Report on the market survey –livelihood for PLWHIV · under close guidance of Kasim Sajjabi, ( Msc- UCL, London) a project planning and management specialist with considerable experience

Report on Livelihood market assessment for People Living with HIV

(PLHIV) Puntland, Somalia

August 2011

Submitted to:

Garowe, Puntland, Somalia

Report by:

[HI Market assessment on livelihood support for PLWHIV] Page 2

We at Smart vision Consultancy Firm, express our gratitude to Handicap International

(HI) for entrusting us with a sensitive task of this nature. Somalia over the turbulent

times has focused on what were more glaring disasters-conflict and natural calamities.

But as the turbulence went on, it was no cushion against the advent of HIV/AIDS in

the troubled country. If anything, the circumstances pre-disposed the displaced and

traumatized people to catching and passing on the disease.

This assignment was two-fold: A market Assessment of the most favoured, most

common and easy to set up Small Business Enterprises (SBEs). This would help in

determining the most desirable livelihood activities for the target group. The exercise

has taken us about three weeks from signing the contract to presenting the report

which appears in two parts. Our youthful and vibrant consultants, Abdulahi Ahmed

Hajji and Abdirahman Said Farah did the field data collection as well as the training

assignment. Kasim Sajjabi made the analysis of this Assessment.

We hope that both our training, research methodologies including tools administered

all meet the acceptable standards of HI. We at Smart Vision take pride in delivering to

the best of our abilities. We thank the respondents in the mini -Assessment, the key

local partner (KLP) of Handicap International and the latter for all the participation

and support. It is our belief that the findings will be informative to various

stakeholders. Thank you once again and we look forward to future collaborations of

similar nature.

Sadiki Bihi Ahmed

MD, Smart Vision

Acknowledgement


Acknowledgement ………………………………………………………….. 1

Content page ………………………………………………………………… 2

Acronyms and abbreviations………………………………………………… 3

Executive Summary…………………………………………………………… 4

1.0. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………… 5

2.0. HIV SITUATION……………………………………………………..… 5

3.0. CONTEXT OF CONSULTANCY …………………………………… 5

4.0. PURPOSE…………………………………………………………….… 5

5.0. OBJECTIVES ……………………………………………………….…… 5

6.0. METHODOLOGY, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS …………………… 6

7.0. FINDINGS/ RESULTS…………………………………………………... 17

8.0. CHALLENGES AND LIMITATIONS …………………………………… 18

9.0. CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS ………………………….. 18

10.0. ANNEX I TOR….…………………………………………………… 19

11.0. ANNEX II LIST OF ORGANISATIONS.………………………………19

12.0. ANNEX III LIST OF PEOPLE INTERVIEWED ……………………… 19

13.0. ANNEX IV ASSESSMENT TOOLS…………………………………… 19

14.0. ANNEX V EVIDENCE OF EXPERINCE…..…………………………. 19

Content page


HI : Handicap International

HIV : Human Immune deficiency syndrome

IPTCS : Integrated Prevention Treatment Care and Support

KLP : Key Local Partner

PAC : Puntland Aids Commission

PLWHIV : People living with HIV/AIDS

Q & A : Questions and Answers

SBE : Small Business Enterprise

SoW : Scope of Work

SSA : Standard Service Agreement

SYSA : Somalia Youth Students Association

ToR : Terms of Reference

UNICEF : United Nations Children’s Fund

Acronyms and abbreviations


This livelihood market assessment report has an annexed report which specifically

covers the training which followed the assessment. The two, therefore together

constitute the key deliverables expected of Smart Vision Consultancy Firm as per the

contract signed the firm and Handicap International, Somalia prior to the assignment.

The Terms of Reference (ToR) and Scope of Work (SoW) detailed in the assignment

given to Smart Vision (SV) are attached as appendix to this document. In short, SV

was assigned to undertake a market research with a view to assessing what livelihood

support activities are most desirable, ease of accessibility of micro-credit, attitudes as

regards PLWHIV and suitability of livelihood activities for the latter.

The findings were meant to inform HI in its planned intervention to facilitate

livelihood support activities for 30 PLWHIV in the two towns of Garowe and Bosaso,

Puntland State of Somalia. The project was implemented in conjunction with a key

local partner (KLP) of HI, who were tasked with selecting (using a mutually agreeable

criteria) the target beneficiaries of the training and subsequent micro-finance support.

Because selection of the trainees took longer than expected, the time frame agreed

within the Special service agreement (SSA) with HI was stretched by about a week or

so. This is understandable as the local partner had valid reasons for being more careful

in selecting potential beneficiaries, not to mention issues of ethical considerations.

Thankfully, the selection was completed and a simultaneous exercise was conducted

first for Garowe ,followed promptly by Bosaso. Each took 4 days –one for data

collection, followed immediately by 3-day training. Details of the training are covered

in the annex report afore-mentioned in this chapter. This report follows the following

format as stipulated in the TOR.

- Title:

- Summary

- Introduction:

- HIV and AIDS situation (Maximum Half page)

- Context of consultancy (Introduction to HI, Project, Consultant team)

- Purpose of assessment

- Objectives and Scope of work

- Methodologies, techniques and tools (including sample of tools as Annex)

- Results/Findings analysis and presentation

- Recommendation and conclusion

Findings herein show SBEs like fruits vending, cloth vending, hawking kitchen ware,

running small grocery stalls and food marts as favourite SBEs. Issues around HIV are

relatively novel and perhaps there is more self stigma than societal discrimination.

Women are more affected and indeed women are more likely to engage in livelihood

activities. We hope the report is illuminating and recommend HI support.

Executive Summary


As part of the project’s design, Handicap International (HI) planned to support 30

persons or families infected and affected by HIV and AIDS with livelihood micro-loan.

To this end, the need for Small Business Enterprises (SBEs) and micro-loan skills

management training for the target population was found necessary. Subsequently,

Smart Vision Consultancy Firm - a relatively new but robust organization with

experienced professionals at the helm took up the mantle of the assignment. After

internalizing the purpose of the market assessment, appropriate tools were

developed, validated with content and communication specialists on our team, pilot

tested with a few sample individuals in Garowe before being administered with the

selected sample of key respondents. The findings of the assessment were primarily to

inform the course content for a pre-requisite training prior to the provision of the

micro-finance.

The rationale of this training was to equip the target population with appropriate

skills so that they master how to manage their small business enterprise (SBEs) and

effectively improve their livelihoods as PLWHIV. This followed brainstorming sessions

with HI’s KLP and a critical observation that recipients of micro-finance need skills

acquisition of they are to make full use of the livelihood support.

HIV/AIDS has been recorded in Somalia since 1987. However, since the collapse of

the health system in 1991, not much data has been collected about the HIV/AIDS

situation in Puntland and only limited data is available on sero-prevalence and

epidemiological trends. A qualitative study undertaken by UNICEF in 2003 found

that at least 80% of men and 71% of women had heard of AIDS. Although there is a

paucity of data on HIV/AIDS prevalence, cases of HIV/AIDS are increasingly being

seen in all the health facilities (both public and private) of the major towns in

Puntland. The increasingly high prevalence of TB, a killer yet curable disease known

to be opportunistic in people infected with HIV is also indicative of a looming crisis.

Most significantly, given the past era of chaos Somalia has undergone, and its

devastating effect of livelihoods, an intervention of this kind is most timely.

1.0. INTRODUCTION TO THE INTERVENTION

2.0. HIV AND AIDS SITUATION IN PUNTLAND

ASSESSMENT


PLWHIV tend to be household heads and once they are infected and the continuum

of illness and work stoppage proceeds, the whole household is affected. It is not

uncommon to find child headed homes where both parents are deceased and the

onus has fallen on the older child to look after her siblings, or an infirm grand parent

with orphaned grand children. The duration when the infected is too incapacitated

to consistently provide livelihood support to the household is a time when support is

needed. Often, the infected tends to lose the regular income source owing to ailing

health and stigma.

With the introduction of ARVs (and home based care), many PLWHIV are able to

recover well enough to resume some income generating work. Unfortunately, this is

easier said than done. If the individual was relieved of one’s duties on medical

grounds, the job is almost immediately taken up by another contender. Even in a

scenario, where the sufferer run an SBE or was a herdsman, one of the obvious

consequences is that the capital is expended in an attempt to rebuild the health of the

infected persons.

Recovery alone becomes un sustainable if the household has no livelihood support. A

myriad of problems is likely to be sparked off. The infected is depressed and feels

helpless, developing mental health complications, suicidal tendencies which inevitably

lead to marital stress. Two, the basic needs of the household do not diminish but

often escalate exponentially as a result of increased medical bills, more frequent

transport , stringent health practices and an imposed nutritional regime.

Livelihood support for PLWHIV is paramount as the disease tends to affect the

household heads. This means that the household is robbed of the key bread winner

which devastates the entire family and creates more vulnerability for all family

members. Children, for example may be forced to abandon school and start earning

an income. It also means that the PLWHIV may face challenges of accessing drugs

from the heath facilities due to lack of fare to the centre, let alone some prophylaxis

medicine like Septrin tablets. To exacerbate an already worrisome situation, while the

drug regime requires good nutrition to avoid toxicity, the patient may lack the

capacity to buy the food. This all has a multiplier effect on both the individual

PLWHIV and entire household.


Handicap International

Handicap is an international NGO with focus on HIV and disability. It works with key local

partners (KLPs) in Somalia in HIV/AIDS intervention. Handicap International has been

implementing a two-year HIV Integrated Prevention Treatment Care Support (IPTCS)

Project through local partner organizations in Somaliland and Puntland since January

2010. The “Round 8 grant” project has been funded by the Global Fund for HIV

through UNICEF.

