009 µg/gm observed from the site Mukteshwar and Artula also. In moss Hypnum cupressiformehigh metal cd intake was 0.018 µg/gm from the Nanital site and low from Mukteshwar (0.008 µg/gm )

Cadmium concentration in rains was highest in moss Thuidium cyambifolium(0.018 µg/gm) from Nainital , in a same moss 0.007 µg/gm concentration was from in Mukteshwar and Artula both sites.While in moss Hypnum cupressiformehighest metal concentration was measured 0.015µg/gm from Pithoragarh and Ranikhet both and minimum from Mukteshwar i.e 0.006 µg/gm.

Trend of annual metal Cd load in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (0.018 µg/gm) from Nainital, and was low from Mukteshwar and Artola i.e (0.007µg/gm) and in moss Hypnum cupressiformae high value was observed as 0.015µg/gm from Nainital and Ranikhet also and low from Mukterwar 0.006 µg/gm.

36

Hypn

um sp

Dicr

anum

spTh

uidi

um sp

Poly

trich

um sp

Tort

ulla

spBr

achy

thec

ium

spRh

ynos

tegi

ella

spIso

terg

ium

sp1

Isote

rgiu

m sp

2Br

yum

spTh

uidi

um sp

Isote

rgiu

m sp

1Hy

pnum

spDi

cran

um sp

Isote

rgiu

m sp

1Di

cran

um sp

Rhod

obry

um sp

Plag

omin

ium

spTh

uidi

um sp

Brac

hyth

eciu

m sp

Hypn

um sp

Poly

trich

um sp

Hom

alot

heciu

m sp

Isote

rgiu

m sp

2To

rtul

la sp

Rhyn

oste

giel

la sp

Hypn

um sp

Thui

dium

spBr

yum

spHy

pnum

spDi

cran

um sp

Thui

dium

spTo

rtul

la sp

Poly

trich

um sp

Isote

rgiu

m sp

1

Nainital Muk-teshwar

Artula Pithoragarh

Ranikhet

05

101520253035404550

Winter

Summer

Monsoon

Annual

Conc

entr

ation

µg/g

m

Fig.4.3.2.PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in chromium (µg/gm)at different native sites in KUMOUN during 2014-2015

For metal chromium, both the mosses (Thuidium cyambifolium, Hypnum cupressiformae) exhibited same trend (Tables.4.2) during winters. (high from Pithoragarh, low from Mukteshwer)

Nearly same trend was found during summer and rains (table 4.3.2) and high from Nainital, low from Mukteshwer

Value of the Annual chromium concentration in moss Thuidium cyambifolium was 42.47 µg/gm from Pithoragarh and had minimum from Mukteshwar i.e 11.61 µg/gm same trend was found in Hypnum cupressiformae high metal intake was from Pithoragarh (42.39 µg/gm) and low11.19 µg/gm from Mukteshwar.

37

Iso

terg

ium

ele

gan

s

Tort

ulla

sp

Min

ium

cu

spid

atu

mH

ypn

um

cu

pre

ssif

orm

eTh

uid

ium

cya

mb

ifo

lium

Po

lytr

ich

um

sp

Trac

hyp

od

op

sis

serr

ula

taIs

op

terg

ium

dis

tich

aceu

mH

ymn

ost

om

um

ed

un

tulu

m

Hyp

nu

m c

up

ress

ifo

rme

Thu

idiu

m c

yam

bif

oliu

mTr

ach

ypo

do

psi

s se

rru

lata

Po

lytr

ich

um

sp

Iso

terg

ium

Ele

gan

s

Thu

idiu

m c

yam

bif

oliu

mH

ypn

um

Cu

pre

ssif

orm

e Is

ote

rgiu

m e

lega

ns

P

oly

tric

hu

m s

pTo

rtu

lla s

pTr

ach

ypo

do

psi

s se

rru

lata

Pla

gom

iniu

m s

pIs

ote

rgiu

m d

isti

chac

eum

Rh

od

ob

ryu

m g

igan

teu

mH

ypn

um

Cu

pre

ssif

orm

e Th

uid

ium

cya

mb

ifo

lium

Po

lytr

ich

um

sp

Tort

ulla

sp

Min

ium

cu

spid

atu

mTr

ach

ypo

do

psi

s se

rru

lata

Thu

idiu

m c

yam

bif

oliu

mH

ypn

um

cu

pre

ssif

orm

e P

oly

tric

hu

m s

pIs

ote

rgiu

m e

lega

ns


0

10

20

30

40

50

WinterSummerMonsoonAnnual

Co

nce

ntr

ati

on

µg

/gm

Fig.4.3.3.PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in cobalt (µg/gm) at different native sites in KUMOUN during 2014-2015.

Over all analysis confirmed a increasing trend for metal cobalt from Nainital of Kumaon in comparison to the other places and lowest from Mukteswar (Table 4.3.3)

Iso

terg

ium

ele

gan

s

Tort

ulla

sp

Min

ium

cu

spid

atu

mH

ypn

um

cu

pre

ssif

orm

eTh

uid

ium

cya

mb

ifo

lium

Po

lytr

ich

um

sp

Trac

hyp

od

op

sis

serr

ula

taH

ymn

ost

om

um

ed

un

tulu

m

Hyp

nu

m c

up

ress

ifo

rme

Thu

idiu

m c

yam

bif

oliu

mTr

ach

ypo

do

psi

s se

rru

lata

Po

lytr

ich

um

sp

Iso

terg

ium

Ele

gan

s

Thu

idiu

m c

yam

bif

oliu

mH

ypn

um

cu

pre

ssif

orm

e Is

ote

rgiu

m e

lega

ns

P

oly

tric

hu

m s

pTo

rtu

lla s

pTr

ach

ypo

do

psi

s se

rru

lata

Pla

gom

iniu

m s

pIs

ote

rgiu

m d

isti

chac

eum

Rh

od

ob

ryu

m g

igan

teu

mH

ypn

um

cu

pre

ssif

orm

e Th

uid

ium

cya

mb

ifo

lium

Po

lytr

ich

um

sp

Tort

ulla

sp

Min

ium

cu

spid

atu

mTr

ach

ypo

do

psi

s se

rru

lata

Thu

idiu

m c

yam

bif

oliu

mH

ypn

um

Cu

pre

ssif

orm

e P

oly

tric

hu

m s

pIs

ote

rgiu

m E

lega

ns


0

10

20

30

40

50

Winter

Summer

Monsoon

Annual

Fig.4.3.4. PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in copper (µg/gm) at different native sites in KUMOUN during 2014-2015.

High concentration was observed of metal Cu during winters in Thuidium cyambifolium (41.82µg/gm) from Nainital and same was measured 10.42µg/gm from Mukteshwar. Moss Hypnum cupressiformae had highmetal from Nainital (37.19µg/gm) and same was low in Artula (9.12 µg/gm).

Copper Value measured in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumas was 44.33µg/gm from Nainital, and its low was from Mukteshwar (10.27µg/gm). Values measured in Hypnum cupressiformae was high

38

and measured as 41.16µg/gm from the Nainital site and minimum from Artula (10.27 µg/gm). Copper values during rains in moss Thuidium cyambifolium was 42.71µg/gm from Nainital and , .low i.e 11.93µg/gm from in Mukteshwar. Moss Hypnum cupressiformae high metal value was 40.24µg/gm from the Nainital site and minimum from Artula (9.11µg/gm)

Annual concentration of copper in moss Thuidium cyambifolium was 42.95µg/gm) from, low values from Mukteshwar (11.61µg/gm) and in moss Hypnum cupressiformae value were measured high as (39.53µg/gm) from Nainital and low from Artula (9.5µg/gm).

Iso

terg

ium

ele

gan

s

Tort

ulla

sp

Min

ium

cu

spid

atu

mH

ypn

um

cu

pre

ssif

orm

eTh

uid

ium

cya

mb

ifo

lium

Po

lytr

ich

um

sp

Trac

hyp

od

op

sis

serr

ula

taIs

op

terg

ium

dis

tich

aceu

mH

ymn

ost

om

um

ed

un

tulu

m

Hyp

nu

m c

up

ress

ifo

rme

Thu

idiu

m c

yam

bif

oliu

mTr

ach

ypo

do

psi

s se

rru

lata

Po

lytr

ich

um

sp

Iso

terg

ium

ele

gan

s

Thu

idiu

m c

yam

bif

oliu

mH

ypn

um

cu

pre

ssif

orm

e Is

ote

rgiu

m e

lega

ns

P

oly

tric

hu

m s

pTo

rtu

lla s

pTr

ach

ypo

do

psi

s se

rru

lata

Pla

gom

iniu

m s

pIs

ote

rgiu

m d

isti

chac

eum

Rh

od

ob

ryu

m g

igan

teu

mH

ypn

um

cu

pre

ssif

orm

e Th

uid

ium

cya

mb

ifo

lium

Po

lytr

ich

um

sp

Tort

ulla

sp

Min

ium

cu

spid

atu

mTr

ach

ypo

do

psi

s se

rru

lata

Thu

idiu

m c

yam

bif

oliu

mH

ypn

um

cu

pre

ssif

orm

e P

oly

tric

hu

m s

pIs

ote

rgiu

m e

lega

ns


Artola Ranikhet Pithor-agarh

0

50

100

150

200

Winter

Summer

Monsoon

AnnualCo

nce

ntr

ati

on

µg

/gm

Fig.4.3.5 PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in iron at different native sites in KUMOUN during 2014-2015.

Value of Fe was in winters in mossThuidium cyambifoliumwas168.05µg/gm from Nainital and same was measured 66.71µg/gm from Mukteshwar while in moss Hypnum cupressiformae intake of metal Fe from Nainital was 155.56µg/gm and low in moss from Mukteshwar (60.83µg/gm). Summer value of iron was measured in Thuidium cyambifolium was 177.29 µg/gm was high from Nainital, and low from site Mukteshwar 73.89µg/gm. Values observed in Hypnum cupressiformaewashigh i.e (160.28µg/gm) from the Nainital and minimum from Mukteshwar (68.12µg/gm) . Values of iron exhibited same pattern during rains and measured values in moss Thuidium cyambifolium was179.32µg/gm from Nainital was low 76.34µg/gm from in Mukteshwar.

Annual concentration of iron was maximum in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (174.88µg/gm) from Nainital, and low from Mukteshwar (72.31µg/gm). Moss Hypnum cupressiformae exhibited same pattern.

39

Isot

ergiu

m el

egan

s

Tortu

lla sp

Min

ium

cusp

idat

umHy

pnum

cup

ress

iform

eTh

uidi

um cy

ambi

foliu

mPo

lytric

hum

spTr

achy

podo

psis

serr

ulat

aIso

pter

gium

disti

chac

eum

Hym

nosto

mum

edun

tulu

m

Hypn

um cu

pres

sifor

me

Thui

dium

cyam

bifo

lium

Trac

hypo

dops

is se

rrul

ata

Polyt

richu

m sp

Isote

rgiu

m el

egan

s

Thui

dium

cyam

bifo

lium

Hypn

um cu

pres

sifor

me

Isote

rgiu

m el

egan

s

Polyt

richu

m sp

Tortu

lla sp

Trac

hypo

dops

is se

rrul

ata

Plag

omin

ium

spIso

terg

ium

disti

chac

eum

Rhod

obry

um gi

gant

eum

Hypn

um cu

pres

sifor

me

Thui

dium

cyam

bifo

lium

Polyt

richu

m sp

Tortu

lla sp

Min

ium

cusp

idat

umTr

achy

podo

psis

serr

ulat

aTh

uidi

um cy

ambi

foliu

mHy

pnum

cupr

essif

orm

e Po

lytric

hum

spIso

terg

ium

eleg

ans


05

101520253035404550


Conc

entr

ation

µg/

gm

Fig.4.3.6 PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in lead at different native sites in KUMOUN during 2014-2015.

Result: Winter value of lead in moss Thuidium sp was 46.75µg/gm was maximum from Nainital, and low from site Mukteshwar 7.89µg/gm. Values measered in Hypnum cupressiformae was high i.e 45.18µg/gm from the Ranikhet site and minimum from Mukteshwar 8.12µg/gm . Trend for summers and rains was found identical to the trend of winter Thuidium cyambifolium exhibit lead values as 49.89µg/gm from Nainital, and value was 8.57µg/gm from in Mukteshwar. Moss Hypnum cupressiformae had high metal value 48.07µg/gm from the Ranikhet and same was low from Mukteshwar i.e 9.19µg/gm. Trend of annual metal load for Pb in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (48.42µg/gm) from Nainital, was low from Mukteshwar i.e (8.12µg/gm) and in moss Hypnum cupressiformae high value was observed(46.96 µg/gm) from Rainkhet and same was low from Mukteshwar 8.62 µg/gm.

.

40

Iso

terg

ium

ele

gan

s

Tort

ulla

sp

Min

ium

cu

spid

atu

mH

ypn

um

Cu

pre

ssif

orm

eTh

uid

ium

cya

mb

ifo

lium

Po

lytr

ich

um

sp

Trac

hyp

od

op

sis

serr

ula

taIs

op

terg

ium

dis

tich

aceu

mH

ymn

ost

om

um

ed

un

tulu

m

Hyp

nu

m C

up

ress

ifo

rme

Thu

idiu

m c

yam

bif

oliu

mTr

ach

ypo

do

psi

s se

rru

lata

Po

lytr

ich

um

sp

Iso

terg

ium

ele

gan

s

Thu

idiu

m c

yam

bif

oliu

mH

ypn

um

cu

pre

ssif

orm

e Is

ote

rgiu

m e

lega

ns

P

oly

tric

hu

m s

pTo

rtu

lla s

pTr

ach

ypo

do

psi

s se

rru

lata

Pla

gom

iniu

m s

pIs

ote

rgiu

m d

isti

chac

eum

Rh

od

ob

ryu

m g

igan

teu

mH

ypn

um

cu

pre

ssif

orm

e Th

uid

ium

cya

mb

ifo

lium

Po

lytr

ich

um

sp

Tort

ulla

sp

Min

ium

cu

spid

atu

mTr

ach

ypo

do

psi

s se

rru

lata

Thu

idiu

m c

yam

bif

oliu

mH

ypn

um

cu

pre

ssif

orm

e P

oly

tric

hu

m s

pIs

ote

rgiu

m E

lega

ns


Artula Ranikhet Pithor-agarh

0123456

Winter

Summer

Monsoon

Annual

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n µ

g/gm

Fig.4.3.7PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in lithium at different native sites in KUMOUN during 2014-2015.

High value of Li was as measured in winters in Thuidium cyambifolium (4.79µg/gm) from Ranikhet and same was measured as (1.38µg/gm) from Mukteshwar while in moss Hypnum cupressiformaeintake of metal from Nainital and Pithoragarh was 4.12 µg/gm and low in Mukteshwar 1.21 µg/gm. Summer value of lithium was in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumas 5.29 µg/gm was high from Nainital, and low from site Mukteshwar (1.63µg/gm) . Values observed in Hypnum cupressiformae washigh i.e 4.97 µg/gm from the Pithoragarh site and minimum from Mukteshwar 1.56µg/gm . Lithium value in rains was measured in moss Thuidium cyambifolium(5.26 µg/gm) from Pithoragarh and same was low i.e (1.54µg/gm) from in Mukteshwar. Moss Hypnum cupressiformaehad high metal value 4.9µg/gm from the Ranikhet and same was low from Mukteshwar i.e (1.4 µg/gm) . Annual concentration of Lithium was maximum in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (5.17µg/gm) from Pithoragarh, and was low from Mukteshwar i.e (1.51µg/gm) in moss Hypnum cupressiformae. High value of Li was observed as 4.93 µg/gm from Ranikhet and low from Mukteshwar 1.39µg/gm

41

Iso

terg

ium

ele

gan

s

To

rtu

lla s

pM

iniu

m c

usp

idatu

mH

yp

nu

m C

up

ress

ifo

rme

Th

uid

ium

cyam

bif

oliu

mP

oly

tric

hu

m s

pTra

chyp

od

op

sis

serr

ula

taIs

op

terg

ium

dis

tich

ace

um

Hym

no

sto

mu

m e

du

ntu

lum

H

yp

nu

m C

up

ress

ifo

rme

Th

uid

ium

cyam

bif

oli

um

Tra

chyp

od

op

sis

serr

ula

taP

oly

tric

hu

m s

pIs

ote

rgiu

m E

legan

s

Th

uid

ium

cyam

bif

oli

um

Hyp

nu

m C

up

ress

ifo

rme

Iso

terg

ium

Ele

gan

s

Po

lytr

ich

um

sp

To

rtu

lla s

pTra

chyp

od

op

sis

serr

ula

taP

lago

min

ium

sp

Iso

terg

ium

dis

tich

ace

um

Rh

od

ob

ryu

m g

igan

teu

mH

yp

nu

m C

up

ress

ifo

rme

Th

uid

ium

cyam

bif

oli

um

Po

lytr

ich

um

sp

To

rtu

lla s

pM

iniu

m c

usp

idatu

mTra

chy

po

do

psi

s se

rru

lata

Th

uid

ium

cyam

bif

oli

um

Hyp

nu

m c

up

ress

ifo

rme

Po

lytr

ich

um

sp

Iso

terg

ium

ele

gan

s

Nainital Mukteshwar Artula Ranikhet Pithor-agarh

05

101520253035404550

Winter

Summer

Monsoon

Annual

Co

nce

ntr

ati

on

µg

/gm

Fig.4.3.8 PASSIE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in nickle at different native sites on KUMOUN during 2014-2015.

Concentration of nickle was observed high duringwinters in moss Thuidium cyambifolium was 42.78µg/gm from the site of Ranikhet and same was measured 28.24µg/gm from Mukteshwar while in moss Hypnum cupressiformaeintake of Ni was from Pithoragarh (40.78µg/gm) and low in Mukteshwar (27.76µg/gm).

Ni obsreved duringsummer in moss Thuidium cyambifolium was46.74µg/gm from Nainital , and had low from site Mukteshwar (31.1µg/gm). Values measured in Hypnum cupressiformaewashigh and measured as 44.51µg/gm from the Ranikhet site and minimum from Mukteshwar (30.06µg/gm) .

Nickle during monsoon was measured high in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (44.19µg/gm) from Pithoragarh, and value was low (29.14µg/gm) from Mukteshwar. Moss Hypnum cupressiformae had value 42.18µg/gm from the Ranikhet site and minimum from Mukteshwar i.e 28.83 µg/gm.

Annual value of Nickel was maximum in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (44.4µg/gm) from Ranikhet, and was low from Mukteshwar i.e (29.49µg/gm)and in another moss Hypnum cupressiformae high value was 42.30µg/gm from Nainital and low from Mukteshwar(28.88µg/gm).

42

Iso

terg

ium

ele

gan

s

Tort

ulla

sp

Min

ium

cu

spid

atu

mH

ypn

um

cu

pre

ssif

orm

eTh

uid

ium

cya

mb

ifo

lium

Po

lytr

ich

um

sp

Trac

hyp

od

op

sis

serr

ula

taIs

op

terg

ium

dis

tich

aceu

mH

ymn

ost

om

um

ed

un

tulu

m

Hyp

nu

m c

up

ress

ifo

rme

Thu

idiu

m c

yam

bif

oliu

mTr

ach

ypo

do

psi

s se

rru

lata

Po

lytr

ich

um

sp

Iso

terg

ium

ele

gan

s

Thu

idiu

m c

yam

bif

oliu

mH

ypn

um

Cu

pre

ssif

orm

e Is

ote

rgiu

m e

lega

ns

P

oly

tric

hu

m s

pTo

rtu

lla s

pTr

ach

ypo

do

psi

s se

rru

lata

Pla

gom

iniu

m s

pIs

ote

rgiu

m d

isti

chac

eum

Rh

od

ob

ryu

m g

igan

teu

mH

ypn

um

cu

pre

ssif

orm

e Th

uid

ium

cya

mb

ifo

lium

Po

lytr

ich

um

sp

Tort

ulla

sp

Min

ium

cu

spid

atu

mTr

ach

ypo

do

psi

s se

rru

lata

Thu

idiu

m c

yam

bif

oliu

mH

ypn

um

cu

pre

ssif

orm

e P

oly

tric

hu

m s

pIs

ote

rgiu

m e

lega

ns

Nainital Mukteshwar Artula Ranikhet Pithor-agarh

010203040506070


Co

nce

ntr

atio

n µ

g/gm

Fig.4.3.9 PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in zinc at different native sites in KUMOUN during 2014-2015.

Values of Zn during winter in moss Thuidium cyambifolium was maximum from Ranikhet (61.75 µg/gm) and minimum from Mukteshwar (17.45 µg/gm).In moss Hypnum cupressiformae highest zinc valve was registered from Pithoragarh 55.12 µg/gm and lowest from Mukteshwar (14.28 µg/gm) ,is similar towinter the trend of summer and rain were registeredhigh value of Zinc was measured duringsummer in mossThuidium cyambifolium was 68.44 µg/gm from Ranikhet and same was 21.31 µg/gm from Mukteshwar in moss Hypnum cupressiformae metal intake was 62.01µg/gm from Pithoragarha and low (18.64 µg/gm) from Mukteshwar. During rains Zinc value was observed high in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumas (65.04 µg/gm) from Pithoragarh, and its low values from Mukteshwar was 19.12 µg/gm. Value in moss Hypnum cupressiformae was high (58.37µg/gm) from Pithoragarh and minimum from Mukteshwar i.e 16.30 µg/gm . Annual measured value of Zinc was maximum in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (64.77µg/gm) from Ranikhet, and low from Mukteshwar i.e (19.29µg/gm) and in moss Hypnum cupressiformae high value was observed as 58.50µg/gm from Pithoragarh and low from Mukteshwar (16.40 µg/gm).

43

ACTIVE GRAPH KUMAON

Nai

nita

l Bus

Sta

ndM

all R

oad

Than

di s

adak

Soun

th M

all R

oad

Ling

ard

Hou

seEd

war

d H

ouse

IV

RI C

ampu

sM

ukte

swer

Roa

dN

anita

l Roa

dA

lmor

a Ro

adVP

KAS

Mai

n m

arke

tA

lmor

a Bu

s St

and

Art

ula

Bus

stan

tM

all R

oad

oppo

site

tem

pel

Eco-

park

Gol

f cou

rse

Sada

r Ba

zaar

Gan

dhi c

how

kKM

OU

bus

sta

ndPi

thor

agha

r Bu

s St

and

Mai

n m

arke

tA

lmor

a Ro

adKU

MO

Bus

sta

nd

Nanital Muk-teshwar

Bhowali Almora Artula Jageshwer

Ranikhet Pithoraghar

00.20.40.60.8

11.21.41.6

Winter

Summer

Monsoon

Annual

Con

cent

ratio

n (µ

g/m

g)

Fig:4.3.10 Seasonal and annual variation in Cadmium (µg/gm)in Thuidium cyambifolium at different native sites in Kumaon during 2014-2015.

Results:

Concentration of cadmium during winter in moss Thuidium cyambifolium harvested from Bhowali (Nanital road)was1.21µg/gm, and same was measured lowest 0.45 µg/gm from Edward House, Mukteshwar which is the lowest value of chromium among all the sample (Table 4.3.11).

Maximum value of cadmium measured in Thuidium cyambifoliumwas 1.60 µg/mg from Nainital bus stand and minimum in moss was 0.54 µg/mg from IVRI Campus Mukteshwar. During the rainy season cadmium concentration was 0.97 µg/mg in moss Thuidium cyambifolium collected from Nainital bus stand and the low values (0.40µg/mg) was measured in moss from Lingard House Almora.

44

Nain

ital B

us S

tand

Mal

l Roa

dTh

andi

sada

kSo

unth

Mal

l Roa

dLin

gard

Hou

seEd

war

d Ho

use

IVRI

Cam

pus

Muk

tesw

er R

oad

Nani

tal R

oad

Alm

ora

Road

VPKA

SM

ain

mar

ket

Alm

ora

Bus S

tand

Artu

la B

us st

ant

Mal

l Roa

dop

posit

e te

mpe

lEc

o-pa

rkGo

lf co

urse

Sada

r Baz

aar

Gand

hi ch

owk

KMO

U bu

s sta

ndPi

thor

agha

r Bus

Sta

ndM

ain

mar

ket

Alm

ora

Road

KUM

O B

us st

and

Nanital Muk-teshwar



0102030405060708090


Conc

entr

atio

n (µ

g/m

g)

Fig:4.3.11. Seasonal and annual variation in Chromium (µg/gm)in Thuidiumcyambifolium at different native sites in Kumaon during 2014-2015.

Results:Chromium values in winter was maximum in samples collected from South mall road Nainital (59.32µg/mg) and minimum in Lingard house Mukteshwar (41.36µg/mg). Where as during summer in moss Thuidium cyambifolium high metal intake was found from KUMO bus stand Ranikhet i.e(79.6 µg/mg) same metal was found low from the monitoring site (Lingard house) Mukteshwar (66.4 µg/mg). During monsoon highest Cr contamination was found in Thandi sadak, Nanital ( 66.11 µg/mg) and lowest from the area Lingard house in Mukteshwar ( 49.12 µg/mg)

Annual high chromium concentration was 69.15 µg/mg from south mall road, Nainital, and 52.48 µg/m from Lingard house Mukteshwar.

45

Nain

ital B

us S

tand

Mal

l Roa

dTh

andi

sada

kSo

unth

Mal

l Roa

dLin

gard

Hou

seEd

war

d Ho

use

IVRI

Cam

pus

Muk

tesw

er R

oad

Nani

tal R

oad

Alm

ora

Road

VPKA

SM

ain

mar

ket

Alm

ora

Bus S

tand

Artu

la B

us st

ant

Mal

l Roa

dop

posit

e te

mpl

eEc

o-pa

rkGo

lf co

urse

Sada

r Baz

aar

Gand

hi ch

owk

KMO

U bu

s sta

ndPi

thor

agha

r Bus

Sta

ndM

ain

mar

ket

Alm

ora

Road

KUM

O B

us st

and

Nanital Muk-teshwar



0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Fi g: 4.1 3 Ac tiv e B io m ap in g: Se as on al an d a nnu a l va ria tio ns in C opp er (µ g/ gm ) in T hu idi um c ya mb ifo li um (Do z . an d M olk .) at dif fer en t n ati ve sit es in

K um ao n dur in g ( 20 14 -2 015). Re su lts : Ma xi m um va lue o f Cu p per in w in ter s w a s 50. 13 µg /m g f ro m N ain it al bu s sta nd in m os s Th ui diu m cy am bi fo lium an d mi nim u m in pro xi mi ty to the Ed wa r d h ou se, M u kte sh w ar (3 4.4 1 µg /m g ). A s imi la r tr en d f or Cu pp er wa s me asu re d in N ain ita l in m o ss fro m bu s s ta nd an d min im um at Ed wa rd ho us e Mu kt es hw ar in su mm er (m a xim u m 68.8 2 µ g/m g and m in im um 4 5.8 9 µ g/m g ), h ow e ver fo r r ain y sea so n tren d wa s (m ax im um 6 66 .9 1 µ g/ mg an d mi nim u m 41. 91 µg /m g) an d a nn u al av era ge Cu pp er C unc ent ra tion w as 62 .01 µg /m g a nd m ini m um ( 4 0.7 3 µg /m g) .

