Report Submitted

8/2/2019 Report Submitted

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REPORT SUBMITTED

ON

SUBMITTED BY : POOJA MALIK

ROLL NO : 0804034

BRANCH : MECHANICAL (4TH

YEAR)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERINGDEENBANHU CHHOTU RAM UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,

MURTHAL

-The Future Of Renewable Ener


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CONTENTS

Introduction to wave energyWave Energy- AdvantagesWave Energy near population centersOcean Wave Energy technologies

1) Terminator Devices2) Point Absorbers3) Attenuators4) Overtopping Devices

Introduction to OPTUtility Scale PowerBuoyHow the PowerBuoy worksPowerBuoy deployment processVarious PowerBuoy projects

1) PB40 PowerBuoy2) PB150 PowerBuoy

Ocean power technologies PB150 device outperforms in sea testsReferences
http://www.ocean-news.com/news-archives/ocean-energy/1054-ocean-power-technologies-pb150-device-outperforms-in-sea-tests-http://www.ocean-news.com/news-archives/ocean-energy/1054-ocean-power-technologies-pb150-device-outperforms-in-sea-tests-


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Introduction To Ocean Wave Energy

More than 70% of Earth's surface is covered by oceans which contain two types of

energy:

mechanical energy from waves and tides and Thermal energy from solar radiations falling on the ocean surface making

them the world's largest solar collectors

Waves are caused by the wind blowing overthe surface of the ocean. In many areas of theworld, the wind blows with enough consistencyand force to provide continuous waves. There

is tremendous energy in the ocean waves.Wave power devices extract energy directlyfrom the surface motion of ocean waves orfrom pressure fluctuations below the surface.

Wave power varies considerably in differentparts of the world, and wave energy can't beharnessed effectively everywhere. Wave-power rich areas of the world include thewestern coasts of Scotland, northern Canada, southern Africa, Australia, and thenorthwestern coasts of the United States.

The total power of waves breaking on the world's coastlines is estimated at 2 to 3million megawatts. In favorable locations, wave energy density can average 65megawatts per mile of coastline.


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Wave Energy - The Advantages

Wave energy is the most concentrated form of renewable energy:

Widespread throughout the U.S., U.K, Europe & other parts of the worldClose to population centersPredictable & dependable, and can be fed into the power grid or storedLoad factor of 30-45% versus solar and wind load factors of 10%-35%Environmentally benign & non-polluting: no exhaust gases, no noise, no visibility from shore, safe for sea lifeScalable to high capacity power stations (100MW+)300 sq miles of ocean area off California is estimated to be capable of

producing electrical power needs for all of Californias homes.


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Wave Energy Near Population Centers


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Ocean Wave Energy Technologies

Wave energy technologies convert wave energy which is the sum of potential

energy [due to vertical displacement of the water surface] and kinetic energy [due

to water in oscillatory motion] into electricity. Thus, these devices operate by

means of changes in the height of ocean waves (head or elevation changes).

There is a wide variety of wave energy converter designs that can be categorized

in several ways.

A variety of technologies have been proposed to capture the energy from waves.Some of the more promising designs are undergoing demonstration testing atcommercial scales.

Wave technologies have been designed to be installed in nearshore, offshore, andfar offshore locations. The OCS Alternative Energy Programmatic EIS is

concerned primarily with offshore and far offshore wave technologies. Offshoresystems are situated in deep water, typically of more than 40 meters (131 feet).

While all wave energy technologies are intended to be installed at or near thewater's surface, they differ in their orientation to the waves with which they areinteracting and in the manner in which they convert the energy of the waves intoother energy forms, usually electricity.

Wave

energy

Potential energy

(due to vertical

displacement ofthe water surface)

Kinetic energy

(due to water in

oscillatorymotion)


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The following wave technologies have been the target of recent development.

1) TERMINATOR DEVICESTerminator devices extend perpendicular to the direction of wave travel andcapture or reflect the power of the wave. These devices are typically onshore ornearshore. However, floating versions have been designed for offshoreapplications.

The oscillating water column is a form of terminator in which water entersthrough a subsurface opening into a chamber with air trapped above it. The waveaction causes the captured water column to move up and down like a piston toforce the air though an opening connected to a turbine.


