A project report onTRACKING SYSTEM USING GSM, GPS & ARM7

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the Degree OfBachelor of Technology from

Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha UniversityInElectronic & Communication

Under the guidance of: Submitted by: ASHUTOSH UPADHAYAYMr. Jagrit : SAMIR BOTHRAAsst. Prof., ECE Department: RASHMI SINGH : SHIVANSHU GUPTA

HMR Institute of Technology & ManagementDelhi-1100362011-2015

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that ASHUTOSH UPADHAYAY, SAMIR BOTHRA, RASHMI SINGH, SHIVANSHU GUPTA have carried out the project work presented in this report entitled TRACKING SYSTEM USING GSM, GPS & ARM7 for award of Bachelor of Technology (E.C.E) from GGSIPU, Delhi under my guidance and supervision. The report embodies the result of original work and studies are carried out by the students themselves and the contents of the report do not form basis for award of any other degree to the candidates or anybody else.

Prof. A. K. Shrivastva Asst. Prof. JagritHead of Department Project GuideECEECE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTWith due respect and gratitude we would like to thank our supervisorAsst. Prof. Jagrit for his constant support, able guidance and ever following stream of encouragement throughout this work.

We would also like to thank Ms Yukti who helped us in our endeavour and all the staff of the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering of HMRITM who made working on this project and completing it an enjoyable job for us.

Date:ASHUTOSH UPADHAYAY (08213302811)SAMIR BOTHRA (06113302811) RASHMI SINGH (09913302811)SHIVANSHU GUPTA (05096504911)

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTSCertificateAcknowledgementTable of ContentsList of FiguresList of TablesAbbreviationsChapter 1: Introduction to VTS1.1Introduction1.2Vehicle Security using VTS1.3Active versus Passive Tracking1.4Types of GPS Vehicle Tracking1.5Typical Architecture1.6History of Vehicle Tracking1.6.1 Early Technology1.6.2 New development in technology1.7Vehicle Tracking System Features1.7.1 Vehicle Tracking Benefits1.8Vehicle Tracing in IndiaChapter 2: Block Diagram of VTS2.1Block Diagram of Vehicle Tracing Using GSM and GPS Modem 2.2Hardware Components 2.2.1 GPS2.2.1.1 Working of GPS2.2.1.2 Triangulation2.2.1.3 Augmentation2.2.2 GSM2.2.3 RS232 Interface2.2.3.1 The scope of the standard2.2.3.2 History of RS 2322.2.3.3 Limitation of Standard2.2.3.4 Standard details2.2.3.5 Connectors2.2.3.6 Cables2.2.3.7 Conventions2.2.3.8 RTS/CTS handshaking2.2.3.9 3-wire and 5-wire RS-2322.2.3.10 Seldom used features2.2.3.11 Timing Signals2.2.3.12 Other Serial interfaces similar to RS-2322.2.4 LCD2.2.4.1 Advantages and Disadvantages

Chapter 3:Working of VTS3.1Schematic Diagram of VTS3.2Circuit Description3.3Circuit Operation3.3.1 Power3.3.2 Serial Ports3.4Operating procedureChapter 4:Microcontroller ARM74.1Features4.2The Pin Configuration4.2.1 Special Function Registers (SFR)4.3Memory Organization4.4TimersChapter 5:GSM Module5.1GSM History5.2Services Provided by GSM5.3Mobile Station5.4Base Station Subsystem5.4.1 Base Station Controller5.5 Architecture of the GSM Network5.6 Radio Link Aspects5.7 Multiple Access and Channel Structure5.8 Frequency Hopping5.9 Discontinuous Reception5.10Power Control5.11Network Aspects5.12Radio Resources Management5.13Handover5.14Mobility Management5.15Location Updating5.16Authentication and Security5.17Communication Management5.18Call RoutingChapter 6:GPS Receiver6.1GPS History6.1.1 Working and Operation6.2GPS Data DecodingChapter 7:KEIL Software7.1 Introduction7.2 KEIL uVision47.3 KEIL Software Programing Procedure7.3.1 Procedure Steps7.4 Applications of KEIL SoftwareChapter 8:Applications8.1 Applications8.2 LimitationsChapter 9:Result AnalysisChapter 10:Conclusion and Future ScopeReferences

