Report Writing Duru Arun Kumar

7/31/2019 Report Writing Duru Arun Kumar

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30th

April 2012

Global Climatic Changes

Adapt or Bust

Submitted to: Dr. Duru Arun Kumar

Submitted By :

Rachit Goel 646/MP/10

Atul Gangwar 617/MP/10Mohd. Saad Khan 630/MP/10


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TITLE PAGE NO.

1. Abstract 1

2. Introduction 2

3. Causes of Climate Change 3

3.1 Natural Causes 3

3.2 Human Contribution 5

4. Effect of Climate Change 7

4.1 Facts 7

4.2 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 8

4.3 Global Climate Change: Recent Impacts and future trends 9

4.4 How Climate Change Affects India 10

4.5 Rising diseases due to climate change 12

4.6 Indias accelerating emissions 13

5. Adapting to climate change 14

5.1 Climate change policies 14

5.1.1 Global Policies 14

5.1.2 EU policies 15

5.2 Steps to Reduce Global Warming 16

5.2.1 In the home 17

5.2.2 Getting Around 17

5.2.3 In the office 18

5.2.4 In the Community 18

6. Conclusion 19

7. Summary 20

8. Appendix 21

9. Glossary 24

10. Sources 25


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ABSTRACT

The purpose of this report is to provide an assessment of observed Climatic Changes, the

likely causes, the effects and remedies. This report draws attention to the serious human

impact of climate change, already visible today. The report presents evidence

demonstrating how climatic changes and emissions released today will alter peoples lives

over the next 20 years. We have also incorporated the changes brought about in INDIA by

the climatic changes. This report also provides an overview of adaptation methods and

global policies implemented.


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Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution

ofweather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a

change in average weather conditions, or in the distribution of weather around the average

conditions (i.e., more or fewer extreme weather events). Climate change is caused by

factors that include oceanic processes (such as oceanic circulation), variations in solar

radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions, and human-induced

alterations of the natural world; these latter effects are currently causing global warming,

and "climate change" is often used to describe human-specific impacts.

Today, millions of people are already suffering because of climate change. The deathly

silence of this crisis is a major impediment for international action to end it. Polls already

show that people worldwide are concerned about climate change. Communities on the

climate frontlines already see and feel the change. But awareness about the impacts of

climate change is low, particularly among the poor. In industrialized countries, climate

change is still considered a solely environmental problem. It is seen as a distant threat that

might affect our future. A viewpoint reinforced by pictures of glaciers and polar bears not

human beings.

Climate change is an all encompassing threat, directly affecting the environment, the

economy, health and safety. Many communities face multiple stresses with serious social,

political and security implications, both domestically and abroad. Millions of people are

uprooted or permanently on the move as a result. Many more millions will follow. Until

recently, world opinion has been divided: are current Weather trends the result of long-

term climate change or Not? And what role, if any, has climate change played in the recent

spate of weather-related catastrophes?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermohaline_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_eruptionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_eruptionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermohaline_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather


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CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE

The earth's climate is dynamic and always changing through a natural cycle. What the world

is more worried about is that the changes that are occurring today have been speeded up

because of man's activities. These changes are being studied by scientists all over the world

who are finding evidence from tree rings, pollen samples, ice cores, and sea sediments. The

causes of climate change can be divided into two categories - those that are due to natural

causes and those that are created by man.

Natural Causes of Climate Change

The earths climate is influenced and changed through natural causes like volcanic

eruptions, ocean current, the earths orbital changes and solar variations.

Volcanic eruptions - When a volcano erupts it throws out large volumes of sulphurdioxide (SO2), water vapour, dust, and ash into the atmosphere. Large volumes of

gases and ash can influence climatic patterns for years by increasing planetaryreflectivity causing atmospheric cooling. Tiny particles called aerosols are produced

by volcanoes. Because they reflect solar energy back into space they have a cooling

effect on the world. The greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide is also produced however

the CO2 produced is insignificant when compared to emissions created by humans.

(see also featured article - Do Volcanoes cause climate change)

Ocean current - The oceans are a major component of the climate system. Oceancurrents move vast amounts of heat across the planet. Winds push horizontally

against the sea surface and drive ocean current patterns. Interactions between theocean and atmosphere can also produce phenomena such as El Nio which occur

every 2 to 6 years. Deep ocean circulation of cold water from the poles towards the

equator and movement of warm water from the equator back towards the poles.

Without this movement the poles would be colder and the equator warmer. The

oceans play an important role in determining the atmospheric concentration of CO2.

