Report on Sustainable Use Recommendation in Pangandaranbiodiv.unwto.org/sites/all/files/docpdf/sustainableuse.pdf · Report on Sustainable Use Recommendation in Pangandaran 1. Introduction

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Report on Sustainable Use Recommendation in Pangandaran

1. IntroductionThe Report on Sustainable Use Recommendation is a desk study result of Sustainable Use Recommendation in Indonesia. Information has been gathered by browsing Government and Non Government Organization websites. This report explains a nationwide policy on sustainable development and divided into sustainable use recommendation. There are 4 (four) aspects, which are: (i) forestry, (ii) agriculture, (iii) fisheries, and (iv) tourism.

The Report will be supported by other documents such as sustainable practices reports, which have already been done in Indonesia and Pangandaran. By learning this document, Pangandaran could adopt some sustainable use recommendations that could promote better development, especially for tourism development.

2. Sustainable Development in IndonesiaThe Guidelines of State Policy (GBHN), 1993, stated that national development goals in Indonesia are directed towards the realization of a progressive and self-reliant, mentally and physically prosperous country. The desired outcome is the creation of healthy, well-adjusted, Indonesian people and Indonesian communities that exist in a balance and harmonious relationship with one another and with the rest of humanity, with nature and with God.

In terms of balancing with nature, the movement in the environment awareness in Indonesia was started when the government of the Republic of Indonesia faced the first world environment conference in Stockholm, Sweden in June 1972. Then sustainable development was initiated by placing management and environment development under the government of Indonesia in Pelita III through The State Minister of Development Control and Environment (Men-PPLH) with priority at situating of wisdom bases “builds without destroying”, with the purpose of enabling environmental and development to not oppose to one another.

Together with other government offices such as

BAPPENAS, Forestry Department, Agricultural Department, Tourism Department and the new establish Fishery and Marine Department, The State Minister of the Environment has developed many policies in terms of sustainable development. The government of Indonesia has also signed some agreements and international conventions for sustainable development, this shows the willingness of the government to put the Republic of Indonesia as a part of the world of sustainable development.

3. Sustainable Use in Indonesia Sustainable use of natural resources is a part of sustainable development in Indonesia. This report is presenting the recommendations on sustainable use of forestry, agriculture, fishery, and tourism in Indonesia and Pangandaran. The report is divided into two sections. First section is a government policy review on sustainable use on a national level and the next section is recommendations of sustainable use in Pangandaran.

3.1. Government Policy on Sustainable Used in Forestry

The forestry department supports sustainable management in forestry. It has become national consensus as written in Act no.41 th 1999 about forestry. At local level sustainability of production forest management is a necessity for the surrounding community, whose livelihood depends on forest resources.

In supporting the improvement of sustainable forest management system, the Forestry Department has declared some Ministerial Decree (Keputusan Menteri). • Ministry Decree Number 4795/Kpts-II/2002,

about “Criteria and Indicator for Sustainable Nature Production Forest Managemen in Forest Management Unit “.

• Ministry Decree Number 208/Kpts-II/2003, about “Tata Cara Penilaian Kinerja Usaha Pemanfaatan Hasil Hutan Kayu Pada Hutan Alam di Unit Manajemen dalam rangka Pengelolaan Hutan Secara Lestari”.

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(1996). Approximately 90% of the fisheries industry can be classified as small-scale industry.

The contribution of the fisheries sector to food security, employment, income and foreign exchange earning has played an influential role in the development plan of the country.

Vision developed by The Ministry of Marine and Fishery is “Sustainable and Responsible Utilization of Natural Marine and Fishery Resources for the Unity and Welfare of the Nation”. Inside their vision, The Ministry of Marine and Fishery has put sustainable and responsible which, means the development of marine and fishery sector should be sustainable and conform to its right and obligation to facilitate and serve the community.

The Ministry of Marine and Fishery Strategic Plan was elucidated to some Decrees and regulations that support the sustainable development and implementation at the field.

At implementation level, coordination, communication, and dissemination of information between the stakeholders still become obstacles. Empowerment is the answer to all of these obstacles.

Many national and international institutions have been working together with the Ministry of Marine and Fishery to strengthen fishery development and marine conservation. Sustainable utilization in marine and fishery has been done by certain institutions in collaboration with community groups. Some of these activities are utilization of mangrove forest as a mangrove tourism site, turtle nest adoption, development of artificial reef in order to rehabilitate coral and many other. These sustainable practices can be adopted in other coastal and marine areas throughout Indonesia. By encouraging sustainable activities, many communities will deserve the fruit of their hard work.