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1Vehicle tracking systemFigure 2.1Block diagramFigure 2.2A 25 pin connector as described in the RS-232 standardFigure 2.3Trace of voltage levels for uppercase ASCII "K" characterFigure 2.4Upper Picture: RS232 signalling as seen when probed by an actual oscilloscopeFigure 2.5A general purpose alphanumeric LCD, with two lines of characters.Figure 3.1Schematic diagram of vehicle tracing using GSM and GPSFigure 5.1Mobile station SIM portFigure 5.2Baste Station Subsystem.Figure 5.3Siemens BSCFigure 5.4Siemens TRAUFigure 5.5General architecture of a GSM networkFigure 5.6Signalling protocol structure in GSMFigure 5.7Call routing for a mobile terminating callFigure 6.1G.P.S receivers communicating with the satelliteFigure 9.1Picture of final VTS kitFigure 9.2Message received from the VTS kit

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1Commonly used RS-232 signals and pin assignmentsTable 2.2Pin assignmentsTable 2.3RS-232 Voltage LevelsTable 2.4TX and RX pin connection

ABBREVIATIONSVTSVehicle Tracking SystemGSMGlobal System for Mobile CommunicationGPSGlobal Positioning SystemRIRing IndicatorTxTransmitterRxReceiverSFRSpecial Function RegisterLCDLiquid Crystal DisplayRAMRandom Access MemoryROMRead Only MemoryRS-232 Recommended StandardTTLTransistor Transistor LogicCMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semi-ConductorUART Universal Asynchronous Receiver TransmitterRSTResetALEAddress Latch EnablePSENProgram Store Enable

CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION TO VTS

1.1 IntroductionVehicle Tracking System (VTS) is the technology used to determine the location of a vehicle using different methods like GPS and other radio navigation systems operating through satellites and ground based stations. By following triangulation or trilateration methods the tracking system enables to calculate easy and accurate location of the vehicle. Vehicle information like location details, speed, distance travelled etc. can be viewed on a digital mapping with the help of a software via Internet. Even data can be stored and downloaded to a computer from the GPS unit at a base station and that can later be used for analysis. This system is an important tool for tracking each vehicle at a given period of time and now it is becoming increasingly popular for people having expensive cars and hence as a theft prevention and retrieval device.1. The system consists of modern hardware and software components enabling one to track their vehicle online or offline. Any vehicle tracking system consists of mainly three parts mobile vehicle unit, fixed based station and, database and software system. 2. Vehicle Unit: It is the hardware component attached to the vehicle having either a GPS/GSM modem. The unit is configured around a primary modem that functions with the tracking software by receiving signals from GPS satellites or radio station points with the help of antenna. The controller modem converts the data and sends the vehicle location data to the server. 3. Fixed Based Station: Consists of a wireless network to receive and forward the data to the data centre. Base stations are equipped with tracking software and geographic map useful for determining the vehicle location. Maps of every city and landmarks are available in the based station that has an in-built Web Server. 4. Database and Software: The position information or the coordinates of each visiting points are stored in a database, which later can be viewed in a display screen using digital maps. However, the users have to connect themselves to the web server with the respective vehicle ID stored in the database and only then s/he can view the location of vehicle travelled.

