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5/16/2018 Report on Smart Text - slidepdf.com
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NAME-SUPRIYA KIRVE
CLASS-B TECH 3RD YEAR
SUBJECT-MAN MADE FIBER
PRODUCTION
TOPIC-SMART TEXTILES BYCHEMICAL FINISHING
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Definition and classification of smart textiles
Smart textiles are defined as textiles that can sense and react to
environmental conditions or stimuli from mechanical, thermal,
chemical, electrical or magnetic sources. According to
functional activity smart textiles can be classified in three
categories :
Passive Smart Textiles: The first generations of smart textiles,
which can only sense the environmental conditions or stimulus,are called Passive Smart Textiles.
Active Smart Textiles: The second generation has both
actuators and sensors. The actuators act upon the detected signal
either directly or from a central control unit. Active smart
textiles are shape memory, chameleonic, water-resistant andvapour permeable (hydrophilic/non porous), heat storage,
thermo regulated, vapour absorbing, heat evolving fabric and
electrically heated suits.
Ultra Smart Textiles: Very smart textiles are the third
generation of smart textiles, which can sense, react and adopt
themselves to environmental conditions or stimuli. A very smart
or intelligent textile essentially consists of a unit, which works
like the brain, with cognition, reasoning and activating
capacities. The production of very smart textiles is now a reality
after a successful marriage of traditional textiles and clothing
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technology with other branches of science like material science,
structural mechanics, sensor and actuator technology, advance
processing technology, communication, artificial intelligence,
biology, etc.
OBJECTS OF FINISHING
Chemical finishes applied to fabrics to enhance
performance and specific end uses.
Add to product cost & value.
May be invisible or beyond consumer perception.
Many topical some wet processed in order to facilitateabsorption of finish into fiber.
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New coating techniques and materials are continually
widening the areas in which textile materials can be employed
and the environments which they can withstand. New finishes
such as nano- coatings are complementing existing coatings,while developments in coating and laminating technology
improve efficiencies and produce materials able to withstand
extreme environments.
A sol – gel based surface treatment for preparation
of water repellent antistatic textiles
A surface treatment is described for preparation of
hydrophobic sol – gel coatings that simultaneously offer antistatic
properties for an appropriate finishing of textiles and refinement
of polymer foils. Sol – gel based formulations are modified with
both hydrophilic and hydrophobic components simultaneously.
Hydrophobic components are, e.g., alkoxy silanes modified withalkyl chains while the hydrophilic ones are amino-functionalized
alkoxy silanes. The basic idea is that due to an enrichment of
hydrophobic groups at the solid/air interface the surface of the as
prepared coatings will be hydrophobic while the deeper region
will be more hydrophilic.
Textiles finished with these coatings exhibit sufficient
water repellence and simultaneously absorb sufficient amounts
of humidity in the deeper areas of the coating guaranteeingantistatic properties. This concept offers interesting approaches
for the preparation of multifunctional surface coatings for
focusing on combining water repellence with antistatic
properties for textile materials.
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CONDUCTIVE FIBRES
The idea of electronic yarns and textiles has appeared for quite
some time, but their properties often do not meet practical
expectations. In addition to chemical/mechanical durability and
high electrical conductivity, important materials qualifications
include weavablity, wearability, light weight, and ―smart‖
functionalities.
A simple process of transforming general commodity cotton
threads into intelligent e-textiles using a polyelectrolyte-based
coating with carbon nano tubes (CNTs). Efficient charge
transport through the network of nano tubes (20 Ω/cm) and the
possibility to engineer tunneling junctions make them promising
materials for many high-knowledge-content garments. Along
with integrated humidity sensing, we demonstrate that
CNT−cotton threads can be used to detect albumin, the key
protein of blood, with high sensitivity and selectivity. Not
withstanding future challenges, these proof-of-concept
demonstrations provide a direct pathway for the application of
these materials as wearable bio monitoring and telemedicine
sensors, which are simple, sensitive, selective, and versatile. Wearable computers can now merge seamlessly into ordinary
clothing. Using various conductive textiles, data and power
distribution as well as sensing circuitry can be incorporated
directly into wash-and-wear clothing.