Changes in ocean circulation may affect the climate through the movement of CO2

into or out of the atmosphere.
http://www.climatechangechallenge.org/News/Featured-Articles/Do_Volcanoes_Cause_Climate_Change.htmhttp://www.climatechangechallenge.org/News/Featured-Articles/Do_Volcanoes_Cause_Climate_Change.htm


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Continental driftYou may have noticed something peculiar about South America and Africa on a map

of the world - don't they seem to fit into each other like pieces in a jigsaw puzzle?

About 200 million years ago they were joined together! Scientists believe that back

then, the earth was not as we see it today, but the continents were all part of onelarge landmass. Proof of this comes from the similarity between plant and animal

fossils and broad belts of rocks found on the eastern coastline of South America and

western coastline of Africa, which are now widely separated by the Atlantic Ocean.

The discovery of fossils of tropical plants (in the form of coal deposits) in Antarctica

has led to the conclusion that this frozen land at some time in the past, must have

been situated closer to the equator, where the climate was tropical, with swamps

and plenty of lush vegetation.

The continents that we are familiar with today were formed when the landmassbegan gradually drifting apart, millions of years back. This drift also had an impact on

the climate because it changed the physical features of the landmass, their position

and the position of water bodies. The separation of the landmasses changed the flow

of ocean currents and winds, which affected the climate. This drift of the continents

continues even today; the Himalayan range is rising by about 1 mm (millimeter) every

year because the Indian land mass is moving towards the Asian land mass, slowly but

steadily.

Earth orbital changes - The earth makes one full orbit around the sun each year. It istilted at an angle of 23.5 to the perpendicular plane of its orbital path. Changes in

the tilt of the earth can lead to small but climatically important changes in the

strength of the seasons, more tilt means warmer summers and colder winters; less

tilt means cooler summers and milder winters. Slow changes in the Earths orbit lead

to small but climatically important changes in the strength of the seasons over tens of

thousands of years. Climate feedbacks amplify these small changes, thereby

producing ice ages.

Solar variations - The Sun is the source of energy for the Earths climate system.Although the Suns energy output appears constant from an everyday point of view,

small changes over an extended period of time can lead to climate changes. Some

scientists suspect that a portion of the warming in the first half of the 20th century

was due to an increase in the output of solar energy. As the sun is the fundamental

source of energy that is instrumental in our climate system it would be reasonable to

assume that changes in the sun's energy output would cause the climate to change.

Scientific studies demonstrate that solar variations have performed a role in past

climate changes. For instance a decrease in solar activity was thought to have

triggered the Little Ice Age between approximately 1650 and 1850, when Greenlandwas largely cut off by ice from 1410 to the 1720s and glaciers advanced in the Alps.


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Human Contributions to Climate Change and Global

Warming

Human industrial activities are believed to be adding to the amount of "greenhouse gases"naturally present in the atmosphere. There are mounting proofs that following the

industrial revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries, which commenced in Britain and has

expanded to several parts of the world, the amounts of of carbon dioxide, methane and

other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has increased somewhat. this leaves room for

the suspicion that humans could have been contributing to Global Warming.

Based on scientific results and day-to-day physical evidences, global warming is no longer in

dispute. With the the verdict of the fourth assessment report on climate change just

released by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), there is also very littlecontention that man contributes to the heating up of the Earth. However, the question that

remains is: how much of the warming is caused by man?

Human activities that lead to production of GHGs are:

Agriculture: During agricultural practices, methane gas (a GHG) is produced whenbacteria decomposes organic matter. It has been estimated that close to a quarter of

methane gas from human activities result from livestock and the decomposition of

animal manure. Paddy rice farming, land use and wetland changes are alsoagricultural processes that could contribute to the release of methane to the

atmosphere. Use of fertilizers for agricultural activities also lead to higherNO2

concentrations.

Deforestation: With the growth of industrial activities has been worldwidedeforestation. As part of the photosynthetic process, trees abstract carbon dioxide

from the air and release oxygen back to the atmosphere. with deforestation, the

number of trees available to take in CO2 from the atmosphere has greatly reduced,

leading to more available CO2 and increased greenhouse effect. When forests are

cleared, most of the carbon in the burned or decomposing trees escape back into the

atmosphere

Fossil Fuels: Fossil fuels is widely used to power our modern day engines andlocomotives. The burning of coals, natural gas and oil yields most of the energy used

to produce electricity, heat houses, run automobiles and power factories. The

burning of fossil fuels to obtain energy to drive these engines lead to production of

tremendous amount of CO2 which is released to our environment and increasers the

concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. It is believed that CO2 generated from the

burning of fossil fuel accounts for about three-quarters of the total CO2 emissionsfrom human activities.


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Refrigeration/Fire Suppression/Manufacturing: Establishments and Industries usedto use chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in refrigeration systems, and CFCs and halons in

fire suppression systems and manufacturing processes.