3.3. Government Policy on Sustainable Use in Agriculture

National vision for agriculture development developed by the Ministry of Agriculture for period 2005-2009 is the establishment of strong agriculture

for food sufficiency, increase added value and competence agriculture products and increase welfare of the farmers.

To achieve the agriculture developments vision, The Agriculture Department has developed missions to accomplish. Those are: 1. Establish professional agriculture bureaucracy

that possesses high moral integration; 2. Encourage strong agriculture development,

have high competencies, sustainable and environmentally responsible;

3. Establish food self-sufficiency through agriculture products rise and diversity of food consumption;

4. Encourage the increase of agricultural contribution to national economic, through PDB growth number, export, job creation, poverty alleviation and growth number of community welfare;

5. Facilitate agriculture venture through technology and infrastructure development, access to market and policy support;

6. Stand for farmers and farmland protection in international trading system.

Despite the obstacles at implementation level such as government rules and funding, the way to achieve its vision and mission is running in progress.

In agriculture development, there are many stakeholders involved, such as private sectors, community, academics, researchers, and many others. The development of their agricultural business are naturally, in line with the demand and become more eco-friendly. It is shown by the increasing number of organic farmers and its farmland, organic composting, and integrated agricultural development. It is also a rise of the old local wisdom of the community in managing their natural agriculture sustainably.

3.4. Government Policy on Sustainable Used in Tourism

Based on Sustainable Use in Tourism document written by UNWTO – Consulting Unit on Biodiversity and Tourism for Tsunami Affected Country, characteristic of sustainable tourism are:

• Ministry Decree Number 6420/Kpts-II/2002 Art. 10 (2), about “Requirement and Direction of Proficient Independen Rating Agency “.

• Ministry Decree Number 7659/Kpts-VI/2002, about “Company name Legalization as a Competent Independents Rating Agency in Sustainable Production Forest Performance Rating”.

The above policies have been developed to guide the sustainable management of forestry, especially for forest production. There are other policies developed by The Ministry of Forestry, The Ministry of Culture and Tourism and other government agencies, in terms of nature tourism in forest area. Those are:

• National Act- Act No. 5/1990 about Natural Resources

Conservation and its Ecosystem;- Act No. 9/1990 about Tourism;- Act No. 41/1999 about Forestry;- Act No. 32/2004 about Regional Government;

• Government Regulation - Government Regulation No. 18/1994 about

Nature Tourism Venture in Utilization Zone of National Park, Grand Forest Park, and Nature Tourism Park;

- Government Regulation No. 13/1994 about Wildlife animal for Hunting Venture;

- Government Regulation No. 67/1996 about Tourism Organization;

- Government Regulation No. 68/1998 about Nature Reserve Site and Nature Protection Site;

- Government Regulation No. 25/2000 about Government Authority and Provincial Authority on Forestry as a part of Regional Autonomy;

- Government Regulation No. 6/2007 about Management Plan, Site Plan and Forest Utilization.

• Ministry of Forestry Decree - Ministry of Forestry Decree No. 167/Kpts-

II/1994 about Nature Tourism Venture Infrastructure in Nature Protection Site;

- Ministry of Forestry Decree No. 446/Kpts-II/1996 about Guideline on Requesting, Awarding, and Stopping the Nature Tourism Venture Authorization;

- Ministry of Forestry Decree No. 447/Kpts-II/1996 about Guiding and Monitoring Nature Tourism Venture;

- Ministry of Forestry Decree No. 448/Kpts-II/1996 about Switch Over the Ownership of Tourism Infrastructure to the Government;

- Ministry Letter No. 02/Menhut-IV/2007 dated 6 Juli 2007 about Tax Retribution for Nature Tourism Venture in Conservation Areas.

All the ministerial decree is a basic guarantee for the forestry stakeholders in order to achieve sustainable forestry management.

We are aware that working to achieve sustainable forest management is a continuous process at the levels of policy, science and technology, capacity building for human recourses and implementation at management unit and in the field. Regular monitoring and evaluation is a must, especially at field level. On the other hand, the development of its condition gives feedback to the Forestry Department for policy improvement, science and Technology development and human resources capacity building.

3.2. Government Policy on Sustainable Use in Fishery

Fisheries in Indonesia play a significant role as Indonesia has 5.8 million km2 of marine waters, comprising 2.7 million km2 of territorial waters and 3.1 million km2 of Exclusive Economic Zone. Fisheries increasing export and foreign exchange earnings, providing employment opportunities, income for fishers as well as national income, and supplying fish and aquatic products to improve the nutritional standard of the nation.