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Conductive surfaces on woven fabrics were obtained by knife-
over-roll coating in laboratory small-scale equipment and
continuously in a pilot plant. Commercially available inherently
conductive polymers (polyaniline, polytiophene andpolypyrrole) were mixed with an acrylic binder polymer, and
coated on a polyester fabric. The concentration of the conductive
polymer and number of coated layers were varied with the aim
to reach conductivity on a surface which could withstand aging
and mechanical stress.
Conductivity is a main requirement in smart and electronic
textiles, and there are several options for achieving this . Metal
fibres in the form of thin metal filaments can be used, but these
are brittle, heavier and more difficult to process than
conventional textile fibres. Coating of textile fibres with metallic
salts is another option, but these have limited stability duringlaundering. The development of intrinsically conductive
polymers (ICP) has opened up new possibilities for conductive
textile materials. These polymers are conjugated polymerswhich
electrical conductivity is dramatically increased by doping [2].
In the doping a small amount of chemical agent is added,and the
electronic structure is changed. The doping process is reversible,and involves a redox process. Conductive polymers are provided
both as solid compounds or liquid dispersions or solutions. The
liquid versions can easily be applied onto a textile substrate by
coating methods.
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Polyester fabrics have been coated with polypyrrole (PPy) for
obtaining heat generation textiles. The fabric could generate heat
when a voltage was applied to the fabric. In-situ polymerisation
of the conductive polymer on the textile surface has also beenreported. Poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) and PPy
have been deposited by chemical and electrochemical oxidation
on a polyester textile. These textiles showed also decrease in
conductivity upon stretching, thus enabling the textiles to be
used as strain sensors.By applying conductive coatings on
textiles, a novel and technically interesting textile materialshould be obtained.
Coating formulations
Each ICP was blended with the acrylate binder, thickener and
pH-regulator according to a proprietary recipie. The amount of
conductive polymer dispersions was in the range from 74 to 78
wt-%. This corresponded to 1 wt-% polythiophene, 3.7 wt-%polypyrrole and 4.7 wt-% polyaniline, due to the variations in
material composition.
These formulations were denoted Sample series A.
A series of samples with same content of conductive polymers
were then made. with the amount was 1 wt-% conductive
polymer, the exact amount was estimated by determining by
freeze drying the actual content of the conductive polymer in the
supplied dispersions. This gave for Panipol 6,2 wt-%, for
Eeonomer 5,3 wt-% and for Baytron 1,3 wt-%.
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These formulations were denoted Sample series B.
COATING PROCEDURE
Approximately 20 cm x 30 cm polyester fabrics were coated
knife-over-roll in a laboratory coating equipment.
Figure 1. (a) A knife-over-roll lab coater. (b) Large
scale continuous knife-over-roll coater.
To be able to see how the coating paste and the fabric interacted
during continuous large scale coating a 50 m fabric of 50 cm
width was coated in a pilot scale continuous knife-over-roll
coater. The trial involved different coating thicknesses and
number of coatings. For the larger scale coating the Panipol W
was selected, due to limitation of material costs. The binder was
of acrylic type.
CONCLUSION
Conductivities on woven fabric can be obtained by knife-over-
roll coating on one side. The roughness of the surface caused no
problem to get a conductive surface, but the stress on the fabric
during coating caused unevenness especially when several
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layers where made. The different layers diffused into each other
as the curing was left after the last drying step.
SOME OF THE SMART FINISHES
APPERENCE RETENTION FINISHES
Light-stabilizing —
apply light-stabilizing or ultraviolet-absorbing compounds to
fabrics to minimize damage from light exposure.
pilling-resistant —
minimize the formation of tiny balls of fiber bits on a fabric’ssurface.
anti-yellowing —
COMFORT RELATED FINISHES
water-repellent finishes —
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resists wetting; depends upon surface tension & fabric
penetrability; generally calendared & then chemically applied.
waterproof fabric —
will not wet regardless of length & force of exposure to water.
moisture management finishes —
remove sweat from skin’s surface & help cool body.
porosity-control —
used to limit penetration of fabric by air.
water-absorbent —
increase moisture absorbency of fabric & its drying time.
ultra-violet absorbent —
incorporate chemical compounds or nanoparticles that absorb
energy in UV region of electromagnetic spectrum.