Other human factors leading to release of GHGs (particularly methane) to theatmosphere include pipeline losses, landfill emissions and septic systems thatenhance and target the fermentation process also are major sources of atmospheric

methane;

How we all contribute every dayAll of us in our daily lives contribute our bit to this change in the climate. Give these points a

good, serious thought:

- Electricity is the main source of power in urban areas. All our gadgets run on electricity

generated mainly from thermal power plants. These thermal power plants are run on fossil

fuels (mostly coal) and are responsible for the emission of huge amounts of greenhouse

gases and other pollutants.

- Cars, buses, and trucks are the principal ways by which goods and people are transported

in most of our cities. These are run mainly on petrol or diesel, both fossil fuels.

- We generate large quantities of waste in the form of plastics that remain in the

environment for many years and cause damage.

- We use a huge quantity of paper in our work at schools and in offices. Have we ever

thought about the number of trees that we use in a day?

- Timber is used in large quantities for construction of houses, which means that large areas

offorest have to be cut down.

- A growing population has meant more and more mouths to feed. Because the land area

available for agriculture is limited (and in fact, is actually shrinking as a result of ecological

degradation!), high-yielding varieties of crop are being grown to increase the agriculturaloutput from a given area of land


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EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE

There has been a fourfold increase in natural disasters in just the last two decades. An

increase it ascribes to unpredictable violent weather spawned by global warming.

FACTS

Natural disasters have quadrupled over the last two decades, from an average of 120a year in the early 1980s to as many as 500 today which is in line with climate modelsdeveloped by the international scientific community.

The number of people affected by all disasters has risen from an average of 174million a year between 1985 and 1994 to 254 million a year between 1995 and 2004.

Earlier in 2007 the Asian floods alone affected 248 million people. In the same year inBangladesh, Cyclone Sidr struck with Category 4 strength, killing at least 3,400 and

affecting millions.

Floods and wind storms have increased sixfold since 1980, from 60 in 1980 to 240 in2006.

IN 2007 floods in South Asia, across the breadth of Africa and in Mexico affectedmore than 250 million people.

The frequency of small and medium-sized natural disasters appears to be increasing,and taking an increasing toll. Whereas 6,000 died from disasters in the 1980s, the

figure reached 14,000 in 2005.

Every year climate change leaves over 300,000 people dead, 325 million peopleseriously affected, and economic losses of US$125 billion. Four billion people are

vulnerable, and 500 million people are at extreme risk. These figures represent

averages based on projected trends over many years and carry a significant margin oferror. The real numbers could be lower or higher.

Glaciers have shrunk, ice on rivers and lakes is breaking up earlier, plant and animal ranges

have shifted and trees are flowering sooner.

The potential future effects of global climate change include more frequent wildfires,

longer periods of drought in some regions and an increase in the number, duration and

intensity of tropical storms.


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Effects that scientists had predicted in the past would result from global climate change are

now occurring: loss of sea ice, accelerated sea level rise and longer, more intense heat

waves.

Scientists have high confidence that global temperatures will continue to rise for decades tocome, largely due to greenhouse gasses produced by human activities.

A pattern of more frequent, more erratic, more unpredictable and more extreme weather

events is being followed that is affecting more people. Action is needed now to prepare for

more disasters, otherwise humanitarian assistance will be overwhelmed and recent

advances in human development will go into reverse.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body

for the assessment of climate change. It was established by theUnited Nations

Environment Programme (UNEP)and theWorld Meteorological Organization (WMO)to

provide the world with a clear scientific view on the current state of knowledge in climate

change and its potential environmental and socio-economic impacts.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which includes more than 1,300

scientists from the United States and other countries, forecasts a temperature rise of 2.5 to10 degrees Fahrenheit over the next century.

The IPCC predicts that increases in global mean temperature of less than 1.8 to 5.4 degrees

Fahrenheit (1 to 3 degrees Celsius) above 1990 levels will produce beneficial impacts in

some regions and harmful ones in others. Net annual costs will increase over time as global

temperatures increase.

"Taken as a whole," the IPCC states, "the range of published evidence indicates that the net

damage costs of climate change are likely to be significant and to increase over time."

Below are some of the regional impacts of global change forecast by the IPCC:

North America: Decreasing snowpack in the western mountains; 5-20 percentincrease in yields of rain-fed agriculture in some regions; increased frequency,

intensity and duration of heat waves in cities that currently experience them.