Fisheries of Indonesia are more labour intensive than capital intensive. A huge number of fishers are engaged in the fisheries sector, namely 2.5 million in capture fisheries and 2.2 million in aquaculture

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rawai) and pitur. There are 20 lift nets (bagan) in the shallow water near the coastal, especially to catch small shrimp (udang rebon).

Major marine fisheries products are shrimp and/or prawn (128 tons) and fish (419 tons) in 2007. Many kind of Lobster, and coastal mud shrimp is commonly captured, while ribbonfish (ikan layur), white pomfret (bawal putih) and indian mackerel (ikan kembung) dominated in capture fishery. Although Pangandaran has fish port, many fishermen sell their capture/yields to the middle man or local community. Most of the fish and shrimp will be brought outside Pangandaran as a fresh fish or fillet. Others are sold to local traditional market or seafood restaurant. Food processing industry is mostly dominated by frozen fish and dried salty fish besides shrimp paste.

The local community of Pangandaran mostly owned the fish fleet. They do not operate directly but hire crew. The sharing system is 70-80% for the owners if he also went on fishing as a skipper, and 20-30% for the crew. If the owner stays inland, they divided 50-50, after all the operational cost have been paid.

The major problem of the marine capture fishery, besides boat parking area in the beach is the decline in fishing capture production. Limited motorized fishing boats and equipment have limited the fishing operation area.

The numbers of fishing boats has increased two (2) times, as a consequences, the fishes captured by each boats has declined. High tide and high fuel prices have contributed to the worse conditions for the fishermen. Many fishermen could not go on fishing. Non-selected fishing gears equipped with small mesh size of nets has also improved the possibility of over fishing. Fishing technique for capturing ornamental marine fish by stepping in the coral reef is still practiced in Pangandaran. These activities could generate destruction to the coral reef. Although the fish collectors said that they used nets, cyanide and potassium could also have been used in this activity. Many fishermen in Pangandaran still live in poverty. The low earning is due to their

relationship with the middleman (broker) who control the price of fishery products.

Marine fish commodity is more popular than aquaculture in Pangandaran Sub-district. Only 9.51 ha land is provided for fish ponds and 5.5 ha for brackish water aquaculture. Products from freshwater ponds include the common carp, nila (Oreochromis niloticus), gourami (Osphronemus gouramy), hybrid of tilapia (mujaer) and tawes (Puntius javanicus). The fish farming production is 36.97 tons in 2007 worth to 441 million rupiah. The yields and its revenue is below the production of other sub district in Ciamis both in coastal or inland. Meanwhile in brackish water pond with tiger prawn produce 14.21 tons in 2007 worth to 609 million rupiah. Fish farming production from the pond was marketed directly to the traditional market surround Pangandaran. Prawn from the brackish water pond was brought to Jakarta and Bandung.

Fish ponds in Pangandaran are mostly owned by the local community, while some brackish water ponds (usually for shrimps farming) are owned by outsiders. In one year, fisher people harvested 1-2 times, while shrimp in brackish water ponds harvested every 4-5 months. Feeding, fertilizers and medication are the treatment for the fish ponds. Mostly fertilizers provide nutrients to microscopic plants known as algae. Fertilized ponds can have fish yields three to four times over that of unfertilized ponds.

Waste from the ponds usually flowed without any treatment. There is no significant impact to the rivers and the sea caused by this fish farming industry because it is still a small scale industry. In culturing the fish, the fishermen pay more attention on the quality and quantity of water supply and the safety of their brackish water ponds rather than the negative impact to the environment.

Recommendation for Sustainable Fisheries in Pangandaran As an archipelago country, Indonesia owns a great number of marine resources. The state government since 1970 has established policy to optimize marine fishery, such as increase the type and numbers of

• Enhancing the well-being of communities• Supporting the protection of the natural and

cultural environment• Recognizing product quality and tourism

satisfaction • Applying adaptive management and monitoring

Although it is not written, the process and goal of tourism development in Indonesia is sustainable tourism. The Government of Indonesia as a part of the global community and member of the United Nations, has established an Agenda 21 document. It is a programme run by the United Nations (UN) related to sustainable development. Tourism is one aspect in Agenda 21, and the ministry of the environment of the Republic of Indonesia has established the document. Today, tourism has become one of the focal points at any International meeting, especially in Climate Change agenda that globally affected the world, and Indonesia is invited.

Some international and national awards on friendly environmental and sustainable tourism has been received by the tourism industry in Indonesia. It means that the industry is already aware of sustainable tourism. Meanwhile, the wide-ranging Indonesia as an archipelago country set aside the biggest home work for all the stake holders in developing and managing sustainable tourism.