ANTISTATIC FINISHES
• controlled with humidity in natural-fiber fabrics
• with thermoplastic fibers controlled by,
• improving surface conductivity
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• attracting water molecules
• neutralizing electrostatic charge
Fabric softeners —
improve hand of harsh textiles
Phase-change finishes —
minimize heat flow through a fabric — insulate against
temperature extremes.
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL FINISHES
Insect- and moth-control —
Insecticides, insect-repellent .
moth control usually by chemical (Permethrin) at scouring ordyeing stage.
Insect control methods:
• cold storage — decreases insect activity, generally not
practical for consumer.
• odors — mothballs; poison and should be used with caution.
• stomach poisons — fluorides & silicofluorides used for dry-
cleanable wool.
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• chemical additives — in dye bath permanently alter
fiber; make it unpalatable by larvae; may yellow or
cause color loss.
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL FINISHES
ROT PROOF FINISH
used primarily on technical products used outdoors to improve
durability & longevity.
ANTIMICROBIAL
leachable (not bonded to fiber)
nonleachable (bonded to fiber or used as additives)
• Inhibit growth of microbes
• Reduce or prevent odor
• Prevent decay and damage from perspiration
• control spread of disease
Reduce risk of infection after injury.
Biological-control finishes.
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MICRO ENCAPSULATED
smart textile finish that incorporates a water-soluble or other
material in a tiny capsule form may contain fragrance, insectrepellents, disinfectants, cleaning agents, cooling/warming
chemicals, lotions, oils to relieve stress, deodorants, activated
charcoal, etc.
SAFETY RELATED FINISHES
Fire retardance —
resistance to combustion of a material when tested under
specified conditions
flame resistance —
property of a material whereby flaming combustion is
prevented, terminated, or inhibited by following application of a
flaming or nonflaming source of ignition, with or withoutsubsequent removal of ignition source.
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Flammability
characteristics of material that pertain to its relative ease of ignition and relative ability to sustain combustion.
flame-retardant finishes —
• function in variety of ways: block flame’s access or
extinguish flame.
• can be durable or non-durable.
• less expensive than flame-resistant fibers.
• safety-related finishes.
• liquid-barrier —
• protect wearer from liquids penetrating through fabric —
important to health care professionals, agricultural &
chemical workers.
• light-reflecting —
• used on fabrics to increase visibility of wearers in low-light
conditions.
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Polymeric ―smart‖ coatings have been developed that are
capable of both detecting and removing hazardous nuclear and
heavy metal contaminants from contaminated surfaces. These
coatings consist of strippable polymeric compositions containingblends of polymers, copolymers and additives that can be
brushed or sprayed onto a surface as a solution or dispersion in
aqueous media. Upon drying, these coatings form strong films
that can easily be peeled or stripped from the surface. When
applied to a contaminated surface, these coatings display
responsive behavior. Areas of contamination are indicated by acolor change. As the coatings dry, the contaminants are drawn
into and fixed in the polymer matrix. Subsequent removal of the
coating with entrapped contaminants results in some degree of
surface decontamination. Here we report the development and
investigation of a smart, decontaminating coating developed for
uranium and plutonium.
Antibacterial coatings using plasmaAim:
- deposition of durable coatings that kill bacteria on
contactSubstrates:
- type:clothing (medical, sportswear)
- material:
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typically polyester Agents:
- silver based, ammonium chloride based
Methods:- atmospheric plasma/corona deposition
- atmospheric plasma jet
- low pressure plasma deposition
- addition of nebulised/vaporised liquid agent
(“plasma mist”)
SMART BREATHABLE COTTON
Smart breathable cotton fabrics were made using a temperature-
sensitive copolymer - poly( N-tert -butylacrylamide-ran-
acrylamide:: 27: 73). The cotton fabric was coated using an
aqueous solution (20 wt%) of the copolymer containing 1,2,3,4-
butanetetracarboxylic acid as a cross-linker (50 mol%) and
sodium hypophosphite (0.5 wt%) as a catalyst, followed by
drying (120°C, 5 min) and curing (200°C, 5 min). The integrity
of the cross-linked coatings to the fabric was observed to be
excellent. The coatings after integration to the cotton substrateretained temperature-sensitive swelling behavior and showed a
transition in the temperature range of 15-40°C. Below 15°C, the
coatings swell by 800% while above 40°C they deswell to a
swelling percentage of less than 50% (on the basis of dry
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weight). The transition to swelling was completed in about 20
min while deswelling was quicker in 2-3 min. The response was
found to be reversible and stable to repeated cycles of transition.