Latin America: Gradual replacement of tropical forest by savannah in easternAmazonia; risk of significant biodiversity loss through species extinction in many

tropical areas; significant changes in water availability for human consumption,agriculture and energy generation.
http://www.ipcc.ch/docs/UNEP_GC-14_decision_IPCC_1987.pdfhttp://www.ipcc.ch/docs/UNEP_GC-14_decision_IPCC_1987.pdfhttp://www.ipcc.ch/docs/UNEP_GC-14_decision_IPCC_1987.pdfhttp://www.ipcc.ch/docs/UNEP_GC-14_decision_IPCC_1987.pdfhttp://www.ipcc.ch/docs/WMO_resolution4_on_IPCC_1988.pdfhttp://www.ipcc.ch/docs/WMO_resolution4_on_IPCC_1988.pdfhttp://www.ipcc.ch/docs/WMO_resolution4_on_IPCC_1988.pdfhttp://www.ipcc.ch/docs/WMO_resolution4_on_IPCC_1988.pdfhttp://www.ipcc.ch/docs/UNEP_GC-14_decision_IPCC_1987.pdfhttp://www.ipcc.ch/docs/UNEP_GC-14_decision_IPCC_1987.pdf


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Europe: Increased risk of inland flash floods; more frequent coastal flooding andincreased erosion from storms and sea level rise; glacial retreat in mountainous

areas; reduced snow cover and winter tourism; extensive species losses; reductions

of crop productivity in southern Europe.

Africa: By 2020, between 75 and 250 million people are projected to be exposed toincreased water stress; yields from rain-fed agriculture could be reduced by up to 50

percent in some regions by 2020; agricultural production, including access to food,

may be severely compromised.

Asia: Freshwater availability projected to decrease in Central, South, East andSoutheast Asia by the 2050s; coastal areas will be at risk due to increased flooding;

death rate from disease associated with floods and droughts expected to rise in some

regions.

Global Climate Change: Recent Impacts

Phenomena Likelihood that trend occurred inlate 20th century

Cold days, cold nights and frost less frequent over

land areas

Very likely

More frequent hot days and nights Very likely

Heat waves more frequent over most land areas Likely

Increased incidence of extreme high sea level* Likely

Global area affected by drought has increased

(since 1970s)

Likely in some regions

Increase in intense tropical cyclone activity in North

Atlantic (since 1970)

Likely in some regions


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Global Climate Change: Future Trends

Phenomena Likelihood of trend

Contraction of snow cover areas, increased thaw in permafrost

regions, decrease in sea ice extent

Virtually certain

Increased frequency of hot extremes, heat waves and heavy

precipitation

Very likely to occur

Increase in tropical cyclone intensity Likely to occur

Precipitation increases in high latitudes Very likely to occur

Precipitation decreases in subtropical land regions Very likely to occur

Decreased water resources in many semi-arid areas, including

western U.S. and Mediterranean basin

High confidence

Definitions of likelihood ranges used to express the assessed probability of

occurrence: virtually certain >99%, very likely >90%, likely >66%.

How Climate Change affects India

Precisely at a time when India is confronted with development imperatives, we will also be

severely impacted by climate change. With close economic ties to natural resources and

climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture, water and forestry, India may face a majorthreat, and require serious adaptive capacity to combat climate change.

As a developing country, India can little afford the risks and economic backlashes that

industrialized nations can. With 27.5% of the population still below the poverty line,

reducing vulnerability to the impacts of climate change is essential. It is in Indias interest to

ensure that the world moves towards a low carbon future. Many studies have underscored

the nations vulnerability to climate change. With changes in key climate variables, namely

temperature, precipitation and humidity, crucial sectors like agriculture and rural

development are likely to be affected in a major way.


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Impacts are already being seen in unprecedented heat waves, cyclones, floods, salinisation

of the coastline and effects on agriculture, fisheries and health.

India is home to a third of the worlds poor, and climate change will hit this section of

society the hardest. Set to be the most populous nation in the world by 2045, the economic,social and ecological price of climate change will be massive.

The future impacts of climate change, identified by the Government ofIndias National

Communications (NATCOM) in 2004 include:

Decreased snow cover, affecting snow-fed and glacial systems such as the Gangesand Brahmaputra. 70% of the summer flow of the Ganges comes from melt water.

Erratic monsoon with serious effects on rain-fed agriculture, peninsular rivers, waterand power supply

Drop in wheat production by 4-5 million tonnes, with even a 1C rise in temperature. Rising sea levels causing displacement along one of the most densely populated

coastlines in the world, threatened freshwater sources and mangrove ecosystems.

Increased frequency and intensity of floods. Increased vulnerability of people incoastal, arid and semi-arid zones of the country.

Studies indicate that over 50% of Indias forests are likely to experience shift in foresttypes, adversely impacting associated biodiversity, regional climate dynamics as well

as livelihoods based on forest products.