In Agenda 21 for Tourism, the challenges for sustainable tourism development in Indonesia are: 1. The awareness of environment responsibility 2. Shifting role of central government in the national

development 3. Increasing local government role in tourism

development 4. The establishment of tourism industry 5. Partnership and participation in tourism

development

Some organizations and site management in Indonesia has developed tourism in a sustainable way. Compilation of best practices in sustainable management consist of Rinjani Trek Management Board in Gunung Rinjani National Park in Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara for collaborative management;

community based tourism in Tangkahan, North Sumatra; and other sustainable practices implementation in Bali. They have implemented the process in achieving sustainable management.

As tourism destinations in Indonesia are dispersed throughout the country, campaigning for environmentally friendly practices should be conducted more broad and wide, not only by the government but by all the tourism player in Indonesia.

4. Sustainable Use Recommendation for Pangandaran

4.1. Recommendation for Sustainable Fishery

Fisheries Description Fishery in Ciamis regency is divided into two (2) types, capture fishery and fish farming or aquaculture. Capture fishery is including marine capture fishery and inland capture fishery (river, lake and swamp), meanwhile fish farming consists of fishpond, paddy field, and brackish water pond.

Marine capture fishery is concentrated in South Coastal (Kalipucang, Pangandaran, Sidamulih, Parigi, Cijulang and Cimerak), while fish farming is dispersed throughout Ciamis. Marine capture fishery production achieved 1.665 tons in 2007 with value up to 21,5 billion rupiah, involving 4.619 household. Fishfarming, generates more income, producing 10.569 tons, worth to 128 billion rupiah and involves 91.142 household. However, fisheries sectors contribution to Ciamis Regency GDP is only 1%.

Pangandaran Sub-district has the biggest fishing fleet compared to the other regions. Most members of the fishing communities were artisanal fishers. Consists of 1.264 units in 2007, mostly a small fishing boats with an inboard motor and only four (4) ships with 5-10 GT tonnage. This fleet has doubled in size over the last year. In fishing technique, 1.648 gill net are used by the fishermen. Other equipment such as non-selected gear (pukat kantong), including dogol/arad (to catch demersal fish), trammel net/ciker (to catch shrimps/prawns), line hooks (pancing

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Fleet and

equipment

Control or limit the numbers of fishing boat by its type and manage the fishing area or

manage fishing time

Implement prohibition of using environmentally unfriendly fishing equipment which has

been banned by the regulations.

Fishing

method

Campaign on the important of coral reef

Campaign on the friendly environment fishing method/technique

Provide incentives or easy access to purchase friendly environment fishing equipment

Develop friendly environment method or fishing equipment

Marine

conservation

area

Declare marine conservation area which will function as a spawning, nursery and feeding

ground.

Establish agreement through participatory process with the fishermen to protect the

marine conservation area

Fresh water

and Brackish

water pond

Establish waste management

Develop recycle and reuse water supplies for pond system to prevent waste discharge.

Use organic fertilizer

Use friendly environment non fish based fish fodder

Processed

Food

Increase type, quality and quantity of processed food

Avoid chemical in processed food

Policy Increase fishermen capacity both for marine capture fishery and fish farming

Give easy access for financial support

Provide incentive for implementation of sustainable practices

Encourage more research on environmental friendly fishing method and equipment

Purchase fish from the fishermen in the fish port with a competitive price

Increase fish culture and control its role

Institution

and Capacity

Empower fishermen institution (HNSI & RN)

Empower fishermen capacity in sustainable fishery, marketing, processed food, financial

management and labor safety.

Market Increase market access to minimize middle man role

Develop easy access market information system

4.2. Recommendation for Sustainable Agriculture

DescriptionThe Agricultural sector in Ciamis regency, including plantation has significant influence. Covering 122,239 ha (hectares) of farmland and 95,722 plantation area, agriculture is the biggest local income of Ciamis regency (27%) in 2005. For example, average production of rice in 2006 was 613,563 tons. Meanwhile, covering 67,838 ha, coconut plantation produce 70,057 tons/ha in 2006. It made Ciamis the biggest coconut producer.

Ciamis development policy has divided the regency into 3(three) development areas. Pangandaran and its surrounding were included in south development area. Major agricultural products are rice, corn, soybean, peanut, fruits, and coconut for the plantation area. Rice and coconut are the main products of Pangandaran and its surrounding (Sidamulih, Cijulang, Parigi and Cimerak).

