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Report on survey of Expert assessments of e-business in SSA
© 2004 Chitu Okoli
Executive summary In summer 2003, the research team on Sub-Saharan Africa at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, USA investigated experts’ perceptions on the most pertinent issues affecting the success of electronic business in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Mr. Hamadoun Touré, the Director of the International Telecommunication Union's Bureau of Development, has affirmed that this study could contribute towards achieving one of ITU-D’s goals of harnessing the potentials of ICTs for socioeconomic development of developing countries. We hope that business managers, policy makers, and government and NGO officials can use the results of this study in furthering the development of e-business in SSA. Chitu Okoli, now at Concordia University in Montréal, Canada, conducted this survey for his doctoral dissertation at Louisiana State University, which he successfully defended on October 13, 2003. Dr. Victor Mbarika chaired the dissertation. This document reports the results of the survey, but it does not discuss them. The dissertation reports the study from a scholarly perspective in far more detail, giving both methodological details of the study (chapters 3 and 4) and discussing in-depth the theoretical meaning and implications of the results (chapters 2 and 5). This dissertation is freely available on the World Wide Web at: <http://etd02.lnx390.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-1021103-111509/>
Before conducting the actual survey, we conducted a pilot (test) survey to refine our questionnaire and administration procedure. We sent the survey to 402 e-mail addresses in April and May 2003 for the pilot survey, and obtained 48 completed responses. Based on these responses, we modified the survey to be more valid and reflective of what we are actually trying to discover. We do not report any results from the pilot test here, but they are available in the full dissertation report. For the main study, which we report here, we sent the questionnaire by e-mail to 1,092 expert contact from May to July 2003, We sent two e-mail reminders and one reminder by postal mail to those whom we had not heard from. By the conclusion of the survey in August 2003, we eventually received 158 responses; however, only 147 were sufficiently complete for us to use for our analysis. This report is available on the WWW at <http://chitu.okoli.org/mis/research/dissertation/report.html>.
2
Table of contents
Report on survey of Expert assessments of e-business in SSA _______________ 1
Executive summary ___________________________________________________ 1
Table of contents _____________________________________________________ 2
Demographic questions _______________________________________________ 2
Categorical demographic questions __________________________________________2 Country/region for which the experts responded to the survey questions _____________________ 2 Type of organization to which expert belongs __________________________________________ 4 Country in which expert’s organization is based ________________________________________ 5 Gender of expert_________________________________________________________________ 6 Age range of expert ______________________________________________________________ 7 Highest education level expert has attained ___________________________________________ 8
Numeric demographic questions _____________________________________________9
E-business in SSA questions __________________________________________ 12
Survey questions and key__________________________________________________12
Question responses_______________________________________________________16
Question response charts__________________________________________________17
Demographic questions
Categorical demographic questions
Country/region for which the experts responded to the survey questions
Geo-economic sub-regions of Sub-Saharan Africa
Central Africa and Great Lakes
Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaire), Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe
East Africa Kenya, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda Horn of Africa Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia