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Nainita

l Bus Stand Mall R

oad

Thandi sad

ak

Sounth Ma

ll Road

Lingard H

ouse

Edward

House

IVRI Cam

pus

Mukteswe

r Road

Nanital Ro

ad

Almora Ro

ad VPKAS

Main mark

et

Almora Bu

s Stand

Artula B

us stant

Mall Road

opposite te

mpel Eco-

park

Golf course

Sadar Baza

ar

Gandhi cho

wk

KMOU bus

stand

Pithorag

har Bus Sta

nd

Main mark

et

Almora Ro

ad

KUMO Bus

stand

N ani tal M uk tes hw ar B how al i Alm o ra Art ula Jag es hw er Ra nik he t Pit ho rag ha r

Concentra

tion (µg/mg

)

Winte r

Su mm er

M ons oo n

An nua l

Winter

Summer

Monsoon

Annual

Con

cent

ratio

n (µ

g/m

g)

Fig:4.3.12. Seasonal and annual variation in Cobalt (µg/gm)in Thuidiumcyambifolium at different native sites in Kumaon during 2014-2015.

Results:The maximum winter value of cobalt was 70.28 µg/mg in moss samples collected from Nainital bus stand and minimum (46.71 µg/mg) from Lingard road Mukteshwar. High Co values during summer in selected moss Thuidium cyambifolium werefound from Nainital bus stand (116.14µg/mg) and low from Mukteshwar i.e 72.12µg/mg. During monsoon high metal intake was observed from KUMO bus stand Pithoraghar (93.8µg/mg) and low (55.12µg/mg) from lingard road Mukteshwar.

Highest annual value of cobalt the session (2014-2015) was analysed from bus stand of Ranikhet (91.86 µg/mg) and lowest amongst all sites measured as 63.95µg/mg from IVRI Road Mukteshwar.

46

Nain

ital B

us S

tand

Mal

l Roa

dTh

andi

sada

kSo

unth

Mal

l Roa

dLin

gard

Hou

seEd

war

d Ho

use

IVRI

Cam

pus

Muk

tesw

er R

oad

Nani

tal R

oad

Alm

ora

Road

VPKA

SM

ain

mar

ket

Alm

ora

Bus S

tand

Artu

la B

us st

ant

Mal

l Roa

dop

posit

e te

mpl

eEc

o-pa

rkGo

lf co

urse

Sada

r Baz

aar

Gand

hi ch

owk

KMO

U bu

s sta

ndPi

thor

agha

r Bus

Sta

ndM

ain

mar

ket

Alm

ora

Road

KUM

O B

us st

and

Nanital Muk-teshwar



010203040506070

Winter

Summer

Monsoon

Annual

Conc

entr

ation

(µg/

mg)

Fig: 4.3.13 Active Biomaping: Seasonal and annual variations in Copper (µg/gm) in Thuidium cyambifolium (Doz. and Molk.)at different native sites in Kumaon during 2014-2015.

Results:Maximum value of Copper during winters was 50.13 µg/mg from Nainital bus stand in moss Thuidium cyambifolium and minimum in proximity to the Edward house, Mukteshwar (34.41 µg/mg). A similar trend for Copper was measured in Nainital in moss from bus stand and minimum at Edward house Mukteshwar in summer (maximum 68.82 µg/mg and minimum 45.89 µg/mg), however for rainy season trend was (maximum 666.91 µg/mg and minimum 41.91 µg/mg) and annual average Copper Concentration was 62.01 µg/mg and minimum (40.73 µg/mg).

47

Nain

ital B

us S

tand

Mal

l Roa

dTh

andi

sada

kSo

unth

Mal

l Roa

dLin

gard

Hou

seEd

war

d Ho

use

IVRI

Cam

pus

Muk

tesw

er R

oad

Nani

tal R

oad

Alm

ora

Road

VPKA

SM

ain

mar

ket

Alm

ora

Bus S

tand

Artu

la B

us st

ant

Mal

l Roa

dop

posit

e te

mpe

lEc

o-pa

rkGo

lf co

urse

Sada

r Baz

aar

Gand

hi ch

owk

KMO

U bu

s sta

ndPi

thor

agha

r Bus

Sta

ndM

ain

mar

ket

Alm

ora

Road

KUM

O B

us st

and

Nanital Muk-teshwar



0100200300400500600

Winter

Summer

Monsoon

AnnualConc

entr

atio

n (µ

g/m

g)

Fig:4. 14.Active Biomaping: Seasonal and annual variation in Iron (µg/gm) in Thuidium cyambifolium (Doz. and Molk.)at different native sites in Kumaon during 2014-2015

Results:During winters Iron concentration was higher in Nainital at bus stand (412.82 µg/mg) while low (306.02 µg/mg) in IVRI campus Mukteshwar. In moss Thuidium cyambifolium Similar trend being registered during summer, monsoon and annual (Table4.14)

During summer maximum accumulation of Ironwas found in moss samples collected from Nainital bus stand (469.05µg/mg) and minimum (338.94µg/mg) in moss collected from IVRI campus. Values of monsoon for iron concentration was 515.15µg/mg in Nainital bus stand and lowest (365.7µg/mg) in IVRI campus.

48

Nai

nita

l Bus

Sta

ndM

all R

oad

Than

di sa

dak

Soun

th M

all R

oad

Ling

ard

Hou

seEd

war

d H

ouse

IV

RI C

ampu

sM

ukte

swer

Roa

dN

anita

l Roa

dA

lmor

a R

oad

VPK

AS

Mai

n m

arke

tA

lmor

a B

us S

tand

Artu

la B

us st

ant

Mal

l Roa

dop

posi

te te

mpe

lEc

o-pa

rkG

olf c

ours

eSa

dar B

azaa

rG

andh

i cho

wk

KM

OU

bus

stan

dPi

thor

agha

r Bus

Sta

ndM

ain

mar

ket

Alm

ora

Roa

dK

UM

O B

us st

and




0102030405060708090

100


conc

entr

atio

n (µ

g/m

g)

Fig: 4.15.Active Biomaping: Seasonal and annual variation in lead (µg/gm) in Thuidium cyambifolium (Doz. and Molk.)at different native sites in Kumaon during 2014-2015

Results:High accumulation of Pb was found in moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Nainital close to bus stand and lowest in Lingard house Mukteshwar 25.61 µg/mg in every season as well as annually. Winter values (maximum 67.03 µg/mg and minimum- 25.61 µg/mg). Summer values was (maximum 93.09 µg/mg and minimum- 32.59 µg/mg and during rain (max- 83.46 µg/mg and minimum- 29.67 µg/mg), Average Annual values are (max-82.66 µg/mg and minimum- 29.29 µg/mg).

49

Nai

nita

l Bus

Sta

ndM

all R

oad

Than

di s

adak

Soun

th M

all R

oad

Ling

ard

Hou

seEd

war

d H

ouse

IV

RI C

ampu

sM

ukte

swer

Roa

dN

anita

l Roa

dA

lmor

a Ro

adVP

KAS

Mai

n m

arke

tA

lmor

a Bu

s Sta

ndA

rtul

a Bu

s st

ant

Mal

l Roa

dop

posi

te te

mpe

lEc

o-pa

rkG

olf c

ours

eSa

dar

Baza

arG

andh

i cho

wk

KMO

U b

us s

tand

Pith

orag

har

Bus

Stan

dM

ain

mar

ket

Alm

ora

Road

KUM

O B

us s

tand




02468

101214

Winter

Summer

Monsoon

AnnualCon

cent

ratio

n µg

/gm

Fig:4.3.16Active Biomaping: Seasonal and annual variation in Lithium (µg/gm)in Thuidium cyambifolium (Doz. and Molk.)at different native sites in Kumaon during 2014-2015.

Results:The high lithium concentration was inwinters in samples collected from Nainital bus stand (11.12 µg/mg) and minimum from Edward house Mukteshwar (4.02 µg/mg). Li concentration high in summers was from Nainital bus stand (11.92 µg/mg) low in IVRI campus (4.18 µg/mg).On the contrary value duringrainy season for lithium concentration was the most in Kumaon bus stand Pithoraghar (7.35 µg/mg).and had low from IVRI campus (3.29 µg/mg). Annual average Li value was high in moss collected from Nainital bus stand (10.24 µg/mg) and low from IVRI campus Mukteshwer (4.31 µg/mg).

50

Nain

ital B

us S

tand

Mal

l Roa

dTh

andi

sada

kSo

unth

Mal

l Roa

dLin

gard

Hou

seEd

war

d Ho

use

IVRI

Cam

pus

Muk

tesw

er R

oad

Nani

tal R

oad

Alm

ora

Road

VPKA

SM

ain

mar

ket

Alm

ora

Bus S

tand

Artu

la B

us st

ant

Mal

l Roa

dop

posit

e te

mpe

lEc

o-pa

rkGo

lf co

urse

Sada

r Baz

aar

Gand

hi ch

owk

KMO

U bu

s sta

ndPi

thor

agha

r Bus

Sta

ndM

ain

mar

ket

Alm

ora

Road

KUM

O B

us st

and




0

5

10

15

20

25


Con

cent

ratio

n µg

/gm

Fg.4.3.17Active Biomaping: Seasonal and annual variation in Nickel (µg/gm )in Thuidium cyambifolium(Doz. and Molk.) at different native sites in Kumaon during 2014-2015.

Results:Value of Ni during winter was 19.95 µg/gm from Nainital bus standand same was low from Mukteshwar Edward house 8.75 µg/gm, High value of Ni during summer was (21.36µg/gm) in Nainital from bus stand and measured low from Mukteshwar IVRI campus .ie. 10.47 µg/gm. During rains concentration of Ni was 20.21 µg/gm in moss from Nainitalbus stand and same was analysed low from Mukteshwar Edward house.ie. 9.23 µg/gm. High annual value was at moss collected from Nainital bus stand 20.50 µg/gm and low from Edward house, Mukteshwar i.e 9.60 µg/gm.

51

Nai

nita

l Bus

Sta

ndM

all R

oad

Than

di sa

dak

Soun

th M

all R

oad

Ling

ard

Hou

seEd

war

d H

ouse

IV

RI C

ampu

sM

ukte

swer

Roa

dN

anita

l Roa

dA

lmor

a R

oad

VPK

AS

Mai

n m

arke

tA

lmor

a B

us S

tand

Artu

la B

us st

ant

Mal

l Roa

dop

posi

te te

mpe

lEc

o-pa

rkG

olf c

ours

eSa

dar B

azaa

rG

andh

i cho

wk

KM

OU

bus

stan

dPi

thor

agha

r Bus

Sta

ndM

ain

mar

ket

Alm

ora

Roa

dK

UM

O B

us st

and




020406080

100120

Winter

Summer

Monsoon

Annual

conc

entr

atio

n (µ

g/m

g)

Fig. 4.3.18Active Biomaping: Seasonal and annual variation in Zinc (µg/gm) in Thuidium cyambifolium(Doz. and Molk.) at different native sites in Kumaon during 2014-2015.

Results:Low Zinc concentration in moss Thuidium cyambifolium was from Nainital bus stand (92.36 µg/mg) and minimum in moss samples harvested from Lingard road Mukteshwar (29.2 µg/mg). High value of zinc being registered in summer from Nainital bus stand (108.1µg/mg) and low from Lingard house Mukteshwar (35.29 µg/mg). During monsoon the Zn accumulation value was maximum in Nainital bus stand (67.76 µg/mg) and minimum in LingardraodNainital (32.25 µg/mg). Annual maximum values were from Nainital bus stand (84.40 µg/mg) and minimum from Ligard house Mukteshwar (32.24 µg/mg).

52

PASSIVE GARHWAL GRAPHTh

uidi

um cy

ambi

foliu

m

Hypn

um cu

pres

sifor

me

Poly

trich

um sp

Isote

rgiu

m E

lega

ns

Tort

ulla

sp

Trac

hypo

dops

is se

rrul

ata

Thui

dium

cyam

bifo

lium

Hypn

um C

upre

ssifo

rme

Poly

trich

um sp

Tort

ulla

sp

Trac

hypo

dops

is se

rrul

ata

Thui

dium

cyam

bifo

lium

Hypn

um C

upre

ssifo

rme

Poly

trich

um sp

Bryu

m sp

Mussoorie Dhanulti Chamba

00.0020.0040.0060.008

0.010.0120.014

Winter

Summer

Monsoon

Annualconc

entr

atio

nµ g

/gm

Fig.4.3.19.PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in admium (µg/gm) from different native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015.

High concentration in metal chromium during winters in Thuidium cyambifolium was.012 µg/gm from Dhanulti and same was measured .010 µg/gm from Mussoorie where as in other moss Hypnum cupressiforme metal intake was .012 µg/gm from Chamba and was low in Mussoorie and from Dhanulti also (0.10 µg/gm). Summer value of Cr measured in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumas .014 µg/gm from Dhanulti, and had low from site Mussoorie .011µg/gm. while measured in Hypnum cupressiformewashigh and measured as .013µg/gm from site Chamba and minimum from Mussoorie i.e.011 µg/gm. Chromium during rains was measured high in moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Dhanulti (012µg/gm), value was low i.e .011µg/gm in from Chamba and mussoorie. moss Hypnum cupressiformehigh metal value was .011 µg/gm from Chamba and minimum from Mussoorie and Dhanulti also .010 µg/gm

Annual measured value was high in mossThuidium cyambifoliumfrom Dhanulti (012 µg/gm) and value was low i.e .010 µg/gm in same from Chamba in moss Hypnum cupressiformar high metal value was .012 µg/gm from Chamba and minimum from Mussoorie and Dhanulti i.e .011 µg/gm.

53

Thui

dium

cyam

bifo

lium

Hypn

um cu

pres

sifor

me

Poly

trich

um sp

Isote

rgiu

m e

lega

ns

Tort

ulla

sp

Trac

hypo

dops

is se

rrul

ata

Thui

dium

cyam

bifo

lium

Hypn

um cu

pres

sifor

me

Poly

trich

um sp

Tort

ulla

sp

Trac

hypo

dops

is se

rrul

ata

Thui

dium

cyam

bifo

lium

Hypn

um C

upre

ssifo

rme

Poly

trich

um sp

Bryu

m sp


0

10

2030

40

50

Winter

Summer

Monsoon

AnnualConc

entr

ation

(µg/

gm)

Fig .4.3.20. PASSIVE BOIMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in chromium (µg/gm)from different native sites in GHARWAL during 2014-2015.

Winters high concentration of Cr in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumwas40.40 µg/gm from Dhanulti, and minimum from Mussoorie 1.e 34.71 µg/gm. In moss Hypnum cupressiformeCr measured as 39.32 µg/gm from site Dhanulti and low from Mussooorie i.e 32.19 µg/gm, Chromium in summers was high in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (45.92 µg/gm ) from Dhanulti ,and had low i.e 36.18 µg/gm from Mussoorie, in moss Hypnum cupressiforme high metal value was 42.86 µg/gm from Dhanulti and low from Mussoorie (36.11 µg/gm). High concentration of metal chromium during rains in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumwas43.19 µg/gm from Dhanulti and low from Mussoorie (35.39 µg/gm) while in Hypnum cupressiforme intake of metal from Dhanulti (40.04 µg/gm) and was low in Mussoorie(33.87 µg/gm) .

Annual metal concentration of Cr was high in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (43.05 µg/gm) from Dhanulti, and had low (35.42 µg/gm) from Mussoorie, in moss Hypnum cupressiforme

54

Thu

idiu

m c

yam

bifo

lium

Hyp

num

cup

ress

ifor

me

Poly

tric

hum

sp

Isot

ergi

um e

lega

ns

Tor

tull

a sp

Tra

chyp

odop

sis

serr

ulat

a

Thu

idiu

m c

yam

bifo

lium

Hyp

num

cup

ress

ifor

me

Poly

tric

hum

sp

Tor

tull

a sp

Tra

chyp

odop

sis

serr

ulat

a

Thu

idiu

m c

yam

bifo

lium

Hyp

num

cup

ress

ifor

me

Poly

tric

hum

sp

Bry

um s

p


01020304050 Winter

Summer

Monsoon

Annual

Con

cent

rati

on µ

g/gm

Fig.4.3.21.PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in cobalt (µg/gm) from different native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015.

Cobalt in winters was observed high in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (38.41µg/gm) from Dhanulti, value was show minimum (35.89µg/gm) from Mussoorie .In other Moss Hypnum cupressiformehigh metal value was 36.75 µg/gm from Dhanulti and low from Mussoorie (33.53 µg/gm). In moss Thuidium cyambifolium High concentration of metal cobalt in summers was 41.78 µg/gm from Dhanulti and same was measured 39.24 µg/gm from Mussoorie. In mosss Hypnum cupressiforme Cobalt (39.70 µg/gm) from Chamba and was low in Mussoorie (38.12 µg/gm) . During rains measured value of Co in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumas 42.38 µg/gm from Chamba, and low from site Mussoorie i.e 41.32 µg/gm. Where as in Hypnum cupressiformewas high and measured as 40.85 µg/gm from site Chamba and minimum from Mussoorie (39.09 µg/gm).

Annual concentration of co was high in moss Thuidium cyambifolium ( 40.80µg/gm) from Dhanulti, and was low from Mussoorie i.e .38.81µg/gm in moss Hypnum cupressiformehigh metal value was 38.70 µg/gm from Dhanulti and minimum from Mussoo rie 36.91µg/gm

55

Thui

dium

cya

mbi

foliu

m

Hyp

num

cup

ress

iform

e

Poly

trich

um sp

Isot

ergi

um e

lega

ns

Tortu

lla sp

Trac

hypo

dops

is se

rrula

ta

Thui

dium

cya

mbi

foliu

m

Hyp

num

cup

ress

iform

e

Poly

trich

um sp

Tortu

lla sp

Trac

hypo

dops

is se

rrula

ta

Thui

dium

cya

mbi

foliu

m

Hyp

num

Cup

ress

iform

e

Poly

trich

um sp

Bry

um sp


05

101520253035404550

Winter

Summer

Monsoon

Annual

Conc

entr

atio

n µg

/gm

Fig.4.3.22.PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in Copper (µg/gm) from different native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015.

Copper in winters was measured high in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (43.39µg/gm) from Dhanulti, value was show low i.e 40.84µg/gm from Mussoorie. In other Moss Hypnum cupressiformehighest metal value was 39.26 µg/gm from Chamba and minimum from Mussoorie i.e 40.29 µg/gm. High concentration of metal Copper in summers in Thuidium cyambifoliumwas 49.2µg/gm from Dhanulti and same was measured 46.35µg/gm from Mussoorie while in moss Hypnum cupressiforme intake of metal 40.83 µg/gm from Dhanulti and was low in Chamba (43.07 µg/gm) . During rains measured value of Cu in moss Thuidium cyambifolium as 47.09µg/gm from Dhanulti, and low from site Mussoorie i.e 43.16 µg/gm. Where as in Hypnum cupressiformewas high and measured as 44.61 µg/gm from site Dhanulti and minimum from Chamba i.e 41.67µg/gm.

Annual concentration of Co was high in moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Dhanulti (46.56µg/gm), and low from Mussorie (43.45µg/gm). In moss Hypnum cupressiformehigh metal value was 43.90 µg/gm from Dhanulti and low from Chamba 41.33µg/gm.

56

Thui

dium

cya

mbi

foliu

m

Hyp

num

cup

ress

iform

e

Poly

tric

hum

sp

Isot

ergi

um e

lega

ns

Tort

ulla

sp

Trac

hypo

dops

is s

erru

lata

Thui

dium

cya

mbi

foliu

m

Hyp

num

cup

ress

iform

e

Poly

tric

hum

sp

Tort

ulla

sp

Trac

hypo

dops

is s

erru

lata

Thui

dium

cya

mbi

foliu

m

Hyp

num

cup

ress

iform

e

Poly

tric

hum

sp

Bryu

m s

p


0

50

100

150

200Winter

Summer

Monsoon

Annual

Con

cent

ratio

n µg

/gm

Fig. 4.3.23.PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in Iron (µg/gm) from different native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015.

Undertaken both mosses exhibited similar trend of metal uptake for all three seasons including of the yearly data. High concentration of Fe in winters in Thuidium cyambifolium was 176.12µg/gm from Mussoorie and low from Dhanulti (151.69µg/gm) while in other mossHypnum cupressiformehighest intake of metal (150.67) from Mussorie and had low 143.23 µg/gm in Dhanulti. In summer measured value of iron in moss Thuidium cyambifolium was 189.3µg/gm from Murroorie, and low from Dhanulti (160.12 µg/gm) and in Hypnum cupressiformesame was measured as 162.15 µg/gm from Mussoorie and low from Dhanulti i.e .150.46µg/gm. Value during rains was measured in moss Thuidium cyambifolium as 192.33 from Mussoorie, and same was low i.e 163.48 µg/gm from Dhanulti, highmetal value in other moss Hypnum cupressiforme 167.37µg/gm from Mussoorie and low from Dhanulti 154.04 µg/gm.

Annual metal value of iron was high in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (185.91 µg /gm) from Mussoorie, and was low from Dhanulti (158.75µg/gm) where as in moss Hypnum cupressiformehigh metal value was 160.06µg/gm from 160.06and minimum from Dhanulti 149.24µg/gm .

57

Thui

dium

cya

mbi

foliu

m

Hyp

num

cup

ress

iform

e

Poly

tric

hum

sp

Isot

ergi

um e

lega

ns

Tort

ulla

sp

Trac

hypo

dops

is s

erru

lata

Thui

dium

cya

mbi

foliu

m

Hyp

num

cup

ress

iform

e

Poly

tric

hum

sp

Tort

ulla

sp

Trac

hypo

dops

is s

erru

lata

Thui

dium

cya

mbi

foliu

m

Hyp

num

cup

ress

iform

e

Poly

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Bryu

m s

p


0

10

20

30

40

50

Winter

Summer

Monsoon

AnnualConc

entr

ation

µg/

gm

Fig. 4.3.24.PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in lead (µg/gm)from different native sites in GHARWAL during 2014-2015.

High measured value of Pb in winters in Thuidium cyambifolium was 39.16 µg/gm from Chamba and had low from Dhanulti 36.7µg/gm, while in Hypnum cupressiformeintake of metal was 37.37 µg/gm from Chamba and same was 34.12 µg/gm in Dhanulti. Metal value of summer for lead was in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumwas as43.08 µg/gm from mussoorie, and from site Dhanulti 41.32 µg/gm. In Hypnum cupressiforme same was measured as 41.91 µg/gm from site Chamba and minimum from Dhanulti i.e .38.27 µg/gm. Nearly same trend for rains was measured high in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (40.71 ) from Chamba ,and was low i.e 38.61 µg/gm from Dhanulti. Same trend was found for the moss Hypnum cupressiforme

Annual lead values was high in moss Thuidium cyambifolium was 40.68 µg /gm from Chamba, and minimum from Dhanulti i.e 38.87µg/gm where as in moss Hypnum cupressiformar high metal value was 39.44µg/gm from Chamba and lowest from Dhanulti 36.2µg/gm.

58

Thui

dium

cyam

bifo

lium

Hypn

um cu

pres

sifor

me

Poly

trich

um sp

Isote

rgiu

m e

lega

ns

Tort

ulla

sp

Trac

hypo

dops

is se

rrul

ata

Thui

dium

cyam

bifo

lium

Hypn

um cu

pres

sifor

me

Poly

trich

um sp

Tort

ulla

sp

Trac

hypo

dops

is se

rrul

ata

Thui

dium

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bifo

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Hypn

um C

upre

ssifo

rme

Poly

trich

um sp

Bryu

m sp


01234567

Winter

Summer

Rains

AnnualConc

entr

ation

µg/g

m

Fig.4.3.25 PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in lithium (µg/gm) at different native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015.

Low in concentration for lithium was measured for this metal. Both mosses exhibited an identical trend for all seasons for metal lithium . High concentration of lithiumin during winters was in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (3.87µg/gm) from Dhanulti and low from Chamb (3.52µg/gm) where as in moss Hypnum cupressiforme metal intake was 3.62µg/gm from Dhanulti and same was low (3.47 µg/gm) in Chamba. Durind summer value of Li in moss Thuidium cyambifolium was 6.12µg/gm from Dhanulti , and from site Chamba was 5.28µg/gm.,and in Hypnum cupressiforme same was high and measured as 5.29 µg/gm from site Dhanulti and minimum from i.e .5.17 µg/gm from Mussoorie. Lithium values during rains was measured high in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (3.91 ) from Dhanulti ,and same was low i.e3.76µg/gm from Chamba in moss Hypnum cupressiformehighest metal concentration was 3.86 µg/gm from Chamba and found low from Mussoorie 3.82 µg/gm

Annual value of lithium was high in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (4.63µg /gm) from Dhanulti, and low from Chamba i.e 4.18 µg/gm while in moss Hypnum cupressiformehigh metal concentration was 4.25µg/gm from Dhanulti and lowest from Chamba (4.09µg/gm).

59

Thui

dium

cyam

bifo

lium

Hypn

um cu

pres

sifor

me

Poly

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m e

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ns

Tort

ulla

sp

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hypo

dops

is se

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ata

Thui

dium

cyam

bifo

lium

Hypn

um cu

pres

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me

Poly

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um sp

Tort

ulla

sp

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hypo

dops

is se

rrul

ata

Thui

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Hypn

um cu

pres

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Poly

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Bryu

m sp


01020304050

Winter

Summer

Monsoon

Annual

Con

cent

ratio

nµg/

gm

Fig .4.3.26.PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in nickel (µg/gm)from different native sites in GHARWAL during 2014-2015.

Nickel in winter was measured high in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (38.88µg/gm ) from Mussoorie ,and same was low (34.17µg/gm) from Dhanulti in moss Hypnum cupressiforehighest metal concentration (38.3µg/gm) from Dhanulti and low from Mussoorie (36.86 µg/gm).

Maximum concentration of Ni during summer in Thuidium cyambifolium (43.12 µg/gm) from Mussoorie.and minimum from Dhanulti (39.42µg/gm) where as in Hypnum cupressiforme intake of metal was 42.29µg/gm fromDhanulti and same was minimum (40.28 µg/gm) in Chamba.

During monsoon analysed value of Ni in moss Thuidium cyambifolium was 45.82µg/gm from Mussoorie , and had low value from site Dhanulti (41.04 µg/gm),measured Ni value in Hypnum cupressiforme same was high and measured as 44.04µg/gm from site Dhanulti and low from Chamba 42.86 µg/gm.

Annual concentration of Nickel was maximum in moss Thuidium cyambifolium was (42.60 µg /gm) from Mussoorie, and minimum from Dhanulti (38.21 µg/gm) while in moss Hypnum cupressiformehigh metal value was 41.54µg/gm from Dhanulti and low from Mussoorie (40.6µg/gm).

60

Thui

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bifo

lium

Hypn

um cu

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sifor

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Poly

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um sp

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ns

Tort

ulla

sp

Trac

hypo

dops

is se

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ata

Thui

dium

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bifo

lium

Hypn

um cu

pres

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me

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um sp

Tort

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is se

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ata

Thui

dium

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Hypn

um C

upre

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Poly

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Bryu

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01020304050

Winter

Summer

Monsoon

AnnualConc

entr

ation

µg/

gm

Fig .4.3.27. PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in zinc (µg/gm)at different native sites in GHARWAL during 2014-2015.

Value of zinc in winters in Thuidium cyambifolium (38.37µg/gm) from Dhanulti and low from Mussoorie (37.18mµg/gm) where as in Hypnum cupressiforme metal intake was 36.53 µg/gm from Dhanulti and same was minimum 35.16 µg/gm in Mussoorie.

In value of Zn measuredin moss Thuidium cyambifolium as 45.02 µg/gm from Mussoorie , and minimum from site Chamba i.e 43.08 µg/gm., and in Hypnum cupressiforme same was maximum and measured as 41.66 µg/gm from site Chamba and minimum from Mussoorie (40.42µg/gm ).