Rice fields in Pangandaran cover 2,021 ha and yields 10,967 tons in 2006, usually occupy flat area. Mostly rice fields and dry land farm on steep hillsides. The

fishing boat, develop fishery infrastructure (harbor, fish port, cold storage and dry system), fishing equipment and financial support for the fishermen. The government has also published intensive and extensive aquaculture policy (especially for fish and shrimps). From 1970-2003, there was an increase in both productions in marine capture fishery and aquaculture. Unfortunately, this success has cost the decreasing of marine carrying capacity and its ecosystem. Illegal marine capture fishing often occur, brackish water ponds development decreased the coverage of mangrove forests. Lack of human resources capacity of the fishermen contributes to a smaller amount of production. Financial institution systems also contribute to the difficulty of capital access to reinforce their fleet, equipment and technique. The fishermen go to the middle man to loan some money and they become attached to their poverty.

Fishery in Pangandaran can‘t be separated from the above situation. The fleet that consists of simple boats is over supply. After the tsunami in 2006, the number doubled. Unfriendly environmental fishing equipment such as “jaring dogol”, “arad” and “bagan” which capture the small/young fish,

were still carried out. Capturing ornamental marine fish using cyanide sometimes occurs. Delayed infrastructure development of Fishermen harbor causing the fishermen to park their boat in coral reef area damaged the reef. Fishermen livelihoods are still far from secure, some of them still attached to the middle man and local buyers.

The fishery situation in Pangandaran is challenging, how they can increase the fish production together with the improvement of fishermen security without putting the environment in jeopardy. Old custom fishery has lead to environment degradation and poverty. It has to be changed by consideration to ecological, economical and socio-cultural approached. To sustain the fishery industry in Pangandaran, sustainable fishery or fishery management based on ecosystem has to be encouraged by protecting the environment and earning the benefit for community. In implementing this approach, to make sure it is working well, environment condition, local economic and socio-culture of the community are some considerations to be followed.

Below is the sustainable fisheries practices recommendation for Pangandaran.

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market; the farmers could not get the finest benefit from the price. They also do not have a better position in setting up the price, which is controlled by the middleman.

Recommendations for Sustainable Agricultural in PangandaranAgriculture plays an important role in human existence by providing food and other necessities. Aligned with food and agriculture high demand caused by the population growth, agricultural sectors developed very fast. Agriculture intensification is conducted in order to multiply the harvest. Besides this achievement, negative impacts to the environment are also identified as its consequences. Forest conversion to farmland has made biodiversity extinct. Uniformity of plant variety as it is requested by industry has reduced diversity of genetic resources of cultivation plants. Chemical fertilizer and pesticides has polluted the soil, ground water and rivers. Finally, all the transformation has created the environmental degradation of the ecosystem related to agricultural activities.

The situation above has created the biggest challenges regarding how to guarantee food supplies without degrading the environment. The old conventional agriculture model has to be changed, to take into consideration ecological, economical and socio aspects. This process creates an approach of

environmentally friendly agricultural model, known as sustainable agricultural. Practice in increasing productivity, competition, and efficiency achieved by protecting and improving the environment and global ecosystem, also the socio-economic condition of the local community. Sustainable agricultural principles are encouraging to establish the development of agriculture aligned with the nature, fostering biodiversity, recycling plant nutrition, protecting the fertile soil, conserving water and having a social value.

Agricultural influence in the Pangandaran environment has dealt with some big challenges. Long term chemical fertilizers utilization followed by degradation of fertile soil. Chemical residue of fertilizer carried by water and polluted the river and the sea. Less variety of rice seeds increased vulnerability to face up climate condition nowadays. To deal with those changes, sustainable practices in agricultural has become vital. Even though there is no instant recipe to do it right away. To change the old conservative farming practices needs time and has to be familiarized to the Pangandaran environment, economic, and socio-culture of the community.

The table below recommendation several sustainable agricultural practices which can be implemented in Pangandaran.

biggest rice producer is in North of Pangandaran near Citanduy River, Lakbok and Padaherang. Producing 5 times more than the average of each district has made Lakbok district, been known as the biggest rice producer in East Priangan (10,000 tons/year).

Generally, productivity of Ciamis agricultural crops are quiet good (about 53.79%). Productivity is dependent on some factors such as, climate, plant seeds, fertilizers, water supply, pest and after crops management. Usually, the government provides good seeds (IR-64) for rice cultivation, local variety is less used. Local variety in West Java, only utilize in 50,778 ha or 5% of total rice fields area in 2007. Impact of uniformly variety of rice seeds has reduced the diversity of local variety caused a limited genetic source of rice seeds to face the changes of the environment. Good seeds, usually needs more input such as fertilizers, which often in long-term degrade the soil quality.