Smart Vision Consultancy Firm

Smart Vision is a local initiative by indigenous Somali with years of varied professional

service in different fields in government and non-governmental related projects across

Somalia. SV is fast gaining a reputation in providing quality and reliable services to

clients. We have in our team experienced professionals with minimum of Masters

Level of education specialized in business administration, research, monitoring and

evaluation, communication, development, education management, public health,

gender issues and psychology among others that pooled energies to ensure successful

execution of the assignment.

SV has previously offered related services to organizations across Somalia in general

and Puntland in particular in the thematic area of market assessments and HIV

training and communication.

The field team was comprised of a senior researcher, Abdirahman Said Farah who

holds a Masters in Education Management from Kampala International University

(KIU), Uganda; and Abdulahi Ahmed H. Abshir who has an MBA in Finance and

Accounting also from (KIU). The two were the trainers for the SBE training and were

under close guidance of Kasim Sajjabi, ( Msc- UCL, London) a project planning and

management specialist with considerable experience in HIV and HRAP work. This

team worked under the usual and able stewardship of Sadiki Bihi who gives the

strategic direction as CEO.

3.0. CONSULTANCY (HI, PROJECT & SV TEAM)


The overall purpose of the market assessment, business skills training and planned

provision of micro-loans is to improve livelihoods of PLWHIV and members of their

households. The idea of starting with a market assessment was to discern what the

most favoured livelihood activities within the two capital cities of Garowe and Bosaso

are. The assessment likewise had a component to establish the dynamics of the

PLWHIV accessing credit from financial institutions, and if not possible, how best HI

can facilitate them with micro-finance so as to enable them sustain/revive livelihood

activities. This is aimed at making PLWHIV live a positive life where they contribute

to the welfare of their households and prolong their lives. This is in line with

international frameworks which advocate for non discrimination of PLWHIV.

Objectives of the study

The objectives of the study were:

1. Assess the current situation of livelihood activities.

2. Assess whether there are any possibilities to engage/link PLHIV into existing

livelihood and micro-loan services.

3. Assess the perception of stakeholders to engage PLHIV in livelihood and micro

loan services.

4. Assess the existing situation of livelihood activities of PLHIV.

5. Identify the feasible livelihood activity for each PLHIV.

In achieving these objectives, they had to be interpreted and broken down into

the following tasks:

4.0. PURPOSE OF THE ASSESSMENT

5.0. OBJECTIVES OF THE ASSESSMENT


As per the ToR, the consultants were required to do the following:

1. Assess the current situation of livelihood activities.

2. Assess whether there are any possibilities to engage/link PLHIV into existing livelihood

and micro-loan services.

3. Assess the perception of stakeholders to engage PLHIV in livelihood and micro loan

services.

Phase -2 (beneficiary analysis)

4. Assess the existing situation of livelihood activities of PLHIV.

5. Identify the feasible livelihood activity for each PLHIV?

Tools were developed with questions aimed at soliciting relevant responses to the

above questions. Both quantitative and qualitative data collection approaches were

used. The former was intended to give statistically evidence-based data and the latter,

as always to enrich the statistics with feelings and experiences of respondents.

Smart Vision realized that the key informants of this Assessment are the KLP

organizations engaged in supporting of PLWHIV including PAC, SYSA, the bank

officials, people live with HIV and market traders. As suggested in the ToR,

Consultative meeting with the KLP management and interviews with PLWHIV, Trade

officials, market leaders, traders as key informants were conducted. Focus Group

Discussions or in-depth interviews were held with each selected PLHIV. Assessment

Tools are attached as Annex IV.

This mixed method approach of data collection was employed for a reason. The

rationale was to get numerical (quantitative data) which gives benchmark evidence

based data and qualitative approach (which increasingly serves to get insight into

understanding complex issues surrounding study subjects). Here, it was part of the

mandate to assess what the PLWHIV thought of themselves, how they viewed the

common livelihood activities a, how banks viewed them and the PLWHIV’s

reciprocation as a well as the perception of traders to common SBEs plus working

with PLWHIV. The following are findings as per each variables investigated.

6.0. METHODOLOGY, TECHNIQUES & TOOLS


Demographic characteristics of respondents (PLWHIV)

Table 1.0 Social Economic Background:

Categories Frequency Percentage %

Age

30-34

35-39

40 and +

Missing

Total

04

11

01

5

21

19

52

5

24

100

Marital Status of respondent

Single

Married

Separated

Divorced

Widowed/Widower

Total

00

05

01

01

14

21

0

24

5

5

66

100

If married, is husband a PLWHIV

Yes

No

Total

04

01

05

80

20

100

If so, is respondent staying with your husband

Yes

No

Total

05

00

05

100

0

100

If respondent has any formal Education?

Yes

No

Total

10

11

21

48

52

100

Level of education of respondent

Field

Secondary

Tertiary

Vocational

Total

08

02

00

00

10

80

20

0

0

100

Education level before becoming a PLWHIV

Yes

No

Total

02

08

10

20

80

100

Sources: field data.

4.0. FINDINGS


As seen from the frequency table, out of 21 respondents,11 cases forming a simple

majority of 52 per cent were in the age bracket of 35-39 years. Only one was above

40 and the rest were 30-34. The interpretation here is that whether by design or

accident, the beneficiaries are mostly in the age bracket when they are expected to be

most productive. Globally this is the age when most victims of HIV pass away leaving

a heavy burden on the family. It is as well that the intervention targets them most,

and a collaboration with the KLP manager revealed that one of the key criterion in

selecting project beneficiaries was the ability of the PLWHIV to engage in a livelihood

activity.

On marital status, most respondents (66 per cent were widowed). This has several

interpretations. If they are women, the onus of fending for the family is an uphill task

and it is well that they receive this support. There is also a likelihood that these

individuals have lost their spouse to AIDS making them very vulnerable which means

they need regular home based care and support to encourage medication, peer

support and improved nutrition.

Indeed, out of 5 people asked this question, 4 said the husband is a PLWHIV. The

good news is that those 5 people are staying with the husband which makes couple

counseling and support services like home based care more effective. However it does

raise a question here –what happens to a polygamous situation? This needs to be

investigated further so that a win-win option is sought.

When asked if they have any formal Education, about half of the number replied in the

affirmative while the other half said no. When probed about the education level, 8

out of ten had received only field education. The chart illustrates this low level of

education amongst respondents.

Figure showing level of education of PLWHIV

Source: Field data


The implication of this low level of education is multifold. One, being of little

education, they have no capacity to get worthwhile paid skilled employment. This

gives more meaning to HI’s approach of knowledge transfer to train the beneficiaries

before any funds were passed on. The trainers were carefully selected by SV to pass

on the knowledge and skills in as easy a manner as possible making even difficult

business concepts easy to understand. Also aware of the potential challenge of limited

ability to handle substantial sums of money, a well considered figure of 350 dollars

was agreed upon by all stakeholders.

This amount is enough to kick-start an individual in a profitable SBE with potential for

reasonable Returns on Investment (ROI). During the training, the principles of savings,

basic record keeping and banking were emphasized and agreed upon. Vernacular was

used through out both the assessment and training to ensure thorough

comprehension. In addition, again, another key criterion was that beneficiaries had a

minimum education of field school education. This may sound insignificant to a

reader not familiar with Somalia past. In short, this education level, though seemingly

elementary is likely to enable the beneficiaries run their SBEs as trained.

2.0 Role of CBO, NGO, in improving PLWHIV livelihoods:

Table 2.1: Receive Assistance from Organizations

Assistance from any organizations for

livelihood support

Frequency Percentage

Yes 06 29

No 15 71

Total 21 100

Sources: field data

Out of 21 PLWHIV, 15 respondents making 71 per cent said no assistance were

received while only 6 agreed. The interpretation is significant, as this majority

response clearly expresses the need which HI thankfully plans to meet. To probe,

which bodies are known to offer some kind of assistance, PLWHIV were asked to

name any organization which has ever given them support. The answers in order was

as follows :


Table 2.2: Organizational name

No Organization

1 GECPD

2 BIOFIT

3 WFP

4 DRC

5 SYSA

6 TASS

7 WAWA


The interviewers did not probe which organization has made most significant change

(MSC) in the livelihood of the PLWHIV. That said, it was heartening to learn that

these NGOs (local and international) have offered support in the past. It was also

inspiring to note that local NGOs namely GECPD, SYSA, TASS and WAWA were cited

almost as many times as the INGOs. This reflects a healthy partnership between the

INGOs and local counterparts in impacting on lives of those in need. The Local NGOs

confirmed that they too, depend on international support to be able to offer service

to the PLWHIV. This squarely vindicates the approach of HI to work with KLPs.

Table 2.3: Stage of getting support

At which stage agencies started support Frequency Percentage

%

Before becoming a PLWHIV 00 0

After becoming a PLWHIV 06 100

Total 06 100


This question was both a probe to confirm that the organizations do support

PLWHIV. In addition, it was to assess whether interventions are mainly preventative

or “curative”. On the later objective, findings indicate that the organizations have put

emphasis on the curative rather than preventative aspect of HIV. While this is

understandable given the limitation of resources even for a back donor, HI is

commended for integrating preventative services with mitigation of the effect on

those affected. Many countries have realized that conventional approaches of public

talk and leaflets especially for illiterate communities have little or no impact. HI is

encouraged to strengthen BCC activities given their appeal especially to lowly

educated masses. The use of interactive radio drama is an issue that is covered in more

detail in the recommendations.