With global temperatures projected to rise up to 4 degrees Celsius by 2100. Tropical

cyclones will likely become more frequent and more intense, rainfall will increase and sea

level may rise by up to nearly a metre as tropical sea surface temperatures increase.
http://www.scidev.net/en/agriculture-and-environment/tropical-cyclones-1/http://www.scidev.net/en/agriculture-and-environment/tropical-cyclones-1/http://www.scidev.net/en/agriculture-and-environment/tropical-cyclones-1/http://www.scidev.net/en/agriculture-and-environment/tropical-cyclones-1/


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Rising diseases due to climate change

Natural disasters such as drought and flooding occurring at an alarming rate due to Climatechange will inevitably affect health, particularly in the developing world, leading to more

deaths from heat stress, diarrhoeal diseases and malnutrition.

The incidence ofmosquito-borne diseases, in particular, is likely to change.

In some tropical regions both cyclones and floods create breeding grounds for themosquitoes that carry malaria and dengue. Poor populations in coastal areas are

particularly vulnerable to sea level rise and the associated threat of mosquito-borne

disease.

In South and South-East Asia, the last decade has brought many disasters, includingdevastating floods in the Indian states of Gujarat and Mumbai, super cyclones in

India, Bangladesh and Myanmar and tsunamis affecting India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka

and Thailand. How natural disasters affect mosquito-borne disease varies from region

to region, depending on both the environment and how people live.

With the exception of the super cyclones, all these events exacerbated mosquito-borne diseases, particularly malaria. In India, the floods disrupted health service

delivery and led to profuse breeding of mosquitoes, resulting in malaria outbreaks.Drought has also been found responsible for malaria outbreaks in Sri Lanka.

The December 2004 tsunami in the region similarly created wide breeding groundsfor mosquitoes, disrupted health services and left over 1.6 million people without

shelter. The result was a many-fold rise in malaria in the Andaman Islands from

January to April 2005.

And Chikungunya, a disease that had all but been forgotten in India, has reappearedin southern parts of the country and by May 2007 had spread to almost all districts inKerala. Though the igniting factors could not be pinpointed, the underlying reason is

the climate changes that helped Aedes mosquitoes breed and survive.
http://www.scidev.net/en/agriculture-and-environment/natural-disasters/http://www.scidev.net/en/health/malaria/http://www.scidev.net/en/south-asia/http://www.scidev.net/en/south-east-asia/http://www.scidev.net/en/agriculture-and-environment/tsunami/http://www.scidev.net/en/agriculture-and-environment/tsunami/http://www.scidev.net/en/south-east-asia/http://www.scidev.net/en/south-asia/http://www.scidev.net/en/health/malaria/http://www.scidev.net/en/agriculture-and-environment/natural-disasters/


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Indias accelerating emissions

Although not an emitter historically, India currently has one of the fastest growing

economies in the world. With a government target of 8% GDP to achieve developmentalpriorities, a share of one sixth of the global population, and changing consumption patterns,

Indias emissions are set to increase dramatically.

Growing at an almost breakneck pace, and guzzling coal, gas and oil in large quantities, India

is today the fourth largest emitter of greenhouse gases worldwide. Although our per-capita

emissions are among the lowest in the world, our growth rates imply that the past is no

predictor of the future.

The most recent IPCC report suggests that India will experience the greatest increasein energy and greenhouse gas emissions in the world if it sustains a high annual

economic growth rate.

The International energy Agency predicts that India will become the third largestemitter of greenhouse gases by as early as 2015.

India imports large quantities of fossil fuels to meet its energy needs, and the burningof fossil fuels alone accounts for 83% of Indias carbon dioxide emissions. Nearly 70%

of our electricity supply comes from coal.

Although India has maintained its clear economic and social development imperatives, the

government recognizes that climate change is an serious problem, and that business as

usual is no longer the way forward.


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ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE

BackgroundThe impacts of climate change are already being experienced across the globe.

Vulnerability of developing countries to climate change The majority of developing

countries are in tropical and sub-tropical regions, areas predicted to be seriously affected by

the impacts of climate change: Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Small Island States (for

example Mauritius) have all been identified as regions of concern. This is compounded by

the fact that developing countries are often less able to cope with adverse climate impacts:

Poverty exacerbates, and is exacerbated by, the impacts of environmental change:

Between 1990 and 1998, 97% of all natural disaster-related deaths occurred in developing

countries. 90% of all natural disasters are climate, weather and water related.

Livelihoods are highly dependent on climate-sensitive resources: agriculture in Sub-

Saharan Africa, of which up to 90% is rain-fed, accounts for 70% of regional employment

and 35% of gross national product.