1.2 Vehicle Security using VTSVehicle Security is a primary concern for all vehicle owners. Owners as well as researchers are always on the lookout for new and improved security systems for their vehicles. One has to be thankful for the upcoming technologies, like GPS systems, which enables the owner to closely monitor and track his vehicle in real-time and also check the history of vehicles movements. This new technology, popularly called Vehicle Tracking Systems has done wonders in maintaining the security of the vehicle tracking system is one of the biggest technological advancements to track the activities of the vehicle. The security system uses Global Positioning System GPS, to find the location of the monitored or tracked vehicle and then uses satellite or radio systems to send to send the coordinates and the location data to the monitoring centre. At monitoring centrevarious softwares are used to plot the Vehicle on a map. In this way the Vehicle owners are able to track their vehicle on a real-time basis. Due to real-time tracking facility, vehicle tracking systems are becoming increasingly popular among owners of expensive vehicles.The vehicle tracking hardware is fitted on to the vehicle. It is fitted in such a manner that it is not visible to anyone who is outside the vehicle. Thus it operates as a covert unit which continuously sends the location data to the monitoring unit.When the vehicle is stolen, the location data sent by tracking unit can be used to find the location and coordinates can be sent to police for further action. Some Vehicle tracking System can even detect unauthorized movements of the vehicle and then alert the owner. This gives an edge over other pieces of technology for the same purposeMonitoring centre Software helps the vehicle owner with a view of the location at which the vehicle stands. Browsing is easy and the owners can make use of any browser and connect to the monitoring centre software, to find and track his vehicle. This in turn saves a lot of effort to find the vehicle's position by replacing the manual call to the driver.As we have seen the vehicle tracking system is an exciting piece of technology for vehicle security. It enables the owner to virtually keep an eye on his vehicle any time and from anywhere in the world.A vehicle tracking system combines the installation of an electronic device in a vehicle, or fleet of vehicles, with purpose-designed computer software at least at one operational base to enable the owner or a third party to track the vehicle's location, collecting data in the process from the field and deliver itto the base of operation. Modern vehicle tracking systems commonly use GPS or GLONASS technology for locating the vehicle, but other types of automatic vehicle location technology can also be used. Vehicle information can be viewed on electronic maps via the Internet or specialized software. Urban public transit authorities are an increasingly common user of vehicle tracking systems, particularly in large cities.Vehicle tracking systems are commonly used by fleet operators for fleet management functions such as fleet tracking, routing, dispatch, on-board information and security. Along with commercial fleet operators, urban transit agencies use the technology for a number of purposes, including monitoring schedule adherence of buses in service, triggering changes of buses' destination sign displays at the end of the line (or other set location along a bus route), and triggering pre-recorded announcements for passengers. The American Public Transportation Association estimated that, at the beginning of 2009, around half of all transit buses in the United States were already using a GPS-based vehicle tracking system to trigger automated stop announcements. This can refer to external announcements (triggered by the opening of the bus's door) at a bus stop, announcing the vehicle's route number and destination, primarily for the benefit of visually impaired customers, or to internal announcements (to passengers already on board) identifying the next stop, as the bus (or tram) approaches a stop, or both. Data collected as a transit vehicle follows its route is often continuously fed into a computer program which compares the vehicle's actual location and time with its schedule, and in turn produces a frequently updating display for the driver, telling him/her how early or late he/she is at any given time, potentially making it easier to adhere more closely to the published schedule. Such programs are also used to provide customers with real-time information as to the waiting time until arrival of the next bus or tram/streetcar at a given stop, based on the nearest vehicles' actual progress at the time, rather than merely giving information as to the scheduled time of the next arrival. Transit systems providing this kind of information assign a unique number to each stop, and waiting passengers can obtain information by entering the stop number into an automated telephone system or an application on the transit system's website. Some transit agencies provide a virtual map on their website, with icons depicting the current locations of buses in service on each route, for customers' information, while others provide such information only to dispatchers or other employees.Other applications include monitoring driving behaviour, such as an employer of an employee, or a parent with a teen driver.Vehicle tracking systems are also popular in consumer vehicles as a theft prevention and retrieval device. Police can simply follow the signal emittedby the tracking system and locate the stolen vehicle. When used as a security system, a Vehicle Tracking System may serve as either an addition to or replacement for a traditional car alarm. Some vehicle tracking systems make it possible to control vehicle remotely, including block doors or engine in case of emergency. The existence of vehicle tracking device then can be used to reduce the insurance cost, because the loss-risk of the vehicle drops significantly.Vehicle tracking systems are an integrated part of the "layered approach" to vehicle protection, recommended by the National Insurance Crime Bureau (NICB) to prevent motor vehicle theft. This approach recommends four layers of security based on the risk factors pertaining to a specific vehicle. Vehicle Tracking Systems are one such layer, and are described by the NICB as very effective in helping police recover stolen vehicles.Some vehicle tracking systems integrate several security systems, for example by sending an automatic alert to a phone or email if an alarm is triggered or the vehicle is moved without authorization, or when it leaves or enters a geofence.1.3 Active versus Passive TrackingSeveral types of vehicle tracking devices exist. Typically they are classified as "passive" and "active". "Passive" devices store GPS location, speed, heading and sometimes a trigger event such as key on/off, door open/closed. Once the vehicle returns to a predetermined point, the device is removed and the data downloaded to a computer for evaluation. Passive systems include auto download type that transfer data via wireless download. "Active" devices also collect the same information but usually transmit the data in real-time via cellular or satellite networks to a computer or data centre for evaluation.Many modern vehicle tracking devices combine both active and passive tracking abilities: when a cellular network is available and a tracking device is connected it transmits data to a server; when a network is not available the device stores data in internal memory and will transmit stored data to the server later when the network becomes available again.Historically vehicle tracking has been accomplished by installing a box into the vehicle, either self-powered with a battery or wired into the vehicle's power system. For detailed vehicle locating and tracking this is still the predominant method; however, many companies are increasingly interested in the emerging cell phone technologies that provide tracking of multiple entities, such as both a salesperson and their vehicle. These systems also offer tracking of calls, texts, and Web use and generally provide a wider range of options.