Metal zinc was high in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (27.81µg/gm ) from Mussoorie ,and same had low concentration (24.56µg/gm) in moss from Chamba while in moss Hypnum cupressiforme highest metal concentration was 25.14 µg/gm from Dhanulti and found low from Mussoorie (23.48 µg/gm) .

Annual measured value of zinc was high in moss Thuidium cyambifolium ( 35.77µg /gm) from Mussoorie, and low from Chambai (35.25 µg/gm) and in moss Hypnum cupressiformemaximum metal value was 34.32µg/gm from Dhanulti and low from Mussoorie (33.02µg/gm).

61

ACTIVE GARHWAL GRAPHFo

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Fig.4.3.28.Active biomonitoring of metals : Seasonal and annual cadmium (µg/gm) data from different native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015 in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Doz. and Molk.)

Result: Cadmium value In winters was high in the moss Thuidium cyambifolium, harvested from Mussoorie near kempty bus stand(1.42µg/gm) and low from Chamba forest rang ( 0.24 µg/gm), during summers, rains, and annual similar metal trend of cadmium was exhibited (Table:4.28)

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Fig.4.3.29.Active biomonitoring of metals : Seasonal and annual chromium (µg/gm) data from different native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015 in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Doz. and Molk.)

Result: In winter the chromium value was high in the moss from, Mussoorie Kempty bus stand(62.14µg/gm) and low from Chamba forest range (33.15 µg/gm), in summers maximum value was 79.87µg/gm from mussoorie kempty bus stand and minimum from Chamba forest range (38.21 µg/gm).

During rains from Chamba bus standhigh vaule of Cd was measured (61.24µg/gm) and (26.89µg/gm) from Chamba forest range which was the lowest amongst all sites. Annual measured value was high from Mussoorie kempty bus stand ( 67.64 µg/gm) and low from Chamba forest range (32.75 µg/gm).

62

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Fig4.3.30.Active biomonitoring of metals : Seasonal and annual Cobalt (µg/gm) data from different native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015 in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Doz. and Molk.)

Result: In winters the cobalt value measured in moss Thuidium cyambifolium was high from Mussoorie kempty bus stand (69.93/gm )and low from Chamba close forest range(42.13 µg/gm). Cobalt value of in summers, rain as well as annual is given in table:4.3.30.

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Fig.4.3.31.Active biomonitoring of metals : Seasonal and annual Copper (µg/gm) data from different native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015 in mossThuidium cyambifolium (Doz. and Molk.)

Result: Metal valuein moss Thuidium cyambifoliumwasmaximum duringwinters for copper concentration ( 66.35 µg/gm) from Chamba forest range. Minimum value of same was for33.56 µg/gm. On the contrary in summers measured value of Cu was high (90.58 µg/gm) from Chamba bus stand and low from Chamba forestrange(39.62µg/gm) in monsoon . Annual similar copper trend is given in table:4.3.31, Rain data is (maximum68.09 µg/gm and minimum 35.47µg/gm Annual high and low vaule are 75.00 µg/gm and 36.21µg/gm).

63

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Fig.4.3.32. Active biomonitoring of metals : Seasonal and annual iron (µg/gm) data from different native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015 in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Doz. and Molk.)

Result: In moss Thuidium cyambifolium highiron intake duringwinters was (390.56 µg/gm) from Mussoorie Kempty bus stand was same was low from Chamba forest range(258.24 µg/gm). Similar metal (Fe) inclination was measured during summer,rains, as well as annual is given Table:4.3.32

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Fig.4.3. 33. Active biomonitoring of metals : Seasonal and annual lead (µg/gm) data from different native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015 in mossThuidium cyambifolium (Doz. and Molk.)

High intake of lead in moss Thuidium cyambifolium duringwinterwas 54.11 µg/gm from Mussoorie Kempty bus stand, was minimum from Chamba forest range ( 26.29 µg/gm) and in summers maximum value of Pb was from Mussoorie kempty bus stand(79.35 µg/gm)and minimum from Chamba forestrange31.42µg/gm. During rainy season from Chamba bus stand was of lead was measured as (54.03µg/gm) and from Chamba forest range low value was measured 28.12 µg/gm, the annual measured value was 60.17µg/gm from Mussoorie kempty bus stand and from Chamba forest range lowest values was observed 28.79µg/gm.

64

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Fig. 4.3.34 Active biomonitoring of metals : Seasonal and annual lithium(µg/gm) data from different native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015 in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Doz. and Molk).

All three seasons (winter, summer, rain) as well as annual had similar metal trend was found high from Mussoorie Kempty bus stand and low from Chamba forestrange.(Table no: 4.3.34).

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Fig.4.3.35. Active biomonitoring of metals : Seasonal and annual nickel (µg/gm) data from different native sites in GARHWAL during (2014-2015) in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Doz. and Molk.)

Measured value of nickel in moss Thuidium cyambifolium inwinters was 56.91µg/gm from Mussoorie kempty bus stand and had low from Chamba forest range i.e 31.3 µg/gm, in summers high metal intake was measured from Mussoorie Kempty bus stand(79.72 µg/gm)and low metal value from Chamba forestrange4011µg/gm, during rains from Mussoorie kempty bus stand. High value of Ni was 61.81µg/gmand from Chamba forest range low metal value was measured 33.28µg/gm, the Annual measured value was high from Mussoorie Kempty bus stand (66.16µg/gm) and low from Chamba forest range ( 34.89µg/gm).

65

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Fig. 4.3.36. Active biomointoring of metals : Seasonal and annual zinc (µg/gm) data from different native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015 in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Doz. and Molk.)

Reasult: The value of zinc in winter,was high from Chamba bus stand(47.68µg/gm) and low from Chamba forest range 30.55 µg/gm, During summer Zn accumulation was maximum from Uttranchal rural bank Dhanulti (75.84 µg/gm), and minimum from Chamba forest range (control site) 33.18µg/gm, concentration of metal zinc during monsoon was registered from Mall road mussoorie 36.83µg/gm, low 26.49µg/gm from Chamba forest range.Annual high zinc values was from Mall road Mussoorie 53.37µg/gmand low from Chamba forest range (28.00µg/gm).

66

PASSIVE KUMOUN TABLES

Table.4.3.1. PASSIVE BIOMONITORING - Seasonal and annual variation in cadmium(µg/gm) at different native sites in KUMOUN during 2014-2015.

Sampling sites

Mosses Winter Summer Monsoon Annual/Average

Nainital

Isotergium elegans 0.006 0.008 0.006 0.006Tortulla ruralis 0.008 0.012 0.007 0.009Minium cuspidatum 0.009 0.012 0.011 0.010Hypnum cupressiforme 0.013 0.018 0.014 0.01Thuidium cyambifolium** 0.016 0.02 0.018 0.018Polytrichum sp. 0.011 ….. 0.013 0.012Trachypodopsis serrulata 0.006 0.008 …… 0.007Isoptergium distichaceum 0.007 … 0.007 0.007Hymnostomum eduntulum …… 0.009 0.008 0.0085

Mukteshwar(Control)

Hypnum cupressiforme ** 0.005 0.008 0.006 0.006Thuidium cyambifolium** 0.006 0.009 0.007 0.007Trachypodopsis serrulata 0.003 0.005 0.003 0.003Polytrichum sp. 0.005 0.007 0.006 0.006Isotergium elegans ……. 0.005 0.004 0.0045

Artula

Thuidium cyambifolium** 0.007 0.009. 0.007 0.007Hypnum cupressiforme ** 0.009 0.011 0.009 0.0096Isotergium elegans 0.004 0.006 0.005 0.005Polytrichum sp. 0.006 …. 0.007 0.0065Tortulla ruralis 0.005 0.007 0.005 0.0056Trachypodopsis serrulata 0.005 0.007 ….. 0.006Minium cuspidatum 0.007 0.009 0.008 0.008Isotergium distichaceum …… 0.006 0.005 0.0055Rhodobryum giganteum ……… 0.008 0.007 0.0075

Pithoragarh Thuidium cyambifolium** 0.012 0.015 0.013 0.013Hypnum cupressiforme ** 0.014 0.017 0.015 0.015Polytrichum sp. 0.009 0.011 0.01 0.01Isotergium elegans …….. 0.007 0.008 0.0075

Ranikhet Hypnum cupressiforme ** 0.014 0.016 0.015 0.015Thuidium cyambifolium** 0.015 0.018 0.016 0.016Polytrichum sp. 0.011 0.013 0.011 0.011Tortulla ruralis 0.009 ……. 0.01 0.009Minium cuspidatum …….. 0.011 0.01 0.01Trachypodopsis serrulata ………. 0.009 0.01 0.0095

67

Table.4.3.2. PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in Chromium (µg/gm) at different native sites in KUMOUN during 2014-2015.

Sampling sites


Nainital

Isotergium elegans 18.81 23.39 21.89 21.36Tortulla ruralis 33.23 37.28 35.04 35.18Minium cuspidatum 29.21 35.62 33.24 32.69Hypnum cupressiforme 39.21 45.48 43.09 42.59Thuidium cyambifolium** 39.42 48.32 45.18 44.30Polytrichum sp. 27.75 30.08 …… 28.91Trachypodopsis serrulata 24.31 …… 28.21 26.26Isoptergium distichaceum …… 26.19 .23.7 26.19Hymnostomum eduntulum 13.89 16.69 15.02 15.2

Mukteshwar(Control)

Hypnum cupressiforme ** 9.82 12.49 11.27 11.19Thuidium cyambifolium** 10.42 12.5 11.93 11.61Trachypodopsis serrulata 11.74 13.25 12.26 12.41Polytrichum sp. ……. 11.5 10.43 10.96Isotergium elegans 14.56 17.28 16.08 15.97

Artula

Thuidium cyambifolium** 13.72 17.2 15.89 15.60Hypnum cupressiforme ** 16.75 18.59 17.23 17.52Isotergium elegans 11.79 …. 13.54 12.66Polytrichum sp. 10.89 13.45 12.04 12.12Tortulla ruralis 9.77 12.29 ….. 11.03Trachypodopsis serrulata 11.23 14.67 13.12 13.00Minium cuspidatum …….. 10.67 9.49 10.08Isotergium distichaceum ……… 13.78 13.08 13.43Rhodobryum giganteum 18.81 23.39 21.89 21.36


Ranikhet Hypnum cupressiforme ** 40.22 44.1 42.6 42.36Thuidium cyambifolium** 38.13 42.74 40.39 40.42Polytrichum sp. 35.81 39.09 37.21 37.37Tortulla ruralis …….. 35.81 33.92 34.86Minium cuspidatum …….. 38.12 36.56 37.34Trachypodopsis serrulata ………. 30.42 27.19 28.80

68

Table.4.3. PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in Cobalt (µg/gm) different native sites in KUMOUN during 2014-2015.

Sampling sites


Nainital

Isotergium elegans 13.39 17.09 15.13 15.20333Tortulla ruralis 33.23 37.28 35.04 35.18333Minium cuspidatum 29.21 35.62 33.24 32.69Hypnum cupressiforme 39.21 45.48 43.09 42.59333Thuidium cyambifolium** 39.42 48.32 45.01 44.25Polytrichum sp. 35.64 ….. 40.81 38.225Trachypodopsis serrulata 27.75 30.08 …… 28.915Isoptergium distichaceum 24.31 …… 28.21 26.26Hymnostomum eduntulum …… 26.19 23.7 24.945

Mukteshwar(Control)


Artula

Thuidium cyambifolium** 13.56 15.28 14.08 14.30667Hypnum cupressiforme ** 12.21 14.19 13.09 13.16333Isotergium elegans 8.92 10.17 9.67 9.586667Polytrichum sp. 10.92 .…. 12.45 11.685Tortulla ruralis 9.96 12.5 11.39 11.28333Trachypodopsis serrulata 10.67 11.89 ….. 11.28Minium cuspidatum 11.73 13.78 12.22 12.57667Isotergium distichaceum …… 11.7 10.49 11.095Rhodobryum giganteum ……… 11.92 10.18 11.05

Pithoragarh Thuidium cyambifolium** 44.8 47.17 45.29 45.75333Hypnum cupressiforme ** 44.85 47.2 45.09 45.71333Polytrichum sp. 30.91 34.08 32.15 32.38Isotergium elegans 32.29 ……. 33.9 33.095

Ranikhet Hypnum cupressiforme ** 41.98 45.19 43.41 43.52667Thuidium cyambifolium** 40.03 44.24 42.86 42.37667Polytrichum sp. 34.91 37.17 35.49 35.85667Tortulla ruralis …….. 33.77 31.78 32.775Minium cuspidatum 41.98 45.19 43.41 43.52667Trachypodopsis serrulata 40.03 44.24 42.86 42.37667

69

Table.4.3.4. PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual concentrations of Copper (µg/gm) at different native sites in KUMOUN during 2014-2015.

Sampling sites


Nainital

Isotergium elegans 25.61 26.89 25.09.13 26.25Tortulla ruralis 27.13 27.28 25.04 26.48Minium cuspidatum 29.77 32.28 31.41 31.15Hypnum cupressiforme 37.19 41.16 40.24 39.53Thuidium cyambifolium** 41.82 44.33 42.71 42.95Polytrichum sp. 35.17 ….. 38.01 36.59Trachypodopsis serrulata 28.25 30.18 …… 29.21Isoptergium distichaceum …… 30.91 28.7 29.80Hymnostomum eduntulum 9.12 11.19 10.42 10.24

Mukteshwar(Control)

Hypnum cupressiforme ** 10.53 12.15 11.27 11.31Thuidium cyambifolium** 10.42 12.5 11.93 11.61Trachypodopsis serrulata 7.67 9.15 8.51 8.44Polytrichum sp. ……. 9.75 8.63 9.19Isotergium elegans 12.61 14.08 13.27 13.32

Artula

Thuidium cyambifolium** 11.18 13.41 12.39 12.32Hypnum cupressiforme ** 9.12 10.27 9.11 9.5Isotergium elegans 10.67 …. 11.79 11.23Polytrichum sp. 9.89 11.61 11.04 10.84Tortulla ruralis 9.17 10.97 ….. 10.07Trachypodopsis serrulata 11.21 12.89 12.02 12.04Minium cuspidatum …… 10.28 9.52 9.9Isotergium distichaceum ……… 12.98 11.32 12.15Rhodobryum giganteum 25.61 26.89 25.09.13 26.25



70

Table.4.3.5. PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in Iron (µg/gm) different native sites in KUMOUN during 2014-2015.

Sampling sites


Nainital


Mukteshwar(Control)


Artula

Thuidium cyambifolium** 70.68 75.71 78.34 74.91Hypnum cupressiforme ** 67.21 73.38 75.15 71.91Isotergium elegans 52.17 58.14 63.78 58.03Polytrichum sp. 56.24 …. 65.52 60.88Tortulla ruralis 49.9 53.22 55.86 52.99Trachypodopsis serrulata 46.75 50.67 ….. 48.71Minium cuspidatum 53.96 59.23 64.38 59.19Isotergium distichaceum …… 61.03 64.36 62.69Rhodobryum giganteum ……… 68.15 73.29 70.72



71

Table.4.3.6 PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in Lead (µg/gm) different native sites in KUMOUN during 2014-2015.

Sampling sites


Nainital

Isotergium elegans 30.02 31.87 30.78 30.89Tortulla ruralis 33.63 37.76 34.05 35.14Minium cuspidatum 34.15 36.08 34.86 35.03Hypnum cupressiforme 42.14 46.02 43.56 43.90Thuidium cyambifolium** 46.75 49.89 48.62 48.42Polytrichum sp. 38.71 ….. 39.29 39Trachypodopsis serrulata 28.17 29.78 …… 28.97Isoptergium distichaceum 34.32 … 35.61 34.96Hymnostomum eduntulum …… 32.67 29.09 30.88

Mukteshwar(Control)


Artula




72

Table.4.3.7. PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual Lithium(µg/gm)values in different native sites in KUMOUN during 2014-2015.

Sampling sites


Nainital


Mukteshwar(Control)


Artula

Thuidium cyambifolium** 1.78 2.35 2.12 2.08Hypnum cupressiforme ** 1.52 2.49 2.87 2.29Isotergium elegans 0.67 1.35 1.05 1.02Polytrichum sp. 0.89 .…. 1.21 1.05Tortulla ruralis 0.63 1.37 1.1 1.03Trachypodopsis serrulata 0.45 0.75 ….. 0.6Minium cuspidatum 0.8 1.43 1.18 1.13Isotergium distichaceum …… 1.12 0.97 1.045Rhodobryum giganteum ……… 1.35 1.12 1.235



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Table.4.3.8.PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual Nickle (µg/gm)different native sites in KUMOUN during 2014-2015.

Sampling sites


Nainital


Mukteshwar(Control)


Artula




74

Table.4.3.9. PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual variation in Zinc (µg/gm) from different native sites in KUMOUN during 2014-2015.

Sampling sites


Nainital


Mukteshwar(Control)


Artula

Thuidium cyambifolium** 19.13 22.94 20.54 20.87Hypnum cupressiforme ** 15.52 18.92 16.71 17.05Isotergium elegans 13.18 15.53 12.69 13.8Polytrichum sp. 16.19 …. 18.08 17.13Tortulla ruralis 11.63 15.27 13.64 13.51Trachypodopsis serrulata 9.15 11.52 ….. 10.33.Minium cuspidatum 11.29 15.53 13.62 13.48Isotergium distichaceum ….. 14.26 11.14 12.7Rhodobryum giganteum ……… 15.37 13.67 14.52


Ranikhet Hypnum cupressiforme ** 49.01 55.16 52.82 52.33Thuidium cyambifolium** 61.75 68.44 65.04 64.77Polytrichum sp. 39.22 44.86 35.6 39.89Tortulla ruralis 29.9 ….. 32.36 31.13Minium cuspidatum … 32.88 27.11 29.99Trachypodopsis serrulata …. 29.36 26.08 27.72

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II Year ACTIVE MONITORING: KUMOUN

Table 4.310. Active Biomapping: Seasonal and annual Cadmium (µg/gm) values (average) in moss Thuidium cyambifolium(Doz. and Molk.) at different native sites in Kumaon during

2014-2015.

Sampling sites

Stations Winter Summer Monsoon Annual

Nainital Bus stand Mean 1.13 1.6 0.97 1.23SD 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.09

Mall road Mean 0.81 1.14 0.69 0.88SD 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09

Thandi sadak Mean 0.78 1.31 0.68 0.92SD 0.04 0.10 0.08 0.08

South mall

road

Mean 0.82 1.21 0.73 0.92SD

0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06Mukteshwar

(Control) Lingard house Mean 0.53 0.83 0.4 0.58SD 0.04 0.09 0.07 0.07

Edward house Mean 0.45 0.78 0.41 0.54SD 0.03 0.03 0.06 0.05

IVRI campus Mean 0.6 0.54 0.45 0.53SD 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03

Bhowali Mukteshwar

road

MeanSD

0.98 1.3 0.7 0.99

0.06 0.06 0.05 0.06

Nainital road Mean 1.21 1.46 0.76 1.14SD 0.05 0.03 0.06 0.04

Almora road Mean 0.9 1.23 0.61 0.91SD 0.07 0.08 0.06 0.07

Almora VPKAS Mean 0.59 0.91 0.43 0.64SD 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.03

Main marketMean 0.66 0.93 0.61 0.73SD 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06

Bus StandMean 0.71 1.13 0.53 0.79SD 0.08 0.07 0.03 0.07

Artula Bus stand Mean 0.65 0.95 0.58 0.72SD 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07

Mall RoadMean 0.72 0.97 0.65 0.78SD 0.06 0.05 0.3 0.5

Jageshwer Opposite

Temple

Mean 0.7 0.93 0.61 0.74SD

0.06 0.05 0.09 0.07Eco park Mean 0.62 0.84 0.57 0.67

0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06Ranikhet Golf course Mean 0.9 1.27 0.83 1

SD 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.05

Sadar bazaarMean 1.09 1.51 0.92 1.17SD 0.08 0.04 0.13 0.06

Gandhi chowk

Mean 0.87 1.29 0.75 0.97SD 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.05

KMOU bus stand

Mean 1.12 1.39 0.93 1.14SD 0.1 0.05 0.13 0.07

Pithoragarh Bus Stand Mean 0.9 1.28 0.78 0.98

76

Main market SD 0.05 0.03 0.08 0.07


Almora roadMean 0.57 0.94 0.42 0.64SD 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.04

Kumon bus stand

Mean 0.96 1.15 0.62 0.91SD 0.04 0.07 0.05 0.06

Table 4.3.11 . Active Biomapping: Seasonal and annual Chromium(µg/gm) values (average) in moss Thuidium cyambifolium(Doz. and Molk.) at different native sites in

Kumaon during 2014-2015.

Sampling sites



Mall road Mean 58.15 79.05 64.34 67.18SD 3.07 6.27 2.8 4.04


South mall

road

Mean 59.32 85.08 63.06 69.15SD

2.03 5.5 5.31 4.28Mukteshwar




Bhowali Mukteshwar

road

MeanSD

53.08 78.12 56.07 62.42

3.4 5.11 4.05 4.18



Almora VPKAS Mean 48.19 76 58.11 60.76SD 4.12 3.05 4.23 3.8


Bus StandMean 50.82 76.49 59.92 62.41SD 2.03 3.18 4.89 3.36


Mall RoadMean 51.06 69.12 56.12 58.76SD 2.08 2.63 4.12 2.94

Jageshwer Opposite

Temple

Mean 43.85 72.1 52.57 56.17SD

2.16 4.28 4.06 3.5Eco park Mean 45.58 72.19 51.9 56.55

3.15 4.62 5.64 4.47Ranikhet Golf course Mean 46.84 71.42 51.32 56.52

77

SD 2.02 4.2 3.42 3.21


Gandhi chowk

Mean 46.14 75.37 58.89 60.13SD 2.56 5.13 2.18 3.29

KMOU bus stand

Mean 52.39 79.6 61.26 64.41SD 2.07 5.41 4.95 4.14

Pithoragarh Bus StandMain market

Mean 52.15 77.61 59.84 63.2SD 2.12 4.89 2.47 3.16



Kumon bus stand

Mean 51.89 77.7 60.89 63.49SD 3.18 5.5 4.34 4.34

Table 4.3.12 Active Biomapping: Seasonal and annual Cobalt (µg/gm) values (average) in moss Thuidium cyambifolium(Doz. and Molk.) at different native sites in Kumaon during

2014-2015.

Sampling sites



Mall road Mean 52.87 92.08 74.34 73.09SD 3.22 4.27 4.14 3.87


South mall

road

Mean 55.63 95.75 73.12 74.83SD

4.06 3.82 5.13 4.33Mukteshwar




Bhowali Mukteshwar

road

MeanSD

62.79 93.5 87.85 81.38

3.18 9.07 7.92 6.72





Bus StandMean 63.18 108.7 87.83 86.57SD 5.11 6.51 8.21 6.61


Mall RoadMean 51.98 88.91 72.03 53.64SD 4.39 7.13 5.88 5.8

Jageshwer Opposite Mean 54.16 96.22 83.13 77.83

78

Temple SD 3.06 4.52 6.12 4.56Eco park Mean 56.88 91.46 81.88 76.74


SD 5.79 3.14 5.5 4.81


Gandhi chowk

Mean 55.89 97.32 84.13 79.11SD 6.96 7.83 4.98 6.59

KMOU bus stand

Mean 65.84 108.24 91.52 88.53SD 4.53 8.75 6.2 6.49


Mean 66.87 113.15 93.24 91.08SD 4.63 5.16 5.72 5.17



Kumon bus stand

Mean 69.07 103.16 93.8 88.67SD 5.26 8.1 6.13 6.49

Table 4.3.13 . Active Biomapping: Seasonal and annual Copper (µg/gm) values (average) in moss Thuidium cyambifolium(Doz. and Molk.) at different native sites in Kumaon during 2014-

2015.

Sampling sites



Mall road Mean 44.61 62.74 62.43 56.59SD 3.12 5.02 3.62 3.92


South mall

road

Mean 47.64 54.96 51.79 51.46SD

2.19 3.06 4.86 3.37Mukteshwar




Bhowali Mukteshwar

road

MeanSD

47.52 60.92 58.09 55.51

3.13 4.81 2.11 3.35





Bus StandMean 43.12 58.1 53.67 51.63SD 3.71 4.13 3.52 3.78

Bus stand Mean 46.11 55.32 52.5 51.31

79

Artula SD1.23 3.12 2.71 2.35

Mall RoadMean 44.41 59.7 57.72 53.94SD 3.14 3.78 3.02 3.31

Jageshwer Opposite

Temple

Mean 40.5 50.21 47.9 46.20SD

1.41 3.59 2.12 2.37Eco park Mean 43.34 52.72 50.75 48.93


SD 3.08 4.11 3.3 3.49


Gandhi chowk

Mean 46.16 52.97 42.79 47.30SD 2.52 3.72 3.03 3.09

KMOU bus stand

Mean 46.84 59.11 51.09 52.34SD 2.02 3.68 3.82 3.17


Mean 48.12 55.83 50.03 51.32SD 3.01 4.78 5.11 4.3



Kumon bus stand

Mean 50.12 63.67 57.79 57.19SD 3.21 5.36 3.98 4.18

Table 4.3.14. Active Biomapping: Seasonal and annualIron (µg/gm) values (average) in moss Thuidium cyambifolium(Doz. and Molk.) at different native sites in Kumaon during 2014-2015.

Sampling sites



Mall road Mean 350.12 385.07 415.02 383.40SD 11.13 11.84 14.4 12.45


South mall

road

Mean 334.9 382.87 413.25 377.00SD

13.19 11.92 14.05 13.05Mukteshwar


Edward house Mean 326.02 356.64 385.15 355.93SD 14 11.12 10.2 11.77


Bhowali Mukteshwar

road

MeanSD

378.05 423.97 478.62 426.88

11.39 15.07 9.45 11.97




Main market Mean 340.46 395.76 418.06 384.76

80

SD 15.07 13.23 11.9 13.4

Bus StandMean 360.91 424.78 452.62 412.77SD 11.07 14.13 16.36 13.85


Mall RoadMean 342.02 388.1 407.11 379.07SD 14.09 12.1 15.08 13.75

Jageshwer Opposite

Temple

Mean 355.09 397.11 414.07 388.75SD

12.61 11.08 17.15 13.61Eco park Mean 340.07 382.76 402.89 375.24


SD 14.48 11.26 13.02 12.92


Gandhi chowk

Mean 350.11 386.15 404.2 380.15SD 11.29 12.04 14.18 12.50

KMOU bus stand

Mean 380.92 435.82 467.57 428.10SD 11.29 15.04 14.09 13.47


Mean 369.78 413.13 453.08 411.99SD 11.31 10.68 12.12 11.37



Kumon bus stand

Mean 369.14 409.95 434.12 404.40SD 11.12 16.02 14.81 13.98

Table 4.3.15. Active Biomapping: Seasonal and annual lead (µg/gm) values (average) in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Doz. and Molk.) at different native sites in Kumaon during 2014-2015.