Mostly, farmers still use chemical fertilizer such as urea. Limited supply of urea is often occurring. Urea demand for agriculture in Indonesia in 2008 was 5.8 million tons, while the government can only afford for 4.3 million tons. Water supply is depending on the climate of the area and irrigation system. Mostly water supply for farmland in Pangandaran is provided by irrigation, both technically or simple irrigation. The rest is dependent on frequency and intensity of rainfall. In one year, two growing seasons can be achieved. Pesticides are used to prevent insect pest and other diseases, other natural predators such as snakes, eagles, and hingkik have already disappeared. In collecting mature rice crop, farmers still cut the rice manually by using sickles or knives. Some have already applied mechanically with the use of threshers or combine harvesters. The crops are then stored and sold to the middle man or to the national logistic agency (Bulog) provide by the government.

Rice field in Ciamis are mostly owned by the farmers themselves and hire contract labor to work in the rice field. If the farmer only needs laborers to harvest, the share system is 5:1, from 6 kg rice, 5kg

for the owner and 1 kg for the labors. If the laborers started from providing the seeds, work in the fields, until harvesting, then the share system become 50:50 after reduce by the cost of providing the rice seeds. Main problem for the rice farmers is the lowest market prize. High cost of fuel for equipment such as tractors also reduces the benefit gain from selling.

One of another agricultural product in Pangandaran is coconuts. Almost 70% of the coconut plantation in Ciamis regency lies in south coastal area of Pangandaran, Sidamulih, Cijulang, Parigi and Cimerak. The coconut plantations are mostly owned by the community, and private. Usually, coconut tree sap is processed to become palm sugar. Ciamis has become the center for sugar palm industries in West Java. At least, 150 tons of palm sugar is produced per day. Coconut trees also produce other materials such as fruits, oil, coir (the fibre from the husk of the coconut) and, midribs.

Coconut plantation in Pangandaran district in 2006 are 3,021 ha, consists of 2,594 ha productive trees, 294 ha young plants and the rest 132 ha are unproductive old plants. Situated around the gardens and plantations near the villages, the tree can produce coconuts from the time it is 7 years old up to 50 years. Maintenance of the coconut plantation can be done by giving chemical fertilizer and discouraging the growth of weeds.

In one day, the coconut climbers can sap two times (morning and afternoon times) for each tree. In one day 20-30 trees can be climbed. It is a high risk employment regarding no safety equipment is provided for this job. The sap derived from incising the flower clusters of the coconut is drunk as ”neera”. The sap can also be reduced by boiling to create a sweet syrup, palm sugar or candy.

The local community mostly owned the plantation, only one private owned plantation in Pangandaran. Local coconut farmer rent some trees in the private plantation to be sapped. The obstacle for the farmers is the instability of the coconut price in the

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4. The establishment of tourism industry 5. Partnership and participation in tourism

development

Due to other development priorities, environmental issues in Indonesia have been left behind. The environmental awareness is one of the challenges for sustainable tourism development that has just become a major issue over the last 10 years. Meanwhile, the regional autonomy act published in 2000 has made many explorations conducted by the regional government without any environmental concerns. The fast development of the tourism industry has left no room for the sustainable knowledge. Partnership and participation was not listed as an important responsibility of the developer. This has lead to unsustainable tourism development and the local community becoming a subsidiary.

Based on Sustainable Tourism document written by UNWTO – Consulting Unit on Biodiversity and Tourism for Tsunami Affected Countries, sustainable tourism characteristic are:• Enhancing the well-being of communities• Supporting the protection of the natural and

cultural environment• Recognizing product quality and tourist

satisfaction• Applying adaptive management and monitoring

It is clear, lots of homework needs to be implemented in changing conventional tourism development in Pangandaran to become sustainable. This document is a report on sustainable tourism recommendations that could be implemented during the project on Tourism and Biodiversity, supported by UNWTO – Consulting Unit on Biodiversity and Tourism for Tsunami Affected Country in Pangandaran.

Tourism description in PangandaranAccording to the provincial Master Plan of West Java Tourism, Pangandaran is classified as one of the mostly visited destination together with the Bogor-Puncak/Cipanas highland: and Bandung urban tourism.

Before the tsunami disaster, Pangandaran was reported to generate around Rp. 3.5 billion, but dropped significantly to around 1.5 billion rupiahs only in the following year. Tourism in Pangandaran which has experienced a serious drop after the tsunami has shown significant progress during the long vacation period of June and July 2008.