Low adaptive capacity: the poorest inhabitants of developing countries, especially those

in the Least Developed Countries (LDCs), already struggle to cope with current extreme

weather events and climate variability. In 2004 severe flooding in Bangladesh, caused by

excessive rains of the annual Asian Summer Monsoon, killed over 600 people and displaced

over20 million. The greater frequency and severity of climatic shocks is repeatedly eroding

coping capacity.

Climate change policies

Global policies

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), to keep global

warming below 2 C, emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases (GHGs)

must be halved by 2050 (compared with 1990 levels). Developed countries will


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need to reduce more between 80 % and 95 % by 2050; advanced developing countries

with large emissions (e.g. China, India and Brazil) will have to limit their emission growth.

Agreed in 1997, the UNFCCC's Kyoto Protocol is a first step towards achieving more

substantial global emission reductions. It sets binding emission targets for developed

countries that have ratified it, such as the EU Member States, and limits the emission

increases of the remaining countries for the first commitment period from 2008 to 2012.

The 15 pre-2004 EU Member States (the EU-15) have a joint emission reduction target of 8

% below 1990 levels. Through the internal EU "burden-sharing agreement", some EU

Member States are permitted increases in emissions, while others must decrease them.

Most Member States that joined the EU after 1 May 2004 have targets of -6 % to -8 % from

their base years (mostly 1990).

The Cancn Agreements, adopted at the UN Climate Conference in Mexico (December

2010), include a comprehensive finance, technology and capacity-building support

package to help developing nations adapt to climate change and adopt sustainable paths

to low-emission economies. The agreements also include a time schedule for reviewing the

objective of keeping the average global temperature rise below 2 C. The agreements

confirm that developed countries will mobilise USD 100 billion in climate funding for

developing countries annually by 2020, and establish a Green Climate Fund through which

much of the funding will be channelled.

The 'Durban Platform for Enhanced Action', adopted at the UN conference in South Africa

(Dec 2011) agreed a roadmap towards a new legal framework by 2015, applicable to all

Parties to the UN climate convention. It also foresees a second commitment period of the

Kyoto Protocol, starting in 2013. Agreement was also reached on the design and

governance arrangements for the new Green Climate Fund.

EU policies

Climate change mitigation (GHG reduction)

Many European countries have adopted national programmes aimed at reducing emissions.

Similar EU-level policies and measures include:

increased use of renewable energy (wind, solar, biomass) and combined heat andpower installations;

improved energy efficiency in buildings, industry, household appliances; reduction of CO2 emissions from new passenger cars;


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abatement measures in the manufacturing industry; measures to reduce emissions from landfills.

The EU climate and energy package was adopted in 2009 to implement the 20-20-20 targets

endorsed by EU leaders in 2007 by 2020 there should be a 20 % reduction of GHG

emissions compared with 1990, a 20 % share of renewables in EU energy consumption, and

energy improvement by 20 %.

The core of the package comprises four pieces of complementary legislation.

1. Revision and strengthening of the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS): a single EU-widecap on emission allowances from 2013 onwards, with a linear annual reduction until

2020 and beyond; the progressive replacement of free allocation of allowances by

auctioning; and an expansion of the system to new sectors and gases.2. An "Effort Sharing Decision" for emissions from sectors not covered by the EU ETS, e.g.

transport, housing, agriculture and waste. Each Member State will have to achieve a

binding national emissions limitation target for 2020. Overall, these national targets will

cut the EUs emissions from the non-ETS sectors by 10 % by 2020 compared with 2005

levels.

3. Binding national targets for renewable energy: this will help reduce EUs dependenceon imported energy as well as bring down GHG emissions.

4. A legal framework to promote the development and safe use of carbon capture andstorage (CCS).The package creates pressure to improve energy efficiency but does not address it directly;

the EUs energy efficiency action plan does.

STABILISE OUR CLIMATE : STOP GLOBAL

WARMINGSteps to Reduce Global Warming

Though a variety of local, state, national and international measures are in place to reduce

global warming, there are also steps that individuals can take. Many involve reducing an

individual's personal carbon dioxide emissions? A major contributor to global warming. The

everyday choices we make in the home, office, school, or community can have an impact on

global climate change.


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In the Home

Major changes one can make in the home to reduce global warming involve heatingand cooling. Turning the thermostat lower in the winter and higher in the summercan cause a carbon dioxide reduction of approximately 500 pounds for each two-

degree adjustment. Placing the water heater temperature to the recommended 120

degrees can save 500 pounds of carbon dioxide annually. In addition, washing two

loads of laundry each week in cold rather than in hot water can also save up to 500

pounds of carbon dioxide each year.

When purchasing new appliances look for models that have the Energy Star label ?awarded by the Environmental Protection Agency. While these models may initially

cost more than non-Energy Star models, the energy savings will repay the investmentwithin a few short years. It is estimated that if every U.S. household used only the

most energy efficient appliances available, it could save nearly $15 billion in energy

costs and reduce heat-trapping gas emissions by 175 million tons.