Sampling sites



Mall road Mean 63.97 84.06 72.11 73.38SD 4.13 6.42 4.71 5.08


South mall

road

Mean 65.89 83.47 72.58 73.98SD 5.19 5.05 4.13

4.79Mukteshwar




Bhowali Mukteshwar

road

MeanSD

60.8 72.42 56.91 63.37

2.17 4.62 3.183.32



81


Main market Mean 53.96 70.75 44.06 56.25SD 3.88 5.07 3.61 4.18

Bus StandMean 53.67 68.62 49.49 57.26SD 5.6 6.82 3.78 5.4


Mall RoadMean 44.16 61.47 57.7 54.44SD 4.88 6.77 4.51 5.38

Jageshwer Opposite

Temple

Mean 55.59 69.69 46.21 57.16SD 5.87 4.09 3.38

4.44Eco park Mean 42.19 47.72 43.29 44.4


SD 4.39 9.22 3.71 5.77


Gandhi chowk

Mean 56.95 74.09 48.41 59.81SD 4.16 6.07 5.24 5.15

KMOU bus stand

Mean 60.34 80.68 53.9 64.97SD 5.37 6.13 3.57 5.02


Mean 67.84 79.13 59.62 68.86SD 5.07 6.53 3.29 4.96



Kumon bus stand

Mean 66.12 72.29 56.78 65.03SD 5.99 6.39 6.71 6.36

Table 4.3.16. Active Biomapping: Seasonal and annual lithium (µg/gm) values (average) in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Doz. and Molk.) at different native sites in Kumaon during

2014-2015.Sampling sites Stations Winter Summer Rain Annual/Average

Nainital

Bus stand Mean 11.12 12.92 6.7 10.24SD 0.51 0.7 0.39 0.53

Mall roadMean 7.52 9.37 4.58 7.15SD 0.11 0.36 0.62 0.36

Thandi sadakMean 6.81 8.57 5.3 6.89SD 0.23 0.47 0.39 0.36

South mall roadMean 6.91 8.42 5.22 6.85SD 0.57 0.28 0.31 0.38

Mukteshwar(Control)

Lingard houseMean 3.94 6.92 4.15 5.00SD 0.38 0.6 0.85 0.61



Bhowali

Mukteshwar road MeanSD

8.73 11.21 5.49 8.470.41 0.68 0.32 0.47

Mean 8.06 9.97 5.61 7.88

82

Nainital road SD0.57 0.69 0.71 0.65


AlmoraVPKAS Mean 6.53 5.81 3.02 5.12

SD 0.51 0.67 0.59 0.59


Bus StandMean 9.28 12.5 6.72 9.5SD 0.71 0.38 0.47 0.52


Mall RoadMean 8.29 10.42 5.35 8.02SD 0.28 0.79 0.58 0.55

JageshwerOpposite Temple Mean 7.91 10.11 4.71 7.57

SD 0.81 0.34 0.58 0.57Eco park Mean 5.43 7.97 3.52 5.64

0.49 0.47 0.52 0.49

Ranikhet

Golf course Mean 7.3 10.96 5.57 7.94SD 0.28 0.49 0.39 0.38


Gandhi chowkMean 8.39 11.91 5.08 8.46SD 0.47 0.58 0.69 0.58

KMOU bus standMean 10.18 12.34 6.21 9.57SD 0.28 0.48 0.73 0.49

Pithoragarh

Bus StandMain market

Mean 10.41 12.17 5.8 9.46SD 0.3 0.78 0.68 0.58



Kumon bus stand

Mean 10.02 12.58 7.35 9.98SD 0.59 0.32 0.39 0.43

Table 4.3.17. Active Biomapping: Seasonal and annual nickel (µg/gm) values (average) in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Doz. and Molk.) at different native sites in Kumaon during

2014-2015Sampling sites Stations Winter Summer Rain Annual/Average

Nainital

Bus stand Mean 19.95 21.36 20.21 20.50SD 2.48 4.2 2.87 3.18

Mall roadMean 17.73 19.38 18.7 18.60SD 3.57 2.63 3.2 3.13



Mukteshwar(Control)

Lingard houseMean 9.43 11.1 10.69 10.40SD 2.3 5.26 205 70.85



Bhowali


15.35 18.46 16.71 16.842.26 3.05 2.32 2.54

Mean 16.42 18.89 16.61 17.30

83




SD 2.15 4.06 4.15 3.45


Bus StandMean 17.84 19.98 18.44 18.75SD 2.7 3.03 4.16 3.29


Mall RoadMean 16.32 18.62 17.2 17.38SD 3.19 4.43 5.07 4.23


SD 3.82 3.48 2.4 3.23Eco park Mean 11.55 13.91 12.28 12.58

2.17 3.36 3.14 2.89

Ranikhet





Pithoraghar


Mean 19.35 20.74 19.67 19.92SD 2.2 3.09 4.17 3.15



Kumon bus stand

Mean 18.3 20.38 19.46 19.38SD 2.9 4.23 3.25 3.46

Table .4.3.18 Active Biomaping: Seasonal and average variation in zinc (µg/gm) at different native sites in Kumaon during 2014-2015 in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Doz. and Molk.)

Sampling sites Stations Winter Summer Rain Annual/Average

Nainital

Bus stand Mean 92.36 108.1 67.76 89.40SD 3.92 6.54 4.73 5.06

Mall roadMean 77.18 97.07 58.89 77.71SD 4.22 5.82 3.67 4.57



Mukteshwar(Control)

Lingard houseMean 29.2 35.29 32.25 32.24SD 6.49 3.06 4.25 4.6



Bhowali


67.29 93.92 47.08 69.433.04 4.1 3.24 3.46

Mean 54.93 88.78 43.98 62.56

84




SD 3.07 5.32 2.28 3.55


Bus StandMean 68.09 97.35 51.51 72.31SD 3.89 6.16 2.32 4.12


Mall RoadMean 46.33 67.89 42.78 52.33SD 2.42 5.92 3.51 3.95


SD 3.72 4.32 2.12 3.38Eco park Mean 40.5 51.82 38.71 43.67

2.73 4.42 3.87 3.67

Ranikhet





Pithoragarh


Mean 69.41 88.08 50.78 69.42SD 3.62 4.38 2.36 3.45



Kumon bus standMean 53.38 88.52 50.42 64.10SD 2.36 4.76 2.43 3.18

85

PASSIVE MONITORING:GARHWAL

Table .4.3.19. PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual/average variation in Cadmium(µg/gm)at different native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015.

Sampling sites Mosses Winter Summer Monsoon Annual/Average

Mussoorie

Thuidium cyambifolium** 0.01 0.012 0.011 0.011Hypnum cupressiforme** 0.01 0.011 0.01 0.010Polytrichum sp 0.009 0.011 0.01 0.01Isotergium elegans 0.006 0.008 0.006 0.006Tortulla ruralis 0.008 0.01 0.009 0.009Trachypodopsis serrulata ….. 0.005 0.004 0.004

Dhanulti

Thuidium cyambifolium** 0.012 0.014 0.012 0.012Hypnum cupressiforme** 0.01 0.012 0.01 0.010Polytrichum sp. 0.009 0.01 0.008 0.009Tortulla ruralis 0.007 0.009 0.007 0.007Trachypodopsis serrulata 0.005 0.007 .... 0.006

ChambaThuidium cyambifolium** 0.011 0.013 0.011 0.010Hypnum cupressiforme** 0.012 0.013 0.011 0.012Polytrichum sp. 0.008 0.01 ...… 0.009Bryum sp. …. 0.009 0.007 0.008

86

Table .4.3.20. PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual/average variation in chromium (µg/gm)at different native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015.


Mussoorie

Thuidium cyambifolium** 34.71 36.18 35.39 35.42Hypnum cupressiforme** 32.19 35.11 33.87 33.72Polytrichum sp 29.07 32.24 21.61 27.64Isotergium elegans 21.52 24.78 23.63 23.31Tortulla ruralis 27.14 32.74 30.29 30.05Trachypodopsis serrulata … 26.87 25.32 26.09

Dhanulti

Thuidium cyambifolium** 40.04 45.92 43.19 43.05Hypnum cupressiforme** 39.32 42.86 40.04 40.74Polytrichum sp. 30.71 34.25 32.86 32.60Tortulla ruralis 27.42 31.08 30.51 29.67Trachypodopsis serrulata 23.8 27.31 .. 25.55

ChambaThuidium cyambifolium** 39.09 42.48 40.37 40.64Hypnum cupressiforme** 37.31 40.7 38.96 38.99Polytrichum sp. 32.7 35.23 … 33.96Bryum sp. …. 27.41 25.16 26.28

Table .4.3.21. PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual/average variation in cobalt (µg/gm)at different native sites in GARHWAL during (2014-2015).


Mussoorie


Dhanulti



87

Table .4.3.22.PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual/average variation in copper (µg/gm)at different native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015.


Mussoorie


Dhanulti



Table .4.3.23. PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual/average variation in iron (µg/gm)at different native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015.


Mussoorie


Dhanulti



88

Table .4.3.24.PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual/average variation in lead (µg/gm)at different native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015.


Mussoorie


Dhanulti



Table .4.3.25.PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual/average variation in lithium (µg/gm)at different native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015.


Mussoorie


Dhanulti



89

Table .4.3.26.PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual/average variation in nickel (µg/gm)at different native sites in GARHWAL during (2014-2015).


Mussoorie


Dhanulti


ChambaThuidium cyambifolium** 34.52 40.28 41.76 38.85Hypnum cupressiforme** 37.47 41.56 42.86 40.63Polytrichum sp. 32.08 36.13 … 34.10Bryum sp …. 27.47 29.43 28.45

Table .4.3.27. PASSIVE BIOMONITORING: Seasonal and annual/average variation in zinc (µg/gm)at different native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015.


Mussoorie


Dhanulti


ChambaThuidium cyambifolium** 37.92 43.08 24.76 35.25Hypnum cupressiforme** 35.27 41.66 23.86 33.59Polytrichum sp. 30.38 37.92 … 34.15Bryum sp …. 39.17 17.03 28.1

90

ACTIVE GARHWAL TABLES

Table 4.3.28 Active Biomonitoring of metals : Seasonal and annual cadmium (µg/gm) data from different native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015in moss

Thuidium cyambifolium(Doz. and Molk.)

Sampling sites

Stations Winter Summer Rain Annual2014-2015

Chamba

Forest range Mean 0.24 0.3 0.2 0.24SD 0.24 0.6 0.36 0.4

Office of food InspMean 0.59 1.16 0.5 0.75SD 0.26 0.35 0.43 0.34

Ayush hospitalMean 0.71 1.08 0.52 0.77SD 0.34 0.49 0.29 0.37

Bus standMean 1 1.42 0.63 1.01SD 0.34 0.27 0.52 0.37

Mussoorie

Kempty bus standMean 1.42 1.83 0.75 1.33SD 0.42 0.72 0.66 0.6

LBS academy Mean 0.68 1.13 0.46 0.75SD 0.38 0.7 0.26 0.44

Mall road Mean 1.23 1.36 0.61 1.06SD 0.29 0.35 0.19 0.27

Company bagh Mean 1 1.33 0.51 0.94SD 0.34 0.76 0.51 0.53

Dhanulti

Uttranchal rural

bank

Mean 1.28 1.57 0.65 1.16SD

0.68 0.3 0.18 0.38

Eco park Mean 0.33 0.52 0.3 0.38SD 0.18 0.2 0.08 0.15

Surkanda devi

temple

Mean 0.75 1.1 0.54 0.79SD

0.25 0.31 0.39 0.31

Mussoorie road Mean 1.11 1.48 0.75 1.11SD 0.32 0.57 0.38 0.42

Table 4.3.29 Active Biomonitoring of metals : Seasonal and annual chromium (µg/gm) data from different native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015 in moss


Sampling sites


Chamba




Bus standMean 60.05 78.12 61.24 66.47SD 4.12 4.37 2.16 3.55


91

Mussoorie LBS academy Mean 55.17 67.4 51.56 58.04SD 4.19 4.26 3.89 4.11

Mall road Mean 56.9 70.69 53.97 60.52SD 4.36 4.72 3.78 4.28

Company bagh Mean 55.87 69.24 52.8 59.30SD 3.46 4.17 2.78 3.47

Dhanulti

Uttranchal rural

bank

Mean 54.12 75.56 56.48 62.05SD

4.37 4.7 2.65 3.90

Eco park Mean 38.1 56.23 36.16 43.49SD 4.24 3.84 2.74 3.60

Surkanda devi

temple

Mean 51.56 73.16 54.12 59.61SD

4.92 6.47 4.24 5.21


Table 4.3.30. Active Biomonitoring of metals : Seasonal and annual cobalt (µg/gm)data from different native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015in moss


Sampling sites


Chamba




Bus standMean 63.38 80.21 66.52 70.03SD 4.81 5.42 4.19 4.80

Mussoorie



Mall road Mean 61.25 75.83 64.47 67.18SD 4.32 5.53 5.16 5.00


Dhanulti

Uttranchal rural

bank

Mean 59.36 76.72 67.97 68.01SD

3.25 4.38 3.68 3.77

Eco park Mean 42.89 62.79 53.64 53.10SD 2.43 4.29 3.82 3.51

Surkanda devi

temple

Mean 48.8 71.26 62.1 60.72SD

3.16 3.08 2.17 2.80


92

Table 4.3.31. Active Biomonioring of metals : Seasonal and annual copper (µg/gm)data from different native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015in moss


Sampling sites

Stations Winter Summer Rains Annual2014-2015

Chamba




Bus standMean 66.35 90.58 68.09 75.00SD 4.97 5.23 4.36 4.85

Mussoorie



Mall road Mean 61.72 83.24 61.48 68.81SD 3.31 5.46 2.43 3.73


Dhanulti

Uttranchal rural

bank

Mean 65.87 86.91 66.69 73.15SD

3.39 5.16 4.25 4.26

Eco park Mean 57.38 70.3 59.21 62.29SD 3.85 4.92 4.04 4.27

Surkanda devi

temple

Mean 61.18 73.45 56.05 63.56SD

3.71 4.11 4.92 4.24


Table 4.3.32.Active Bio-monitoring of metals : Seasonal and annual iron (µg/gm) data from different native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015in moss


Sampling sites


Chamba




Bus standMean 360.14 419.09 387.61 386.72SD 5.91 7.56 7.89 7.12

93

Mussoorie



Mall road Mean 341.27 371.16 355.68 354.29SD 6.34 7.56 8.05 7.316


Dhanulti

Uttranchal rural

bank

Mean 320.7 388.13 356.72 353.60SD

5.73 7.21 5.29 6.07

Eco park Mean 284.08 330.51 311.42 306.73SD 7.18 6.76 5.54 6.49

Surkanda devi

temple

Mean 329.82 399.12 371.11 365SD

5.26 5.19 6.94 5.79


Table 4.3.33. Active Biomonitoring of metals : Seasonal and annual lead (µg/gm)data from different native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015 in moss


Sampling sites


Chamba




Bus standMean 50.9 71.26 54.03 58.73SD 2.12 4.29 2.61 3.00

Mussoorie



Mall road Mean 48.33 75.87 51.07 58.42SD 4.27 6.89 4.08 5.08


Dhanulti

Uttranchal rural

bank

Mean 46.79 71.94 50.97 56.56SD

3.06 4.8 3.12 3.66

Eco park Mean 40.73 56.32 42.89 46.64SD 2.89 3.57 4.33 3.59

Surkanda devi

temple

Mean 44.31 70.49 50.46 55.08SD

2.18 4.34 3.72 3.41


94

Table 4.3.34.Active Biomonitoring of metals : Seasonal and annual lithium (µg/gm)data from different native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015 in moss


Sampling sites


Chamba

Forest rangeMean 3.74 5.09 3.69 4.17SD 0.32 0.4 0.53 0.41

Office of food InspMean 4.59 6.25 6 5.61SD 0.59 0.35 0.43 0.45


Bus standMean 5.4 7.86 6.78 6.68SD 0.32 0.7 0.43 0.48

Mussoorie


LBS academyMean 4.34 6.17 5.85 5.45SD 0.54 0.61 0.49 0.54

Mall roadMean 5.75 7.39 5.74 6.29SD 0.24 0.4 0.68 0.44

Company baghMean 4.8 6.63 5.45 5.62SD 0.57 0.92 0.37 0.62

Dhanulti

Uttranchal rural

bank

Mean 5.52 7.81 6.6 6.64SD

0.45 0.73 0.81 0.66

Eco parkMean 4.23 6.19 5.29 5.23SD 0.38 0.59 0.75 0.57

Surkanda devi

temple

Mean 5.24 7.21 6.26 6.23SD

0.43 0.55 1.14 0.70

Mussoorie roadMean 5.39 7.49 6.37 6.41SD 0.42 0.59 0.72 0.57

Table 4.3.35.Active Biomonitoring of metals : Seasonal and annual nickel (µg/gm)data from different native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015 in moss


Sampling sites


Chamba



Ayush hospital Mean 35.54 55.67 50.89 47.36

95

SD 2.2 3.67 4.57 3.48

Bus standMean 48.65 73.1 56.96 59.57SD 3.28 4.45 4.15 3.96

Mussoorie



Mall road Mean 48.81 75.68 58.47 60.98SD 4.12 5.45 3.31 4.29


Dhanulti

Uttranchal rural

bank

Mean 44.15 65.48 53.86 54.49SD

2.32 4.17 5.26 3.91

Eco park Mean 41.49 62.28 51.24 51.67SD 3.14 3.09 4.29 3.50

Surkanda devi

temple

Mean 44.67 67.96 52.42 55.01SD

2.45 5.15 4.82 4.14


Table 4.3.36.Active Biomonitoring of metals : Seasonal and annual zinc (µg/gm)data from different native sites in GARHWAL during 2014-2015 in moss


Sampling sites


Chamba




Bus standMean 47.68 73.76 35.69 52.3SD 3.19 4.02 2.31 3.17

Mussoorie



Mall road Mean 45.52 77.78 36.83 53.37SD 2.81 5.66 2.1 3.52


Dhanulti

Uttranchal rural

bank

Mean 46.45 75.84 33.49 51.92SD

3.72 4.89 2.9 3.83

Eco park Mean 38.5 49.07 28.87 38.81SD 2.3 3.17 2.96 2.81

96

Surkanda devi

temple

Mean 31.85 68.97 30.9 43.90SD

2.34 4.05 3.92 3.43


4.4 Season wise metal comparison of atmospheric Metalsof Kumoun area (2015 with 2014)

4.4.1 Cadmium

4.4.1.1 Nainital:(sites included are : Nainital bus stand, Mall road, Thandi sadak and South mall road)

Winter: Cd concentration from Nainitalmonitoring sites (Nainital bus stand, Mall road, Thandi sadak and South Mall Road) were in 2014 as 1.06, 0.73,0.72, and 0.79 µg/mg and same measured as 1.13, 0.81, 0.78, and 0.82 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Cd in 2014 from Nainital was 0.82µg/mg and 0.88µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in winter Cd is calculated as 6.77 over to 2014.

Summer: Cd value measured from undertaken stations of Nainital mentioned as above were 1.44 ,1.34, 1.11, 1.12 µg/mg in 2014 and same wasmeasured 1.6, 1.14, 1.31, and 1.21 µg/mg in 2015.

Mean values of Cd of above stations during summer of 2014 from Nainital was 1.25 µg/mg and same was 1.31 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 4.74.

Monsoon: During monsoon the Cd in moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Nainital of mentioned sampling stations (Bus stand, Mall road, Thandi sadak,and South mall road) were 0.89, 0.62, .97, and 0.56 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 0.97, 0.69, 0.68, and 0.73 µg/mg in 2015. Average monsoon value of Cd in 2014 from Nainital was 0.76 µg/mg and same was 0.76µg/mg in 2015 exhibited an increase of 0.9% in monsoon.

4.4.1.2 Mukteshwar: (sites included are Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI Mukteshwar campus)

Winter: Cd concentration in 2014 and 2015 in moss undertaken Thuidium cyambifolium from Mukteshwar monitoring sites (Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI Mukeshwar campus) were 0.58, 0.42 and 0.56 µg/mg and 0.53, 0.45 and 0.60 µg/mg respectively. Average winter values for Cd of these stations in 2014 was 0.52µg/mg and 0.526µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in winter Cd is 1.26.

Summer: Values for Cd of 2014 of above stations were 0.86, 0.75 and 0.51 µg/mg and same were 0.83, 0.73 and 0.54 µg/mg in summer of 2015.

Average total Cd intake during summer of station undertaken from Mukteshwar in 2014 was 0.70 µg/mg and same was 0.71 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is 1.39.

Monsoon : During monsoon the Cd in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI campus) were 0.43, 0.38, and 0.47µg/mg in 2014 and same were 0.4, 0.41 and 0.45 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from Mukteshwar was 0.422 µg/mg and same were 0.426 µg/mg in 2015, Metal Cd has been found reduce to 1.5% in monsoon.

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4.4.1.3 Bhowali: (sites included are Mukteshwer road,Nanital road and Almora road)

Winter: The load of Cd in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom the monitoring sites of Bhowali (Mukteshwer road,Nanital road and Almora road) were calculated in 2014 as 1.03, 0.96, and 0.86 µg/mg and same were 0.98, 1.21, and 0.90 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Cd in 2014 from Bhowali was 0.95 µg/mg and same was 1.05 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increased during winter for Cd was calculated as 7.7.

Summer: Cd values measured from Bhowali from above sampling stations were measured in 2014 as 1.42, 1.36 and 1.24 µg/mg and same were 1.3, 1.46 and 1.23µg/mg in 2015.

Annual Cd intake in 2014 summer from Bhowali was 1.34 µg/mg and same was 1.33 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage decrease in 2015 compare to 2014 was as 0.75.

Monsoon: During monsoon the Cd in moss samples (Mukteshwer road,Nanital road and Almora road) were 0.65, 0.73, and 0.57 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 0.7, 0.76 and 0.61 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from Bhowali was 0.65 µg/mg and same was 0.69 µg/mg in 2015. Cd concentration of atmosphere has increased to 5.79% in monsoon.

4.4.1.4 Almora: (sites included are VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus Stand)

Winter: The load of Cd from the monitoring sites of Alomrain moss Thuidium cyambifolium(VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 0.50, 0.62 and 0.68 µg/mg and same were 0.59, 0.66, and 0.71 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Cd in 2014 from Almora was 0.60 µg/mg and same was 0.65 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in winter Cd is 8.16Summer: Cd value measured from Almora (VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 0.87, 0.89 and 1.09 µg/mg and same was 0.91, 0.93 and 1..13µg/mg in 2015.

Total Cd intake in 2014 summer from Almora was 0.95 µg/mg and same was 0.99 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage Increase in 2015 compare to 2014 is as 4.04.

Monsoon: During monsoon the Cd in moss samples (VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand) were 0.38, 0.58, and 0.44 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 0.43, 0.61 and 0.53 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from Almora was 0.86 µg/mg and same was 0.82 µg/mg in 2015. An increased of 7.6% was obsedved in 2015.

4.4.1.5 Artula: (sites included are Artula bus stand and Mall road)

Winter: The load of Cd in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom the monitoring sites of Artula (Artula bus stand and Mall road) were calculated in 2014 as 0.85, and 0.70 µg/mg and same were 0.65 and 0.72µg/mg in 2015. An average winter values of Cd in 2014 from Artula was 0.77 µg/mg and same was 0.68 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increase in winter Cd is 2.3.

Summer: Cd values measured from Artula(Artula bus stand and Mall road) were calculated in 2014 as 1.05, and 0.92 µg/mg and same was 0.95 and 0.97µg/mg in 2015.

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Total Cd intake in 2014 summer from Artula was 0.98µg/mg and same were 0.96µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increase in 2015 compare to 2014 is 2.6.

Monsoon: During monsoon the Cd in moss samples (Artula bus stand and Mall road) were 0.68 and 0.62 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 0.58, and 0.65 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from Artula was 0.65 µg/mg and same was 0.61 µg/mg in 2015.Metal Cd value reduced to 5.6% in monsoon.

4.4.1.6 Jageshwer: (sites included are opposite temple and Eco-park)

Winter: The load of Cd from the monitoring sites of Jageshwer (opposite temple and Eco-park) were calculated in 2014 as 0.78, and 0.69 µg/mg and same were 0.70 and 0.62 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Cd in 2014 from Jageshwer were 0.73 µg/mg and same was 0.66 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage decrease in Cd value was calculated as 1.1 in winter.

Summer: Cd values measured from Jageshwer in undertaken Thuidium cyambifolium(opposite temple and Eco-park) were calculated in 2014 as 0.96 and 0.87µg/mg and same were 0.93 and 0.84µg/mg in 2015.

Total Cd intake in 2014 summer from Jageshwer was 0.91µg/mg and same were 0.88 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage drop off in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 3.38.

Monsoon: During monsoon the Cd in moss samples (opposite temple and Eco-park) were 0.63 and 0.61 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 0.61, and 0.57µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from Jageshwer was 0.62 µg/mg and same was 0.59 µg/mg in 2015, Cd exhibited downward trend of 5.0% in monsoon.

4.4.1.7 Ranikhet: (sites included are Golf course, Sadar bazaar, Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand)

Winter: The load of Cd from the monitoring sites of Ranikhet (Golf course, Sadar bazaar, Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 0.95,1.01, 0.84 and 0.97 µg/mg and same were 0.90, 1.09, 0.87 and 1.12 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Cd in 2014 from Ranikhet was 0.94 µg/mg and same was 0.95 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in winter for Cd is calculated as 5.27.

Summer: Cd values from Ranikhet (Golf course, Sadar bazaar, Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 1.35, 1.44, 1.31 and 1.24 µg/mg and same were 1.27, 1.51, 1.29 and 1.39µg/mg in 2015.

Total Cd intake in 2014 summer from Ranikhet was 1.33µg/mg and same were 1.36 µg/mg in 2015. Cadmium percentage improved in 2015 compare to 2014 is 2.19%.

Monsoon: During monsoon the Cd in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom (Golf course, Sadar bazaar, Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand) were 0.87, 0.88, 072 and 0.89 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 083,0.92, 0.75 and 0.93µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from Ranikhet was 0.84 µg/mg and same was 0.85 µg/mg in 2015. Metal Cd has increased to 2.04 % during monsoon.

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4.4.1.8 Pithoragarh: (sites included are Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand)

Winter: The load of Cd from the monitoring sites of Pithoragarh(Bus Stand, Main market, Almora Road and KMOU bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 0.85,0.66, 0.46 and 0.92 µg/mg and same were 0.90, 0.71,0.57 and 0.96 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Cd in 2014 from Pithoragarh was 0.72µg/mg and same was 0.78 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in winter Cd is 7.96.

Summer: Cd values in moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Pithoragarh (Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 1.21, 1.09, 1.14 and 1.25 µg/mg and same were 1.28,1.12, 0.94 and 1.15µg/mg in 2015.

Total Cd intake in 2014 summer from Pithoragarhwas 1.17µg/mg and same were 1.12 µg/mg in 2015. Cadmium percentage drop off in 2015 compare to 2014 is 2.45%.

Monsoon: During monsoon the Cd in moss samples (Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were 0.72, 0.48,038 and 0.58 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 078,0.52, 0.42 and 0.62µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from Pithoragarh was 0.54 µg/mg and same was 0.58 µg/mg in 2015 percentage increase was 7.6% in monsoon.

4.4.2 Chromium

4.4.2.1 Nainital: (sites are Nainital bus stand, mall road, Thandi sadak ,and South mall road )

Winter:- Cr concentration from Nainital monitoring sites (Nainital bus stand, mall road, Thandi sadak ,and South mall road) was measured in 2014 as 44.62, 56.61, 56.28, and 59.61 µg/mg and same were 46.12, 58.15, 54.02, and 59.32 µg/mg in 2015.