1.4 Types of GPS Vehicle TrackingThere are three main types of GPS vehicle tracking, tracking based mobile, wireless passive tracking and satellite in real-time GPS tracking. This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages to all three types of GPS vehicle tracking circumference.

1. Mobile phone based tracking The initial cost for the construction of the system is slightly lower than the other two options. With a mobile phone-based tracking average price is about $ 500. A cell-based monitoring system sends information about when a vehicle is every five minutes during a rural network. The average monthly cost is about thirty-five dollars for airtime.

2. Wireless Passive Tracking A big advantage that this type of tracking system is that there is no monthly fee, so that when the system was introduced, there will be other costs associated with it. But setting the scheme is a bit 'expensive. The average is about $ 700 for hardware and $ 800 for software and databases. With this type of system, most say that the disadvantage is that information about where the vehicle is not only can exist when the vehicle is returned to the base business. This is a great disadvantage, particularly for companies that are looking for a monitoring system that tells them where their vehicle will be in case of theft or an accident. However, many systems are now introducing wireless modems into theirdevices so that tracking information can be without memory of the vehicle to be seen. With a wireless modem that is wireless passive tracking systems are also able to gather information on how fast the vehicle was traveling, stopping, and made other detailed information. With this new addition, many companies believe that this system is perfect, because there is no monthly bill.

3. Via satellite in real time This type of system provides less detailed information, but work at the national level, making it a good choice for shipping and trucking companies. Spending on construction of the system on average about $ 700. The monthly fees for this system vary from five dollars for a hundred dollars, depending on how the implementation of a reporting entity would be.TechnologyOver the next few years, GPS tracking will be able to provide businesses with a number of other benefits. Some companies have already introduced a way for a customer has signed the credit card and managed at local level through the device. Others are creating ways for dispatcher to send the information re-routing, the GPS device directly to a manager. Not a new requirement for GPS systems is that they will have access to the Internet and store information about the vehicle as a driver or mechanic GPS device to see the diagrams used to assist with the vehicle you want to leave. Beyond that all the information be saved and stored in its database.

1.5 Typical ArchitectureMajor constituents of the GPS based tracking are1. GPS tracking device The device fits into the vehicle and captures the GPS location information apart from other vehicle information at regular intervals to a central server. The other vehicle information can include fuel amount, engine temperature, altitude, reverse geocoding, door open/close, tire pressure, cut off fuel, turn off ignition, turn on headlight, turn on taillight, battery status, GSM area code/cell code decoded, number of GPS satellites in view, glass open/close, fuel amount, emergency button status, cumulative idling, computed odometer, engine RPM, throttle position, and a lot more. Capability of these devices actually decides the final capability of the whole tracking system.2. GPS tracking server The tracking server has three responsibilities: receiving data from the GPS tracking unit, securely storing it, and serving this information on demand to the user.3. User interface The UI determines how one will be able to access information, view vehicle data, and elicit important details from it.