The coated fabrics showed a temperature-responsive watervapor transmission rate (WVTR). The WVTR values of the
responsive (copolymer coated) and the nonresponsive
(poly(acrylamide) coated) breathable fabric were measured as a
percentage (transmission percentage) of control uncoated
substrate. The transmission percentage at 20% relative humidity
for the copolymer coated fabrics was found to change across thetransition temperature (15-45°C) from 58 to 94% compared to
the poly(acrylamide)-coated fabrics which changed only from
70 to 94%, showing a clear response to changing environmental
temperature.
SMART TEXTILES
Flash dried fabrics
finishing technology was developed to provide a treatment that
retains water resistance on the face of a fabric and increases
wicking on the back. The two functions are truly separated
within the fabric, which remains highly breathable.A special
process to apply a hydrophilic finish on the back that wicks
perspiration away from the body, spreading it over the fabric,
and evaporating it quickly on the face. It also has a hydrophobic
finish that repels water and dirt.
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The fabric dries six to eight times faster than untreated fabric.
THERMAL SENSITIVITY
SmartSkin hydrogel is a new technology involving a
hydrophilic/hydrophobic copolymer, which is embedded in an
open-cell foam layer bonded to the inside of a closed-cell
neoprene layer in a composite wet suit fabric with nylon or
nylon/Lycra outer and inner layers. SmartSkin absorbs cold
water that has flushed into the suit and expands to close
openings at the hands, feet and neck, preventing more water
from entering. Water trapped inside the suit heats up upon body
contact. If the water warms up past a transition temperature
determined by the proportion of hydrophilic to hydrophobic
components, the hydrogel releases water and contracts, allowing
more water to flush through the suit. This passive system
constantly regulates the internal temperature — no batteries ormechanical action are needed.
ANTI MICROBIAL
An anti-microbial technology has been developed by which it
embeds AgIO, a silver-based inorganic zeolite, in a solution-
dyed polyester Fossfibre® bicomponent fiber. Fossfibre with
AgION is suitable for all textile applications in which anti-
microbial protection The bicomponent fibers in Fossfibre are
specially designed so that AgION is found only on the sheath,
providing controlled release for optimum exposure to the
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destructive bacteriais desired. The silver ions from the ceramic
compound are released at a slow and steady rate. Ambient
moisture in the air causes low-level release that effectively
maintains an anti-microbial surface. As the humidity increasesand the environment becomes ideal for bacteria growth, more
silver is released.
PROTECTION AGAINST THE ELEMENTS
1)Shower proofingPrafffin wax, emulsified with a fungitve surfactants and in
mixture with aluminum or zirconium salts, provides a semi
durable treatments for textiles.slightly higher wash durability
being exhibited on cotton then on synthetics due to ionic
attraction of heavy metals to the cellulose.polysiloxane
(silicone) based repellents offer good general durability with
softness and drape but can often show an undesirable oily handle
on synthetics, with greater tendenct to attract oily stains then
flouro chemicals based finishes.micro porous or hydrophilic
breathable ie.(maintaining useful moisture transmission rate forcomfort )Membranes are available for laminations as drop liner,
or directly on to the main outer rain wear fabric for foul weather
wear,their jigh resistance to water penetration renders the
garments largely water proof and wind proof.
INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT PROTETION
The chemical industries are the business that have thegreatest need for garments with protective treatments to
repel both water and oil based chemicals .one should
expect the higher concentration of flour chemical applied.
Compare to that use for eg. in shower proof rain wear to
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ensure the required repellency performance and durability
standards for industrial protective wear.Resistace to
penetration, for any dynamic liquid contact or higher
pressure would still depend on tightly wovenconstructions, proofed coating, breathable laminates or
use of these as drop loner in the garment.
Protection for emergency services
FR finished fabrics used in protective gear for riot police And
some firemen’s tunics calls for particularly high oils repellency
levels. Because such finishes are for garments employed in lifethreaten situations. it is also important to ensure very good
durability to dry clean or landering.Incorporation of blocked
isocyante , a formaldehyde condensation resin or both is
required.