Total average winter values of Cr in 2014 from Nainital was 54.28µg/mg and same was 54.40µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in winter Cr is as .22.

Summer :- Cr value measured from Nainital (Nainital bus stand, Mall road, Thandi sadak, and south mall road) was calculated in 2014 as 72.34 ,81.25, 84.68, 83.11 µg/mg and same were 73.04, 79.05, 85.18, and 85.08 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Cr intake in 2014 summer from Nainital was 80.34 µg/mg and same was 80.58 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 0.3

Monsoon :- During monsoon the Cr in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Nainital bus stand, Mall road, Thandi sadak, and South mall road) were as 61.72, 63.88, 65.65, and 62.29 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 62.26, 64.34, 66.11, and 63.06 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cr in 2014 from Nainital was 63.38 µg/mg and same was 63.94 µg/mg in 2015. Cr is increased 0.87% in monsoon.

4.4.2.2 Mukteshwar:(sites included are Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI Campus)

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Winter:- Cr concentration in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom Mukteshwar monitoring sites(Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI campus) were measured in 2014 as 40.72, 42.8 and 43.61 µg/mg and same were 41.36, 43.68 and 42.11 µg/mg in 2015.Total average winter values of Cr in 2014 from Mukteshwar was 42.37µg/mg and same was 42.38µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in winter Cris calculated as 0.015.

Summer: Cr value measured from Mukteshwar (Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI campus) were in 2014 as 68.11, 70.98 and 68.52µg/mg and same were 66.97. 69.79 and 69.6 µg/mg during 2015.

Total Cr intake in 2014 summer from Mukteshwar was 69.20 µg/mg and same was 68.78 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage decrease in 2015 compare to 2014 is0.6.

Monsoon :During monsoon the Cr in moss samples (Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI Campus) were 48.82, 52.77, and 50.75µg/mg in 2014 and same were 49.12, 50.17 and 51.15 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cr in 2014 from Mukteshwar was 50.78 µg/mg and same was 50.14 µg/mg in 2015, Cr has reduce to1.26% in monsoon.

4.4.2.3 Bhowali:(sites included are Mukteshwer road,Nanital road and Almora road)

Winter :- The load of Cr from the monitoring sites of Bhowali (Mukteshwer Road,Nanital road and Almora road) were in 2014 as 52.4, 49.99, and 52.98µg/mg and same were 53.08, 50.56, and 53.08 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Winter values of Cr in 2014 from Bhowali was 51.79 µg/mg and same was 52.24 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in winter Cr value as 0.86.

Summer : During Summer the Cr in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Mukteswer road,Nanital road and Almora road) were as 79.32, 78.10, and 81.91 µg/mg in 2014 and same was 78.12,75.91 and 83.14 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cr in 2014 from Bhowali was 79.77 µg/mg and same was 79.05 µg/mg in 2015, Cr is decline to 0.91% .

Monsoon :Cr value measured from Bhowali (Mukteshwer road,Nanital road and Almora road) were in 2014 as 54.67, 60.14, and 66.4 µg/mg and same were 56.07, 61.39, and 64.04 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Cr intake in 2014 monsoon from Bhowali was 60.4 µg/mg and same was 60.5 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 0.15.

4.4.2.4 Almora:(sites included are VPKAS,Main market and Almora Bus stand )

Winter :- The load of Cr in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumof Alomra monitoring sites (VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand) were in 2014 as 47.1, 48.83 and 49.72 µg/mg and same were 48.19, 49.05 and 50.82 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Cr in 2014 from Almora was 48.55 µg/mg and same was 49.35 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in winter for Cr is calculated as 1.62.

Summer :- Cr value measured from Almora (VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand) were in 2014 as 74.24, 71.62 and 75.9µg/mg and same were 76, 72.09 and 76.49µg/mg in 2015.

Total Cr intake in 2014 summer from Almora was 73.92µg/mg and same was 74.86 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increase in 2015 compare to 2014 is 1.25.

Monsoon :- During monsoon the Cr in moss samples (VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand) were 57.46, 56.14, and 59.32 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 58.11, 56.24 and 59.92 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cr in 2014 from Almora was 57.64 µg/mg and same was 58.09 µg/mg in 2015, Cr was improved to 0.77 % in monsoon.

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Winter :The load of Cr from the monitoring sites of Artula (Artula bus stand and Mall road) were calculated in 2014 as 52.4 and 49.56 µg/mg and same were 52.79 and 50.06 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Cr in 2014 from Artula was 50.98 µg/mg and same was 51.42 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in winter for Cr iscalculated as 0.86.

Summer: Cr values measured from Artula(Artula bus stand and Mall road) were calculated in 2014 as 75.56 and 68.42 µg/mg and same were 76.09 and 69.12 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Cr intake in 2014 summer from Artula was 71.99µg/mg and same was 72.60 µg/mgin 2015. Percentage Increase in 2015 over 2014 is calculated as 0.84.

Monsoon :During monsoon the Cr in moss Thuidium cyambifolium(Artula bus stand and Mall road) were 62.67 and 55.62 µg/mg in 2014 and same was measured as 62.87 and 56.12 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cr in 2014 from Artula was 59.15µg/mg and same was 59.49 µg/mg in 2015, Cr value increased to 0.58% in monsoon.

4.4.2.6. Jageshwer: (sites included are opposite temple and Eco-park)

Winter:The load of Cr from the monitoring sites of Jageshwer (opposite temple and Eco-park) was measured in 2014 as 44.55 and 45.16 µg/mg and same was 43.85 and 45.58µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Cr in 2014 from Jageshwer was 44.85 µg/mg and same was 44.71 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage decrease for Cr is calculated as -0.31.

Summer: Cr values measured in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom Jageshwer (opposite temple and Eco-park) was calculated in 2014 as 71.29 and 71.89 µg/mg and same was 72.1 and 72.19µg/mg in 2015.

Total Cr intake in 2014 summer fromJageshwer was 71.59µg/mg and same was 72.14 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increase in 2015 compare to 2014 is 0.76.

Monsoon :- During monsoon the Cr in moss samples (opposite temple and Eco-park) was 52.15and 51.62 µg/mg in 2014 and same was measured as 52.57 and 51.9 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cr in 2014 from Jageshwer was 51.88 µg/mg and same was 52.23 µg/mg in 2015, Cr is level as 0.67% in monsoon.

4.4.2.7.Ranikhet:(sites included are Golf course, Sadar bazaar, Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand)

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Winter: The load of Cr from the monitoring sites of Ranikhet (Golf course, Sadar bazaar , Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand) were measured in 2014 as 47.55,39.55, 45.67 and 50.16 µg/mg and same were 46.84, 41.26, 46.14 and 52.39 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter value of Cr in 2014 from Ranikhet was 54.73 µg/mg and same was 46.65 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in winter for Cr is2.14.

Summer:Cr values from Ranikhet(Golf course , Sadar bazaar , Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand) measured in 2014 as 70.29, 72.81, 76.78 and 78.78 µg/mg and same were 71.42, 72.74, 75.37 and 79.6 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Cr intake in 2014 summer from Ranikhet was 74.50µg/mg and same were 74.78 µg/mg in 2015. Cadmium percentage has an increasing trend in 2015 compare to 2014 is as 0.36%.

Monsoon :During monsoon the Cr in moss Thuidium cyambifolium(Golf course , Sadar bazaar , Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand) was 50.15, 52.44, 58.73and 60.88 µg/mg in 2014 and same was 51.32, 53.06, 58.89 and 61.26µg/mg in 2015. Average Cr value in 2014 from Ranikhet was 55.5 µg/mg and same was 56.13 µg/mg in 2015, Cr value has increased to 1.03% in monsoon.

4.4.2.8. Pithoragarh:(sites included are Bus Stand, Main market, Almora Road and KMOU bus stand)

Winter :-The accumulation of Cr from the monitoring sites of Pithoragh (Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand) was calculated in 2014 as 51.45, 41.51, 44.74 and 51.11µg/mg and same was 52.15, 42.17, 45.5 and 51.89µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter value of Cr in 2014 from Pithoragarh was 47.20µg/mg and same was as 47.92 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in winter for Cr is 1.51.

Summer: Cr value analysed in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom Pithoragarh (Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were measured in 2014 as 76.26, 73.38, 75.1 and 78.55 µg/mg and same were 77.61, 74.18, 75.31 and 77.7µg/mg in 2015.

Total Cr intake in 2014 summer fromPithoragarhwas 75.82µg/mg and same was analysed as 76.2 µg/mg in 2015. Cadmium percentage impoved in 2015 over 2014 is calculated as 0.49%.

Monsoon :- During monsoon the Cr in moss samples (Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand) was 59.14, 55.74, 51.23 and 60.1 µg/mg in 2014 and same was 59.84, 56.14, 51.68 and 60.89 µg/mg in 2015. Average Cr in 2014 from Pithoragarh was 56.55µg/mg and same was 57.13 µg/mg in 2015, Cr is increased to 1.02% in monsoon.

4.4.3 Cobalt

4.4.3.1 Nanital : (sites included are Nainital bus Stand, Mall road, Thandi sadak ,and South Mall road )

Winter:Coconcentration in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom monitoring sites (Nainital bus Stand, Mall road, Thandi sadak ,and South Mall road) was measured in 2014 as 69.8, 52.43,57.28 and 55.15µg/mg and same was 70.28, 52.87, 57.83 and 55.63µg/mg in 2015.

Total average winter value of Co in 2014 from nainital was 58.66µg/mg and same was 59.15µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in winter Co is calculated as 0.82

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Summer: Covalue measured from Nainital (Nainital bus stand, Mall road, Thandi sadak,and South Mall Road) was Calculated in 2014 as115.63, 91.69, 92.65 and 95.31 µg/mg and same was 116.14, 92.08, 92.89 and 95.75µg/mg in 2015.

Total Cointake in 2014 summer from Nainital was 98.82 µg/mg and same was 99.21µg/mg in 2015.Percentage Co increased in 2015 over 2014 as 0.39.

Monsoon:During monsoon the Co in moss samples (Nainital bus stand, Mall road, Thandi sadak, and South Mall road) was 86.71, 73.92, 75.04 and 72.95 µg/mg in 2014 and same was 87.51, 74.34, 75.56 and 73.12 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Co in 2014 from Nainital was 77.15µg/mg and same was 77.63µg/mg in 2015, Co value increased 0.61% during monsoon.

4.4.3.2 Mukteshwar:(sites included are Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI Campus)

Winter:Coconcentration from Mukteshwar monitoring sites (Lingard House, Edward House, and IVRI Campus) were measured in 2014 as 45.09, 50.86and 51.21µg/mg and same were 46.71, 50.03, 51.34 µg/mg in 2015 .Total average Winter values of Coin 2014 from Mukteshwar was 49.05µg/mg and same was 49.36µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in winter Co is calculated as 0.62.

Summer:In moss Thuidium cyambifoliumCovalue was measured from Mukteshwar (Lingard House, Edward House, and IVRI Campus) in 2014 as 72.92, 77.74and 79.72 µg/mg and same was 72.12, 86.04, and 89.84 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Cointake in 2014 summer from Mukteshwar was 76.79 µg/mg and same was 82.66 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage change in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 1.04.

Monsoon :- During monsoon the Co in moss sample (Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI Campus) was 56.62, 58.44, and 60.95 µg/mg in 2014 and same was 55.12, 57.84 and 60.69 µg/mg in 2015. Average Coin 2014 from Mukteshwar was 58µg/mg and same was 57.88 µg/mg in 2015. A reverse change in Co value was 0.20 % in monsoon.

4.4.3.3 Bhowali:(sites included are Mukteshwer road,Nanital road and Almora road)

Winter :- The load of Cofrom the monitoring sites of Bhowali (Mukteshwer Road,Nanital road and Almora road) was in 2014 as 62.5, 60.84 and 59.32µg/mg and same was 62.79, 61.37 and 60.42 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter value of Coin 2014 from Bhowali was 60.88 µg/mg and same was 60.42 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in winter for Cowas calculated as 1.04.

Summer :- During summer the Coin moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Mukteshwer Road,Nanital road and Almora road) was 92.5, 95.25 and 92.6µg/mg in 2014 and same analyzed as 96.5, 99.82 and 91.36 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Co in 2014 from Bhowali was 93.45 µg/mg and same was 95.89 µg/mg in 2015. Co in moss samples of two periods is increased to 0.11% .

Monsoon :Covalue measured from Bhowali (Mukteshwer road,Nanital road and Almora road) was measured in 2014 as 88.05, 82.39 and 79.42µg/mg and same measured as 87.85, 82.68 and 80.16 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Cointake in 2014 monsoon from Bhowali was 83.2 µg/mg and same was 83.5 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increase in 2015 compare to 2014 was calculated as 0.33.

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4.4.3.4 Almora:(sites included are VIPKAS,Main market and Almora Bus Stand)

Winter : The load of Cofrom the monitoring sites of Alomra (VIPKAS,Main market and Almora Bus Stand) was calculated in 2014 as 59.83, 60.5 and 62.78µg/mg and same was 59.18, 59.88, and 63.18 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Coin 2014 from Almora was 61.03 µg/mg and same was 60.74 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage decrease in winter Co valueis calculated as -0.47.

Summer : Covalue measuredin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Almora (VIPKAS,Main market and Almora Bus stand) was Calculated in 2014 as 104.26, 103.37 and 109.1µg/mg and same was 104.58, 103.72 and 108.72 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Cointake in 2014 summer from Almora was 105.57 µg/mg and same was 105.66 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in 2015 against 2014 was 0.08.

Monsoon :During monsoon the Coin moss samples (VIPKAS,Main market and Almora Bus stand) was 84.45, 85.95, and 87.36 µg/mg in 2014 and same was 84.67, 85.35 and 87.83 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Coin 2014 from Almora was 85.91µg/mg and same was 85.95 µg/mg in 2015. An increase in Co value in 2015 over 2014 was 0.03%.

4.4.3.5 Artula: (sites included are Artula Bus stand and Mall road)

Winter :The load of Co in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom Artula (Artula Bus stand and Mall road) were analyzed in 2014 as 60.6 and 52.56µg/mg and same were 59.78 and 51.98 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Winter values of Coin 2014 from Artula was 56.58 µg/mg and same was 55.88 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage decrease in winter value of Co is 1.25.

Summer: Co value measured from Artula(Artula bus stand and Mall road) was Calculated in 2014 as 105.1 and 88.42 µg/mg and same was 104.61and 68.91 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Cointake in 2014 summer from Artula was 96.76 µg/mg and same was 86.76 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increase in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 0.08.

Monsoon :During monsoon the Co in moss samples (Artula bus stand and Mall road) was 87.82 and 74.62 µg/mg in 2014 and same was 87.43 and 72.03 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Coin 2014 from Artula was 81.22µg/mg and same was 79.73 µg/mg in 2015. Co value has decreased as1.84% in monsoon.


Winter :- The value of Cofrom the monitoring sites of Jageshwer (opposite temple and Eco-park) were measured in 2014 as 54.73 and 57.28 µg/mg and same were 54.16 and 56.88 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Coin 2014 from Jageshwer was 56.0 µg/mg and same was 55.52 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage decrease in winter Co was -0.95.

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Summer :- Covalues measured from Jageshwer (opposite temple and Eco-park) were measured in 2014 as 93.82 and 91.89µg/mg and same was 96.22 and 91.46 µg/mg in 2015.

Co intake in 2014 summer measured fromJageshwerin moss samples was 92.85 µg/mg and same were 93.84 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increase for Co in 2015 compare to 2014 was 1.04.

Monsoon :- During monsoon the Coin moss Thuidium cyambifolium(opposite temple and Eco-park) were 83.53 and 82.32 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 83.13 and 81.88µg/mg in 2015. Total average Coin 2014 from Jageshwer was 82.92µg/mg and same was 82.50 µg/mg in 2015. Co value has decreasing trend (0.50%) during monsoon.


Winter:The load of Cofrom the monitoring sites of Ranikhet (Golf course , Sadar bazaar , Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand) were measured in 2014 as 60.6, 58.62, 55.67 and 65.21µg/mg and same were 61.42, 59.12, 55.89 and 65.84 µg/mg in 2015. Average winter value of Coin 2014 from Ranikhet was 60.02 µg/mg and same was 60.56 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increase in winter for Co is 0.26 %.

Summer: Covalues in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom Ranikhet(Golf course , Sadar Bazaar , Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand) in 2014 was 97.23, 104.41, 96.75 and 107.81 µg/mg and same measured as 110.96, 104.78, 97.32 and 118.24 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Cointake in 2014 summer fromRanikhet was 101.55 µg/mg while same were 107.82 µg/mg in 2015. Cadmium percentage gained in 2015 compare to 2014 is as 0.56%.

Monsoon :- During monsoon the Coin moss samples (Golf course , Sadar bazaar , Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand) weas 87.09, 87.41, 83.93 and 90.72 µg/mg in 2014 and same was 87.87, 87.1, 84.13 and 91.52 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Co in 2014 from Ranikhet was 87.28 µg/mg and same was measured as 87.65µg/mg in 2015, Co is increased to 0.41% in monsoon.


Winter :- The value of metal Cofrom the monitoring sites of Pithoragarh (Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were analyzed in 2014 as 66.23, 51.36, 54.74 and 67.38 µg/mg and same were 66.87, 51.84, 53.24 and 69.07 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Coin 2014 from Pithoragarh was 59.92 µg/mg and same was 60.25 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in Co valueis calculated as 0.54.

Summer: Co values from Pithoragarh(Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 112.84, 93.38, 97.17 and 102.84 µg/mg and same were 113.15, 93.92, 97.79 and 119.61 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Co intake in 2014 summer fromPithoragarh was 101.55 µg/mg and same was 106.11 µg/mg in 2015. Cadmium Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 and was calculated as 0.39%.

Monsoon :- During monsoon the Coin moss Thuidium cyambifolium(Bus Stand, main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were 92.8, 85.24, 87.13 and 93.28 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 93.24, 84.79, 87.89 and 93.8 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Co in 2014 from Pithoragarh was 89.61µg/mg and same was 89.93 µg/mg in 2015. Co value increased to 0.35% in monsoon.

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4.4.4. Copper

4.4.4.1 Nanital:(sites included are bus Stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand)

Winter: During winter the Cu in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Nainital Bus stand, Mall Road, Thandi sadak,and South Mall Road) were 49.62, 44.64, 43.46 and 47.24µg/mg in 2014 and same were 50.31, 44.61, 43.81 and 47.64 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cu in 2014 from Nainital was 46.24µg/mg and same was 46.59µg/mg in 2015, Cu is increased 0.75% in winter.

Summer: Cu values measured from Nainital (Nainital Bus stand, Mall road, Thandi sadak, and South Mall Road) were calculated in 2014 as 68.34, 62.12, 59.82 and 54.72 µg/mg and same were 68.82, 62.74, 60.13 and 54.96µg/mg in 2015.

Total Cu intake in 2014 summer from Nainital was 61.25 µg/mg and same was 61.66µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in 2015 Compare to 2014 is as 0.66.

Monsoon : Cu concentration from Nainital monitoring sites (Nainital bus stand, Mall road, Thandi sadak ,and South mall road) were measured in 2014 as 66.72, 62.09, 57.47 and 51.46 µg/mg and same were 66.91 , 62.43 , 57.81 and 51.79 µg/mg in 2015.

Total average winter values of Cu in 2014 from nainital was 59.43 µg/mg and same was 59.73 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increase in monsoon for metal Cu is calculated as 0.5.

4.4.4.2 Mukteshwar: (sites included are Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI Campus)

Winter:- Cu concentration from Mukteshwar monitoring sites (Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI Campus) were measured in 2014 as 37.42, 34.32 and 37.62 µg/mg and same were 37.13, 34.41 and 37.54 µg/mg in 2015.Total average winter value of Cu in 2014 from Mukteshwar was 36.45µg/mg and same was 36.36 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage decrease in winter value for metal Cu calculated as 0.25.

Summer :- Cu values in moss Thuidium cyambifoliummeasured from Mukteshwar (Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI Campus) were calculated in 2014 as 48.18, 45.81 and 52.82 µg/mg and values were 48.04, 45.89 and 52.78 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Cu intake in 2014 summer from Mukteshwar was 48.93 µg/mg and same was 48.90 µg/mg in 2015. Cu percentage has reduce in 2015 compare to 2014 as 0.06.

Monsoon :- During monsoon the Cu in moss samples (Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI campus) was 43.32, 41.85 and 47.46µg/mg in 2014 and same was 43.21, 41.91 and 47.42 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cu in 2014 from Mukteshwar was 44.21 µg/mg and same was 44.18 µg/mg in 201.A decrease of 0.06 % during monsoon was observed in 2015 over 2014.

4.4.4.3 Bhowali: (sites included are Mukteshwer road,Nanital road and Almora road)

Winter :- The load of Cu from the monitoring sites of Bhowali (Mukteshwer road,Nanital road and Almora road) were calculated as 2014 47.12, 43.56, and 42.32µg/mg and same were 47.52,43.9 and 42.81 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Cuin 2014 from Bhowali was 44.33 µg/mg and same was 44.74 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in winter for Cu value calculated as 0.91.

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Summer :- During Summer the Cu in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Mukteshwer road,Nanital road and almora road) were 60.64, 58.42 and 52.38 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 60.92, 58.89 and 52.53 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cu in 2014 from Bhowali was 57.14 µg/mg and same was 57.44 µg/mg in 2015. An increasing trend of Cu was 0.11% .

Monsoon :-Cu values measured from Bhowali (Mukteshwer Road,Nanital Road and Almora Road) were in 2014 as 57.82, 52.62 and 50.73 µg/mg and same were 58.09, 52.96 and 51.03 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Cu intake in 2014 monsoon from Bhowali was 53.72 µg/mg and same were 54.02 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in 2015 Compare to 2014 is calculated as 0.56.

4.4.4.4.Almora:(sites included are VPKAS,Main market and Almora Bus Stand)

Winter :- The load of Cu from the monitoring sites of Alomra (VPKAS,Main market and Almora Bus Stand) were calculated in 2014 as 43.52, 40.46 and 42.92 8µg/mg and same were 43.64, 40.83 and 43.12 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Winter values of Cu in 2014 from Almora was 42.30 µg/mg and same was 42.53 µg/mg in 2015.Copper percentage increased in winter as (0.78).

Summer :- Cu value in moss Thuidium cyambifoliummeasured from Almora (VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 58.47, 56.38 and 57.82 µg/mg and same were 58.77, 56.79 and 58.1 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Cu intake in 2014 summer from Almora was 57.55 µg/mg and same was 57.88 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in 2015 for Cu to 2014 is calculated as 0.57

Monsoon :During monsoon the Cu in moss samples (VPKAS,Main market and Almora Bus Stand) was 53.21, 54.65 and 53.23 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 53.63, 55.15 and 53.67 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cu in 2014 from Almora was 53.69 µg/mg and same was 54.15 µg/mg in 2015.Exibiting an increasetrend of Cu 0.83 % during monsoon.

4.4.4.5.Artula: (sites included are Artula bus stand and Mall road)

Winter :The load of Cu from the monitoring sites of Artula (Artula bus stand and Mall road) were analysed in moss 2014 as 46.42 and 44.35 µg/mg and same were 46.11 and 44.41 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Cu in 2014 from Artula was 45.38 µg/mg and same was 45.26 µg/mg in 2015. A decreasing trend of metal Cu was in 2015 respect to 2014 during winter was 0.27%.

Summer: Cu values measured from Artula(Artula Bus stand and Mall Road) were calculated in 2014 as 55.73 and 59.81 µg/mg and same were 55.32 and 59.7 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Cu intake in 2014 summer from Artula was 57.77µg/mg and same were 57.51 µg/mg in 2015. Decline in percentage, in 2015 Cu value has exhibited a decreasing trend 0.45%.

Monsoon :During monsoon the Cu in moss Thuidium cyambifolium(Artula bus stand and Mall road) were 52.72 and 57.65 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 52.5 and 57.72 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cu in 2014 from Artula was 55.18 µg/mg and same was 55.11 µg/mg in 2015. A drop of copper value in 2015 was 0.13% in monsoon.

4.4.4.6.Jageshwer:(sites included are opposite temple and Eco-park)

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Winter :The metal Cu in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom Jageshwer (opposite temple and Eco-park) were calculated in 2014 as 42.63 and 43.28 µg/mg and same were 40.5 and 43.34 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Cu in 2014 from Jageshwer was 42.95 µg/mg and same was 41.92 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage decrease in winter for Cu was 2.46.

Summer : Cu values measured from Jageshwer (opposite temple and Eco-park) were in 2014 as 50.14 and 52.8 µg/mg and same were 50.21 and 52.72 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Cu intake in 2014 summer fromJageshwer was 51.47 µg/mg and same were 51.46 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage decrease of Cu value in 2015 compare to 2014 was calculated as 0.3.

Monsoon :- During monsoon the Cu in moss samples (opposite temple and Eco-park) were 48.01 and 50.67 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 47.9 and 50.75 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cu in 2014 from Jageshwer was 49.34 µg/mg and same was 49.32 µg/mg in 2015. Atmospheric Cu value was low 0.03% in monsoon.

4.4.4.7 Ranikhet:(sites included are Golf Course , Sadar Bazaar , Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand)

Winter :- The load of Cu in moss from the monitoring sites of Ranikhet (Golf Course , Sadar Bazaar , Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand ) were calculated in 2014 as 45.62, 42.60, 45.56 and 46.5 µg/mg and same were 45.83, 42.87, 46.16 and 46.84 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Cu in 2014 from Ranikhet was 45.07 µg/mg and same was 45.42 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in winter for Cuwas calculated as 0.77.

Summer-: Cu values in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom Ranikhet Golf course, Sadar bazaar, Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand were calculated in 2014 as 62.61, 58.16, 52.53 and 58.74 µg/mg and same were 62.9, 58.51, 52.97 and 59.11 µg/mg in 2015.

Cu intake in 2014 summer from Ranikhet was 58.01 µg/mg and same was 58.37 µg/mg in 2015. Copper percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 and is calculated as 0.62%.

Monsoon :- During monsoon the Cu valuein moss samples from Golf course, sadar bazaar, Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand were 57.34, 49.08, 42.49 and 50.59 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 57.59, 49.39, 42.79 and 51.09 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cu in 2014 from Ranikhet was 49.87 µg/mg and same was 50.21 µg/mg in 2015. Cu is increased to 0.97% in monsoon.

4.4.4.8.Pithoragarh: (sites included are Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand)

Winter :The load of Cu from the monitoring sites of Pithoragh in moss Thuidium cyambifolium(Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 47.7, 44.59, 46.56 and 49.82 µg/mg and same were 48.12, 44.97, 46.89 and 50.12µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Cu in 2014 from Pithoragh was 47.17 µg/mg and same was 47.52 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in winter Cu is calculated as 0.52.

Summer:Cu values of Pithoragarh (Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were in 2014 as 55.41, 58.74, 6014 and 63.18 µg/mg and same were 55.83, 59.04, 60.51and 63.67 µg/mg in 2015.

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Total Cu intake in 2014 summer from Pithoragarh was 59.36 µg/mg and same were 59.76 µg/mg in 2015. Cu percentage increased in 2015 Compare to 2014 is calculated as 0.66%.

Monsoon :During monsoon the Cu in moss samples (Bus stand, Main market, Almora Road and KMOU bus stand) were 49.79, 47.62, 54.66 and 57.45 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 50.03, 47.91, 54.9 and 57.79 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cu in 2014 from Pithoragarh was 52.38 µg/mg and same was 52.65 µg/mg in 2015, Cu is increased to 0.5% in monsoon.