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2) POINT ABSORBERSA point absorber is a floating structure with components that move relative to eachother due to wave action (e.g., a floating buoy inside a fixed cylinder). The relativemotion is used to drive electromechanical or hydraulic energy converters.

This type of device has many possible configurations. One configuration, called a hose pump point absorber, consists of a surface-

floating buoy anchored to the sea floor.

1) In fig.2 Buoy follows the waves motion up and down.2) The buoy's motions are transferred via a rope or cable to the generator'smoveable part, which in this case consists of a piston.3) The piston is equipped with very strong neodymium-iron-boron (Nd-Fe-B)

magnets and induces currents in the stator's windings. In addition, the piston isconnected to a spring system, which gives the generator additional power alsowhen the buoy is mowing down a wave.


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3) ATTENUATORSAttenuators are long multisegment floating structures oriented parallel to thedirection of the waves. The differing heights of waves along the length of thedevice causes flexing where the segments connect, and this flexing is connected tohydraulic pumps or other converters. These are also known as heavy- surgedevices.

The best working example of an attenuator is the PELAMIS device.


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4) OVERTOPPING DEVICESOvertopping devices have reservoirs that are filled by incoming waves to levelsabove the average surrounding ocean. The water is then released, and gravitycauses it to fall back toward the ocean surface. The energy of the falling water isused to turn hydro turbines. Specially built seagoing vessels can also capture theenergy of offshore waves. These floating platforms create electricity by funnelingwaves through internal turbines and then back into the sea.


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Introduction to OPTOcean Power Technologies, Inc. is a pioneer in wave energy technology thatharnesses ocean wave resources to generate reliable, clean and environmentally-beneficial electricity. OPT has a strong track record in the advancement of waveenergy, and participates in an estimated $150 billion annual power generationequipment market. OPT's proprietary PowerBuoy system is based on modular,ocean-going buoys that capture and convert predictable wave energy into cleanelectricity. The Company is widely recognized as a leading developer of on-gridand autonomous wave energy generation systems, benefiting from 15 years of in-ocean experience. OPT is headquartered in Pennington, New Jersey with an officein Warwick, UK.

OPT undertake three different projects:

1) UTILITY SCALE POWERBUOYConverts ocean waves into power for the grid.

2) AUTONOMOUS POWERBUOYConverts ocean waves into power for at sea-applications.

3) MARINE ENERGY INFRASTRUCTUREProducts and expertise to ensure successful networking and transmitting

offshore of marine energy to onshore grids.


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UTILITY SCALE POWERBUOY

Ocean Power Technologies' PowerBuoy is designed to convert ocean waveenergy into useable electrical power for utility-scale grid-connected applications.The PowerBuoy can be deployed in arrays scalable to hundreds of megawatts.The rising and falling of the waves offshore causes the buoy to move freely up anddown.The resultant mechanical stroking is converted via a sophisticated powertake-off to drive an electrical generator.The generated power is transmitted ashorevia an underwater power cable.

Potential uses include:

Generating electricity in commercial-scale utility power plants providing upto hundreds of megawatts of endless, clean, renewable energy from theoceans waves.

Providing power to grid applications and large energy users for:a) Cities and large towns with isolated grids or in remote locations .b) Department of Defense bases worldwide.c) Powering oil and gas platforms.

Making clean, fresh drinking water from ocean water.Producing hydrogen from seawater by electrolysis.Providing power and cooling for floating computing centers.Processing natural resources in remote areas and off-grid applications.Powering CO2 sequestration applications in depleted marine oil fields.


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How the PowerBuoy Works

PowerBuoy resembles a giant vertical dumbbell anchored to the sea floor.The top portion of the 115-footlong device floats on the oceans surfaceThe rise and fall of waves moves the buoy up and down (mechanical

stroking) which drives an electric generator.As it bobs among the waves the motion pushes pistons to create mechanical

energy to drive an electrical generator.This AC power is then conditioned and transmitted ashore as high-voltage

power via underwater cable.PowerBuoy sensors continuously monitor the various subsystems and ocean

environment and feed that information to an on-board computer. Thisenables real time control of the PowerBuoy to ensure efficient conversion of

random, broadband wave energy to electricity. OPTs wave power generation system includes sophisticated techniques for

automatically disconnecting the system in large waves, and automaticallyrestoring operation when wave conditions normalize.