Southern Africa Angola, Botswana, Comoros, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe
West Africa Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo
3
Region Country N % Responded for all of SSA 8 5.4 Chad 1 0.7 Gabon 1 0.7 Rwanda 3 2.0 Central Africa 5 3.4 East Africa 2 1.4 Kenya 22 15.0 Sudan 3 2.0 Tanzania 6 4.1 Uganda 3 2.0 East Africa 36 24.5 Horn of Africa 1 0.7 Eritrea 1 0.7 Ethiopia 1 0.7 Horn of Africa 3 2.0 Southern Africa 13 8.8 Botswana 2 1.4 Madagascar 2 1.4 Malawi 3 2.0 Mauritius 3 2.0 Mozambique 7 4.8 Namibia 5 3.4 Seychelles 1 0.7 Swaziland 1 0.7 Zambia 7 4.8 Zimbabwe 7 4.8 Southern Africa 51 34.7 Benin 1 0.7 Burkina Faso 1 0.7 Cote d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) 3 2.0 Gambia 2 1.4 Ghana 11 7.5 Guinea 2 1.4 Mali 2 1.4 Niger 1 0.7 Nigeria 18 12.2 Senegal 2 1.4 West Africa 1 0.7 West Africa 44 29.9 Total 147 100.0
4
Region
Region
WestSSASouthernHornEastCentral
Fre
quen
cy60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Type of organization to which expert belongs Organization type N %
Academic 24 16.6 Commercial 73 50.3 Governmental 25 17.2 Nongovernmental 23 15.9 Total 145 100.0
Org type
Org type
Nongovernmental
Governmental
Commercial
Academic
Fre
quen
cy
80
60
40
20
0
5
Country in which expert’s organization is based Org region Org country N % India 1 0.7 Laos 1 0.7 Asia
2 1.4 France 2 1.4 United Kingdom 3 2.1 Switzerland 1 0.7 Norway 1 0.7 Netherlands 1 0.7 Europe
8 5.5 Egypt 1 0.7 Morocco 3 2.1 North Africa 4 2.7 United States of America 5 3.4 North America 5 3.4 Republic of South Africa 24 16.4 Benin 1 0.7 Botswana 2 1.4 Burkina Faso 1 0.7 Côte d'Ivoire 1 0.7 Djibouti 1 0.7 Eritrea 1 0.7 Ethiopia 1 0.7 Gambia 2 1.4 Ghana 8 5.5 Kenya 18 12.3 Madagascar 2 1.4 Malawi 3 2.1 Mali 2 1.4 Mauritius 3 2.1 Mozambique 6 4.1 Namibia 4 2.7 Niger 1 0.7 Nigeria 18 12.3 Rwanda 1 0.7 Senegal 2 1.4 Seychelles 1 0.7 Sudan 3 2.1 Swaziland 1 0.7 Tanzania 7 4.8 Uganda 3 2.1 Zambia 5 3.4 Zimbabwe 5 3.4 SSA
104 71.2 Total
146 100.0
6
Org region
Org region
SSA
South Africa
North America
North Africa
Europe
Asia
Fre
quen
cy120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Gender of expert Gender N % Female 16 11.0 Male 129 89.0 Total 145 100.0
Gender
Gender
MaleFemale
Fre
quen
cy
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
7
Age range of expert
Age N % 24< 4 2.8 25-34 47 32.4 35-44 53 36.6 45-54 32 22.1 55-64 8 5.5 65> 1 0.7 Total 145 100.0
Age
Age
65>55-6445-5435-4425-3424<
Fre
quen
cy
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
8
Highest education level expert has attained
Education N % Bachelor's 46 32.4 Doctorate 19 13.4 Master's 64 45.1 Post-secondary 8 5.6 Secondary 5 3.5 Total 142 100.0
Education
Education
Secondary
Post-secondary
Master's
Doctorate
Bachelor's
Fre
quen
cy
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
9
Numeric demographic questions
N Min Max Mean Median � Years of experience with e-business in SSA (Experience) 142 0 28 6.71 5 5.38 Years lived in Sub-Saharan Africa (Lived SSA) 131 0 54 21.09 22 15.99 Years lived in Republic of South Africa (Lived SA) 126 0 50 5.01 0 11.59 Years lived in North Africa (Lived NA) 120 0 40 1.23 0 5.64 Years in technologically-advanced countries (Lived Tech) 130 0 47 7.12 3 10.30
Experience
28.0
26.0
24.0
22.0
20.0
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
Experience
Fre
quen
cy
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 5.38
Mean = 6.7
N = 142.00
10
Lived SSA
55.0
50.0
45.0
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
Lived SSAF
requ
ency
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 15.99
Mean = 21.1
N = 131.00
Lived SA
50.0
45.0
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
Lived SA
Fre
quen
cy
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Std. Dev = 11.59
Mean = 5.0
N = 126.00
11
Lived NA
40.035.030.025.020.015.010.05.00.0
Lived NAF
requ
ency
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Std. Dev = 5.64
Mean = 1.2
N = 120.00
Lived Tech
45.040.035.030.025.020.015.010.05.00.0
Lived Tech
Fre
quen
cy
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 10.30
Mean = 7.1
N = 130.00
12
Actual survey questions on e-business in SSA
Survey questions and codes Concept Code Question
E-business Outcomes
EB
EBC Capabilities: Please indicate how much you agree or disagree that urban SME businesses in your country will have the following e-business capabilities by the end of 2004.