4.4.5 Iron

4.4.5.1. Nainital: (sites included are Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand)

Winter: During winter the Fe loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Nainital bus stand, Mall road, Thandi sadak,and South mall road) were 408.02,346.32, 387,29 and 334.26µg/mg in 2014 and same were 412.82, 350.12, 389.9 and 334.9µg/mg in 2015. Total average Fe in 2014 from Nainital was 368.97 µg/mg and same was 371.93 µg/mg in 2015, Fe is 0.79% in winter.

Summer : Fe values measured from Nainital (Nainital bus stand, Mall road, Thandi sadak,and South mall road) were calculated in 2014 as 467.64, 382.47, 420.57 and 382.31 µg/mg and same were 469.05, 385.07, 421.59 and 382.87 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Fe intake in 2014 summer from Nainital was 413.24 µg/mg and same was 414.64 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in 2015 over to 2014 is calculated as 0.33.

Monsoon :.Feconcentration from Nainital monitoring sites (Nainital bus Stand, Mall road, Thandi sadak, and South mall road) were measured in 2014 as 513.51, 413.82, 445.04 and 412.95 µg/mg and same were 515.15, 415,02, 446.45 and 413.25 µg/mg in 2015.

Total average monsoon values of Fein 2014 from Nainital were 446.33 µg/mg and same was 447.46 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased for Fe is calculated as 0.25 in monsoon.

4.4.5.2. Mukteshwar: (sites included are Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI campus)

Winter :Fe concentration from Mukteshwar monitoring sites (Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI campus) were measured in 2014 as 318.92, 326.28, and 306.21 µg/mg and same were 316.12, 326.02 and 306.52 µg/mg in 2015 Total average winter values of Fe in 2014 from Mukteshwar was 317.13µg/mg and same was 316.22µg/mg in 2015.Percentage decrease forFe is calculated as 0.28 in winter.

Summer : Fe values in moss Thuidium cyambifolium measured from Mukteshwar (Lingard House, Edward House, and IVRI Campus) were calculated in 2014 as 341.43, 356.14 and 338.72 µg/mg and same were 339.31, 356.64 and 338.94 µg/mg in 2015.

Summer intake for metal Fe by moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Mukteshwar was 345.43 µg/mg and same was 344.96 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage change in 2015 forFe compare to 2014 is as 0.13.

Monsoon : During monsoon the Fe in moss samples (Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI campus) was 378.57, 384.85 and 365.95 µg/mg in 2014 and same was 378.79, 385.15 and 365.7 µg/mg in 2015.Total average Fe in 2014 from Mukteshwar was 376.45 µg/mg and same was 376.54 µg/mg in 2015. Gain in Fe% was 0.02% during monsoon.

4.4.5.3. Bhowali: (sites included are Mukteswer road,Nanital road and Almora road)

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Winter : The load of Fe in moss Thuidium cyambifolium from the monitoring sites of Bhowali (Mukteswer Road,Nanital Road and Almora Road) were calculated in 2014 377.5, 341.65 and 348.32 µg/mg and same were 378.05, 341.93 and 348.82 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Fe during 2014 from Bowali was 355.82 µg/mg and same was 356.26 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in winter forFe is calculated as 0.21.

Summer : During summer the valueFe in moss samples (Mukteswer road,Nanital road and Almora road) were 423.55, 388.42 and 402.78 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 423.97, 389.12 and 402.08 µg/mg in 2015. Average Fevalue in 2014 from Bhowali was 404.91 µg/mg and same was 405.05 µg/mg in 2015. Change in Fe was 0.034% .

Monsoon : Fe values measured from Bhowali (Mukteswer road,Nanital road and Almora road) were calculated in 2014 as 478.05, 410.62 and 422.49 µg/mg and same were 478.62, 410.79 and 422.77 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Fe intake in 2014 monsoon from Bhowali was 437.05 µg/mg and same was 437.39 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in 2015 over to 2014 is as 0.07.

4.4.5.4. Almora:(sites included are VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand)

Winter : The load of Fe from the monitoring sites of Alomra (VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 365.14, 340.2 and 360.56 µg/mg and same were 365.62, 340.46 and 360.91 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Fe in 2014 from Almora was 355.3 µg/mg and same was 355.66 µg/mg in 2015.Iron percentage increased in winter is calculated as 0.10.

Summer: Fe value measured from Almora (VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 412.82, 395.12 and 424.34 µg/mg and same were 413.04, 395.76 and 424.78 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Fe intake in 2014 summer from Almora was 410.76 µg/mg and same measured as 411.19 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in 2015 Fe compare to 2014 is calculated as 0.10.

Monsoon : During monsoon the Fe in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand) were 435.93, 417.72 and 452.17µg/mg in 2014 and same were 436.26, 418.06 and 452.62 µg/mg in 2015. Total average value ofFein 2014 from Almora was 435.27 µg/mg and same was 435.64 µg/mg in 2015. Change in Fe is to 0.06 % in monsoon over 2014.

4.4.5.5. Artula: (sites included are Artula bus stand and mall road)

Winter :The load of Fe from the monitoring sites of Artula (Artula bus stand and Mall road) were calculated in 2014 as 345.13, 314.65 µg/mg and same were 345.58, 342.02 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Fe in 2014 from Artula was 343.39 µg/mg and same was 343.8 µg/mg in 2015. Change in Iron percentage in 2015 respect to 2014 during winter is calculated as 0.11.

Summer : Fe in moss Thuidium cyambifolium measured from Artula(Artula bus stand and Mall road) were calculated in 2014 as 397.58 and 388.42 µg/mg and same were 397.15 and 388.1 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Fe intake in 2014 summer from Artula was 393 µg/mg and same were 392.62 µg/mg in 2015. Decline in Percentage in 2015 Fe compare to 2014 is calculated as 0.09.

Monsoon :- During monsoon the Fe in moss samples (Artula bus stand and Mall road) were 419.28 and 407.62 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 418.08 and 407.11 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Fe in

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2014 from Artula was 413.45 µg/mg and same was 412.59 µg/mg in 2015, Fewas change in to 0.2% in 2015 monsoon.

4.4.5.6. Jageshwer: (sites included are opposite temple and Eco-park)

Winter : The load of Fe in moss Thuidium cyambifolium from the monitoring sites of Jageshwer (opposite temple and Eco-park) were calculated in 2014 as 354.73 and 340.28 µg/mg and same were 355.09 and 340.07 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Fe in 2014 from Jageshwer was 347.50 µg/mg and same was 347.58 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increase ofFe is calculated as 0.02 in winter.

Summer : Fe values measured from Jageshwer (opposite temple and Eco-park) were in 2014 as 396.82 and 381.89 µg/mg and same were 397.11 and 382.76 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Fe intake in 2014 summer from Jageshwer was 389.35 µg/mg and same were 389.93 µg/mg in 2015. Change in percentage of Fe in 2015 compare to 2014 was 0.14.

Monsoon : During monsoon Fe in moss samples (opposite temple and Eco-park) were 413.53 and 402.32 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 414.07 and 402.89 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Fe in 2014 from Jageshwer was 407.92 µg/mg and same was 408.48 µg/mg in 2015. Change inFe was 0.13% during monsoon.

4.4.5.7. Ranikhet: (sites included are Golf course, Sadar bazaar, Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand)

Winter :- The load of Fe from the monitoring sites of Ranikhet (Golf course , Sadar bazaar , Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand) were in 2014 as 365.14, 377.62 and 349.67 and 380.6 µg/mg and same were 365.71, 377.91350.11 and 380.92 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Fe in 2014 from Ranikhet was 368.25 µg/mg and same was 368.66 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in winter for Fe was calculate as 0.11.

Summer-: Fe values from Ranikhet(Golf course , Sadar bazaar , Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 411.82, 424.41, 386.75 and 434.23 µg/mg and same was 412.1, 424.87, 386.15 and 435.82 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Feintake in 2014 summer fromRanikhet was 414.30 µg/mg and same were 414.73 µg/mg in 2015. Iron percentage dchang in 2015 compare to 2014 was as 0.10%.

Monsoon :- During monsoon the Fein moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Golf course , Sadar bazaar , Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand) were 442.3, 367.41, 403.93 and 467.09 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 442.69, 367.83, 404.2 and 467.57 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Fe in 2014 from Ranikhet was 420.18 µg/mg and same was 420.57 µg/mg in 2015, and % change was 0.92% in monsoon.

4.4.5.8. Pithoragarh: (sites included are Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand)

Winter :- The load of Fe in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom the sites of Pithoraghar (Bus Stand, Main market, Almora Road and KMOU bus stand) were in 2014 as 369.23, 351.36, 345.64 and

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368.87 µg/mg and same were 369.78, 352.07, 346.06 and 369.14 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Fe in 2014 from Pithoragh was 358.77 µg/mg and same was 359.26 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased for Fe was measured as 0.13.

Summer-:Fe values of Pithoragarh (Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were in 2014 as 412.84, 393.38, 387.35 and 409.45 µg/mg and same were 413.13, 393.97, 387.72 and 409.95µg/mg in 2015.

Total Fe intake in 2014 summer from Pithoragarhwas 400.75 µg/mg and same were 401.19µg/mg in 2015. Change for Fein 2015 over to to 2014 is 0.10%.

Monsoon :- Value of the Fe in moss samples (Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were 452.8, 415.24, 407.23 and 433.82 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 453.08, 415.72, 407.88 and 434.12 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Fe in 2014 from Pithoragarh was 427.27 µg/mg and same was 427.7 µg/mg in 2015. Fe increased to 0.1% in monsoon.

4.4.6 Lead

4.4.6.1 Nainital: (sites included are Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand)

Winter: During Winter Pb loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Nainital Bus Stand, Mall Road, Thandi sadak,and South Mall Road) were 66.87, 63.81, 62.59 and 65.61 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 67.03, 63.97, 62.82 and 65.89 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Pb in 2014 from Nainital was 64.72 µg/mg and same was 64.92 µg/mg in 2015, Pb is increased (+ 0.31%)in winter.

Summer : Pb values measured from Nainital (Nainital bus stand, Mall road, Thandi sadak,and South mall road) were calculated in 2014 as 92.82, 83.94, 82.85 and 83.11 µg/mg and same were 97.49, 84.06, 83.07 and 83.47 µg/mg in 2015.

Pb intake in 2014 summer from Nainital was 85.68 µg/mg and same was 87.02 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increase in 2015 compare to 2014 was 0.28.

Monsoon :Pbconcentration from Nainital monitoring sites (Nainital bus stand, Mall road, Thandi sadak ,and South mall road) were measured in 2014 as 83.46, 71.92, 74.66and 72.29 µg/mg and same were measured as 83.46, 72.11, 74.9 and 72.58 µg/mg in 2015.

Total average monsoon values of Pb in 2014 from Nainital was 75.58 µg/mg and same was 75.76 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increaseduring monsoon in Pb is 0.23.

4.4.6.2 Mukteshwar: (sites included are Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI campus)

Winter :Pbvalue in moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Mukteshwar monitoring sites (Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI campus) were measured in 2014 as 25.35, 30.62 and 31.23 µg/mg and same were 25.61, 30.12 and 31.32 µg/mg in 2015.Total average winter values of Pb in 2014 from Mukteshwar was 29.06 µg/mg and same was 29.01µg/mg in 2015.Percentage decrease in winter Pb is calculated as 0.17.

Summer : Pb values measured from Mukteshwar (Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI campus) in 2014 as 39.9, 35.72and 36.86 and 338.72 µg/mg and same were 32.59, 35.5 and 36.53µg/mg in 2015.

Pb intake in 2014 summer from Mukteshwar was 35.16 µg/mg and same was 34.87 µg/mg in 2015. During summer percentage reduce in 2015 Pb compare to 2014 is calculated as 0.82.

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Monsoon :Pbmeasuredin moss samples (Lingard house, Edward House, and IVRI Campus) were 29.73, 33.81 and 33.75µg/mg in 2014 and same were 29.67, 33.6 and 33.81µg/mg in 2015. Total average Pb in 2014 from Mukteshwar was 32.43 µg/mg and same was 32.36 µg/mg in 2015, Pb was drop down to 0.21 % in monsoon.

4.4.6.3 Bhowali: (sites included are Mukteswer road,Nanital road and Almora road)

Winter : The load of Pb from the monitoring sites of Bhowali (Mukteswer road,Nanital road and Almora road) were measured in 2014 60.64, 59.94 and 55.34 µg/mg and same were 60.8, 60.07 and 55.76 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Pb in 2014 from Bowali was 58.64 µg/mg and same was 58.87 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increase in winter Pbwas 0.4.

Summer : SummerPbvalue in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Mukteswer road,Nanital road and Almora road) were 72.12, 69.61 and 65.53 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 72.42, 69.89 and 65.83 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Pb in 2014 from Bhowali was 69.08 µg/mg and same was 69.38 µg/mg in 2015. Pb value is increased to 0.48% .

Monsoon : Pb values measured from Bhowali (Mukteswer road,Nanital road and Almora road) were in 2014 as 56.7, 48.35 and 38.09 µg/mg and same were 56.91, 48.54 and 38.27 µg/mg in 2015.Total Pbintake in 2014 monsoon from Bhowali was 47.71 µg/mg and same was 47.90 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage change in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as +0.4.

4.4.6.4 Almora:(sites included are VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand)

Winter :The load of Pb from the monitoring sites of Alomra (VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand) were in 2014 as 35.81, 54.17 and 53.61 µg/mg and same were 35.4, 53.96 and 53.67 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Pb in 2014 from Almora was 47.86 µg/mg and same was 47.67 µg/mg in 2015. Lead percentage decreased in winter is calculated as 0.39.

Summer:Pb value measured from Almora (VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand) were in 2014 as 40.17, 70.86 and 68.56 µg/mg and same were 39.93, 70.75 and 68.62 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Pb intake in summer 2014 from Almora was 59.86 µg/mg and same were 59.76 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage decrease in 2015 Pb in compare to 2014 was 0.16.

Monsoon : During monsoon the Pb value in moss s Thuidium cyambifolium from VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand was 38.68, 44.28 and 49.4 µg/mg in 2014 and same was 38.47, 44.06 and 49.49 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Pb in 2014 from Almora was 44.12 µg/mg and same was 44.00 µg/mg in 2015, Down trend in the percentage of Pd during 2015 monsoon was 0.25.


Winter : Atmospheric load of Pb in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom the monitoring sites of Artula (Artula Bus stant and Mall Road) were calculated in 2014 as 63.78 and 44.35 µg/mg and same were 63.56 and 44.16v µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Pb in 2014 from Artula was 54.06 µg/mg and same was 53.86 µg/mg in 2015. Reduction in Lead percentage in 2015 respect to 2014 in winter is 0.38.

Summer : Pbvalues measured from Artula(Artula bus stand and Mall road) were calculated in 2014 as 55.73 and 61.65 µg/mg and same were 55.5and 61.47 µg/mg in 2015.

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Total Pb intake in summer 2014 from Artul was 58.69 µg/mg and same were 58.48 µg/mg in 2015. Decline in percentage in 2015 Pb compare to 2014 is calculated as 0.35.

Monsoon : During monsoon the Pb in moss samples (Artula bus stand and Mall road) were 52.72 and 57.81 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 52.48 and 57.7 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Pb value in 2014 from Artula was 55.26 µg/mg and same was 55.09 µg/mg in 2015.Pbvalue decreased to 0.31 % in 2015 monsoon.


Winter : AtmosphericPbfrom the monitoring sites of Jageshwer (opposite temple and Eco-park) were calculated in 2014 as 55.76 and 42.42 µg/mg and same were 55.59 and 42.19 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Pb in 2014 from Jageshwer was 49.09 µg/mg and same was 48.89 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage decrease in winter for Pb is calculated as 0.41.

Summmer : Pb values in moss Thuidium cyambifolium measured from Jageshwer (opposite temple and Eco-park) were in 2014 as 69.8 and 47.89 µg/mg and same were 69.69 and 47.72 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Pb intake in 2014 summer from Jageshwer was 389.35 µg/mg and same wa 389.93 µg/mg in 2015. A decrease in percentage of Pb in 2015 over to 2014 is0.24.

Monsoon : During monsoon the Pbin moss samples (opposite temple and Eco-park) were 46.32 and 43.41 µg/mg in 2014 and same was 46.21 and 43.29 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Pb in 2014 from Jageshwer was 44.86 µg/mg and same was 44.75 µg/mg in 2015, change inPbwas 0.25% in monsoon.


Winter : AtmosphericPb from the monitoring sites of Ranikhet (Golf course, Sadar bazaar, Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 62.85, 56.64, 56.7 and 60.16 µg/mg and same were 63.12, 56.9, 56.95 and 60.34 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Pb in 2014 from Ranikhet was 59.08 µg/mg and same was 59.32 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in winter Pb was 0.4.

Summer : Pb values from Ranikhet (Golf course, Sadar bazaar, Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand) were in 2014 as 75.55, 78.34, 73.85 and 80.47 µg/mg and same were 75.79, 78.62, 74.09 and 80.68 µg/mg in 2015.

Pb intake in moss Thuidium cyambifolium during 2014 summer from Ranikhet was 77.05 µg/mg and same were 77.29 µg/mg in 2015. Lead percentage improved in 2015compare to 2014 and was0.31.

Monsoon : During monsoon the Pb in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Golf course, Sadar bazaar, Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand) were 54.03, 51.02, 48.23 and 53.76 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 54.23, 51.49, 48.41 and 53.9 µg/mg in 2015. Average Pb in 2014 from Ranikhet was 51.76 µg/mg and same increased 52.00 µg/mg in 2015, An increasing treand of 0.47% was observed in monsoon.

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Winter : The value of Pb in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom the sites of Pithoraghar (Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 67.56, 60.24, 58.87 and 65.92 µg/mg and same were 67.84, 6039, 59.06 and 66.12 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Pb in 2014 from Pithoragh was 63.14 µg/mg and same was 63.35 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in winter Pb was 0.32.

Summer :Pb values from Pithoragarh (Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 78.92, 70.37, 72.3 and 72.08 µg/mg and same were 79.13, 70.52, 72.46 and 72.29 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Pb intake in 2014 summer from Pithoragh was 73.41 µg/mg and same were 73.6 µg/mg in 2015. Pb percentage impoved in 2015 compare to 2014 was0.24.

Monsoon : During monsoon the Pb in moss samples (Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were 59.34, 57.3, 53.38 and 56.44 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 59.62, 57.47, 53.59 and 56.78 µg/mg in 2015. Total Pb in 2014 from Pithoragarh was 56.61 µg/mg and same was 56.86 µg/mg in 2015. An increase inPbpercentage was 0.44 in monsoon.

4.4.7 Lithium


Winter: During winter the Li loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium(Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were 10.82, 7.34, 6.69 and 6.71 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 11.12, 7.52, 6.81 and 6.91µg/mg in 2015. Average Li in 2014 from Nainital was 7.89 µg/mg and same was 8.09 µg/mg in 2015, Li is increased 2.47% in winter.

Summer : Li values measured from Nainital (Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were in 2014 as 12.78, 9.24, 8.37 and 8.25 µg/mg and same were 12.92, 9.37, 8.57 and 8.42 µg/mg in 2015.Total Li intake in 2014 summer from Nainital was 9.66 µg/mg and same was 9.82 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is as 1.62.

Monsoon :.Liconcentration from Nainital monitoring sites (Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were measured in 2014 as 6.52, 4.42, 5.04 and 5.15 µg/mg and same were 6.7, 4.58, 5.3 and 5.22 µg/mg in 2015. Total average monsoon values of Li in 2014 from Nainital was 5.28 µg/mg and same was 5.45 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increased for Li is calculated as 3.07 in monsoon.

4.4.7.2 Mukteshwar:(sites included are Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI campus)

Winter: Metal was measured in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumLi concentration from Mukteshwar monitoring sites (Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI campus) were measured in 2014 as 4.1, 3.92 and 5.41 µg/mg and same was 3.94, 4.02 and 5.48 µg/mg in 2015 .Average winter values of Li in 2014 from Mukteshwar was 4.47 µg/mg and same was 4.48 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increase inLi wascalculated as 0.07.

Summer: Li values in moss Thuidium cyambifolium measured from Mukteshwar (Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI campus) werein 2014 as 6.86, 5.42 and 4.12 µg/mg and same were 6.92,

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5.51 and 4.18 µg/mg in 2015.Total Li intake in 2014 summer from Mukteshwar was 5.46 µg/mg and same was 5.53 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage incresedin 2015 Liover to 2014 is calculated as 1.26.

Monsoon : During monsoon the Li in moss samples (Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI campus) were 4.07, 3.76 and 3.23 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 4.15, 3.7 and 3.29 µg/mg in 2015.Li in 2014 from Mukteshwar was 3.68 µg/mg and same was 3.71 µg/mg in 2015, Li is magnified to 0.71 % in monsoon.


Winter : Li from the monitoring sites of Bhowali (Mukteswer road,Nanital road and Almora road) were calculated in 2014 8.27, 7.89 and 7.69 µg/mg and same were 8.73, 8.06 and 7.85 µg/mg in 2015. Winter values of Li in 2014 from Bhowali was 7.95 µg/mg and same was 8.21 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in winter for Li is calculated 3.2.

Summer : During Summer the Liin moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Mukteswer road,Nanital road and Almora road) were 6.32, 5.98 and 9.13µg/mg in 2014 and same were 6.53, 6.14 and 9.28 µg/mg in 2015. Average Li in 2014 from Bhowali was 7.14 µg/mg and same was 7.31 µg/mg in 2015, Li is improved to 2.36% .

Monsoon : MetalLi measured from Bhowali (Mukteswer road,Nanital road and Almora road) were calculated in 2014 as 5.23, 5.42 and 4.58 µg/mg and same were 5.49, 5.61 and 4.7 µg/mg in 2015.

Intake of Li in 2014 monsoonr from Bhowali was 5.07 µg/mg and same was 5.26 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage of Li increased in 2015 compare to 2014 was 3.6.


Winter : The load of Li from the monitoring sites of Alomra (VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 6.32, 5.98 and 9.13 µg/mg and same were 6.53, 6.14 and 9.28 µg/mg in 2015. Winter values of Li in 2014 from Almora was 7.14 µg/mg and same was 7.31µg/mg in 2015. Lithium percentage increased in winter as 2.36.

Summer:MetalLi value measured from Almora (VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 5.64, 9.71 and 12.38 µg/mg and same were 5.81, 9.92 and 12.5 µg/mg in 2015.

Annual Li intake in 2014 summer from Almora was 9.24 µg/mg and same was 9.41 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage incresead in 2015 for Li over to 2014 is 1.77.

Monsoon: During monsoon the Li in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand) were 3.87, 5.22 and 6.5 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 3.02, 5.42 and 6.72 µg/mg in 2015. Decreasing trend ofLi in 2014 from Almora was 5.19 µg/mg and same was 5.05 µg/mg in 2015, Annual Percentage of Pd during 2015 monsoon was-2.83.

4.4.7.5 Artula: (sites included are artula bus stand and Mall road)

Winter : The load of Li in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom the sites of Artula (artula bus stand and Mall road) were calculated in 2014 as 9.7 and 8.13 µg/mg and same were 9.83 and 8.29 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Li in 2014 from Artula was 8.91 µg/mg and same was 9.06 µg/mg in 2015.Increase in Lithium percentage in 2015 respect to 2014 in winter was 1.6.

Summer : Li values measured from Artula(artula bus stand and Mall road) were calculated in 2014 as 12.09 and 10.29 µg/mg and same were 12.18 and 10.42 µg/mg in 2015.

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Total Li intake in 2014 summer from Artul was 11.19 µg/mg and same was 11.3 µg/mg in 2015. Decline in percentage in 2015 Li compare to 2014 was 0.97.

Monsoon : During monsoon the Li in moss samples (artula bus stand and Mall road) was 4.76 and 5.24 µg/mg in 2014 and same was 4.94 and 5.35 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Li in 2014 from Artula was 5.00 µg/mg and same was 5.14 µg/mg in 2015, Li is decline to 2.81 % in 2015 monsoon.


Winter :Atmospheric load of Li from the monitoring sites of Jageshwer (opposite temple and Eco-park) were measured in 2014 as 7.73 and 5.28 µg/mg and same were 7.91 and 5.43 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Li in 2014 from Jageshwer was 6.50 µg/mg and same was 6.67 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increase during winter forLi is 2.47.

Summer : Li values measured from Jageshwer (opposite temple and Eco-park) were calculated in 2014 as 9.82 and 7.89 µg/mg and same were 10.11 and 7.97 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Li intake in 2014 summer fromJageshwer was 8.85 µg/mg and same were 9.04 µg/mg in 2015. An increasing percentage of Li in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 2.04.

Monsoon : During monsoon the Liin moss Thuidium cyambifolium (opposite temple and Eco-park) were 4.53 and 3.32 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 4.71 and 3.52 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Li in 2014 from Jageshwer was 3.92 µg/mg and same was 4.11 µg/mg in 2015, Li increased to 4.61% in in 2015 monsoon over 2014.

4.4.7.7 Ranikhet: (sites included are Golf course, Sadar bazaar , Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand)

Winter : The load of Li from the monitoring sites of Ranikhet (Golf course, Sadar bazaar, Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 7.14, 9.62, 8.27 and 10.06 µg/mg and same were 7.3, 9.86, 8.39 and 10.18 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Li in 2014 fromRanikhetwas 8.77 µg/mg and same was 8.93 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in winter Li was calculated as 1.79.

Summer: Li values in moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Ranikhet(Golf Golf course, Sadar bazaar, Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 10.82, 12.41, 11.75 and 12.23 µg/mg and same were 10.96, 12.52, 11.91 and 12.34 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Li intake in 2014 summer from Ranikhet was 11.80 µg/mg and same were 11.93 µg/mg in 2015. Lithium percentage gained in 2015 over to 2014 is calculated as 1.08

Monsoon : During monsoon the Liin moss samples (Golf course , Sadar bazaar , Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand) were 5.3, 4.41, 4.93 and 6.09 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 5.57, 4.54, 5.08 and 6.21 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Li in 2014 from Ranikhet was 5.18 µg/mg and same was 5.35 µg/mg in 2015. An increasingLi is indicated as 0.47% in monsoon.


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Winter : The load of Li in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom the monitoring sites of Pithoragarh(Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 10.23, 9.36, 8.64 and 10.87 µg/mg and same were 10.41, 9.7, 8.79 and 10.02 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Li in 2014 fromPithoragarhwas 9.77 µg/mg and same was 9.73 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage decrease in winter is calculated as 0.46 for Li.

Summer:Li values from Pithoragarh (Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 12.02, 11.38, 10.35 and 12.45 µg/mg and same were 12.17, 11.5, 10.57 and 12.58 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Li intake in 2014 summer from Pithoragh was 11.55 µg/mg and same were 11.70 µg/mg in 2015. Li percentage increasedin 2015 compare to 2014 is1.32.

Monsoon : During monsoon the Li in moss samples (Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were 5.67, 4.24, 6.03 and 7.22 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 5.8, 4.36, 6.18 and 7.35 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Li in 2014 from Pithoragarh was 5.79 µg/mg and same was 5.92 µg/mg in 2015, Li value increased to 2.23% in monsoon.

4.4.8 Nickel


Winter:During winter the Ni loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were 19.75, 17.61, 15.58 and 15.61 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 19.95, 17.73, 15.7 and 15.76 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Ni in 2014 from Nainital was 17.13 µg/mg and same was 17.28 µg/mg in 2015, Ni value increased 0.85% during winter.