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FIG 6 : PowerBuoy and Undersea Substation


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In terms of its viability, the PowerBuoy offers the following feasibilities:

Impervious to any kind ofharsh weather conditions prevailing in the highseas

A maximum capacitance of the equipment is 150kW, with a varying energyoutput between 30 to 50% depending on the equipments oceanicpositioning

State-of-the-art communication systems, opticfiber cables and theextremely superior Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Systems(SCADA)

Power generation carried out in waves that range between 4.9 to 22.9 feet
http://www.marineinsight.com/misc/marine-safety/what-to-do-when-ship-encounters-rough-weather/http://www.marineinsight.com/misc/marine-safety/what-to-do-when-ship-encounters-rough-weather/


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PowerBuoy Deployment Process


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Various PowerBuoy Projects

OPT has been actively developing PowerBuoy wave energy conversion technology

since 1994. Using extensive wave tank and computer modeling, scientifically-grounded scaling techniques, and long-term sea testing, OPT has successfully

developed PowerBuoys from 150W to 40kW and, most recently, to 150kW,

conducting more than 58 months of ocean testing on eight PowerBuoy systems in

the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

OPTs PB40 PowerBuoy

Under the U.S. Navys Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program,

OPTs first PB40 dual-absorber PowerBuoy, was deployed off the coast of New

Jersey for two 1-year periods and survived the wind and wave forces of several

gales and hurricane remnants during those periods prior to removal for

maintenance. The long duration prototype ocean test in New Jersey demonstrated

the survivability of the dual-absorber PowerBuoy in an array of ocean wave

conditions.

OPT received a follow-on contract from the Office of Naval Research (ONR) to

conduct ocean test activities directed toward furthering the research in ocean wave

energy by installing a grid-connected wave power system at the U.S. Marine CorpsBase (MCBH) at Kaneohe Bay in Oahu, Hawaii. The purpose of the project was

to evaluate the technical feasibility of converting wave energy into usable electric

power for Navy applications. OPT and the Navy have been funding the

development and demonstration of a wave power system in Hawaii under this

commercialization program.

The infrastructure at the MCBH site consists of subsea and land power and fiber

optic cables for the grid connection, a shore station that contains the grid

connection equipment and communications and control system, and the seabedconstruction for the anchor/mooring system to support two buoys.

Preparation for the project and the design of the PowerBuoy deployment in Hawaii

enabled OPT to achieve a number of key credibility milestones for OPT and the

industry. Environmentally, the independent Environmental Assessment (EA)


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performed for the project resulted in a Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI),

the best rating achievable. Also, OPTs PowerBuoy interface with the electrical

utility power grid was certified as compliant with national (UL) and internationalstandards, thereby permitting OPT to do the first utility grid connection of the

technology.

As part of the program, the Navy provided ongoing support and expertise to OPT

on anchoring, mooring systems, marine survivability, and related subsea design

areas. In addition to the milestones above, the program has made significant

accomplishments:

A utility-grid cable was deployed and on-shore infrastructure installed.

Years of in-ocean experience has been gained allowing us to hone and perfect

OPTs control systems.

OPTs hydrodynamic models have been validated and refined and are now

proven to be within 10% to 20% of real-world performance measurements.

OPTs Active Impedance Matching System (AIMS) algorithm has demonstrated

a significant improvement in measured efficiency.

A direct drive advanced Power Take-Off (PTO) with significant improvements in

efficiency and reliability has been developed.

OPTs PB40 PowerBuoy was connected to the utility grid.

The long-term PB40 deployments in Hawaii, along with those in New Jersey and

other worldwide locations, have given OPT the knowledge to make the step to

large scale power production systems, which recently culminated in the

deployment of its first PB150, 150kW PowerBuoy, a major milestone in OPTs

technology development plans.

OPTs PB150 PowerBuoy

OPTs newest addition to its utility-scale product line is the PB150 PowerBuoy.The first utility-scale 150 kilowatt PowerBuoy, fabricated in Scotland, wasdeployed in 2011 off the Eastern coast of Scotland for ocean trials. A secondPB150 PowerBuoy is being fabricated in Portland, Oregon, and is planned for


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deployment at Reedsport, Oregon. The deployment of the first utility-scale PB150PowerBuoy in Scotland in the North Sea marked an important milestone in theCompanys commercial development.