Table 2.4: Form of support

Forms of assistance PLWHIV receives Frequency Percentage

%

Cash 03 50

Food 03 50

Total 06 100


Of 6 respondents, 3 said they get cash while the other 3 say they get food items. The

observation here is that interventions for PLWHIV focus on availing cash and food.

This seems in line with the traditional practice of offering relief aid in situations of

emergency. According to discussions, there are both merits and demerits to this. First

on cash handouts, without training, it is almost always a lost cause.

This was confirmed by the KLP Managers who hailed the pre-finance training by HI.

This is because the recipient given few business skills inevitably ends in pitfalls. In

addition, the beneficiary is bound to have other pressing needs like school needs and

medicine and three without counseling, the recipient feels forlorn and will utilize the

money with abandon. These issues have all been taken care of under the integrated

approach of HI and other NGOs are urged to follow suit.

On food, again, the provision of food rations offers the much needed life saving

assistance. This while hailed has the downside of being only a temporary measure. HI

scored another plus and was commended by beneficiaries as one women so succinctly

put it :

Woman PLWHIV, 34 years from Bosaso

To confirm or negate the notions about food and cash hand outs, the assessment

sought to establish the impact of the assistance. This question however was also aimed

at establishing whether or not other forms of assistance have been availed under

various CSO programmes. The next question was hence raised in various tools.

“it defeats sustainable livelihoods if one is given

food and no other support. In other areas, such

foodstuff has been sold to get a little cash for other

needs.”


Table 2.5: Impact of the assistance

Impact of assistance on PLWHIV life Frequency

Percentage %

Improve the way of my life 01 17

Source of income 04 66

Develops my standards and my children got

schools

01 17

Total 06 100


This data set is very telling. The beneficiaries look at the assistance almost gratuitously

or perfunctorily. “It is a source of income” was the opinion of 4 PLWHIV asked out of

six. This is 67 per cent of respondents who look at the assistance-food or non food

items as a source of income. One saw it as a way to furthering his children’s future

and only one looks at this support as a comprehensive improvement of his life. This

opinion collaborates with the earlier outlook by some respondents that some NGOs

do not make a significant change in their lives, an opinion possibly formed as a result

of the manner in which assistance is dispensed.

3.0: Bank and loan perceptions and practices

Table 3.1: Keenness to approach the Bank

PLWHIV keenness to approach a bank for a

loan

Frequency

Percentage %

Yes 21 100

No 00 0

Total 21 100


On Bank loans, all 21 respondents were all in favour of getting bank financial support

and had approached the latter. This is perhaps the response which justifies most the

planned micro-loan intervention by HI. It is also understandable as illness robs one of

the capacities to earn a living. As several PLWHIV explained, in private business, the

employer had dismissed the PLWHIV citing frequent absence from work.

This question however needs triangulation with other sources, as some respondents

seemed to confuse keenness with whether or not they had actually approached or

even accessed the loan. The actual intention of the question was to establish the

willingness of financial institutions to offer loans to known PLWHIV as they ordinarily

do for other customers.


Table 3.2: Is loan failure due to HIV status

If not successful, do you feel your HIV status

could have been a factor in the Bank’s decision

to refuse the loan?

Frequency

Percentage %

I don’t know how to access of banks 08 38

because we are poor 06 29

No one trusts us because our current status 03 14

An IDP from south, so I don’t know where to

go

04 19

Total 21 100


This question confirms the mix up of the comprehension of the earlier question

above. All 21 people had something to say, but none testified to approaching the

bank, the bank’s response or whether or not the PLWHIV actually received any

money from the bank. A few observations could be made from this. First, there is a

significant number of IDPs and they are quite lost about their civil rights and basic

service delivery including how to access banks. Two, 3 people openly confessed that

they are not trusted owing to their status. 6 people mentioned poverty which

reminds us that banks tend to ask for the 5Cs (Collateral security, Cash flow,

Character verification, Capital and Conditions) – all which the poor ordinarily score

poorly at. Certainly all households affected by HIV eventually get impoverished and

would not meet the 5C principles of credit as stipulated by banks.

It is worth noting that at the time of writing this report, findings indicated that there

are only three financial institutions –the most famous being Dahabshill money transfer

service , Dayah Islamic Bank and Salaama.

Out of 21 people, 8 said they do not know how to access banks. This is an alarming

ratio and illustrated on this chart.

Source: field


The core problem goes back to displacement and low education. If NGOs like HI are

to help sustainably, awareness raising and advocacy for rights of IDPs may be effective

strategies. The training was later to factor in components of banking and loan

accessibility.

Table 3.3: Perception about loan with interest (Ribba)

Perception about loan with interest (Ribba) Frequency

Percentage %

Acceptable 13 62

Not accepted 08 38

Total 21 100


This is interesting data as it contrary to common perception. Somalia is exclusively a

Muslim community and according to Islamic interpretation of the scriptures by some,

loan with interest (Ribba) is prohibited. But the facts on the ground according to the

finding of this data set is that there are more PLWHIV keen to get the loan-with Ribba

than those who say no. 13 people representing 62 per cent said so with only 8

representing 38 pre cent saying no.

Source: Field data

These mixed opinions need dialogue to reach consensus. It is perhaps that the

majority of the PLWHIV interviewed did not understand the effect of interest on their

business or they are seriously in need of any support regardless of whether it is with

interest or not. One is tempted to go for the latter analysis. As the saying goes,

“necessity knows no bounds”. A people disenfranchised by war and natural calamities

may put their religious sentiments aside-however deeply held as the livelihood of

their entire households is at stake. The challenge is that religious beliefs world-over are

a source of bitter acrimony and at this stage one can only advise against providing

Ribba-loans in Somalia. This in essence means, micro-credit which depends on the

levying of interest for sustainability of the business is untenable within a community


which holds contrary religious views. However, Islamic banking offers a perfect

compromise. What is important is for all stakeholders to hold intense dialogue and if

Islamic banking is the way to go, then this needs to be publicized and made accessible

to most populations.

4.0 Market Opportunities

Table 4.1: Business engagement

If PLWHIV is engaged in any livelihood

activities currently?

Frequency

Percentage %

Yes 21 100

No 00 0

Total 21 100


All 21 PLWHIVs selected for this project were without exception engaged in some

livelihood activity which means they simply needed extra support. The KLP manger

stressed that this was another criterion. The logic being a person already running an

SBE is experienced and committed and not likely to misappropriate the funds. This

was, of course, rational on the part of the KLP especially given their past experience in

providing financial assistance to PLWHIV in the past.

However one could observe here, that this may be contrary to the spirit of the

project design. Some stakeholders may argue that the project further empowers those

with livelihood support rather than attending to those most in need. These are issues

which could be dialogued further without sentiments for the best possible impact to

the most relevant communities. That said, this seeming irony should not deter HI

from its planned support. (Relevance, impact, effectiveness, efficiency, sustainability,

coordination, coherence) as common evaluation criteria do not necessarily reflect

iron-cast harmony. Many, if not all project implementers must always take difficult

decisions to get the most significant change (MSC).

Table 4.2: Type of the trade engagement/SBE

SBE the PLWHIV is engaged in Frequency Percentage

Small shop 09 43

Cloths 04 19

Vegetable 01 5

Vender on table 04 19

Small restaurant 02 9

Sale of used jerricans/plastic waste 01 5

Total 21 100




As seen from both illustrations, small shops takes 43 per cent , followed by cloths( 19

per cent) then table vending on the streets sides. Small restaurants and plastic waste

have least appeal. When this was source triangulated with what ordinary traders

engage in , the results were as follows :

Source: field data

So for ordinary traders too, small shop, cloths, vegetable, restaurant and milk selling

were cited as their most common livelihood activities. There is really little difference

between what is commonly popular and what the PLWHIVs desire and engage in.

This is quite logical as PLWHIV are part and parcel of the communities in which they

reside.

That said, profitability alone should not be the over riding motivation in the

promotion of SBEs for PLWHIV. A balance between health, psychological status,

societal perceptions and profits should be struck. For example, milk sale , fruit

vending are ventures which could easily promote better nutrition of the PLWHIV. The

explanation being, one who sells milk is likely to drink some. On the other hand, if

the community may feel put off by a PLWHIV selling an edible item, then another SBE

may be more tenable. Businesses which stress and strain the PLWHIV should be


discouraged. In the same way, those which may aggravate their health are least

desirable. For instance, one person mentioned extracting wires from old tyres. Plastic

wastes and picking used plastic bottles were also mentioned all which could endanger

the life of the PLWHIV. These issues all need constant awareness raising by HI’s KLPs.

They also call for inert-sectoral approaches involving civil society, (religious leaders

inclusive), government and individuals. The next question-a probe- sought to find out

the reason why the cited commodity or SBE was most appealing.

Table 4.3: Why preferred to deal in this SBE

Preferred commodity to deal in, if assistance

was to be provided. Reason

Frequency

Percentage %

Experience 08 38

Knowledge 04 19

Marketable 03 14

Financial affordable 06 29

Total 21 100


When asked why those activities are most appealing, the answers were experience (8

people or 38 per cent), 4 respondents citing being knowledgeable and marketable

taking only 14 per cent. This was source triangulated with traders. Their response was

as below and they show that profitability is their guiding principle.