EBCI Information: Product information will be available online for business customers, including product search capabilities.
EBCT Transaction: Business customers will be able to use websites to place, track, and review orders.
EBCX Interaction: Business customers will be able to manage online accounts, customize their view of the website, and conduct real-time chat with customer service representatives.
EBCS Supplier connection: Businesses will place online orders from suppliers, use electronic data interchange (EDI), and electronically share inventory information with suppliers and business partners.
E-Business Capabilities
EBCN Intranet: Within a business, employees will be able to use the Internet to share information internally, communicate with each other, and run applications.
EBV Value impacts: Please indicate how much you agree or disagree with these statements about the impacts of e-business in the context of urban SME businesses in your country.
EBVR E-business activity will increase revenues.
EBVC E-business activity will save costs.
EBVT E-business activity will save employees’ time and effort.
EBVJN E-business activity will result in new jobs in your country.
E-Business Value
EBVJL E-business activity will result in people losing their jobs in your country.
ICT Policies IP How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements about current policies concerning ICTs in your country?
IPIR Some policies influence information and communication technologies (ICTs) by encouraging or setting a trend, whereas others regulate ICTs by implementing and enforcing definite laws. Some policies target the supply of ICTs by focusing on organizations that create and provide ICTs, whereas others target the demand for ICTs by focusing on people and organizations that use them.
IPIS The government influences the supply of ICTs (for example: by funding ICT research and innovation; providing educational and training services; and subsidizing ICT development).
IPID The government influences the demand for ICTs (for example: by providing skill training; subsidizing the costs of purchasing ICTs; and providing programs for ICT awareness and promotion).
General ICT Policies
IPRS The government regulates the supply of ICTs (for example: by requiring computer education; removing economic barriers to ICT trade and innovation; and establishing standards and requirements for research and development in ICTs).
Survey questions and key (continued)
13
Concept Code Question
IPRD The government regulates the demand for ICTs (for example: by requiring specific ICT-related standards, products or processes be used by government agencies or businesses with government contracts).
IPP Privatization and liberalization: The government gives ownership and control of telecommunications provision to private enterprises, and private enterprises can freely compete in the mobile phone, ICT and ISP markets.
IPE
IPEP E-business promotion: The government generally supports and actively promotes the practice of e-business.
IPEI Intellectual property rights: The government actively enforces the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks, and other intellectual property rights.
IPEU E-business user rights: E-business users have well-defined and actively-enforced legal rights when engaging in e-business regarding purchase protection and privacy.
E-business Policies
IPEA Awareness of e-business: People are generally aware of the concept and benefits of electronic business.
II How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements about the current state of infrastructure for information and communication technologies in urban cities in your country?
IITB There is an adequate number of national and international trunk/backbone (long distance) phone and data circuits.
IIE There is a steady supply of electrical power, whether by national grids or backup electrical generators.
IIW There is an adequate number of ICT workers skilled in developing and maintaining ICTs, training others how to use ICTs, and managing ICT infrastructures.
IIWN There is an adequate number of wireless networks, such as VSAT, satellite and microwave links.
IIP Urban citizens have adequate access to phone services, whether land telephone lines, mobile/cellular phones, or payphones.
III Urban citizens have adequate access to the Internet, whether from home, work, Internet cafes, telecenters, or other locations.
IIISP There is an adequate number of Internet service providers (ISPs) for the number of citizens.
IIA Computers, networks, Internet access, and other ICTs are affordable for most urban SME businesses.
ICT Infrastructure
IIQ The ICT equipment and services available to urban SME businesses are generally of high quality.
Institutions and Commerce
IC
ICC How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements about the general commercial environment in your country?
ICCC Corruption: Bribery and corruption are rare when dealing with the government or businesses in relation to contracts, loans, licenses, tax assessments, fines, and other necessary services.
ICCD* Which of the following descriptions most adequately reflects the distribution environment for physical products in your country? (See key below for listing of the options for this question.)