The PB150 PowerBuoy offers many features for wave energy projects. It generatespower with wave heights between 1.5 and 7 meters (4.9 to 22.9 feet). OPTsmooring approach and PowerBuoy structure permit deployment of the PowerBuoysystem across a wide combination of storm wave, tidal, and current conditions,making it suitable for a broad range of wave climates. The PB150 is typicallyconfigured in arrays of two to three rows, minimizing the footprint of the project.

The PB150 PowerBuoy offers a sustained maximum peak-rated output of 150kilowatts. Typical capacity factors for the PB150 range between 30% to 45%,depending on location. The PowerBuoy provides grid-quality electricity and is

independently certified to meet all required grid interconnection standards. ThePowerBuoy has fiber optic communications and Supervisory Control and DataAcquisition (SCADA) systems.

In January 2011 OPT achieved the worlds first Lloyds Register certification forthe PB150 utility-scale wave power device. This provides independent, third-partyassurance on the design of the PB150 PowerBuoy for its intended use, as analyzedagainst international standards, and its survivability in severe wave conditions.

OPT has also developed an Undersea Substation Pod (USP) for which a patent has

been issued to OPT, which can aggregate the electrical output from up to tenPowerBuoys into a single transmission cable to shore. This approach minimizescosts of submarine transmission cable to the shore-based interconnection. The USPprovides control and SCADA capability for all connected PowerBuoys.
http://www.oceanpowertechnologies.com/reedsport.htmlhttp://www.oceanpowertechnologies.com/pod.htmlhttp://www.oceanpowertechnologies.com/pod.htmlhttp://www.oceanpowertechnologies.com/reedsport.html


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PB150 PowerBuoy

Dimensions shown

in feet


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The first utility-scale 150 kW PowerBuoy, fabricated in Scotland, was deployed

on 15 April 2011 and ocean trials are currently being conducted at a site

approximately 33 nautical miles from Invergordon, off Scotlands northeast coast.

The power produced to date in this commissioning phase has been as planned and

is consistent with the test protocols and OPTs predictive models for the wave

environment experienced, further validating the predictive hydrodynamic and

power take off models this time at larger physical scales. A broad range of

operations and functional tests are being performed, examining the response of the

PowerBuoy's structure and mooring system to the waves and the power produced

by the on-board generator. A wave data buoy located near the site provides

detailed information regarding incoming waves. Data collected during the trials is

being transmitted from the PowerBuoy in real-time for analysis by OPT's engineersin both the UK and the US.

The power produced to date in this commissioning phase has been as planned, and

is consistent with the test protocols and OPT's predictive models for the wave

environment experienced. On-board equipment duplicates grid-connection

conditions to ensure the buoy's electrical systems are subject to full operational

testing for utility applications. This power generation data further validates the

Company's experience with its grid-connected Hawaii PowerBuoy system. It

demonstrates the PowerBuoy's ability to produce the level of power expected to be

generated in varying conditions, and to predict power accurately for different-sized

PowerBuoys, at a range of sites.

A second PB150 PowerBuoy is being fabricated in Portland, Oregon and is also

planned for final assembly last summer, for deployment in 2011. This buoy is the

first in a planned array deployment where 10 PB150 PowerBuoys will be installed

for the 1.5 MW Reedsport Project supplying power to the Pacific Northwest

electric grid.OPT has received two grants from the U.S. Department of Energy for the

Reedsport Project. The most recent is for the PB150 Deployment and Ocean Test

of the first unit. OPT will deploy a full scale PB150 PowerBuoy (PB150B2)

system in the Oregon Territorial Sea and collect detailed operating characteristics


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during 2 years of operations. These data will be used to validate the performance at

that site.

As OPT pursues its commercialization strategy, the Lockheed Martin - Missions

Systems and Sensors business unit has teamed with OPT in efforts to minimize thefabrication and assembly of OPTs 150kW PowerBuoy. Lockheed Martin is the

largest United States defense contractor with a plethora of engineering and

manufacturing resources as well as very structured and rigorous process

development and improvement capabilities. Lockheed Martin will supplement

OPTs capabilities with resources that are experienced in transitioning

development models into production with a focus on process improvement.


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Ocean Power Technologies PB150

Device Outperforms in Sea Tests

The new generation utility-scale PowerBuoy device, the PB150, has delivered

better-than-expected initial results from tests being conducted off the northeast

coast of Scotland.