Summer : Ni values measured from Nainital (Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 21.24, 19.25, 17.18 and 17.15 µg/mg and same were 21.36, 19.38, 17.3 and 17.28 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Ni intake in 2014 summer from Nainital was 18.70 µg/mg and same was 18.83 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increase in 2015 compare to 2014 was calculated as 0.66.

Monsoon :Niconcentration from Nainital monitoring sites (Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were measured in 2014 as 20.1, 18.58, 16.52 and 16.39 µg/mg and same were 20.21, 18.7, 16.64 and 16.52 µg/mg in 2015.

Total average monsoon values of Ni in 2014 from Nainital was 17.89 µg/mg and same was 18.01 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increase in monsoon forNi is calculated as 0.66.


Winter: Ni concentration in moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Mukteshwar monitoring sites (Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI campus) were measured in 2014 as 9.5, 8.8 and 9.61 µg/mg and same were 9.43, 8.75 and 9.54 µg/mg in 2015.

Total average winter values of Ni in 2014 from Mukteshwar was 9.3 µg/mg and same was 9.24 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage decrease in winter Ni is as 0.68.

Summer :Ni values measured from Mukteshwar (Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI campus) were in 2014 as 11.14, 10.89 and 10.52 µg/mg and same were 11.1, 10.83 and 10.47 µg/mg in 2015.

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Total Ni intake in 2014 summer from Mukteshwar was 10.85 µg/mg and same was 10.8 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage reduction in 2015 forNi compare to 2014 was 0.46.

Monsoon : During monsoon the Ni in moss samples (Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI campus)were 10.77, 9.29 and 9.75 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 10.69, 9.23 and 9.71 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Ni in 2014 from Mukteshwar was 9.93 µg/mg and same was 9.87 µg/mg in 2015. An exhibiting a decreasing trend of Ni was 0.6% in monsoon.


Winter : The load of Ni from the monitoring sites of Bhowali (Mukteswer road,Nanital road and Almora road)were calculated in 2014 as 15.16, 16.3 and 15.34 µg/mg and same were 15.35, 16.42 and 15.48 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Ni in 2014 from Bhowali was 15.6 µg/mg and same was 15.75 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increase forNi is calculated 0.95.

Summer : During Summer the Ni in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Mukteswer road,Nanital road and Almora road) were 18.46, 18.74 and 17.53 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 18.46, 18.89 and 17.7 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Ni in 2014 from Bhowali was 18.24 µg/mg and same was 18.35 µg/mg in 2015, Nivalue incresed to 0.56 % .

Monsoon : Ni values measured from Bhowali (Mukteswer road,Nanital road and Almora road) were calculated in 2014 as 16.71, 16.49 and 16.09 µg/mg and same were 16.71, 16.61 and 16.18 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Ni intake in 2014 monsoon from Bhowali was 16.43 µg/mg and same was 16.5 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage of Ni increased in 2015 compare to 2014 was 0.42.


Winter : The load of Ni from the monitoring sites of Alomra (VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand) was calculated in 2014 as 13.5, 15.29 and 17.71 µg/mg and same were 13.67, 15.43 and 17.84 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Ni in 2014 from Almora was 15.5 µg/mg and same were 15.64 µg/mg in 2015. Ni Percentage increase in winter was calculated as 0.93.

Summer: Ni value measured from Almora (VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 16.82, 18.17 and 19.83 µg/mg and same were 16.96, 18.29 and 19.98 µg/mg in 2015.

Ni intake in 2014 summer from Almora was 18.27 µg/mg and same was 18.41 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increased for Ni in 2015 over to 2014 wascalculated as 0.74.

Monsoon: During monsoon the Ni in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand) were 14.71, 16.41 and 18.31 µg/mg in 2014 and same were14.86, 16.55 and 18.44 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Ni in 2014 from Almora was 16.48 µg/mg and same increased to 16.61 µg/mg in 2015, percentage increase of Ni during 2015 monsoon is 0.82.


Winter : During winter the Ni in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Artula bus stand and Mall road) were 18.87 and 16.38 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 18.8 and 16.32 µg/mg in 2015. Average value ofNiin 2014 from Artula was 17.62 µg/mg and same was 17.56 µg/mg in 2015. Niwas 0.37 % in 2015 winter over to 2014.

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Summer : Ni values in moss Thuidium cyambifolium measured from Artula(Artula bus stand and Mall road) were calculated in 2014 as 20.17 and 18.59 µg/mg and values were 20.73 and 18.62 µg/mg in 2015.

Ni intake in 2014 summer from Artula was 19.65 µg/mg and same were 19.67 µg/mg in 2015. Drop in Ni percentage in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 0.05.

Monsoon :The load of Ni from the monitoring sites of Artula (Artula bus stand and Mall road) were calculated in 2014 as 19.23 and 17.24 µg/mg and same were 19.2 and 17.2 µg/mg in 2015. Average monsoon values of Ni in 2014 from Artula was 18.23 µg/mg and same was 18.2 µg/mg in 2015. Chnage in Ni percentage in 2015 respect to 2014 in monsoon is calculated as 0.19.

4.4.8.6 Jageshwer : (sites included are opposite temple and Eco-park)

Winter : The load of Ni in moss Thuidium cyambifolium from the monitoring sites of Jageshwer (opposite temple and Eco-park) were calculated in 2014 as 12.52 and 11.6 µg/mg and same were 12.5 and 11.55 µg/mg in 2015. Winter values of Ni in 2014 from Jageshwer was12.02 µg/mg and same was 12.02 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage fall in winter for Ni is calculated as 0.29.

Summer : Ni values measured from Jageshwer(opposite temple and Eco-park) were calculated in 2014 as 14.95 and 13.97 µg/mg and same were 15.04 and 13.91 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Ni intake in 2014 summer from Jageshwer was 14.46 µg/mg and same were 14.47 µg/mg in 2015. Change in percentage of Ni in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 0.10.

Monsoon : During monsoon the Nickel in moss samples (opposite temple and Eco-park) were 13.41 and 12.25 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 13.37 and 12.28 µg/mg in 2015.Ni in 2014 from Jageshwer was 12.83 µg/mg and same was 12.82 µg/mg in 2015.Ni is decrease to 0.03 % during monsoon.


Winter: The load of Ni from the monitoring sites of Ranikhet (Golf course, Sadar bazaar, Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 16.94, 15.7, 16.43 and 18.08 µg/mg and same were 17.1, 15.84, 16.56 and 18.38 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Ni in 2014 fromRanikhetwas 16.78 µg/mg and same was 16.97 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in winter for Ni is calculated as 1.07.

Summer: Ni values in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom Ranikhet (Golf course, Sadar bazaar, Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 18.05, 18.03, 18.25 and 20.26 µg/mg and same were 18.19, 18.16, 18.38 and 20.56 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Ni intake in 2014 summer fromRanikhet was 11.80 µg/mg and same were 18.64 µg/mg in 2015. Ni percentage improved in 2015 Ni compare to 2014 is calculated as 0.92.

Monsoon : During monsoon the Ni in moss samples (Golf course, Sadar bazaar, Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand) were 17.26, 17.16, 16.89 and 19.81 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 17.4, 17.31, 17.03 and 19.94 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Ni in 2014 from Ranikhet was 17.78 µg/mg and same was 17.92 µg/mg in 2015, Ni is increased to 0.78% in monsoon.

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4.4.8.8 Pithoragarh:(sites included are Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand)

Winter : The load of Ni in moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom the monitoring sites of Pithoraghar (Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 19.23, 16.51, 15.74 and 18.14 µg/mg and same were 19.35, 16.64, 15.88 and 18.3 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Ni in 2014 fromPithoragarhwas 17.40 µg/mg and same was 17.54 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage decreased in winter Ni is calculated as 0.78.

Summer:Ni values from Pithoragarh(Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 20.61, 18.08, 17.1 and 20.25 µg/mg and same were 20.74, 18.21, 17.21 and 20.38 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Ni intake in 2014 summer fromPithoragarhwas 19.01 µg/mg and same were 19.13µg/mg in 2015. Ni percentage incresedin 2015 compare to 2014 is 0.5.

Monsoon : During monsoon the Ni in moss samples (Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were 19.54, 17.24, 16.23 and 19.39 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 19.67, 17.36, 16.32 and 19.46 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Ni in 2014 from Pithoragarh was 18.1 µg/mg and same was 18.20 µg/mg in 2015, Ni is increased to 0.56 % in monsoon.

4.4.9 Zinc

4.4.9.1Nainital:(Nainital bus stand, Mall road, Thandi sadak, and South mall road) ( table.4.3.18)

Winter: During winter the Zn loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Nainital bus stand, Mall road, Thandi sadak, and South mall road were 90.9, 75.78, 73.5 and 78.5 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 92.36, 77.18, 76.13 and 80.12 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Zn in 2014 from Nainital was 79.67 µg/mg and same was 81.44 µg/mg in 2015. Znincreased 2.18% in winter.

Summer :Zn values measured from Nainital (Nainital bus stand, Mall road, Thandi sadak, and South mall road) were in 2014 as 106.5, 95.64, 96.72 and 89.5 µg/mg and same were 108.1, 97.07, 98.19 and 91.12 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Zn intake in 2014 summer from Nainital was 97.09 µg/mg and same was 98.62 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is 1.55.

Monsoon :Znconcentration from Nainital monitoring sites (Nainital bus stand, Mall road, Thandi sadak, and South mall road) were measured in 2014 as 66.85, 57.22, 46.79 and 63.82 µg/mg and same were 67.76, 58.89, 48.38 and 66.04 µg/mg in 2015.

Total average monsoon values of Zn in 2014 from Nainital was 58.67 µg/mg and same was 60.26 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increase in Monsoon for Zn is 2.65.


Winter: Zn concentration from Mukteshwar monitoring sites (Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI campus) were measured in 2014 as 29.13, 32.19 and 30.16 µg/mg and same were 29.2, 32.24 and 30.21 µg/mg in 2015.Total average winter values of Zn in 2014 from Mukteshwar was 30.49 µg/mg and same was 30.55 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in winter Zn is calculated as 0.18.

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Summer:Zn valuesin moss Thuidium cyambifolium measured from Mukteshwar (Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI campus) was calculated in 2014 as 35.23, 38.5 and35.23µg/mg and same was 35.29, 38.58 and 35.27 µg/mg in 2015 from above places.

Total Zn intake in 2014 summer from Mukteshwar was 36.32 µg/mg and same was 36.38 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage change in Zn 2015 compare to 2014 isas 0.16.

Monsoon : During monsoon the Zn in moss samples (Lingard house, Edward house, and IVRI campus) were 32.16, 36.81 and 33.73 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 32.25, 36.88 and 33.81 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Zn in 2014 from Mukteshwar was 34.23 µg/mg and same was 34.31 µg/mg in 2015, Zn is increades to 0.23% during monsoon in moss samples.


Winter :- The load of Zn from the mointoring sites of Bhowali (Mukteswer road,Nanital road and Almora road) were calculated in 2014 as 65.34, 54.17 and 57.05 µg/mg and same were 67.29, 54.93 and 57.58 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Zn in 2014 from Bhowali was 58.85 µg/mg and same was 59.93 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in winter for Zn is calculated 1.8 in moss samples analysed.

Summer :- During summer the Zn in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Mukteswer road,Nanital road and Almora road) were 92.42, 88.32 and 85.40 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 93.92, 88.78 and 85.9 µg/mg in 2015. Average Zn in 2014 from Bhowali was 88.72 µg/mg and same was 89.53 µg/mg in 2015, Zinc concentration in moss increased to 0.9 % .

Monsoon :-Zn values measured from Bhowali (Mukteswer road,Nanital road and Almora road) was calculated in 2014 as 45.42, 43.52 and 49.53 µg/mg and same were measured 47.08, 43.98 and 49.89 µg/mg in 2015 in moss.

Total Zn intake in 2014 monsoon from Bhowali was 46.15 µg/mg and same was 46.98 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage of Zn increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is as 1.75.


Winter :-The load of Zn in mossThuidium cyambifoliumfrom the mointoring sites of Alomra (VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand) was calculated in 2014 as 42.82, 50.12 and 67.82 µg/mg and same were 43.24, 50.48 and 68.09 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Zn in 2014 from Almora was 53.58 µg/mg and same was 53.93 µg/mg in 2015. Zn percentage increase in winter is calculated as 0.64.

Summer:- Zn value measured from Almora (VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand) was in 2014 as 49.32, 81.24 and 97.23 µg/mg and were 49.79, 81.56 and 97.35 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Zn intake in 2014 summer from Almora was 75.93 µg/mg and same was 76.23 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage change in 2015 for Zncompare to 2014 is was calculated as 0.39.

Monsoon :- During monsoon the Zn in moss samples (VPKAS,Main market and Almora bus stand) were 36.34, 46.32 and 51.23µg/mg in 2014 and same were 36.81, 46.67 and 51.51µg/mg in 2015. Total average Zn in 2014 from Almora was 44.63 µg/mg and same was 44.99 µg/mg in 2015.An increment in the percentage of Zn during 2015 monsoon is 0.81.

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Winter : During winter the Zn in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (Artula bus stand and Mall road) were 59.63 and 46.26 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 59.71 and 46.33 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Zn in 2014 from Artula was 52.94 µg/mg and same was 53.02 µg/mg in 2015, Znvalue is increased 0.14 % during 2015 winter.

Summer : Zn values measured from Artula(Artula bus stand and Mall road) were Calculated in 2014 as 85.32 and 67.82 µg/mg and same were 85.4 and 67.89 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Zn intake in 2014 summer from Artula was 76.57 µg/mg and same were 76.64 µg/mg in 2015. An increasing trend in Zn percentage in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 0.09.

Monsoon :-The load of Zn from the mointoring sites of Artula (Artula bus stand and Mall road) were in 2014 as 47.67 and 42.72 µg/mg and same were 47.76 and 42.78 µg/mg in 2015. Total average monsoon values of Zn in 2014 from Artula were 45.19 µg/mg and same was 45.27 µg/mg in 2015. Magnefication in Zn percentage in 2015 in respect to 2014during monsoon is calculated as 0.16.

4.4.9.6 Jageshwer : (sites included are opposite temple and Eco-park)

Winter :- The load of Zn from the mointoring sites of Jageshwer (opposite tempel and Eco-park) was calculated in 2014 as 47.28 and 40.43 µg/mg and same were 47.36 and 40.5 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Zn in 2014 from Jageshwer was 43.85 µg/mg and same was 43.93 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increase in winter Zn is 0.17.

Summer :- Zn values measured from Jageshwer(opposite temple and Eco-park) were in 2014 as 55.87 and 51.74 µg/mg and same were 55.95 and 51.82 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Zn intake in 2014 summer from Jageshwer was 53.80 µg/mg and same were 53.88 µg/mg in 2015. An increasedin percentage of Zn in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 0.14.

Monsoon -:During monsoon the Zn in moss Thuidium cyambifolium (opposite temple and Eco-park) were 45.12 and 38.63 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 41.87 and 41.95 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Zn in 2014 from Jageshwer was 12.83 µg/mg and same was 12.82 µg/mg in 2015, Znincreased to 0.19 % in monsoon.


Winter -:In the mossThuidium cyambifolium load of Zn from the mointoring sites of Ranikhet (Golf course, Sadar Bazaar, Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 49.42, 47.42, 45.03 and 49.23 µg/mg and same were 50.49, 49.11, 45.98 and 50.38 µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Zn in 2014 fromRanikhetwas 47.77µg/mg and same was 48.99 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in winter Zn is calculated as 2.07.

Summer-: Zn values from Ranikhetfor Golf course, Sadar bazaar, Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand were calculated in 2014 as 63.28 66.26, 60.43 and 82.24 µg/mg and same were 64.37, 67.43, 61.69 and 83.29 µg/mg in 2015.

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Total Zn intake in 2014 summer from Ranikhet was 68.05 µg/mg and same were 69.19µg/mg in 2015. Zn percentage increaded in 2015in compare to 2014 and is calculated as 1.65.

Monsoon :- During monsoon the Zn in moss samples (Golf course, Sadar bazaar, Gandhi chowk and KMOU bus stand) were 43.26, 42.24, 47.42 and 36.72 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 44.37, 43.62, 48.52 and 37.51µg/mg in 2015. Total average Zn in 2014 from Ranikhet was 42.41 µg/mg and same was 43.50 µg/mg in 2015, Znvalue increased to 2.51% in monsoon.

4.4.9.8 Pithoragarh:(sites included are Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand)

Winter :- Zn value from the mointoring sites of Pithoragarh(Bus stand, Main market, Almora Road and KMOU bus stand) were measured in 2014 as 68.42, 43.43, 48.42 and 52.56 µg/mg and same were 69.41, 44.57, 49.12 and 53.38µg/mg in 2015. Total average winter values of Zn in 2014 fromPithoragarhwas 53.20µg/mg and same was 54.12 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in winter for metal Zn is as 1.68.

Summer-:Zn values from Pithoragarh(Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were in 2014 as 86.82, 71.74, 72.59 and 87.82 µg/mg and same were 88.08, 72.89, 73.08 and 88.52µg/mg in 2015.

Total Zn intake in 2014 summer fromPithoragarhwas 79.74 µg/mg and same were 80.64 µg/mg in 2015. Zn percentage in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 1.11.

Monsoon :- During monsoon the Zn in moss Thuidium cyambifolium(Bus stand, Main market, Almora road and KMOU bus stand) were 49.57, 43.63, 44.54 and 49.28 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 50.78, 44.84, 45.21 and 50.42 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Zn in 2014 from Pithoragarh was 46.75 µg/mg and same was 47.81 µg/mg in 2015.Zn value increasedto 2.21 % in monsoon.

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4.5.Season wise metal comparison of atmospheric Metalsof Gharwal area (2015 with 2014).

4.5.1. Cadmium

4.5.1.1Chamba: (sites included are Forest range ,Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand)

Winter:- During winter the Cd loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Chamba (range ,Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand) were 0.22, 0.56, 0.68 and 0.96 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 0.24, 0.59, 0.71 and 1.00 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from Chamba was 0.60µg/mg and same was 0.63 µg/mg in 2015. An increasein Cd was 6.56% in Winter.

Summer :- Cd values measured from the undertaken sites of Chamba from mentioned as above were calculated in 2014 as 0.26, 1.12, 1.02 and 1.39 µg/mg and same were 0.3, 1.16, 1.08 and 1.42 µg/mg in 2015.

Mean valueof Cdintake in 2014 summer from Chambawas 0.94 µg/mg and same was 0.99 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 4.29.

Monsoon :-.Cd concentration from Chamba monitoring sites ( Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand) were measured in 2014 as 0.2, 0.48, 0.49 and 0.61 µg/mg and same were 0.2, 0.5, 0.52 and 0.63 µg/mg in 2015

Total average monsoon values of Cdin 2014 from Chamba was 0.44 µg/mg and same was 0.46 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in Monsoon Cd iscalculated as 3.78.

4.5.1.2. Mussoorie:(sites included are Kempty bus stand, LBS academy, Mall road,and Company bagh)

Winter:- During Winter the Cd loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Mussoorie (Kempty bus stand, LBS academy, Mall road,and Company bagh) were 1.37, 0.64, 1.19 and 0.96 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 1.42, 0.68, 1.23 and 1.00 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from Mussoorie was 1.04 µg/mg and same was 1.08 µg/mg in 2015.Cd was increased 3.92% in winter.

Summer :-Cd values measured from Mussoorie(Kempty bus stand, LBS academy, Mall road,and Company bagh) were calculated in 2014 as 1.78, .09, 1.32 and 1.28 µg/mg and same were 1.83, 1.13, 1.36 and 1.33 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Cdintake in 2014 summer fromMussooriewas 1.36 µg/mg and same was 1.41 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 3.18.

Monsoon :-.Cdconcentration from Mussoorie monitoring sites (Kempty bus stand, LBS academy, Mall road,and Company bagh) were measured in 2014 as 0.72, 0.43, 0.58 and 0.49 µg/mg and same were 0.75, 0.46, 0.61 and 0.51 µg/mg in 2015.

Total average monsoon values of Cdin 2014 from Mussooriewas 0.55 µg/mg and same was 0.58 µg/mg in 2015.Gain in Cdvalue is calculated as 4.72 in monsoon.

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4.5.1.3.Dhanulti: (sites included are Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple,and Mussoorie road)

Winter:During winter the Cd loadin moss Thuidium cyambifoliumfrom Dhanulti (Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple,and Mussoorie Road) were 1.24, 0.36, 0.71, 1.05 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 1.28, 0.33, 0.75, 1.11 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from Dhanulti was 0.84 µg/mg and same was 0.86 µg/mg in 2015, Cdlevel is improved 3.17% in winter.

Summer:Cd values measured from Dhanulti(Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple, and Mussoorie road) were calculated in 2014 as 1.51, 0.55, 1.04 and 1.42 µg/mg and same were 1.57, 0.52, 1.1 and 1.48 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Cdintake in 2014 summer fromDhanultiwas 1.13 µg/mg and same was 1.16 µg/mg in 2015.Gain in percentage of Cd in 2015 compare to 2014 calculated as 3.21.

Monsoon :.Cdconcentration from Dhanulti monitoring sites (Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple, and Mussoorie road) were measured in 2014 as 0.65, 0.32, 0.50 and 0.72 µg/mg and same were 0.65, 0.30, 0.54, and 0.75 µg/mg in 2015.

Total average monsoon values of Cdin 2014 from Dhanultiwas 0.54 µg/mg and same was 0.56 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in monsoon forCd is as 2.23.

4.5.2. Chromium

4.5.2.1Chamba:(sites included are Forest range ,Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand)

Winter: During winter the Cr loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Chamba (Forest range ,Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand) were 31.56, 49.72, 52.69 and 58.84 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 33.15, 51.08, 53.76 and 60.05 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from Chamba was 48.2 µg/mg and same was 49.51 µg/mg in 2015. An increase in Cris 2.64 % in winter.

Summer:Cr values measured from Chamba (Forest range ,Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand) were measured in 2014 as 36.3, 61.13, 70.41 and 76.25 µg/mg and same were 38.21, 62.76,71.54 and 78.12 µg/mg in 2015.Total Crintake in 2014 summer from Chambawas 61.02 µg/mg and same was 62.65 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increase in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 2.60

Monsoon :Crconcentration from Chamba monitoring sites (Forest range ,Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand) were measured in 2014 as 26.2, 48.92, 57.22 and 60.13 µg/mg and same were 26.89, 50.1, 58.11 and 61.24µg/mg in 2015 .

Total average monsoon values of Crin 2014 from Chamba was 48.11 µg/mg and same was 49.08 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increase in monsoon for Cr is calculated as 1.97.

4.5.2.2 Mussoorie:(sites included are Kempty bus stand, LBS Academy, Mall Road,and Company Bagh)

Winter: During winter the Cr loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Mussoorie (Kempty bus stand, LBS Academy, Mall Road,and Company Bagh) were 60.78, 53.87, 55.7 and 54.39 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 62.14, 55.17, 56.9 and 55.87 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from Mussoorie was 56.18 µg/mg and same was 57.52 µg/mg in 2015, Cr is increased 2.32 % in winter.

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Summer : Cr values measured from Mussoorie(Kempty bus stand, LBS Academy, Mall Road,and Company Bagh) were calculated in 2014 as 78.23, 65.32, 69.29 and 67.49 µg/mg and same were 79.87, 67.4, 70.69 and 69.24 µg/mg in 2015.Total Crintake in 2014 summer fromMussooriewas 70.08 µg/mg and same was 71.8 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 was calculated as 2.39.

Monsoon :Crconcentration from Mussoorie monitoring sites (Kempty bus stand, LBS Academy, Mall Road,and Company Bagh) were measured in 2014 as 59.7, 50.35, 53.39 and 51.72 µg/mg and same were 60.92, 51.56, 53.97 and 52.8 µg/mg in 2015. Total average monsoon values of Crin 2014 from Mussooriewas 53.79 µg/mg and same was 54.81 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increase in monsoon data of Cr was calculated as 1.86.

4.5.2.3.Dhanulti:(sites included are Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple,and Mussoorie road)

Winter:- During Winter the Cr loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Dhanulti (Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple,and Mussoorie road) were 52.88, 37.6, 50.39 and 56.81µg/mg in 2014 and same were 54.12, 38.1, 51.56 and 58.78 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from Dhanulti was 49.42 µg/mg and same was 50.64 µg/mg in 2015, Crlevel increased 2.40 % in winter.

Summer : Cr values measured from Dhanulti(Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple,and Mussoorie road) were calculated in 2014 as 73.41, 55.64, 71.76 and 77.24 µg/mg and same were 75.56, 56.23, 73.16 and 78.89 µg/mg in 2015.Total Crintake in 2014 summer fromDhanultiwas 69.51 µg/mg and same was 70.96 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increase in Cr in 2015 compare to 2014 calculated as 2.03.

Monsoon :Cr concentration from Dhanulti monitoring sites (Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple,and Mussoorie road) were measured in 2014 as 55.32, 35.89, 53.62 and 57.48 µg/mg and same were 56.48, 36.16, 54.12 and 58.62 µg/mg in 2015. Total average monsoon values of Crin 2014 from Dhanultiwas 50.57 µg/mg and same was 51.34 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage gain in monsoon Cr was calculated as 1.49.

4.5.3 Cobalt

4.5.3.1 Chamba: (sites included are Forest Range ,Office of Food Insp, Ayush Hospital and Bus stand)

Winter:During winter the Co loadin moss samples from Chamba (Forest Range ,Office of Food Insp, Ayush Hospital,and Bus stand) were 42.54, 55.24, 57.82 and 62.74 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 42.13, 55.89, 58.11 and 63.38 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from Chamba was 54.58µg/mg and same was 54.87 µg/mg in 2015. Change in Co was 0.53 % in winter.

Summer:Co values measured from Chamba (Forest Range ,Office of Food Insp, Ayush Hospital,and Bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 54.71, 71.65, 73.1 and 79.19 µg/mg and same were 54.34, 71.97, 73.89 and 80.21 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Cointake in 2014 summer from Chambawas 69.66 µg/mg and same was 70.1 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage change in 2015 over to 2014 was 0.62.

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Monsoon:Co concentration from Chamba monitoring sites (Forest Range ,Office of Food Insp, Ayush Hospital,and Bus stand) were measured in 2014 as 50.92, 58.25, 62.73 and 65.75 µg/mg and same were 50.52, 58.59, 62.92 and 66.52 µg/mg in 2015

Total average monsoon values of Coin 2014 from Chamba was 59.41 µg/mg and same was 59.63 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in monsoon data of Co was calculated as 0.37

4.5.3.2 Mussoorie:(sites included are Kempty bus stand, LBS Academy, Mall Road,and Company Bagh)

Winter:During Winter the Co loadin moss samples from Mussoorie (Kempty bus stand, LBS Academy, Mall Road,and Company Bagh) were 68.44, 55.62, 59.9 and 52.86 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 69.93, 55.62, 61.25 and 54.06 µg/mg in 2015. An average Cd value in 2014 from Mussoorie was 59.2 µg/mg and same was 60.21 µg/mg in 2015, Co increased 1.67 % in Winter.

Summer:Co value from Mussoorie(Kempty bus stand, LBS Academy, Mall Road,and Company Bagh) were in 2014 as 85.01, 68.35, 74.62 and 66.28 µg/mg and same were 86.23, 69.48, 75.83 and 67.68 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Cointake in 2014 summer fromMussooriewas 73.56 µg/mg and same was 74.8 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 was 1.65.

Monsoon :.Co concentration from Mussoorie monitoring sites (Kempty bus stand, LBS Academy, Mall Road,and Company Bagh) were measured in 2014 as 72.45, 60.73, 63.31 and 60.91 µg/mg and same were 73.13, 61.56, 64.47 and 61.78 µg/mg in 2015.