The local economic activities in Pangandaran are made up majorly by fishermen and farmers whose dynamics are not directly related with tourism, but in conditional cases they work indirectly for it. Other economic activities are related to tourism, both directly and indirectly. Tourism economic activities, which are hotels, restaurants, and tourism services, etc; have created employment for the locals as well as migrants. However, they are still concentrated in particular areas and types of businesses.

Tourism impact to the socio-cultureTourism has developed unexpectedly in Pangandaran. Late response to the negative impact from the fast development by the regional government has lead to:• Development without mutual accomplishment • Lack of coordination between the important

stakeholders • Development without sustainability of the

activities • Development without conservation of the natural

resources • Aesthetic concerns • Environmental degradation • Community marginalization• Low in enforcing implementation of Policy on

environmental protection • Low in enforcing Policy on community rights to run

the tourism activities without difficulty

Based on observation in Pangandaran, the following tables are examples of resource utilization, especially for tourism and its consequences if the recourses are not properly managed.

Soil Manage irrigation system to reduce runoffReduce the use of synthetic fertilizers by increasing on farm nutrient cycling or use compostand/or manure to increase soil stability, soil fertility and diversity of soil microbial life.

Water Increase the efficiency of irrigation system to reduce the potential of water runoff anderosion.Develop irrigation system for dry field ricePlant perennial crops such as forages, trees and shrubs to reserve more water in theground.Improve water conservation and storage for dry seasonsSupport conservation effort of forest area as a water catchmentSelect and provide for drought tolerant crop variety or vice versa to anticipate long droughtor long rainy seasons.

Input Decrease chemical usage and increase compost and/or manureReduce pesticide and encourage the implementation of Integrated Pest Management

Diversity Increase the utilization of local varietyDevelop agro forestry system whether is possibleEnrich the garden plant diversity

Policy Provide incentive for organic farmersIncrease effort for land and water conservationEnhance scientific research for local varietyObtain a competitive prize for the harvest yieldsChange tact and credit policies to encourage a diverse and decentralized system of familyfarms rather than corporate concentration and absentee ownershipProtect the fertile farmland from conversion to urban uses

Institutionandcapacity

Strengthen agricultural institution at community levelStrengthen the farmer�s capacity in sustainable agriculture including access to market,products diversity, financial management and labors safety procedures.

Market Open direct access to the market to avoid the middleman roleDevelop friendly market information system that easily accessed by the farmers

4.3. Recommendation for Sustainable Tourism

Sustainable Tourism The Government of Indonesia as a part of the global community and member of the United Nations, has established an Agenda 21 document. It is a programme run by the United Nations (UN) related to sustainable development. Tourism is one aspect in Agenda 21, and the ministry of the environment of the Republic of Indonesia has established the document. Today, tourism has become one of the focal points at any International meeting, especially in Climate Change agenda that globally affected the world, and Indonesia is invited.

Some international and national award on friendly

environmental and sustainable tourism has been received by the tourism industry in Indonesia. It means that the industry is already aware of sustainable tourism. Meanwhile, the wide-ranging Indonesia as an archipelago country set aside the biggest home work for all the stake holders in developing and managing sustainable tourism.

In Agenda 21 for Tourism, challenges for sustainable tourism development in Indonesia are: 1. The awareness on environment responsibility 2. Shifting role of central government in the national

development 3. Increasing local government role in tourism

development

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The following table is actions to minimize negative impact caused by the pressure on the natural resources observed in Pangandaran.

Resource/Impact Action to reduce pressure

Water - Limiting the use of ground water - Looking for other sources of water besides ground water - Starting to limit the use of water in the accommodation sectors - Developing waste water management

Soil - Managing ground surface coverage by tourism facilities - Decreasing land conversion (from rice field to a hotel)

Energy - Conducting electricity limitation- Seeking for any alternative renewable energy - Changing the transportation mode in Pangandaran area

Pollution

Air - Decreasing the amount of motorized vehicles - Developing motorized vehicles parking area - Creating a environment friendly transportation mode

Water - Decreasing chemical material in Pangandaran area - Stop flowing waste water to the open water - Developing integrated waste water management

Littering and solid waste - Recycling the garbage - Developing solid waste system and management - Seeking for other alternative to replace landfill system

Aesthetic pollution - Keep the original landscape as a local characteristic of Pangandaran

Disturbance and destruction of natural habitats

Marine activities - Limiting disadvantage marine activities - Developing sustainable marine activities - Providing information on the importance of diversity of marine life

Disturbance of wild life - Limiting wildlife disturbance activities - Creating environmental awareness activities - Providing information on the importance of diversity of wildlife