BIO-MIMICS
Fibers have been developed that can quickly change their color,
hue, depth of shade or optical transparency by application of an
electrical or magnetic field could have applications in coatings,
additives or stand alone fibers. Varying the electrical or
magnetic field changes the optical properties of certain
oligomeric and molecular moieties by altering their absorption
coefficients in the visible spectrum as a result of changes in theirmolecular structure.
The change in color is due to the absence of specific
wavelengths of light; it varies due to structural changes with the
application of an electromagnetic field.
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COOLING-WARMING SYSTEM
A new high-tech vest has been developed to help keep soldiers,firefighters, etc. alive in the searing temperatures of deserts,
mines and major fires. The vest uses a personal cooling system
(PCS), which is based on heat pipe technology which works by
collecting body heat through vapor filled cavities in a vest worn
on the body. The heat is then transferred via a flexible heat pipe
to the atmosphere with the help of an evaporative cooling heat
exchanger. The heat exchanger is similar in principle to a bush
fridge where a cold cloth is put over a container and the
temperature drop caused by evaporation keeps the food cool. It
is designed to be worn by personnel underneath NBC (nuclear,
biological and chemical) clothing, body armor and other
protective clothing.
TISSUE ENGINEERING
Tissue engineering uses living cells and their extracellular
components with textile-based biomaterial scaffolds to develop
biological tissues for human body repair. The scaffolds provide
support for cellular attachment and subsequent controlled
proliferation into predefined tissue shapes. Such an engineering
approach would solve the severe shortage problem associated
with organ transplants. Textile-based scaffolds have been used
for such tissue engineering purposes. The most frequently used
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textile-based scaffolds are non-woven structures, preferably of
biodegradable materials, because then there is no permanent
foreign-body tissue reaction toward the scaffolds and, over
time, there is more volume space into which the engineered
tissue can grow.
APPLICATIONS
One of the main applications of membranes is in the field of
sportswear for the manufacture of breathable and impermeable
clothes. Indeed, with a simple system of membrane, fabrics
possessing an excellent water exchange are obtained with a good
elimination of the sweat at the garment interface (breathability)
and the creation of an external barrier with extreme water
repellence.
For example, the best provider of textile membranes is Gore that
manufactures unique wafer-thin microporous membrane (Gore
tex), which contains over 9 millions pores per square inch. Each
pore is 20,000 times smaller than a water droplet, yet some 700
times bigger than a moisture vapour molecule. This gives the
fabric the excellent levels of waterproofness and breathability
that the brand is famous for. Gore-Tex is a bi-component
membrane, meaning that it is made up of two parts.
The main part (that you see) is made from expanded
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polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE for short). This is then
combined with an oleophobic (oil hating) layer that protects the
membrane from the natural oils that the human body emits,
insect repellents, cosmetics etc. The outer face of the Gore-Texfabric is coated with a hydrophobic DWR (Durable Water
Repellency) treatment which encourages surface water to bead
up and run off, improving the wet weather performance of the
garment and promoting breathability by preventing wetting-out
of the outer face.
Another successful application of the membranes in intelligent
textiles is the Lotus effect. Lotus effect results in an
ultrahydrophobic finishing (membranes or coating), which
provides repellence of the aqueous products and also of the oleic
product. The result is that the garment does not have an affinity
with any products so that it cannot be dirtied. Another name of
this property is self-cleaning garments. Several commercial
products exist which use membrane of polytetrafluoroethylene
derivatives that present an analogy with the Lotus effect.
CONCLUSION
The range and variety of high performance textiles that
have been developed to meet present and future
requirements are now considerable.
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Textile materials are now combined, modified and tailored
in ways far beyond the performance limit of fibers drawn
from the silkworm cocoon, grown in the fields, or spun
from the fleece of animals.
REFERENCE
• http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http:
//www.acteco.org/Acteco/training_torino/5_Vetter_Alcan_C
eramis.pdf
• http://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=Functionalization+of+t
extiles+by+inorganic
• http://www.woodheadpublishing.com/en/book.aspx?bookID
=1412
• Woodhead publication-smart textiles by coating and
laminating by William smith.
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