Source : Field (traders)

On closer analysis however, there is a thin line between profitability, knowledge and

experience, marketability or even affordability. Entrepreneurs who are knowledge in

their vocation tend to learn the intricacies of their trade and find ways of overcoming

encumbrances including seeking new and more lucrative markets. This leads to better

profits. Likewise, big business is more likely to generate more profits arising from what


economists call “economies of scale”. The import of this data set is that all

respondents would wish to avail the best welfare possible to their households –as a

result of the most rewarding livelihood enterprise. This however takes us to cross

cutting issues like legality, morality, gender sensitivity, disability friendliness and

environment. The next question was to assess the market potential of the suggested

livelihood activity. This was important not only to establish viability and technical

feasibility but it hints at a possibility of violating those issues mentioned in pursuit of

the anticipated market.

Table 4.4: Market status

Market for the goods mentioned Frequency Percentage

Good 05 24

Fair 12 57

Poor 04 19

Total 21 100


57 per cent (12 people) affirm that the market is fairly okay, while 5 think it is good

and 4 fear it is poor. It is to be remembered that this data is not aggregated according

to each item listed above hence one cannot tell what item is getting what assessment.

Still going by a simple majority of 57 per cent who said market is“ fair”, one can

observe that there is ample market for most proposed SBEs and their products. It is

also to be remembered that local communities are known for modesty when talking

to strangers. Still, the KLP is best advised to be vigilant so that SNBEs which do not

seem viable are changed as fast as possible to avoid financial distress. The next

question specifically ventured into perceptions about cross border trade and

implications on legality. PLWHIV were asked who tends to buy their product.

Table 4.5: Who buys the commodity?

Who buys your commodity? Frequency

Percentage %

Clients 18 86

Cross border buyer 03 14

Total 21 100


18 people (86 per cent) say their clients buy the items while another 3 mention cross

border traders. It would be interesting to know what cross border trade is and

whether or not it is contraband. This was however shelved in regard to its sensitivity

and the condition of respondents. The Researchers however noted that there is

booming business in “Miraa or Mairungi”, a stimulating weed chewed ostensibly for


its propensity to keep one awake for hours on end. Taken from the South, it is

transported in speeding vehicles to the commercial capital of Bosaso where local and

foreign traders pay more than 5 times its cost price. There was also talk of other

contraband items including gold, rupees, diamonds and black dollars. These are

bought by mostly traders from Kenya while Mira has ready market in Yemen.

These revelations should not be taken lightly. Many women were noted to be in the

“profitable business of Miraa sales”. Indeed, it was established that table vending is

almost synonymous with Miraa selling, and cigarettes. One man raised this in an

interview:

Indeed, the researchers counted at least 20 trucks ( 20 tonnes capacity

each)overloaded with charcoal bags. This charcoal, it was established comes from the

lower south where it is greener and shrubs and trees are felled and charcoal burnt as a

mains source of income. Almost all respondents mentioned charcoal trade as very

lucrative. This besides being hazardous to the health of anybody raises the new global

concern about climate change and mitigation initiatives. This is a matter which may

not be in the full control of stakeholders of this project. Suffice it to say, KLPs would

be making their contribution if they promote tree planting and commercially viable

alternative means of environment use. This may include fuel-saving stoves.

The over riding principle is that It is incumbent upon Hi to impress upon KLPs to stress

that loans should not be used to perpetuate practices which contradict national or

international agreements or standards. The next question was to find out the reason

for the availability of the anticipated/prevailing market.

I don’t know a business which is more profitable than

charcoal dealing. What you buy at 12,000 Somali

shillings, you sell at twenty. Yet some people say

environment, environment…what can a person do?


Table 4.6: reason for greatest market

Reason why respondent thinks cited items

have greatest market

Frequency

Percentage %

Neighbour to my clients 07 33

Good relationship with customers 05 24

Monopolist of the business in area 06 29

Hard work 03 14

Total 21 100


7 attributed it to being in the neighbourhood of the clients. This is 33 per cent,

followed by 29 per cent who argue they are monopolists of the trade/product in the

area. 5 people feel they have good relations with the customers while 3 cite being

hard workers. These are all good attributes of good business and were recommended

for the business training. Commonly called Ps of marketing, the success of the SBEs

depends on people, place, product, pricing, promotion and place evidence. Next, it

was important to understand the challenges-real or potential for PLWHIV.

Table 4.7: Problems faced

Problems encountered in the pursuit of the

livelihood activities


Credit sales and no return 04 19

Low security in IDP camps 01 5

Theft 02 9

No Problem 14 67

Total 21 100


14 people making 67 per cent said they actually have no problem at all. 4 mentioned

credit sales and failure of clients to pay while 2 cited theft. This is good and a chart is

produced to show that good news from this response. 19 per cent who mention

credit sales and failure of clients to pay should not be taken as insignificant. Somali

culture promotes trust and customers commonly take items on credit. This trust

unfortunately is not always reciprocated. Mechanisms must be introduced to the

beneficiaries so that this practice is checked. One approach would be to get a

guarantor to sign on a piece of paper.


Source : Field data

Other challenges mentioned are not insurmountable. If they can be

vigilant , theft would be reduced. If inseurity obtains in the IDPs, then a

storage facility could be rented collectively.

29 trader respondents had similar answers as seen below :

Source : Field data

As seen PLWHIV and ordinary traders face similar problems which means they are not

unique to PLWHIV and should be no cause for hindrance of livelihood support.


5.0 Future Plan

Table 5.1: Keenness to continue present source of livelihood

Do you hope to continue with your present

source of livelihood support?


%

Yes 21 100

No 00 0

Total 21 100


All respondents without exception were keen to continue with the same livelihood

activity, This enthusiasm should be exploited by encouraging them and supporting

them to expand their business.

Table 5.2: why do you continue with present source of livelihood?

Reason for preference of same SBE Frequency Percentage %

I know more experience about it 09 43

It needs expansion to serve more clients 05 24

What I will receive is not enough to start new

business so I will improve the existing one

07 33

Total 21 100


The assessors probed the respondents why they did not wish to expand into other

business if given the money by HI. Clearly respondents are comfortable with what

they know already and have experience in. However a significant 7 people feel that

what they anticipate as support is not enough for them to venture into bigger

businesses. Maybe in future, the more enterprising beneficiaries may be supported

with more substantial amounts. It is also prudent to suggest a Savings and credit

cooperative (SACCO) from within themselves-which would help pool the resources

and facilitate internal lending.

Table 5.3: Suggestions to support PLWHIV improve livelihood


Suggestions to support PLWHIV to improve

your livelihood?


%

I will suggest to get our assistance as cash 18 86

I prefer food assistance 03 14

Total 21 100


Source : field data

The overwhelming majority prefer to get assistance in form of cash with only 14 per

ecnt suggesting food. This response neds to be viewed carefully. World over,

beneficairies of such programmes tend to squander or misappropraite the assistance.

The reason is obvious-these already disenrachsied individuals have various financial

pressures and cash is a very tempting option. For many, they sprend it allm awaya on

“good cause” before thinking of the aim of the grant or loan.

Elsewhere, cash has been availed in form of group loans-making the group collectively

responsible. In other places, the actual merchandise has been purchased and provided

which methods have proved more efective than cash hand outs. It is also to be

remebered that cash on their persons is a security risk and theft already cited

expecially in the IDPs could lead to loss.

Table 5.4: If would welcome micro-finance from HI

Would you welcome micro-finance from

Handicap International?

Frequency Percentage %

Yes 21 100

No 00 0

Total 21 100



This question was only to confirm the readiness to receive HI support. The group

unanimously welcomes the assistance. This is the central question which justifies HI

intervention. If beneficiaries are this keen to receive the support, one- it means HI is

held in high esteem and has nobody has reservations dealing with it. Two, this

enthusiasm translates into project ownership which if nurtured contributes to

sustainability. It was logical to ask why they welcomed the support.

Table 5.5 Reason for support

Why are you supporting? Frequency Percentage

%

It improves my existing business 16 76

It will change my live status 05 24

Total 21 100


Asked why they looked forward to this support, 76 per cent belive it will improve

their business while 24 say it will change their livelhood. Both answers are in

conformity with the project goal of improving livelihoods of credit sales and failure of

clients to pay.

Table 5.6: Area of training in the future

Skills gap analysis area in the event of getting

this loan?


%

Business Skill 09 43

Management 03 14

Basic health care 05 24

Reading & Writing 04 19

Total 21 100


The areas for training were pointed out as business skills (43 per cent), basic health

care (24 per cent), reading and writing -19 per cent and management (14 per cent).

Source : Field data


This refects further training. Beneficary participation in the design of a project is key to

its success. HI planned business skills but health and literacy are expressed here as

equally important. HI is urged to explore this for the receipients as wholistic

intervention ofetn gives best results.

Traders Perception about PLWHIV

Table 2.1: What livelihood activity is recommended for a PLWHIV

Livelihood activity respondent recommends for

a PLWHIV?


%

Trade with dry items 15 52

Business near to their home 06 21

Small business 08 27

Total 29 100

Sources: field data

Respondents recommended trade with dry items (15 people) and SBE (8) people with

6 people of the opinion that these PLWHIVs should be near their homes. Dry items

were defined as items like cloths and shop merchandise as opposed to other items.

The phrase however included liquids like milk, which means there is no particular

stigma about buying edibles from a PLWHIV.

Table 2.2: if a PLWHIV were to request to work with respondent what is the

comment?

if a PLWHIV were to request to work with you

what is your comment?


%

I will welcome the PLWHIV as a fellow human

being

29 100

Total 29 100


All respondents had no problem with working with a PLWHIV. This suggests a society

which has overcome stigma. Not to be overly optimistic, the next probe was raised.