Rated at 150 kilowatts, this device was designed and developed by OPT to work in

arrays of multiple PowerBuoys to generate renewable energy at commercial-scale

wave power stations worldwide. It was deployed on April 15, 2011 for ocean trials

at a site approximately 33 nautical miles from Invergordon, Scotland. The trials areexpected to continue for an additional one to two months.

Wave conditions encountered have included storm waves, and electrical power

generated by the PB150 has included peaks of over 400 kilowatts. Average

electrical power of 45 kilowatts was generated at wave heights as low as 2 meters.

These levels of power exceeded OPTs expectations of performance for this first

PB150 deployment, and verifies that the system could produce up to 150 kilowatts

on average, in higher wave conditions.

On-board equipment replicates grid-connection conditions to ensure the

PowerBuoys electrical systems are subjected to full operational testing for utility

applications. The power take-off systems performance has exceeded expectations

with respect to its energy conversion efficiency in the irregular ocean wave

conditions encountered. The device is transmitting data in real-time for analysis by

OPTs engineers in both the United Kingdom and the United States. A wave data

buoy located near the site provides detailed information regarding incoming waves.

Using that information, OPTs engineers calculate the power levels that should beachieved by the PB150, and analyze these against actual power generation. The

result of this process confirms the Companys ability to predict accurately the

PowerBuoys performance in varying wave conditions.
http://www.ocean-news.com/news-archives/ocean-energy/1054-ocean-power-technologies-pb150-device-outperforms-in-sea-tests-http://www.ocean-news.com/news-archives/ocean-energy/1054-ocean-power-technologies-pb150-device-outperforms-in-sea-tests-http://www.ocean-news.com/news-archives/ocean-energy/1054-ocean-power-technologies-pb150-device-outperforms-in-sea-tests-http://www.ocean-news.com/news-archives/ocean-energy/1054-ocean-power-technologies-pb150-device-outperforms-in-sea-tests-


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References

http://www.forbes.com/sites/toddwoody/2012/02/08/the-next-wave-in-renewable-energy-from-the-ocean/

www.oceanpowertechnologies.com/http://www.ocean-news.comwww.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/wave.htmhttp://ocsenergy.anl.gov/index.cfmhttp://www.marineinsight.com/sports-luxury/equipment/pb150-an-efficient-

energy-generating-powerbuoy/

http://www.oregonwave.org/ocean-power-technologies-deployment-of-pb150-powerbuoy-off-scotland/
http://www.forbes.com/sites/toddwoody/2012/02/08/the-next-wave-in-renewable-energy-from-the-ocean/http://www.forbes.com/sites/toddwoody/2012/02/08/the-next-wave-in-renewable-energy-from-the-ocean/http://www.forbes.com/sites/toddwoody/2012/02/08/the-next-wave-in-renewable-energy-from-the-ocean/http://www.forbes.com/sites/toddwoody/2012/02/08/the-next-wave-in-renewable-energy-from-the-ocean/http://www.ocean-news.com/http://www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/wave.htmhttp://www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/wave.htmhttp://www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/wave.htmhttp://ocsenergy.anl.gov/index.cfmhttp://www.marineinsight.com/sports-luxury/equipment/pb150-an-efficient-energy-generating-powerbuoy/http://www.marineinsight.com/sports-luxury/equipment/pb150-an-efficient-energy-generating-powerbuoy/http://www.marineinsight.com/sports-luxury/equipment/pb150-an-efficient-energy-generating-powerbuoy/http://www.marineinsight.com/sports-luxury/equipment/pb150-an-efficient-energy-generating-powerbuoy/http://www.marineinsight.com/sports-luxury/equipment/pb150-an-efficient-energy-generating-powerbuoy/http://www.marineinsight.com/sports-luxury/equipment/pb150-an-efficient-energy-generating-powerbuoy/http://ocsenergy.anl.gov/index.cfmhttp://www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/wave.htmhttp://www.ocean-news.com/http://www.forbes.com/sites/toddwoody/2012/02/08/the-next-wave-in-renewable-energy-from-the-ocean/http://www.forbes.com/sites/toddwoody/2012/02/08/the-next-wave-in-renewable-energy-from-the-ocean/

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