Total average monsoon values of Coin 2014 from Mussooriewas 64.35 µg/mg and same was 65.23 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increase in monsoon for Co was calculated as 1.35

4.5.3.3 Dhanulti: (sites included are Uttranchal Rural Bank, Eco Park, Surkanda devi temple,and Mussoorie Road)

Winter:- During winter the Co loadin moss samples from Dhanulti (Uttranchal Rural Bank, Eco Park, Surkanda devi temple,and Mussoorie Road) were 58.28, 42.56, 47.71 and 64.07 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 59.36, 42.89, 48.8 and 64.92 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from Dhanulti was 53.15 µg/mg and same was 53.99 µg/mg in 2015. Gain in metalColevel was 1.55 % in Winter.

Summer:Co values measured from Dhanulti(Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple, and Mussoorie road) were calculated in 2014 as 75.61, 62.31, 70.04 and 80.71 µg/mg and same were 76.72, 62.79, 71.26 and 81.81 µg/mg in 2015.

Total metalCointake in 2014 summer fromDhanultiwas 72.16 µg/mg and same was 73.14 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage of Coincrease in 2015 compare to 2014 calculated as 1.33.

Monsoon:Coconcentration from Dhanulti monitoring sites (Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple,and Mussoorie road) were measured in 2014 as 66.92, 53.32, 61.25 and 70.76 µg/mg and same were 67.97, 53.64, 62.1 and 71.78 µg/mg in 2015.Total average monsoon values of Co in 2014 from Dhanultiwas 63.06 µg/mg and same was 63.87 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increase in Co during monsoon was calculated as 1.26.

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4.5.4. Copper

4.5.4.1.Chamba: (sites included are Forest range,Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand)

Winter :During winter the Cu loadin moss samples from Chamba (Forest range,Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand) were 32.61, 55.93, 60.63 and 65.28 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 33.56, 57.12, 61.8 and 66.35 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from Chamba was 53.61 µg/mg and same was 54.7 µg/mg in 2015, Cu is amplified 2.00 % in winter.

Summer:Cu values measured from Chamba (Forest range ,Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 38.38, 73.52, 82.03 and 88.98 µg/mg and same were 39.62, 73.67, 83.21 and 90.58 µg/mg in 2015.Total Cuintake in 2014 summer from Chambawas 70.71 µg/mg and same was 71.77 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is as 1.46 .

Monsoon:.Cu concentration from Chamba monitoring sites (Forest range ,Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand) were measured in 2014 as 34.76, 58.27, 62.67 and 67.22µg/mg and same were 35.47, 59.15, 63.79 and 68.09 µg/mg in 2015.

Total average monsoon values of Cuin 2014 from Chamba was 55.73 µg/mg and same was 56.62 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increase in Cuduring monsoon is as 1.58.

4.5.4.2Mussoorie: (sites included are Kempty bus stand, LBS academy, Mall Road,andCompany bagh)

Winter:During winter the Cu loadin moss samples from Mussoorie (Kempty bus stand, LBS academy, Mall Road, and Company bagh) were 63.77, 57.68, 60.65 and 62.34 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 64.86, 58.86, 61.72 and 63.45 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from Mussoorie was 61.11 µg/mg and same was 62.22 µg/mg in 2015, Cu is increased in moss as 1.78 % during winter.

Summer:Cu values measured from Mussoorie(Kempty bus stand, LBS academy, Mall Road, and Company bagh) were calculated in 2014 as 83.05,78.95, 81.86 and 83.85 µg/mg and same were 84.18, 80.75, 83.24 and 84.96 µg/mg in 2015.Total Cuintake in 2014 summer fromMussooriewas 81.92 µg/mg and same was 83.28 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 1.62.

Monsoon :Cu concentration from Mussoorie monitoring sites (Kempty bus stand, LBS academy, Mall Road, and Company bagh) were measured in 2014 as 65.41, 59.44, 60.97 and 62.33 µg/mg and same were 66.48, 60.48, 61.48 and 63.41 µg/mg in 2015.Total average monsoon values of Cuin 2014 from Mussooriewas 62.03 µg/mg and same was 62.96 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in monsoon for Cu iscalculated as 1.46.

4.5.4.3 Dhanulti: (sites included are Uttranchal rural bank, Eco bark, Surkanda devi temple, and Mussoorie road)

Winter:- During winter the Cu loadin moss samples from Dhanulti (Uttranchal rural bank, Eco bark, Surkanda devi temple, and Mussoorie road) were 64.76, 56.24, 60.29 and 63.07 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 65.87, 57.38, 61.18 and 63.95 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cu in 2014 from Dhanulti was 61.09 µg/mg and same was 62.09 µg/mg in 2015. Gain in Cu level is1.61 % in winter.

Summer:- Cu values measured from Dhanulti(Uttranchal rural bank, Eco bark, Surkanda devi temple, and Mussoorie road) were calculated in 2014 as 85.73, 68.89, 72.57 and 79.1 µg/mg and same were3.45 and 86.91, 70.3, 73.45 and 80.14 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Cuintake in 2014 summer fromDhanultiwas 76.57 µg/mg and same was 77.7 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage of Cu isincrease in 2015 compare to 2014 calculated as 1.45.

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Monsoon:-Cuconcentration from Dhanulti monitoring sites (Uttranchal rural bank, Eco bark, Surkanda devi temple, and Mussoorie road) were measured in 2014 as 85.73, 68.89, 72.57 and 79.1µg/mg and same were 86.91, 70.3, 73.45 and 80.14 µg/mg in 2015.Average monsoon value of Cu in 2014 from Dhanultiwas 76.57 µg/mg and same was 77.7 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increase in monsoon Cu iscalculated as 4.51.

4.5.5 Iron

4.5.5.1 Chamba: (sites included are Forest range, Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand)

Winter:During winter the Fe loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Chamba (Forest range, Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand) were 254.6, 281.63, 296.5 and 357.49 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 258.24, 283.49, 298.87 and 360.14 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from Chamba was 297.55 µg/mg and same was 300.18 µg/mg in 2015, Fe is increased 0.87 % during winter.

Summmer : Fevalues measured from Chamba (Forest range, Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 286.58, 312.2, 344.97 and 416.45 µg/mg and same were 290.36, 316.37, 347.5 and 419.09µg/mg in 2015.

Total Feintake in 2014 summer from Chambawas 340.05 µg/mg and same was 343.33 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 0.95

Monsoon:Feconcentration from Chamba monitoring sites (Forest range, Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand) were measured in 2014 as 275.09, 293.81, 321.64 and 386.23 µg/mg and same were 278.27, 292.78, 323.49 and 387.61 µg/mg in 2015.Total average monsoon values of Fein 2014 from Chamba was 319.19 µg/mg and same was 320.53 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increase in monsoon for Fe is calculated as 0.41.

4.5.5.2 Mussoorie: (sites included are Kempty bus stand, LBS academy, Mall road,and Company bagh)

Winter:During winter the Fe loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Mussoorie (Kempty bus stand, LBS academy, Mall road, and Company bagh) were 388.44, 310.62, 339.04 and 289.16 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 390.56, 312.63, 341.27 and 291.11 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from Mussoorie was 331.81 µg/mg and same was 333.89 µg/mg in 2015. Fe is increased 0.062 % in winter.

Summer:Fevalues measured from Mussoorie(Kempty bus stand, LBS academy, Mall road, and Company bagh) were calculated in 2014 as 427.45, 378.63, 368.96 and 342.01 µg/mg and same were 430.12, 380.09, 371.16 and 343.12 µg/mg in 2015.Total Feintake in 2014 summer fromMussooriewas 379.26 µg/mg and same was 381.12 µg/mg in 2015. Summer percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 0.48 during two periods of summer.

Monsoon :.Feconcentration from Mussoorie monitoring sites (Kempty bus stand, LBS academy, Mall road, and Company bagh) were measured in 2014 as 410.71, 348.35, 354.87 and 326.28 µg/mg and same were 411.82, 349.92, 355.68 and 327.39 µg/mg in 2015

Total average monsoon values of Fein 2014 from Mussooriewas 360.05 µg/mg and same was 361.2 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in Monsoon forFe is calculated as 0.31.

4.5.5.3 Dhanulti: (sites included are Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple, and Mussoorie road)

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Winter: During winter the Fe loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Dhanulti (Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple, and Mussoorie road) were 318.28, 282.56, 327.71 and 364.07 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 320.7, 284.08, 329.82 and 365.89 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Fe in 2014 from Dhanulti was 323.15 µg/mg and same was 325.12 µg/mg in 2015, Fe level was 0.60% in winter.

Summmer : Fe values measured from Dhanulti(Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple, and Mussoorie road) were calculated in 2014 as 386.92, 328.32, 397.25 and 405.76 µg/mg and same were 388.13, 330.51, 399.12 and 406.97 µg/mg in 2015 during.

Total Feintake in 2014 summer fromDhanultiwas 379.56 µg/mg and same was 381.8 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage gain of Fe in 2015 compare to 2014 iscalculated as 0.42.

Monsoon :.Feconcentration from Dhanulti monitoring sites (Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple, and Mussoorie road) were measured in 2014 as 355.61, 309.31, 370.04 and 382.71 µg/mg and same were 356.72, 311.42, 371.11 and 383.6 µg/mg in 2015. An average monsoon value of Fe in 2014 from Dhanulti was 354.41µg/mg and same was 355.71µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in Feduring monsoon is calculated as 0.36.

4.5.6 Lead

4.5.6.1 Chamba: (sites included are Forest range ,Office of fod Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand)

Winter:During winter the Pb loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Chamba (Forest range ,Office of fod Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand) were25.61, 39.36, 41.03 and 50.2 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 26.29, 40.25, 41.94 and 50.9 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Pb in 2014 from Chamba was 39.05 µg/mg and same was 39.84 µg/mg in 2015. An increase in Pb was 1.99 % during winter.

Summer: Pbvalues measured from Chamba (Forest range ,Office of fod Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand) were in 2014 as 31.42, 55.47 63.53 and 70.79 µg/mg and same were 31.98, 55.89, 64.42 and 71.26µg/mg in 2015.Total Pbintake in 2014 summer from hambawas 55.3 µg/mg and same was 55.88 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 1.04 .

Monsoon :.Pbconcentration from Chamba monitoring sites (Forest range ,Office of fod Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand) were measured in 2014 as 27.78, 41.38, 32.16 and 53.16 µg/mg and same were 28.12, 41.78 ,32.79 and 54.03µg/mg in 2015.Average monsoon values of Pbin 2014 from Chamba was 38.62 µg/mg and same was 39.18 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage Increase in monsoon Pb is as 1.42.

4.5.6.2 Mussoorie: (sites included are Kempty bus stand, LBS academy, Mall road,and Company Bagh)

Winter:- During winter metal Pb loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Mussoorie (Kempty bus stand, LBS academy, Mall road, and Company Bagh) were analysed as 53.32, 43.62,47.24 and 46.91µg/mg in 2014 and same were 54.11, 44.51, 48.33 and 47.87µg/mg in 2015. Total average Pb in 2014 from Mussoorie was 47.77 µg/mg and same was 48.7 µg/mg in 2015.Pb is increased 1.91 % in winter in comparison to 2014.

Summer :- Pb values measured from Mussoorie(Kempty bus stand, LBS academy, Mall road, and Company Bagh) were in 2014 as 78.46, 69.45, 74.76 and 72.73 µg/mg and same were 79.35, 70.56, 75.87 and 73.92 µg/mg in 2015.Total Pbintake in 2014 summer fromMussooriewas 73.85 µg/mg and same was 74.92 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increase in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 1.43.

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Monsoon :-.Pbconcentration from Mussoorie at monitoring sites (Kempty bus stand, LBS academy, Mall road, and Company Bagh) were measured in 2014 as 46.27, 46.34, 50.18 and 45.28 µg/mg and same were 47.06, 47.1, 51.07 and 46.15 µg/mg in 2015. Monsoon average values of Pbin 2014 from Mussooriewere47.01 µg/mg and same was 47.84 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased inPb is calculated as 1.72 during monsoon.


Winter:- During winter the Pb loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Dhanulti (Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple, and Mussoorie road) were 45.7, 39.64, 43.29 and 46.57 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 46.79, 40.73, 44.31 and 47.62 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Pb in 2014 from Dhanulti was 43.8 µg/mg and same was 44.86 µg/mg in 2015.Pb level is increased 4.25 % in winter of 2015.

Summmer :- Pb values measured from Dhanulti(Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple, and Mussoorie road) were calculated in 2014 as 70.83, 55.29, 69.35 and 72.21 µg/mg and same were 71.94, 56.32, 70.49 and 73.34 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Pbintake in 2014 summer fromDhanultiwas 66.92µg/mg and same was 68.02 µg/mg in 2015.Gain in Pbin 2015 over to 2014 calculated as 1.62%.

Monsoon :-.Pbconcentration from Dhanulti monitoring sites (Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple, and Mussoorie road) were measured in 2014 as 50.5, 42.04, 49.56 and 51.53 µg/mg and same were 50.97, 42.89, 50.46 and 52.58 µg/mg in 2015. Average monsoon values of Pb in 2014 from Dhanultiwas 48.29 µg/mg and same was 49.22 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increase in monsoon for Pb is as 1.88.

4.5.7. Lithium

4.5.7.1 Chamba: (sites included are Forest range ,Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand)

Winter: During winter the Li loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Chamba (Forest range,Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand) were 3.63,4.47, 4.85 and 5.27µg/mg in 2014 and same were 3.74, 459, 4.98 and 5.4 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Li in 2014 from Chamba was 4.55 µg/mg and same was 4.67 µg/mg in 2015, Li has increased 2.61 % in winter 2015.

Summmer : Livalues measured from Chamba (Forest range,Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand) were in 2014 as 4.92, 6.12, 6.83 and 7.75 µg/mg and same were 5.09, 6.25, 6.95 and 7.89 µg/mg in 2015.Total Liintake in moss during 2014 summer from Chambawas 6.6 µg/mg and same was 6.53 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 2.02 during summer.

Monsoon :.Liconcentration from Chamba monitoring sites (Forest range ,Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand) were measured in 2014 as 3.57, 5.89, 6.08 and 6.69 µg/mg and same were 3.69, 6.00, 6.2 and 6.78 µg/mg in 2015.Total average monsoon values of Liin 2014 from Chambawas 5.55 µg/mg and same was 5.66 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage change in monsoon Li is calculated as 1.94.

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Winter:Li load during winterin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Mussoorie (Kempty bus stand, LBS academy, Mall road,and Company bagh) were and 5.81, 4.22, 5.63 and 4.67 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 5.93, 4.34 , 5.75 and 4.8 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from Mussoorie was 5.08 µg/mg and same was 5.2 µg/mg in 2015.Livalue is increased 2.35 % .

Summer: Li values measured from Mussoorie(Kempty bus stand, LBS academy, Mall road,and Company bagh) were in 2014 as 8.27, 6.06, 7.27 and 6.48 µg/mg and same were 8.39, 6.17, 7.39 and 6.63 µg/mg in 2015.Total Liintake in 2014 summer fromMussooriewas 7.01 µg/mg and same was 7.14 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is as 1.81.

Monsoon :.Liconcentration from Mussoorie monitoring sites (Kempty bus stand, LBS academy, Mall road,and Company bagh) were measured in 2014 as 7.89, 5.72, 5.63 and 5.32 µg/mg and same were 7.97, 5.85, 5.74 and 5.45 µg/mg in 2015.Monsoon average values of Liin 2014 from Mussooriewas 6.16 µg/mg and same was 6.25 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in monsoon Li is calculated as 1.79 .


Winter:Value of lithium during witer in moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Dhanulti (Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple, and Mussoorie road) were 5.38, 4.11, 5.12 and 5.28 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 5.52, 4.23, 5.24 and 5.39 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Li in 2014 from Dhanulti was 4.97 µg/mg and same was 5.09 µg/mg in 2015. Lilevel has changed 2.40 % in comparision to previous year .

Summer : Li values measured from Dhanulti(Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple, and Mussoorie road) were calculated in 2014 as 7.68, 6.07, 7.09 and 7.36 µg/mg and same were 7.81, 6.19, 7.21 and 7.49 µg/mg in 2015.Total Liintake in 2014 summer fromDhanultiwas 7.05 µg/mg and same was 7.17 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage of Li is increased in 2015 compare to 2014 andcalculated as 1.74.

Monsoon :.Liconcentration from Dhanulti monitoring sites (Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple, and Mussoorie road) were measured in 2014 as 6.48, 5.2, 6.18 and 6.26 µg/mg and same were 6.6, 5.29, 6.26 and 6.37 µg/mg in 2015.

Total average monsoon values of Li in 2014 from Dhanultiwas 6.03 µg/mg and same was 6.13 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in monsoon forLi is as 1.63.

4.5.8. Nickel


Winter: During winter the Ni loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Chamba (Forest range , Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand) were 30.45, 39.44, 35.6 and 47.73µg/mg in 2014 and same were 31.3, 40.28, 35.54 and 48.65 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Ni in 2014 from Chamba was 38.3 µg/mg and same was 38.94 µg/mg in 2015. An increase in Ni is amplified 1.63 % in winter.

Summer : Nivalues measured from Chamba (Forest range , Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand) were calculated in 2014 as 38.91, 56.4, 54.74 and 72.13 µg/mg and same were 40.11, 57.36, 55.67 and 73.1 µg/mg in 2015.

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Total Niintake in moss during 2014 summer from Chambawas 55.54 µg/mg and same was 56.56 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 1.79.

Monsoon :.Niconcentration from Chamba monitoring sites (Forest range , Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand) were measured in 2014 as 32.43, 48.36, 50.09 and 56.19 µg/mg and same were 33.28, 48.98, 50.89 and 56.96 µg/mg in 2015

Total average monsoon values of Niin 2014 from Chamba was 46.76 µg/mg and same was 47.52 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in Niwas 1.59 during monsoon of 2015.


Winter:Ni value during winterin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Mussoorie (Kempty bus stand, LBS academy, Mall road, and Company bagh) were 56.03,44.69, 47.9 and 42.6 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 56.95, 45.62, 48.81 and 43.53 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Ni in 2014 from Mussoorie was 47.8 µg/mg and same was 48.72 µg/mg in 2015, Ni is increased 1.89 % in winter.

Summer : Ni values measured from Mussoorie(Kempty bus stand, LBS Academy, Mall Road,and Company Bagh) were measured in 2014 as 78.85, 71.89, 74.72 and 65.19 µg/mg and same were 79.72, 72.78, 75.68 and 66.1 µg/mg in 2015.Total Niintake in 2014 summer fromMussooriewas 72.66 µg/mg and same was 73.57 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is calculated as 1.23.

Monsoon :.Niconcentration from Mussoorie monitoring sites (Kempty bus stand, LBS Academy, Mall Road,and Company Bagh) were measured in 2014 as 60.88, 57.93, 57.53 and 53.29 µg/mg and same were 61.81, 58.88,58.47 and 53.97 µg/mg in 2015.Average monsoon values of Niin 2014 from Mussooriewas 57.4 µg/mg and same was 58.28 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increased during monsoon inmetal Ni is calculated as 1.50.

4.5.8.3 Dhanulti: (sites included are Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple,and Mussoorie road)

Winter: During winter the Ni loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Dhanulti (Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple,and Mussoorie road) were 43.18, 40.56, 43.71 and 46.05 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 44.15, 41.49, 44.67 and 46.92 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Ni in 2014 from Dhanulti was 43.37 µg/mg and same was 44.3µg/mg in 2015.Exhibited an increasing trend of Ni level is 2.10 %.

Summer : Ni values measured from Dhanulti(Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple,and Mussoorie road) were analysed in 2014 as 54.51, 61.31, 67.04 and 73.42 µg/mg and same were 65.48, 62.28, 67.96 and 74.39 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Niintake in 2014 summer fromDhanultiwas 66.57 µg/mg and same was 67.52 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage change of Ni in 2015 compare to 2014 iscalculated as 1.41.

Monsoon :.Niconcentration from Dhanulti monitoring sites (Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple,and Mussoorie road) were measured in 2014 as 52.92, 50.32, 51.5 and 53.72 µg/mg and same were 53.86, 51.24, 52.42 and 54.65 µg/mg in 2015.

Average valuesof Ni during rains in 2014 from Dhanultiwas 52.11 µg/mg and same was 53.04 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage increased in monsoon forNi is calculated as 1.74.

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4.5.8. Zinc


Winter:- Value of metal zincin moss Thuidium cyambifolium during winter from Chamba (Forest range ,Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand) were 29.86, 37.63, 40.03 and 46.8 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 30.65, 38.1, 41.86 and 47.68 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Zn in 2014 from Chamba was 38.58 µg/mg and same was 39.57 µg/mg in 2015, Znaccumulation has increased 2.50 %.

Summer :- Znvalues measured from Chamba (Forest range ,Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand) were measured in 2014 as 33.18, 59.49, 63.53 and 72.89 µg/mg and same were 33.87, 60.21, 64.29 and 73.76 µg/mg in 2015.Total Znintake in 2014 summer from Chambawas 57.27 µg/mg and same was 58.03 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in 2015 compare to 2014 is as 1.30.

Monsoon:-.Znconcentration from Chamba monitoring sites (Forest range ,Office of food Insp, Ayush hospital and Bus stand) were measured in 2014 as 25.87, 29.38, 32.16 and 34.72 µg/mg and same were 26.49, 29.98, 32.91 and 35.69 µg/mg in 2015

Total average values of Zn during rain in 2014 from Chamba were 30.53 µg/mg and same was 31.26 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage change in monsoon for Zn is calculated as 1.59.


Winter:- During winter the Zn loadin moss Thuidium cyambifolium from Mussoorie (Kempty bus stand, LBS academy, Mall road,and Company bagh) were 42.57, 38.68, 44.66 and 44.09 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 43.38, 39.5, 45.52 and 44.87 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Cd in 2014 from Mussoorie was 42.5 µg/mg and same was 43.31 µg/mg in 2015, Znaccumulation in moss has increased to1.88 % during winter 2015.

Summer:- Zn values measured from Mussoorie(Kempty bus stand, LBS Academy, Mall Road,and Company Bagh) were calculated in 2014 as 71.84, 68.95, 76.85 and 72.97 µg/mg and same were 72.75, 64.89, 77.78 and 73.89 µg/mg in 2015.

Total Znintake in 2014 summer fromMussooriewas 71.4 µg/mg and same was 72.32 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage gain in 2015 compare to 2014 for metal zinc is calculated as 1.27.

Monsoon:-.Znconcentration from Mussoorie monitoring sites (Kempty bus stand, LBS academy, Mall road,and Company bagh) were measured in 2014 as 30.36, 30.44, 35.97 and 33.88 µg/mg and same were 31.06, 31.32, 36.83 and 34.8 µg/mg in 2015.

Total average monsoon values of Znin 2014 from Mussooriewas 32.66 µg/mg and same was 33.5 µg/mg in 2015. Percentage of Zn increased in 2015 with respect to 2014 monsoon is 2.50.

4.5.9.3 Dhanulti: (sites included are Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple,and Mussoorie road)

Winter: Zincvaluein moss Thuidium cyambifolium samples from Dhanulti (Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple,and Mussoorie road) were 45.56, 37.64, 31.02 and 42.67 µg/mg in 2014 and same were 46.45, 38.5, 31.85 and 43.54 µg/mg in 2015. Total average Zn in 2014 from Dhanulti was 39.22 µg/mg and same was 40.08 µg/mg in 2015, Zn level is increased to 2.15% during winter.

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Summer:Zn values measured from Dhanulti(Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple,and Mussoorie road) were in 2014 as 74.98, 48.29, 68.05 and 70.1 µg/mg and same were 75.84, 49.07, 68.97 and 70.93 µg/mg in 2015.Total Znintake in 2014 summer fromDhanultiwas 65.35 µg/mg and same was 66.2 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage of Zn is increased in 2015 over to 2014 as 1.28.

Monsoon:Znconcentration from Dhanulti monitoring sites (Uttranchal rural bank, Eco park, Surkanda devi temple,and Mussoorie road) were measured in 2014 as 32.6, 28.04, 30.05 and 31.43 µg/mg and same were 33.49, 28.87, 30.9 and 32.29 µg/mg in 2015. Total average monsoon values of Zn in 2014 from Dhanultiwas 30.53 µg/mg and same was 31.38 µg/mg in 2015.Percentage increased in metal Zn is calculated as 2.73.

4.6 Taxonomic Plates

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40 x. 20mm40x 0.40mm 40x.25mm

D E F

40x 0.37mm

C

40x.85 mm A

Plate 4.6.1. Isoptergium distichaceum.Mitt(A) Leaf (B) Whole plant (C)Leaf apex (D) Basal cell (E)Edge of the leaf (F)Mid- leaf cell

Key Points about Isoptergium distichaceum. Mitt

1. Monoicous.2.Yellow-green, silky plants of variable size forming low tufts.

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3. Main stem creeping, prostrate, not much branched.4. Leaves distichous, spreading (shrunk butstill spreading when dry), elliptic- lanceolate, concave, apex narrowapiculate,marginal dentateat, upturned at one side of the base margin.5.Costa absentLeaf cell elongated rhomboid with cell tips showing papillose development in lower leaf, with rectangular guadrate cells along extreme base.

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40x0.40mm 40x0.35mm D E

10x4.5mm 10x2mm 40x0.50mm A B C

Plate-4.6.2:.Rynchostegiella divaricatifilia (Ren. & Card.)(A) Whole plant (B) Leaf (C) Apical cells (D)Mid Leaf cells (E) Basal Cells

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Key Points about Rynchostegiella divaricatifilia (Ren. & Card.)

1. Soft, large,glossy,yellow plants in lax tufts.2. Main stem long,trailing, Branches pinnate, erect to procumbent, slender,of unegual heights.3. Leaves lax, terete squarrose, ovate-lanceolate 1.28mm apx.4.Long and wide, decurrent at bas, margin dentate to a little abobe base, apex narrow acuminate, twisted half turn.Coasta coveringabout 2/3 of lamina length. 5. Leaf cells showing irregular primordial utricle, liner irregularly rhomboid, marginal dentate row in lamina wider, basal cells shorter,inflatered at the middle of each lamina half.6. Sporophyte unknown

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4Ox 1.3mm 40x 0.46 mm 40x0.38 B C D

10X6.5 cm A

Plate 4.6.3-Thuidium cyambifolium Doz and Molk (A) Whole Plant (B) Leaf (C) Mid leaf cells (D) Basal Cells

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Key Points about Thuidium cyambifolium Doz and Molk

1. Diocous. Large, yellow-green to deep green (may be brownish when old) plants forming dense mats.

2. Main stem creeping, arched or ascending, may central strand. Giving off regular or irregularly bi-or tripinnate branched. Paraphyllia dense on stem, Branched lanceolate to filiform.

3.Stem leaves erectopatent, ovate-lanceolate triangular.ending in along arista formed by the excurrent costa, plicate.up to 3mm. Long( with the arista) and 1mm. Wide

4. Branchleaves erectopatent (erect when dry), Concave, ovate-lanceolate with acute apex, up tp 0.5 mm. Long on secondary stems and 0.3mm long on ultimate branches,margins irregularly crenulated

5. Costa ending below apex.

6. Leaf cells more or less rhomboid with single papillae on both sides of lumen, at extreme base, cells elongated, smooth and at the region of attachment there are some broad lax cells.

7. Sporophytes on the main stems.

.......................................

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