Table 2.3: If respondent knows any PLWHIV who is actually in same trade

Do you know PLWHIV in your trade? Frequency Percentage

%

No, it is difficult to know 29 100

Total 29 100



This question did not solicit the desired response. As seen all respondents implied that

they did not know how to differentiate a PLWHIV form non infected traders. The

interpretation here is that while in theory respondents may express no reservations

working with the PLWHIV, in practice, stigma could creep in and the partners would

do well to continue with education campaigns.

Table 2.4: What challenges they face

What challenges do they face? Frequency Percentage

%

No challenge 09 31

Fear to deal with them 04 14

Discrimination 16 55

Total 29 100


Indeed when probed on likely challenges, 16 cited discrimination, 9 saw no challenge

while 4 feared to deal with them.

Admittedly, traders mentioned discrimination (55 per cent) and 14% confessed to

fearing to deal with them. This contradicts the earlier response that they would have

no problem dealing with them. As analysed above, this needs to be assessed further

least it causes unseen problems.

Table 2.5: Recommendations for that PLWHIV to overcome challenges

What solutions do you recommend for that

PLWHIV to overcome the challenges?


%

Self confidence 15 52

Tolerance 10 34

Take their medicine continuously to look fit 04 14

Total 29 100


Most people (52 per cent) of the sample recommend PLWHIV to become more

confident of themselves. Another 34 per cent recommend tolerance.


Market Opportunities

How much income do you think one could

make from that trade daily?


%

$ 500 15 52

$ 600 10 34

$ 800 04 14

Total 29 100


This was a significant question and 15 traders out of 29 mentioned that one could

make sales of 500 dollars daily. 10 said 600 dollars while 4 people mentioned 800

dollars as gross sales. This is very inspiring as seen from this graphic chart. It is not

clear what net returns would be realized. The researchers took samples of products

and found out that shoes bought from Yemen traders are bought at 20 dollars and

sold at 24 dollars, trousers bought at 10 are sold at 15 and digital cameras bought at

180 are sold at 200. Perfumes bought at 4 dollar go for 6 dollars on the local market.

Sandals from Palestine are bought at 4 dollars and sold at 6 dollars. When given as a

mean figure, an item tends to generate 20 per cent as net profit.

Table 3.5: Possible limitations to the market of the trade suggested

What would be limitations to the market of the

trade you suggest?


%

No problem 29 100

Total 29 100


No trader sees any possible limitation of any kind. This tallies with what the PLWHIV

themselves felt.


Table 3.6: How can one widen the market to that trade suggested

How can one widen the market to that trade

you suggest?


%

Should attract more clients 02 7

Tolerance 05 17

Enhance qualities 07 24

Good behavior 09 31

Price competition 06 21

Total 29 100


31 per cent mention good behaviour (customer relations), with 24 citing enhanced

qualities. 21 per cent mention a cut throat price war. The points raised are all

significant. Customer care as was to become a key component of the training is

central to business success. On quality, the two towns were noted to have both good

quality and sub standard items (counterfeits) from Bangkok and China, among other

countries.

Operation

Table 4.5: Do you think a micro loan could help kick start the business of the

PLWHIV

Would you be willing to work with and guide

the PLWHIV to maintain their trade?


%

Yes 29 100

Total 29 100


All traders agree unanimously that a loan would kick start the business of a PLWHIV.

This was almost what the target beneficiaries felt themselves.


Groups have the obvious advantage of checking

one another from misusing the money and making

other mistakes. It also means in case one person is

sick, the partner sustains the business. Third, when

funds are pooled they could venture into bigger

business

Table 4.6: Working in groups or individuals gives the business a better chance

Do you think working in groups instead of

individuals gives the business a better chance?


%

Yes, group work is better because there is more

capital, capacity to solving problems, enhance

management and quality

12 41

No, group business has many disadvantages

such as conflict, difficulty in decision-taking and

early bankruptcy

17 59

Total 29 100


17 people (59 per cent) do not support group work saying it breeds conflict and

confusion while 12 people (41 per cent) support it for its economies of scale and

group dynamics. This data set was source triangulated and officials in the market and

traders chambers do believe group work has proved more effective than individual

effort. As one official put it:

Chamber official, male who preferred anonymity

The last time solicited for general comments.

Table 4.7: Any other comment

No Comments

1 PLWHIV people should create a good relationship among themselves

2 Solving together their problems

3 Should do price competition to penetrate the market

4 To choose wisely which product they want to sell to attract more customers

5 Good behaviour and interpersonal relations

6 Work with their fellow traders and create good relationship with them

7 Should sell dry commodities



These are ideas which no doubt would help the PLWHIV to improve. Rephrased,

PLWHIVs are encouraged to work in harmony with others, develop business acumen

and be conscious of market trends. These are sentiments from existing traders and

follow simple logic.

Data was collected from Organizations and some salient issues are raised here

including characteristics of the organizations. This is for source triangulation and

validation of responses got from traders and PLWHIV themselves.

Data from the organizations

Table 1: Position of interviewee, Names and when their institution started & why:

Name of the

institution

Position When their institute started and why

PAC Admin & Finance

Manager

15th Oct 2005, to monitor, help and advocate

for the affected people.

YAHAN

NETWORK

Programme

Coordinator

2008, to create risk free youth from HIV in

Puntland

BIOFIT Programme

Coordinator

To promote social development in order to

get society free from poverty, HIV and others

SYSA Project Manager 2oth Feb 2003, to cope with the consequence

of the outbreak of the civil war

HOPE HIV Project

Manager

In 2002, to help people leaving with HIV to

give them hope, giving awareness, fund raising

and also giving PLWHIV a place for meeting.

Source: field data

Table 2: Status of the organization

Status of the organization? Frequency Percentage %

CBO 00 0

Local NGO 04 80

International NGO 00 0

PLWHIV Network 00 0

Religious Organization 00 0

Government 01 20

Total 05 100

Source: field data.

80 per cent are local NGOs while only one agency was government owned.

The question is why are other CSOs not keen on offering support to PLWHIV? Is it

less of a felt need than others? When one Manager was asked, she said AIDS though


becoming a matter of concern affects far less numbers than those who are devastated

by famine, floods and war. This is an opinion which needs further research as there

are tell tale signs that HIV prevalence may be much higher than projections suggest.

The justifications for this assertion are several. War and natural calamities have caused

massive people movements with people in Kenya one month, back in Puntland,

possibly in Mogadishu and so on. Many Somalis are also living in the Diaspora and

come in and go back regularly. War also has another ugly dimension which is ever

hardly documented enough- women and children face sexual abuse as fighters have

forceful carnal knowledge of any vulnerable person in sight.

There is also empirical evidence of high divorce rates amongst Somali communities

especially as soon as they leave Somalia where cultural checks minimize the practice.

Finally, the highway of the vibrant commercial capital of Bosaso through Sahel

regions up to Kismayo border town means quite a number of people who act as

traders, road side food vendors, truck drivers , charcoal dealers, migrant workers

(Kenya, Yemen, Uganda ) all set a stage for easy transmission of the diseases as many

are most at risk persons (MARPS). In order to attempt to provide evidence backed

data on magnitude of HIV prevalence in Puntland, care organizations were

approached to get the numbers of PLWHIV registered with each. The government

agency had 300 and estimates a national prevalence of 500 PLWHIV.

Table 3: PLWHIV registered by each organization

How many registered PLWHIV are in your

organization?

Number

PAC 300

YAHAN 350

BIOFIT 00

HOPE 206

SYSA 30


As seen YAHAN carries the biggest percentage (40) followed by PAC ( 34 per cent),

HOPE with 23 per cent and SYSA with only 3 per cent. One can argue that PAC as a


governement agency is not doing enough considering it has the mandate and more

resources at its disposal. If the PLWHIV are not allowed to register twice, it also

means there are many more PLWHIV than initially thought. This is simply by adding

up the numbers in YAHAN, HOPE and SYSA which exceeds 500. One of the areas

which may be important is to do a national HIV survey or in its absence , sentinel

sero surveys. Other countries have used health facilities like MCH centres to test every

expectant mother and make projections. VCT or HCT needs to be promoted before a

catasrophy hits the country unawares.

Next data was collaborated from the banks to assess the perceptions, attitudes and

practices towards PLWHIVs and ease of acquiring microloans.

DATA FROM BANK OFFICIALS

Introduction

Table 1.1: Name of the institution and their positions

Organization Name Position

Dayah Islamic Bank General Manager

Salaama Bank Deputy General Manager


Dayah Islamic and Salaama bank were approached. Their status is shown as below:

Table 1.2: Status of the Bank

Status of your organization Response

Dayah Islamic Bank Local Commercial Bank

Salaama Bank International Commercial Bank


That there are only two banks means this curtails accessibility to services- loans not

excepted. It is of note that Dayah is an Islamic Bank and as is the practice, loans are

based on Islamic principles.

Table 1.3: Service Offered

Service/product offered Response

Dayah Islamic Bank Cash Deposit and individual loan

Salaama Bank Cash Deposit, Corporate Banking and

individual loan



Table 1.4: If loans, prefer individual loan or group loans? Why

If you give loans, do you prefer

individual loan or group loans? Why

Response

Dayah Islamic Bank We prefer individual loan, because groups

are difficult to deal with.

Salaama Bank We prefer individual loan, because of

being risk averse.