Commercial Infrastructure
ICCP Electronic payment systems: Banks support electronic merchant payment systems such as credit and debit cards.
Institutions ICI How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements about governance institutions in your country?
Survey questions and key (continued)
14
Concept Code Question
ICIV Voice and accountability: Citizens can freely choose their government. They can exercise political rights and civil liberties, and the press is independent from government control.
ICIB Government regulation and bureaucracy: The government does not control goods markets, interfere with the banking system, nor excessively regulate or control private business and international trade.
ICIR Risk of repudiation: There is a low risk that the government will modify its contracts by scaling them down, postponing them, or outright repudiating them.
ICIL Rule of law: The government justly enforces contracts, and protects individuals and businesses against violence, theft and fraud.
TI How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements about implementation factors for a typical ICT project (especially e-business) in urban SME businesses in your country?
TITM Top managers support the project by word and action.
TIUI Users are closely involved in the design and development of the system.
TIUT Users are computer literate and they are adequately trained in using the system.
TIPC There is at least one person (not necessarily a top manager) who purposefully champions the project by encouraging and advocating it.
ICT Transfer Implementation
TISD The systems development team is skilled in the pertinent technologies.
Culture-Specific Beliefs and Values
C Please indicate how much you agree or disagree with these statements about the work environment in urban SME businesses that implement or consider implementing ICTs (such as e-business) in your country.
CUA
CUAT Business employees generally do not trust ICTs or e-business.
CUAS Business employees are generally concerned about data security when considering using ICTs.
CUAP Managers typically prefer to adopt ICTs or e-business only if it has been proven to be effective.
Uncertainty Avoidance
CUAN Managers are usually hesitant to attempt new ICT or e-business applications.
CPD
CPDP Managers frequently use their authority and power when dealing with subordinates.
CPDD Managers do not usually delegate important tasks to employees.
CPDA Subordinates are usually afraid to express disagreement with their superiors.
Power Distance
CPDS Managers generally avoid off-the-job social contacts with employees.
CTC Please indicate how much you agree or disagree with the following statements about the amount and nature of travel for managers of ICTs or e-business in urban SME businesses in your country. (For these questions, include the Republic of South Africa as a “technologically-advanced” country.)
CTCB Most have traveled to a technologically-advanced country for business purposes.
Technology Culturation
CPCP Most have traveled to a technologically-advanced country for personal (non-business) purposes.
Survey questions and key (continued)
15
Concept Code Question CPCS Most have attended a computer-related conference either within Sub-Saharan Africa or in another developing country. CPCT Most have attended a computer-related conference in a technologically-advanced country.
16
Question responses*
N Min Max Mean Median Mode � EBCI 146 1 7 4.39 5 5 1.724
EBCT 147 1 7 3.87 4 5 1.895 EBCX 147 1 7 3.60 3 5 1.797 EBCS 147 1 7 3.54 3 3 1.725 EBCN 143 1 7 5.21 5 5 1.448 EBVR 147 1 7 5.24 5 5,6 1.321 EBVC 147 2 7 5.54 6 5 1.218 EBVT 147 2 7 5.67 6 6 1.160
EBVJN 146 1 7 5.33 5 5 1.308 EBVJL 147 1 7 3.83 4 3 1.644
IPIS 146 1 7 4.15 5 5 1.998 IPID 146 1 7 3.97 4 5 1.840
IPRS 146 1 7 4.18 5 5 1.833 IPRD 146 1 7 3.95 4 3 1.790
IPP 146 1 7 4.52 5 6 1.938 IPEP 144 1 7 4.10 4 5 1.735 IPEI 145 1 7 3.81 4 3 1.867
IPEU 145 1 7 3.19 3 1 1.760 IPEA 145 1 7 3.72 4 5 1.627 IITB 147 1 7 3.34 3 1 1.978
IIE 146 1 7 3.64 3 3 1.919 IIIW 147 1 7 3.58 3 3 1.724
IIWN 147 1 7 3.25 3 2,3 1.621 IIP 146 1 7 4.16 5 5 1.814 III 142 1 7 3.78 4 5 1.743
IIA 145 1 7 3.11 3 2 1.625 IIQ 146 1 7 3.85 4 5 1.625
ICIV 147 1 7 4.71 5 5,6 1.756 ICIB 146 1 7 4.08 4 3 1.704 ICIR 147 1 7 4.16 4 4 1.658 ICIL 146 1 7 4.31 4 4 1.837
ICCC 147 1 7 3.03 3 1 1.761 ICCP 147 1 7 4.17 5 5 1.956 ICCD 145 1 5 2.85 3 2 1.082 TITM 145 1 7 4.47 5 5 1.344 TIUI 145 1 7 3.83 4 3 1.450
TIUT 144 1 7 3.88 4 5 1.465 TIPC 145 1 7 5.01 5 5 1.236 TISD 145 1 7 4.54 5 5 1.434