Some of the simplest actions in the home include turning off all lights and applianceswhen they are not in use and recycling. Changing to energy-efficient compact

fluorescent bulbs can reduce annual carbon dioxide emissions by nearly 500 pounds

for each bulb replaced. When shopping, purchasing minimally-packaged goods easily

reduces waste. Cutting down on household garbage by 25% can reduce carbon

dioxide emissions by up to 1,000 pounds a year.

Getting Around

Whenever possible, individuals should try to walk, bike, carpool, or use public

transportation to get from place to place. For every gallon of gas that is saved, carbon

dioxide emissions are reduced by 20 pounds. When purchasing a car, one should do

research to find a car that can meet one's needs while providing good gas mileage. If a new

car purchase can get 10 miles per gallon more than the old one, it could save around 2,500pounds of carbon dioxide a year.

For car owners, keeping up with the maintenance of the vehicle? Getting the engine tuned-

up and tires properly inflated will help increase overall fuel efficiency. If all Americans kept

their tires properly inflated, gasoline use nationwide could be reduced by nearly two

percent. Cleaning or replacing a car's air filter can save an additional 5% of the energy

needed and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 175 pounds per year.


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In the OfficeIf the office does not already have measures in place, any individual can help institute

several energy and waste saving steps.

start an office carpool with co-workers that live in the same community. Make sure to turn off all lights and appliances that do not need to be on at the end

of the day.

Suggesting the use of ceramic cups in place of disposable ones can also reducewaste.

With respect to paper waste, using both sides of a sheet for printing, copying, writingand drawing can eliminate a lot of paper waste. For every pound of office paper that

is recycled, it can reduce carbon dioxide emissions by four pounds. Try instituting an

office recycling program; use waste paper for printing drafts or meeting agendas orreuse them in plain paper fax machines since faxes only print on one side.

In the Community

Join or start a community group in the neighborhood and dedicate a day to plantingtrees throughout the community. Trees store carbon and provide shade during the

summer, which can cool houses and result in lower energy use.

Encourage the use of bikes with bike rack placement at public buildings andbusinesses to promote biking over driving. If driving, try to start a neighborhood

carpool with people that work in similar areas.

Be sure to stay informed about environmental issues in the community. This mayinclude keeping track of local candidates' voting records, and calling or writing to

express any ideas or concerns.

Finally ask that governors, state legislators, and public utility regulators promoteenergy efficiency and the development of clean, renewable sources of energy.


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CONCLUSION

This report details the silent crisis occurring around the World today as a result of global

climate change. It is a comprehensive account of the impacts of climate change on human

society. Long regarded as a distant environmental or future problem, climate change is

already a major constraint on human efforts. It has been creeping up on the world for years,

doing its deadly work by aggravating a host of other major problems affecting society, such

as malaria and poverty. This report aims at breaking the silent suffering of millions. Its

findings indicate that climate change is responsible each year for hundreds of thousands of

deaths.

An opportunity for change

Climate change needs to be seen as an opportunity. The scale of the problem at hand, and

the urgency with which we must tackle it, is precisely the opportunity to galvanize calls for

reform and innovation. We need to question the capacity of the entire system with which

we plan to respond to climate change, and the slow and abrupt disasters it causes.

Preparing for greater climate impacts

It can be said that climate change is the antithesis of sustainable development. Sustainable

development aims at increasing economic prosperity, safeguarding the environment and

improving social equity. As it stands, climate change will impact heavily on the economy

and is causing millions of people to enter poverty once more. It will cause massive

degradation to the environment and human habitat worldwide, including glacial and ice-cap

melting, desertification, coastal flooding and soil salination, in addition to much, much

more.

Redefining sustainable development

Since climate change will only intensify, it is imperative that the concept of sustainable

Development as we know it today is redefined. Resilience in the face of climate change

must be added as an additional pillar to the concept of sustainable development.

Development must not only be sustainable, but also climate-proof. That redefinition will not

come for free. Substantial resources must be spent on adaptation to climate change.


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SUMMARYClimate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution

ofweather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. Climate change

is caused by factors that include oceanic processes such as oceanic circulation, variations

in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions, and human-

induced alterations of the natural world like agriculture, deforestation, fossil feuls and

Refrigeration/Fire Suppression/Manufacturing; these latter effects are currently

causing global warming, and "climate change" is often used to describe human-specific

impacts.