Interestingly, contrary to many micro-finance institutions worldwide, these banks

both mentioned preference for individual and not group loans. This is a matter

outside the project objectives, but future advocacy and lobbying may be undertaken

to promote group loans. It is a well tested concept that where individuals acquire a

loan collectively, the collective responsibility encourages prudent management, loan

recovery and discipline. Groups also sit regularly to discuss any trouble shooting areas.

The idea of micro-finance started by an entrepreneur turned philanthropist in

Bangladesh, Yunus Muhamad has spread world wide and group loans are preferred

over individual loans by all MFIs. Besides the advantage of group dynamics, group

loans take away the necessity of the Bank tackling the Cs as earlier explained. Group

members know each other well and can vouch on character, capital, capacity, cash

flow of each or the collective SBE, not to mention pooled collateral security. HI needs

to do more research with its KLP to assess which approach may give best results.

Table 1.5: average amount of individual loan & repayment terms

What is the average amount of

individual loan you give your clients

and what are the repayment terms?

Response

Dayah Islamic Bank $ 500 - $ 1400

Salaama Bank Average $ 6679.5


Dayah provides 500-1400 dollars average while Salaama gives an average 7000

dollars. This is good start up capital but as discussed before, like all Banks, the pre –

conditions to getting a loan may preclude many people who genuinely need financial

push for livelihood support.


Table 1.6: Perception of your organization toward employment of PLWHIV

What is the perception of your

organization toward giving

employment opportunity of

PLWHIV?

Response

Dayah Islamic Bank We don’t have any problem if they are

healthy and educated

Salaama Bank We don’t have any different perception

about them, because we consider them as

normal human people.


The banks had no problem giving PLWHIV loans although Dayah puts a condition of

health. This is ironic as PLWHIV are needless to mention people afflicted by sickness.

The manger here could not elaborate at which stage the used their discretion to give

or not to give a loan to a PLWHIV. If the analysis is to be taken to a higher level,

developed countries have social security systems to cater for their populations at times

of need. Some have national medical insurance or medical schemes –all intended to

offer relief to a citizen who becomes disenfranchised by some circumstances.

Puntland has seen this wisdom and in addition to PAC, created in May 2009 an

agency called PASWE- Puntland agency for social welfare. Unconfirmed information

indicates only war veterans or their dependants are entitled to about 35 dollars per

month per household. If Banks have prohibitive conditions to loan provision, and

government has no affirmative action or social security system for its needy people,

this is recipe for social and political upheaval as a hungry, desperate person will resort

to any means –unorthodox if need be. This is simple law of survival. Banks and

government need to be lobbied to give more support to PLWHIV as it is their hour of

need. Hi is accordingly making a most timely intervention.

The following tables speak for themselves about treatment of the PLWHIVs.

Table 1.7: Do you have a policy on giving loans to PLWHIV?

Do you have a policy on giving loans

to PLWHIV?

Response

Dayah Islamic Bank No, we don’t differentiate them from

others

Salaama Bank No, we don’t have a special policy on

giving loans to them



No special policy whether discrimination or affirmative action. This is both good but

also leaves the decision to the sole discretion of a loan officer let alone bank manager.

The research team went on to probe if indeed the financial institutions have in place

any mechanisms for supporting PLWHIV as a social responsibility.

Table 1.8: How does the Bank assist them overcome their day to day challenges?

How does the Bank assist them

overcome their day to day

challenges?

Response

Dayah Islamic Bank Know we don’t have maybe in the future

we will consider them.

Salaama Bank We don’t discriminate them


Both banks indicate they have no special arrangements. Government could be lobbied

to entice banks to give loans by guaranteeing loans for special interest groups like

PLWHIV, disabled, war victims or women. Government could also offer incentives of

tax rebates to Organizations including banks if they engage in verifiable charitable

activities. This is the new principle of corporate social responsibility (CSR) which many

entrepreneurs attest that it has dividends. As you give back to the community, you

establish goodwill which improves your public relations and inadvertently attracts

more customers. For now, going by the statements of the Bank officials, the support

of HI and similar organizations is the only hope for PLWHIV.

HI market assessment for PLWHIV went well except for some time lag as the KLPs

tried to select the best beneficiaries. This affected the time of delivery. The most

significant change is that the assessment and training almost occurred simultaneously.

This was pragmatic given the time limitation, but may have denied the opportunity

for the training needs assessment to be a product of the assessment. In addition,

PLWHIV took time to overcome stigma and share freely during the assessment as well

as the subsequent training.

The other point is that given the KLP selected those considered healthy enough and

one who is already engaged in a livelihood support activity, the more deserving

PLWHIVs may have been left out. As explained in the afore-going chapters, some

difficult choices had to be made-which is a natural phenomenon in life. Here, the KLP

5.0. CHALLENGES AND LIMITATIONS

ASSESSMENT


was concerned that earlier attempts to offer such support went to absolute waste.

This was because beneficiaries progressively became too ill to conduct any meaningful

SBE. For others, business was a novelty and the funds were liquidated in logistical

arrangements again defeating the intention. Third, PLWHIV who received such funds

expended it on their own defeatist priorities believing their end had come. The KLP is

therefore put in a dilemma about who to help –either the truly needy person but

disinclined to sustainable and profitable livelihood activities; or the already

empowered who gets an extra shot and is averse to risk.

All said, the study does reveal the status of PLWHIVs in terms of their livelihood, the

most common livelihood activities, and the preferred ones. It also shows the attitude

and practice of banks towards the PLWHIVs.

To recapitulate, here is a summary of the key findings:

KEY FINDINGS

As per findings, the most highly prized livelihood activities in the market are SBEs which could

be in the form of table vending, small restaurants/food marts and small retail shops. By table

vending, respondents including PLWHIV and existing and seasoned traders as well as Traders

association officials mean milk sales, assorted groceries, used or new odd clothing like

handkerchiefs, and fruits sales. Traders and officials repeatedly recommended dry items “a

term for assorted groceries like sugar, tea, spices, perfumes, bread, matches, flour, and

powder milk and kitchen ware”. There was also indication that other controversial items like

charcoal and Miraa are lucrative but stakeholders need to look into the legality and morality

of this.

It was not possible to establish in quantifiable terms the market size of these highly demanded

livelihood activities and labor market. However a number of responses do collectively

indicate a favorable market size. Respondents when asked how much turnover is expected on

a daily basis indicate that they could make gross sales of as much as 600 dollars. The average

net profit from any sale being as high as 20 per cent. This is very good business if such turn-

over and revenue generation is projected. The other indicative response is that when asked to

gauge the market for the goods cited as most favoured, mentioned a “fair or good market”.

As explained in the text, the likelihood of using euphemism amongst Somali culture is very

high. To rephrase, respondents by using the word “fair” are more than optimistic that the

market is excellent. Yet another indicative response is that respondents testified that such cash

loans improve their livelihood or is “a source of income” One trader specifically mentioned

that his capital had grown from about 300 dollars the previous year to 800 dollars as this

year comes to a close saying he made a return on investment in the first for months alone.

This evidence-though empirical is sufficient for HI to provide the cash support, confident that

the recipient’s livelihood will improve.


A. Assessment on whether there are any possibilities to engage/link PLHIV into existing

livelihood and micro-loan services.

It was established that there are about 7 organizations which provide some kind of support to

PLWHIV. These include the government agency-PAC, INGOs like WFP and UNHCR and local

NGOs like WAWA and Tadamun. While PAC has about 300 registered PLWHIV, the other

organizations have a sum total of over 700. It was difficult to verify whether or not a

PLWHIV could be registered with more than one agency.

The support is usually in form of emergency relief food items or cash grants. It was not clear if

any business training is always part and parcel of this support.

The assessment did ascertain that there are only 2 banks-both commercial, with one local and

the other international in nature. These are Dayah and Salaama respectively. The former

operates strictly on Islamic principles. The officials in these two indicated that among their

product range is loan provision. They both mention –rather contrary to common perception-

that individual loans are preferred over group loans due to being averse to risk” Here we

hasten to caution that this is in contrast to the more common practice of micro-finance

institutions (MFIs) worldwide which favour group loans owing to their proven success in loan

repayment.

The assessment also reveals that while the two Banks officially have no reservation lending to

PLWHIV, Dayah particularly cited a pre-condition that one must be “healthy” to get a loan.

This of course would preclude all PLWHIV if the phrase means being free of any infection. It

was also noted that the banks have no special arrangement for PLWHIV. This is an issue

which could be lobbied for in line with the new practice of corporate social responsibility

(CSR) of giving back to the client. The assessment could also not determine whether gender

sensitivity or disability affirmative action is factored in when giving loans. To rephrase, the

bank officials did indicate that PLWHIV stand just the same opportunity as everybody else in

accessing the loan. This report has cited the underscored challenge in this seemingly non-

preferential policy for all. Banks world over look at what is commonly called the 7Cs to

determine the eligibility of an applicant to getting a loan. If this is strictly adhered to, the

principle would prohibit any PLWHIV from accessing any loans. This is because these 7C pre-

conditions like collateral security, character and cash flow are ordinarily “normal

“circumstances which a PLWHIV is likely to long have lost. Asking a man who lost his source

of income due to illness to furnish a viable source of income before getting a loan is absurd to

say the least.

The most intriguing finding regarding practice of loans is that while Loans with interest (ribba)

contradict religious tenets, the majority of respondents were keen to get loans –with or

without interest. This calls for dialogue wand eventual consensus.

A. Assessing the perception of stakeholders to engage PLHIV in livelihood and micro loan

services.