Resource/Impact Examples Explanation Consequences

Consumption and pressure

Water - Direct taking from the well,spring or rivers

- Sources from Local governmentowned water utilities(PDAM=Perusahaan Daerah AirMinum)

- High demand on water, lessprotection for water resources

- Drought in dry seasons- disturbance of hydrological andgeo hydrological conditions

Soil - Conversion of the surface- Building concrete and asphaltsurfaces

- No space for water catchmentarea

Energy - High amount of energy use fortransportation and tourismfacilities

- Over exploitation of the energyresources

- Pollution

Pollution

Air - Transport emissions- Noise pollution from cars andbusses

- Health problems

Water - Waste water run directly andpolluted the river and the sea

- Low quality of water in theriver and the sea

- Healthy problemLittering and solid waste - Solid waste were disposed to a

hole in the ground and burnt- Landfill system use for the solidwaste management

- Odors- Healthy problem- Landfil capacity crisis- Leakage to the groundwatersystem

Aesthetic pollution - Building developmentdamaging the landscape

- Landscape transformation thatdisappearing the beauty ofPangandaran

- Decrease of the beauty and theorigin landscape ofPangandaran

Disturbance and destruction of natural habitats

Marine activities - Marine wildlife collection- Coral reef destruction-

- Decrease the specific marinelife from the sea

- Damage the coral reefDisturbance of wildlife - Feeding of animals - Behavior changing

~ 14 ~


References:• Dokumen Agenda 21 Indonesia• Dokumen Millenium Development Goals Indonesia • http://phapl.dephut.go.id/• Kebijakan Pemerintah dalam Pengelolaan Hutan

Lestari: Mengefektifkan Instrumen Sertifikasi dalam Mendorong Perubahan Kebijakan Pengelolaan Hutan Lestari. Oleh: Ir. Wahjudi Wardojo, MSc.

• SK 177 2003 Kriteria dan Indikator Pengelolaan Hutan Secara Lestari Pada Unit Manajemen Usaha Pemanfaatan Hutan Tanaman

• Sustainable Forest Management Bulungan CIFOR.pdf

• http://www.dkp.go.id/• Sumber Renstra DKP 2004-2009 • Peraturan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan RI

Nomor PER.18/MEN/2008 tentang Akreditasi terhadap Program Pengelolaan Wilayah Pesisir dan Pulau-pulau Kecil

• Peraturan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan RI Nomor PER.17/MEN/2008 tentang Kawasan Konservasi di Wilayah Pesisir dan Pulau-pulau Kecil

• Peraturan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan RI Nomor PER.16/MEN/2008 tentang Perencanaan Pengelolaan Wilayah Pesisir dan Pulau-pulau Kecil

• http://www.deptan.go.id/• http://www.litbang.deptan.go.id/• http://www.budpar.go.id/• http://www.thenaturalguide.org

Daftar Pustaka:• Proceeding Makalah pada Diskusi Panel Kajian

Pariwisata Berkelanjutan, Gedung Sapta Pesona 23-28 Agustus 2003.

• UNEP/CBD, Convention on Biological Diversity: “Framework for the development of guidelines for activities related to sustainable tourism development and biological diversity in vulnerable terrestrial, marine and mountain ecosystems” Santo Domingo, 2001.

• Inskeep, Edward. Tourism Planning. An Integrated and Sustainable Development Approach, 1991.

• Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup. Agenda 21 Tourism

• Kementerian Perencanaan dan Pembangunan Nasional/Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional (Bappenas), Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam Dengan Strategi Kemitraan. Naskah Kebijakan, 2002.

• The English Tourism Council (ETC), 20 National Sustainable Tourism Indicators, England, 2002.

• Clare A. Gunn, Tourism Planning, Basic Concepts Cases

• Draft International Guidelines on Sustainable Tourism, CBD, 2002.

• John Minnery, Myra P Gunawan, Michael Fagence, Darryl Low Choy, Planning Sustainable Tourism, ITB, Bandung, 1997

• Kebijakan dan strategi Nasional Pengembangan Wisata Ekologi Alam (draft IV), kantor Menteri Negara LH, 1998

• Pedoman Umum Pengembangan Ekowisata Daerah, Direktorat Jenderal Pembangunan Daerah, Direktorat Sumber Daya Daerah, Jakarta, 2000

Documents

Report on Sustainable Use Recommendation in Pangandaranbiodiv.unwto.org/sites/all/files/docpdf/sustainableuse.pdf · Report on Sustainable Use Recommendation in Pangandaran 1. Introduction