CUAT 147 1 7 3.75 4 3 1.364 CUAS 147 1 7 4.76 5 5 1.560 CUAP 147 1 7 5.14 5 5 1.327 CUAN 147 1 7 4.83 5 5 1.326 CPDP 146 1 7 5.38 6 6 1.210 CPDD 145 1 7 4.70 5 5 1.385 CPDA 145 1 7 5.06 5 5 1.461 CTCB 146 1 7 4.92 5 5 1.392 CTCP 145 1 7 4.61 5 5 1.420 CTCS 146 1 7 4.64 5 5 1.404 CTCT 144 1 7 4.36 5 5 1.461
17
*Key to question scores
Almost all questions were on a 7-point scale scored 1 to 7. However, ICCD was five-point, scored 1 to 5.
Regular items: � Strongly disagree (1.0) � Disagree (2.0) � Somewhat disagree (3.0) � Neutral (4.0) � Somewhat agree (5.0) � Agree (6.0) � Strongly agree (7.0)
ICCD Which of the following descriptions most adequately reflects the distribution environment for physical products in your country?
� Poor: (1.0) Basic postal services sparse and expensive. Road infrastructure seriously deficient even in larger cities. Airfreight services unavailable or prohibitively expensive.
� Substandard: (2.0) Basic postal services available but not reliable. Road infrastructure passable in larger cities, but does not reach remote areas. Airfreight services very expensive and infrequent.
� Fair: (3.0) Postal services well developed. Main cities linked by reliable road infrastructure. Airfreight services regular though still infrequent.
� Good: (4.0) Private delivery services available as alternative to traditional postal service. Roads to most locations in good condition. Regular and continuous airfreight services.
� Excellent: (5.0) Delivery services widely available. Airfreight well developed. Cities and towns well connected by highways and/or secondary roads. Sophisticated, specialized, distribution services.
Question response charts
EBCI
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
EBCI
Fre
quen
cy
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.72
Mean = 4.4
N = 146.00
EBCT
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
EBCT
Fre
quen
cy
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.90
Mean = 3.9
N = 147.00
18
EBCX
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
EBCX
Fre
quen
cy
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.80
Mean = 3.6
N = 147.00
EBCS
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
EBCS
Fre
quen
cy
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.73
Mean = 3.5
N = 147.00
EBCN
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
EBCN
Fre
quen
cy
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.45
Mean = 5.2
N = 143.00
EBVR
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
EBVR
Fre
quen
cy50
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.32
Mean = 5.2
N = 147.00
EBVC
7.06.05.04.03.02.0
EBVC
Fre
quen
cy
50
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.22
Mean = 5.5
N = 147.00
EBVT
7.06.05.04.03.02.0
EBVT
Fre
quen
cy
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.16
Mean = 5.7
N = 147.00
19
EBVJN
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
EBVJN
Fre
quen
cy
50
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.31
Mean = 5.3
N = 146.00
EBVJL
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
EBVJL
Fre
quen
cy
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.64
Mean = 3.8
N = 147.00
IPIS
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
IPIS
Fre
quen
cy
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 2.00
Mean = 4.2
N = 146.00
IPID
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
IPID
Fre
quen
cy40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.84
Mean = 4.0
N = 146.00
IPRS
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
IPRS
Fre
quen
cy
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.83
Mean = 4.2
N = 146.00
IPRD
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
IPRD
Fre
quen
cy
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.79
Mean = 4.0
N = 146.00
20
IPP
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
IPP
Fre
quen
cy
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.94
Mean = 4.5
N = 146.00
IPEP
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
IPEP
Fre
quen
cy
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.74
Mean = 4.1
N = 144.00
IPEI
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
IPEI
Fre
quen
cy
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.87
Mean = 3.8
N = 145.00
IPEU
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
IPEU
Fre
quen
cy40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.76
Mean = 3.2
N = 145.00
IPEA
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
IPEA
Fre
quen
cy
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.63
Mean = 3.7
N = 145.00
IITB
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
IITB
Fre
quen
cy
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.98
Mean = 3.3
N = 147.00
21
IIE