This question solicited rather mixed responses. On one hand, the traders expressed willingness

to work with and even guide/partner with PLWHIV. On the other hand, the assessment

reveals fear of PLWHIV by some, perception of self stigma, and hesitation in recommending


any kind of SBE. However they suggested that PLWHIV ought to deal in “dry commodities.”

While in vernacular, this would mean assorted shop grocery, the perception needs to be

investigated further to ensure that the respondents were not skeptical about PLWHIV dealing

in “wet” items like milk, juice and water or foodstuff.

Findings indicate an appeal for close collaboration amongst themselves and with non

PLWHIV. A possible barrier implied was that PLWHIV may tire out or easily catch other

illnesses. The other issues mentioned were not a preserve of PLWHIV and include non

payment of goods taken on credit, theft within IDPs, insecurity for women moving at odd

hours and poor quality goods on the market.

It is recommended that one, PLWHIV should strive to work from near home. This is

presumably to guard against falling sick and being unattended to. It was also suggested that

credit be avoided. Close cooperation was stressed with all sorts of stakeholders.

This report has made several recommendations –some which need further analysis and

dialogue. First, as regards loans, the assessment commends HI for this intervention. It is

accordingly recommended that the programme be expanded, sustained and refined so that

the criteria used for eligibility is more accommodative. This would also mean intense

monitoring and evaluation by KLP and the donor officer to provide technical, programmatic

and thematic backstopping support.

Government has the primary responsibility to care for its citizens. It is therefore recommended

that government consciously taps the goodwill of donors like HI to intensify and sustain these

livelihood support programmes. In the same vein, the integrated approach as practiced by HI

is highly commended. Livelihood support cannot function in isolation when shelter, water

and sanitation, school needs, medicine are lacking. Government, HI and like-minded

stakeholders need to work together to do continuous humanitarian and development gaps

analysis. This will help in forging best solutions for all. It is accordingly recommended that

more comprehensive surveys be done to establish numbers of PLWHIV, their most pressing

needs and any support services.

Banks are encouraged to put in place a special affirmative program for providing credit to

PLWHIV. The program by HI offers a good starting point. HI and these commercial banks

could create a partnership to provide micro-finance to most PLWHIV possibly with HI and

government offering loan guarantees to the commercial banks.

Types of livelihood activities have PLHIV been doing

PLWHIV have been engaged in SBEs like any other ordinary citizen. The cited trade is shop

keeping, table vending, cloth sales and food marts plus dealing in waste plastics.

The assessment reveals that being infected does aggravate the financial burden of the affected

household. The infected needs regular medication, special meals and clean water, safe shelter,

mosquito nets all which are harder to come by owing to loss of income due to illness.

However, with medication, a PLWHIV is able to recover and be in a position to resume

livelihood activities.


It was mentioned specifically that besides cash loans, PLWHIV are keen to undergo business

skills training, numeracy/literacy (functional adult basic education) and receive health

education. All these add value and are fortunately within the domain of HI integrated scope

of work.

B. Identification of the feasible livelihood activity for each PLHIV

All responses considered, PLWHIV need to be supported to engage in home based

livelihood/SBE activities. Table vending and small shops or used cloths stalls offer the best

choice. Fruit vending is highly recommended as dealing in it may promote better nutrition.

The biggest dilemma is that PLWHIV who are possibly out of work/without livelihood cannot

access the credit owing to the criteria used. Perhaps various schemes could be introduced and

piloted to see their efficacy.

C. Provide practical recommendations for the modality/frame of livelihood and micro-

loan for PLHIV.

The amount of 350 dollars could be upped and made 500 dollars to enable

beneficiaries make significant capital injection in their business. Although banks have

decried group loans, it is our well considered opinion that these loans be given out in

groups. This will generate many returns, namely: it builds team work and synergy

which is needed not only for business but the holistic aspect of positive living. Each 7

member group will have its own mini management structure and be responsible for

loan recovery. It is recommended that a grace period of two months be availed to

allow each individual to stabilize the clientele before commencing loan repayment. It

is also recommended that 6 months refresher courses and possibly monthly integrated

1 day seminars be conducted to dialogue and share various issues.

On security, it is suggested that an established business person be mandated to help in

receiving cash for night deposit and banking. Alternatively Dahabshill be partnered

with to take the responsibility of a couriers going round by 7 pm to collect all, cash

sales. Finally, the program needs to solicit the support and commitment of the spouse.

This is especially important for female PLWHIV. This is important as the partner may

abuse the resources and intimidate the beneficiary. An agreement needs to be drawn

and counter signed by among others, the local village leader, group executive as well

as spouse.


Following the findings in this study, it is evident that the selected PLWHIVs to benefit

are already engaged in livelihood activities. They prefer the most popular activities

being small retail shops, clothes, food marts, fruit vending and milk sales. The

majority look forward to assistance from HI as it appears there are issues of lack of

awareness about approaching banks for assistance. Interestingly, they are happy to

access loans with or without Ribba contrary to the common belief that Ribba is

undesirable.

While the majority prefers cash assistance, a few suggest food items. The list of

agencies which tend to work with them is mainly NGOs and PAC making a significant

but not outstanding contribution.

Traders seem to have little issues working with and guiding any persons identified as

PLWHIVs. However responses are mixed. The banks state that they prefer dealing

with individuals and no groups. This pre condition would deter many individual

PLWHIVs as banks would want collateral security among other requirements.

6.0. CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

ASSESSMENT


The recommendations follow directly from these conclusions. One, banks should be

sensitized to give PLWHIVs special attention in line with international practice. They

may have to consider group loans as these offer better security in lieu of the collateral

demanded. The banks ought to be more flexible with these PLWHIVs considering

their unique challenges like frequent sickness.

Banks could facilitate the banning of sales by the PLWHIVs as security has been cited

as an issue. A courier service could be introduced to pick the cash sales collectively

before the banks close reducing loss. Banks also have a social responsibility to conduct

trainings for such special interest groups.

Finally, the biggest recommendation is that the HI plan to offer financial support is

most timely. HI may need to address issues of security, poor credit payment and

seriously reviews whether to give cash or actual merchandise. HI and the KLP as well

as the PLWHIV themselves need to sit and review whether individual or group


Terms of Reference (TOR)

Assessment on feasible frame/modality of livelihood activities and micro-loan for People

Living with HIV (PLHIV) and their families

1- Background:

Handicap International has been implementing HIV Integrated Prevention Treatment Care

Support (IPTCS) Project through local partner organizations in Puntland since January 2010.

The project has been funded by the Global Fund HIV grand Round 8 through UNICEF.

As the part of project’s service delivery areas, one partner organization is implementing in

Garowe and Bosaso of Handicap International has planned to support 50 persons or families

infected and affected by HIV and AIDS for livelihood micro-loan service. Handicap

International plans to carry out an assessment study to define the feasible frame or modality

of livelihood activities and micro-loan for People Living with HIV and their families in

Puntland through an independent consultant or consulting firm. The finding and

recommendations of the assessment will be considered while setting the livelihood micro loan

services for PLHIV and their families under the project of Handicap International. This Terms

of Reference is set out to define purpose, scope of work and expected outcomes of

assessment.

2- Purpose:

The purpose of the assessment is to define the feasible frame or modalities of livelihood

activities and micro-loan that suit for the People Living with HIV (PLHIV) and their families by

assessing and analyzing the existing situation and practices related to the areas of livelihood

and micro loan in Puntland.

3- Objectives and Scope of work

Phase-1 (Stakeholders and market analysis)

D. Assess the current situation of livelihood activities.

Questions:

- What are the highly demanded livelihood activities or labor in the market?

- What is the market size of highly demanded livelihood activities and labor market?

E. Assess whether there are any possibilities to engage/link PLHIV into existing livelihood

and micro-loan services.

Questions:

ANNEX I : TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR)


1) Are there any organizations which provide opportunities related to livelihood such

as fund and loan support, training on business management and planning,

vocational training for Person Living with HIV?

2) How do the organizations support PLHIV for Livelihood activities?

3) What are the existing practices of micro-loan?

F. Assess the perception of stakeholders to engage PLHIV in livelihood and micro loan

services.

Questions:

4) What is the perception of stakeholders regarding the involvement of PLHIV in

livelihood activities?

5) What types of barrier do the stakeholders express regarding the involvement of

PLHIV in livelihood and micro loan?

6) What are the recommendations of stakeholders?

7) What types of suggestion can be recommended for stakeholders for the adaptation

of PLHIV in livelihood activities?

Phase -2 (beneficiary analysis)

G. Assess the existing situation of livelihood activities of PLHIV.

Questions:

8) What types of livelihood activities have PLHIV been doing?

9) How has the HIV and AIDS affected their livelihood activities?

- What are the challenges that PLHIV experience to manage their livelihood

activities?

- Is there any scope to add value in their existing livelihood activities?

H. Identify the feasible livelihood activity for each PLHIV?

Questions:

- What are the feasible livelihood activities that may suit for PLHIV?

- What are gaps in PLHIV to operate the livelihood activities?

I. Provide practical recommendations for the modality/frame of livelihood and micro-

loan for PLHIV.

Phase-3 (capacity building)

J. Design and deliver 2-day livelihood business planning and management training for

the selected PLHIV and their families, if there is no scope to link PLHIV into existing

livelihood and micro loan services.

4- Location of assessment study

The study will be conducted in Garowe and Bosasio of Puntland.

5- Suggested methodologies:

Consultants/consulting firms are asked to submit a detailed study proposal including

budget and study methodologies. However, the following methodologies are suggested

to imply in order to pursue the defined objectives and scope of work:

- Consultative meeting or interview with key informants.