There has been a fourfold increase in natural disasters in just the last two decade. The

potential future effects of global climate change include more frequent wildfires, longer

periods of drought in some regions and an increase in the number, duration and intensity of

tropical storms. The IPCC predicts that increases in global mean temperature of less than

1.8 to 5.4 degrees Fahrenheit (1 to 3 degrees Celsius) above 1990 levels will produce

beneficial impacts in some regions and harmful ones in others. With close economic ties to

natural resources and climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture, water and forestry, India

may face a major threat, and require serious adaptive capacity to combat climate change.Growing at an almost breakneck pace, and guzzling coal, gas and oil in large quantities, India

is today the fourth largest emitter of greenhouse gases worldwide. Natural disasters such as

drought and flooding occurring at an alarming rate due to Climate change will inevitably

affect health, particularly in the developing world, leading to more deaths from heat stress,

diarrhoeal diseases and malnutrition.

The environmental and socio-economic impacts of climate change pose a serious threat to

development and poverty reduction in developing countries. Tackling the causes of climatechange (mitigation) and minimising the consequences (adaptation) are inherently linked

processes and are both essential. Building adaptive capacity to climate change may be

achieved through the mainstreaming of climate risk into sustainable development

strategies, however to do this successfully it is necessary to have awareness and

understanding of climate change issues.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermohaline_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_eruptionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://www.scidev.net/en/agriculture-and-environment/natural-disasters/http://www.scidev.net/en/agriculture-and-environment/natural-disasters/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_eruptionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermohaline_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather


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APPENDIX

The figure below provides an overview in the trends in different types of weather-related

disasters between 1980 and 2005.

Relative number of loss events from floods, windstorms and earthquakes, 1980-2005

Source: Flood insurance from clients to global financial markets, W. Kron,Geo Risks

Research, Munich Reinsurance Company, 2009.v

Key indicators

Numbers of loss-generating events floods, windstorms, earthquakes.

Trend in loss-generating events floods, windstorms, earthquakes.

Share of weather-related disasters attributable to climate change.


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Assumptions and calculations

Calculations are performed on a data set with the recorded frequency of loss-generating

events (natural disasters such as floods, windstorms, earthquakes).

The analysis is performed on data provided by Munich Re in 2009. Replicating the analysis

using the CRED database yields similar results.

The time series is over the 25 years between 1980 and 2005 which is a period frequently

chosen in analyses because there is robust data for this period and it is the period when it is

assumed that climate change has started to have an impact. The IPCC suggests a very high

likelihood of climate change since 1990 while individual studies have indicated points

between 1960 and 1990. The analysis is not highly sensitive to changing the starting point

by a few years.

The number of disasters provides a good basis because there is a clear link between

frequency of weather-related disasters and climate change, and data reliability is good.

The share of weather-related disasters attributable to climate change in 2005 is calculated

by comparing the number of weather-related disasters (floods and windstorms) with what

the number would be if growth rate had been similar to earthquakes.

The gap between the trend value for weather-related disasters and the trend value for

earthquakes is attributed to climate change. For example, with 97 floods in 1980 and 307

percent growth over the period yields 298 floods in 2005.

However, if the number of floods had only increased at the rate of earthquakes, namely 152

percent, the predicted number of floods would only have been 148 floods in 2005. The

difference, 150 floods, is attributed to climate change, a 50 percent attribution (i.e.

150/298).


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The full calculation is contained in the table below:

The resulting estimate is a 40 percent attribution of weather-related disasters to climate

change in 2005.


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GLOSSARYAdaptation: In this report, adaptation refers to individual or governmental actions to

reduce adverse effects or future risks associated with climate change. The IPCC defines

adaptation as the adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or

expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial

opportunities.

Climate change: is defined by the IPCC as a change in the state of the climate that can be

identified by changes in the mean (and/or the variability), and that persists for an extended

period, typically decades or longer.

Deforestation: is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafterconverted to a nonforest use.

Fossil Fuels:A hydrocarbon deposit, such as petroleum, coal, or natural gas, derived from

living matter of a previous geologic time and used for fuel.

Global warming : is an average increase in the temperature of the atmosphere near the

Earths surface and in the troposphere, which can contribute to changes in global climate

patterns.

Mitigation: Actions taken to lower greenhouse gas emissions targeted at reducing the

extent of global warming. This is distinct from adaptation which involves taking action to

minimize the effects of global warming.

ABBREVIATIONS

CCS -Carbon capture and storage

CDM -Clean Development Mechanism

CFCs - Chlorofluorocarbons

ETS - Emissions Trading SystemEU- Europe Union

GHGs -Greenhouse gases

LDCs -Least Developed Countries

UNEP- United Nations Environment Programme

UNFCCC -United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

NAPCC -National Action Plan on Climate Change

NATCOM- National Communications

WMO- World Meteorological Organization


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Report Writing Duru Arun Kumar