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
IIE
Fre
quen
cy
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.92
Mean = 3.6
N = 146.00
IIIW
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
IIIW
Fre
quen
cy
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.72
Mean = 3.6
N = 147.00
IIWN
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
IIWN
Fre
quen
cy
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.62
Mean = 3.3
N = 147.00
IIP
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
IIP
Fre
quen
cy50
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.81
Mean = 4.2
N = 146.00
III
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
III
Fre
quen
cy
50
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.74
Mean = 3.8
N = 142.00
IIA
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
IIA
Fre
quen
cy
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.62
Mean = 3.1
N = 145.00
22
IIQ
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
IIQ
Fre
quen
cy
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.62
Mean = 3.8
N = 146.00
ICCC
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
ICCC
Fre
quen
cy
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.76
Mean = 3.0
N = 147.00
Note the special scale in the key above for ICCD
ICCD
5.04.03.02.01.0
ICCD
Fre
quen
cy
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.08
Mean = 2.8
N = 145.00
ICCP
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
ICCPF
requ
ency
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.96
Mean = 4.2
N = 147.00
ICIB
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
ICIB
Fre
quen
cy
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.70
Mean = 4.1
N = 146.00
ICIV
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
ICIV
Fre
quen
cy
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.76
Mean = 4.7
N = 147.00
23
ICIR
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
ICIR
Fre
quen
cy
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.66
Mean = 4.2
N = 147.00
ICIL
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
ICIL
Fre
quen
cy
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.84
Mean = 4.3
N = 146.00
TITM
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
TITM
Fre
quen
cy
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.34
Mean = 4.5
N = 145.00
TIUI
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
TIUI
Fre
quen
cy50
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.45
Mean = 3.8
N = 145.00
TIUT
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
TIUT
Fre
quen
cy
50
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.47
Mean = 3.9
N = 144.00
TIPC
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
TIPC
Fre
quen
cy
80
60
40
20
0
Std. Dev = 1.24
Mean = 5.0
N = 145.00
24
TISD
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
TISD
Fre
quen
cy
50
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.43
Mean = 4.5
N = 145.00
CUAT
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
CUAT
Fre
quen
cy
50
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.36
Mean = 3.7
N = 147.00
CUAS
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
CUAS
Fre
quen
cy
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.56
Mean = 4.8
N = 147.00
CUAP
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
CUAP
Fre
quen
cy60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.33
Mean = 5.1
N = 147.00
CUAN
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
CUAN
Fre
quen
cy
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.33
Mean = 4.8
N = 147.00
CPDP
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
CPDP
Fre
quen
cy
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.21
Mean = 5.4
N = 146.00
25
CPDD
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
CPDD
Fre
quen
cy
50
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.39
Mean = 4.7
N = 145.00
CPDA
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
CPDA
Fre
quen
cy
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.46
Mean = 5.1
N = 145.00
CTCB
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
CTCB
Fre
quen
cy
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.39
Mean = 4.9
N = 146.00
CTCP
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
CTCP
Fre
quen
cy70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.42
Mean = 4.6
N = 145.00
CTCS
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
CTCS
Fre
quen
cy
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.40
Mean = 4.6
N = 146.00
CTCT
7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0
CTCT
Fre
quen
cy
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Std. Dev = 1.46
Mean = 4.4
N = 144.00