- Focus group discussion or in-depth interview with each selected PLHIV


6- Expected results:

This assessment study has been designed to assess the existing situation of livelihood and

micro loan including market trends in Somalia that may suit for the People Living with

HIV and their families. The main expected result/outcomes/deliverable of this assessment

study is the documentation of well articulated report clearly outlining the followings:

- Analysis on market oriented feasible livelihood activities for PLHIV.

- Analysis on existing micro loan practices and feasibility to access for PLHIV and their

families.

- Perception of stakeholders to engage PLHIV into existing livelihood activities and micro

loan

- Possibility to engage PLHIV into existing livelihood activities and micro loan.

- Well articulated feasible livelihood activities in the context of Somalia for PLHIV and

their families.

- Well articulated management approach of livelihood activities and micro-loan or grants

- Conduction of training on business management and planning for the selected PLHIV.

7- Eligible criteria

The consultant/ consulting firm should have experience on qualitative and

quantitative research; clear understanding on research methodology and

experiences on using different social research tools and techniques including

comprehensive and demonstrable knowledge of livelihood activities, micro loan,

business planning, training, HIV and AIDS in the context of Somalia. Consultants

having fluency in English and Somali languages are essential. The selected

consultants will be asked to present their proposal in the selection review team.

8- Budget:

Consultants are asked to submit a cost proposal that specifies the daily rate and any other

costs of the assessment study including training workshop the selected PLHIV and their

families.

9- Duration of Assessment:

The total duration of the assessment study will be approximately 14 working days in

Puntland. The consults will be asked to submit a detailed work plan based in the agreed

upon methodology. The training days includes the days of assessment, report preparation

days, training days and field travel days.

10- Contact Address:

Handicap International

Att: HIV Project Manager

Integrated Prevention Treatment Care Support (ITPCS)

Email: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]


Name of the organizations

PAC

YAHAN NETWORK

BIOFIT

SYSA

HOPE

ANNEX II : LIST OF ORGANIZATIONS


ANNEX II: FGD FOR RETAIL TRADERS (MARKET VENDORS)

Hello, my name is ..................... and I’m here on behalf of an international NGO called

Handicap international. I’m interested in knowing the challenges faced by retailers like you in

running their businesses. This study will be used only for planning purposes and will be kept

confidential. I will therefore be grateful if you kindly participate in this discussion. It will

take at most 20 minutes. I will ask for permission to record your responses. Now, could we

begin by introducing ourselves starting here on the left?

General status

1) What do you deal in mostly? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2) Why do you choose the trade you are in? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3) What advantages does it have over others? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4) Why do you think the market for your chosen goods is wide and reliable? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5) What challenges do you face in your trade? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6) How do you try to overcome these challenges? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

Perception about PLWHIV 7) What livelihood activity would you recommend for a PLWHIV?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8) If a PLWHIV were to request to work with you, what is your comment? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

ANNEX III : ASSESSMENT TOOLS


9) Do you know any PLWHIV who is actually in your trade? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10) What challenges do they face? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

11) What solutions do you recommend for that PLWHIV to overcome the challenges? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Market opportunities

12) Who buys the items you suggest for the PLWHIV’s livelihood activity?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

13) Do you actually know someone who is involved in the trade you suggest?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

14) How much income do you think one could make from that trade daily?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

15) What would be limitations to the market of the trade you suggest?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

16) How can one widen the market to that trade you suggest?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Operation

17) What major challenges are faced if one gets into the trade you suggest? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


18) What mechanisms are in place to overcome them? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

19) What do you think a PLWHIV would face if he or she engaged in your business? (specify) _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

20) Would you be willing to work with and guide the PLWHIV to maintain their trade well? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

21) Do you think a micro-finance loan could help kick start the business of the PLWHIV? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

22) Do you think working in groups instead of individuals gives the business a better chance? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

23) Any other comment? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Thank you very much for your time. I promise confidential handling of this data.


INTERVIEW WITH PLWHIV

I am here on behalf of Handicap International, which you may know is an international NGO

which deals with PLWHIV. Handicap wishes to assess the opportunities for small business,

ease of accessing micro-finance and training needs so as to improve the livelihoods of PLHA.

The study is strictly for planning purposes and your response will be treated in total

confidence. Your response is very important being a target beneficiary so we shall

appreciate very much if you give your responses to these questions.

N.B : Do NOT write your names on this paper

A) Social economic background

1. What is your age?

1. Below 24 [ ] 2. 25- 29 [ ] 3. 30-34 [ ]

4. 35-39 [ ] 5. 40 and above

2. What is your marriage status?

Single [ ] Divorced [ ] Widowed [ ] Separated [ ]

3. If married, is your husband a PLWHIV?

Yes { } No { }

4. If so, are you staying with your Husband?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

5. If no, why did you decide not to live together?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

6. Do you have any formal education?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

7. What level?

Field { } Secondary [ ], Tertiary [ ], Vocational { }

Other ( please specify)…………………………………………………………………….

8. Was this your educational level before you became a PLWHIV?

Yes [ ] No [ ]


B) Role of CBOs , NGOs, in improving your livelihoods

9. Do you receive any assistance from any organizations (Mosque, NGOs, group) or

persons to help you with the means by which you take care of yourself?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

10. Can you name these organizations or your relationship with these persons?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

11. At which stage did they come in to support?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

12. What forms of assistance did you receive?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

13. What has been the impact of their assistance on your livelihood?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

C. Bank and loan perceptions and practices

14. Have you tried to approach a Bank for a loan? 1. Yes 2. No

15. If yes, what was the outcome of your request? 1. Successful 2. Not successful

16. If not successful, do you feel your HIV status could have been a factor in the Bank’s

decision to refuse you the loan? Explain

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________


17. What is your feeling about taking loan with interest (Ribba) ?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

C: Market Opportunities:

18. Are you engaged in any livelihood activities currently? If so, what trade

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

19. What is your preferred commodity to deal in, if assistance was to be provided? Why?

.___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

20. What is the market for the goods you mentioned and who buys them?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

21. Give a reason why you think they have the greatest market?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

22) What problems do you encounter in the pursuit of your livelihood activities?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

E) Future Plans

23. Do you hope to continue with your present source of livelihood support? Explain

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________


24. What do you suggest should be done to support you improve your livelihood?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

25. Would you welcome micro-finance from Handicap International? Why?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

26.What areas do you feel you need to be trained in manage your business in the event of

getting this loan?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

THANK YOU FOR YOUR PARTICIPATION!


ANNEX II: INTERVIEW WITH FINANCIAL INSTITUTION OFFICIAL

Hullo, my name is ......................and am doing research on behalf of Handicap International,

an INGO. We are interested in knowing the how financial institutions like yours work with

traders in terms of loans and your policy about PLWHIV. This study will be used only for

planning purpose and will be kept confidential. I will therefore be grateful if you kindly

answer the following questions.

Section-One: Introduction:

1. Position (Title) of Interviewee:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. What is the status of your organisation

1) Local commercial Bank ( )

2) International commercial Bank ( )

3) Local Development Bank ( )

4) International Development Bank ( )

5) Micro-finance Institution ( )

6) Savings and Credit Coop Organ. ( )

7) Others.

3. What services/products do you offer?

1. Cash deposits ( )

2. Corporate Banking ( )

3. Individual loan ( )

4. Group Loan ( )

5. Other -specify __________________________________________

6. If you give loans, do you prefer individual loan or group loans? Why?

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


7. What is the average amount of individual loan you give your clients and what are the

repayment

terms?

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------

8. What is the perception of your organisation towards giving employment opportunity of

PLWHIV?

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------

9.Do you have a policy on giving loans to PLWHIV? Please explain?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

10.How does the Bank assist them overcome their day to day challenges?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

11.Is there any special program for supporting people living with HIV? If yes, please explain

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

12. What else do you comment about dealing with PLWHIV?

Thank you for taking the time to respond to this study.


ANNEX II: INTERVIEW WITH OFFICIAL OF INSTITUTION DEALING WITH

PLWHIV

Hullo, my name is ......................and am doing research on behalf of Handicap International,

an INGO. We are interested in knowing the status of PLWHIV in this town/country , and

how they can further be supported in improving their livelihoods by institutions like yours.

This study will be used only for planning purpose and will be kept confidential. I will

therefore be grateful if you kindly answer the following questions.

Section-One: Introduction:

4. Position (Title) of Interviewee:

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Name of the institution ..............................................................................................................

6. When was your institution started and why?

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

7. What is the status of your organisation

8) CBO ( )

9) Local NGO ( )

10) International NGO ( )

11) PLWHIV network ( )

12) Religious Organisation ( )

13) Other ( )

8. According to your records or knowledge, how many registered PLWHIV are there in this

town?

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

9. What services do you offer them?

8. Food relief ( )

9. Non food items like mosquitoes nets ( )

10. Individual or Group loans ( )


11. Psychosocial therapy ( )

12. Other -specify ( )

13. If you give loans, do you prefer individual loan or group loans? Why?

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

14. What is the average amount of individual loan you give your clients and what are the

repayment terms?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

8. What is the most preferred livelihood activity by PLWHIV? Why?

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

9. Do you have partners who assist you to support PLWHIV in meeting their livelihoods?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

10. What other special program for supporting people living with HIV do you know?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

11. What else do you comment about the best way of supporting PLWHIV to improve their

livelihoods?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Thank you for taking the time to respond to this study.


Documents

Report on the market survey –livelihood for PLWHIV · under close guidance of Kasim Sajjabi, ( Msc- UCL, London) a project planning and management specialist with considerable experience