1.6 History of Vehicle TrackingGPS or Global Positioning Systems were designed by the United States Government and military, which the design was intended to be used as surveillance. After several years went by the government signed a treaty to allow civilians to buy GPS units also only the civilians would get precise downgraded ratings.Years after the Global Positioning Systems were developed the military controlled the systems despite that civilians could still purchase them in stores. In addition, despite that Europe has designed its own systems called the Galileo the US military still has complete control.GPS units are also called tracking devices that are quite costly still. As more of these devices develop however the more affordable the GPS can be purchased. Despite of the innovative technology and designs of the GPS today the devices has seen some notable changes or reductions in pricing. Companies now have more access to these devices and many of the companies can find benefits.These days you can pay-as-you go or lease a GPS system for your company. This means you do not have to worry about spending upfront money, which once stopped companies from installing the Global positioning systems at one time.Todays GPS applications have vastly developed as well. It is possible to use the Global Positioning Systems to design expense reports, create time sheets, or reduce the costs of fuel consumption. You can also use the tracking devices to increase efficiency of employee driving. The GPS unit allows you to create Geo-Fences about a designated location, which gives you alerts once your driver(s) passes through. This means you have added security combined with more powerful customer support for your workers.Todays GPS units are great tracking devices that help fleet managers stay in control of their business. The applications in todays GPS units make it possible to take full control of your company. It is clear that the tracking devices offer many benefits to companies, since you can build automated expense reports anytime.GPS units do more than just allow companies to create reports. These devices also help to put an end to thieves. According to recent reports, crime is at a high, which means that car theft is increasing. If you have the right GPS unit, you can put an end to car thefts because you can lock and unlock your car anytime you choose.GPS are small tracking devices that are installed in your car and it will supply you with feedback data from tracking software that loads from a satellite. This gives you more control over your vehicles.The chief reason for companies to install tracking devices is to monitor their mobile workforce. A preventive measure device allows companies to monitor their employees activities. Company workers can no longer take your vehicles to unassigned locations. They will not be able to get away with unauthorized activities at any time because you can monitor their every action on a digital screen.The phantom pixel is another thing some webmasters do to get better rankings. Unfortunately it will backfire on you since the search engines do not want this to occur. You see, the phantom pixel is when you might have a 1 pixel image or an image so small it cannot be seen by the regular eye. They use the pixel to stuff it with keywords. The search engine can view it in the code, which is how they know it is there and can give you better rank for the keywords in theory. Of course since the search engines dont like this phantom pixel you are instead not getting anything for the extra keywords except sent to the bottomless pit.1.6.1 Early TechnologyIn the initial period of tracking only two radios were used to exchange the information. One radio was attached to the vehicle while another at base station by which drivers were enabled to talk to their masters. Fleet operator could identify the progress through their routes.The technology was not without its limits. It was restricted by the distance which became a hurdle in accuracy and better connectivity between driver and fleet operators. Base station was dependent on the driver for the information and a huge size fleet could not have been managed depending on man-power only.The scene of vehicle tracking underwent a change with the arrival of GPS technology. This reduced the dependence on man-power. Most of the work of tracking became electronic. Computers proved a great help in managing a large fleet of vehicle. This also made the information authentic. As this technology was available at affordable cost all whether small or big fleet could take benefit of this technologyBecause of the cheap accessibility of the device computer tracking facilities has come to stay and associated with enhanced management. Today eachvehicle carries tracking unit which is monitored from the base station. Base station receives the data from the unit.All these facilities require a heavy investment of capital for the installation of the infrastructure of tracking system for monitoring and dispatching.1.6.2 New development in technologyNew system costs less with increased efficiency. Presently it is small tracking unit in the vehicle with web-based interface, connected through a mobile phone. This device avoids unnecessary investment in infrastructure with the facility of monitoring from anywhere for the fleet managers. This provides more efficient route plan to fleet operators of all sizes and compositions saving money and time.Vehicle tracking system heralded a new era of convenience and affordability in fleet management. Thus due to its easy availability it is going to stay for long.

1.7 Vehicle Tracking System FeaturesMonitoring and managing the mobile assets are very important for any company dealing with the services, delivery or transport vehicles. Information technologies help in supporting these functionalities from remote locations and update the managers with the latest information of their mobile assets. Tracking the mobile assets locations data and analysing the information is necessary for optimal utilization of the assets.Vehicle Tracking System is a software & hardware system enabling the vehicle owner to track the position of their vehicle. A vehicle tracking system uses either GPS or radio technology to automatically track and record a fleet's field activities. Activity is recorded by modules attached to each vehicle. And then the data is transmitted to a central, internet-connected computer where it is stored. Once the data is transmitted to the computer, it can be analysed and reports can be downloaded in real-time to your computer using either web browser based tools or customized software.1.7.1 Vehicle Tracking BenefitsAn enterprise-level vehicle tracking system should offer customizable reporting tools, for example to provide a summary of the any day activities. It should have the ability to produce and print detailed maps and reports displaying actual stops, customer locations, mileage travelled, and elapsed time at each location, and real-time access to vehicle tracking data and reports. Vehicle tracking system can be active, passive or both depending upon the application. Here are steps involved in the vehicle tracking:1. Data capture: Data capturing is the first step in tacking your vehicle. Data in a vehicle tracking system is captured through a unit called automated vehicle unit. The automated vehicle unit uses the Global Positioning System (GPS) to determine the location of the vehicle. This unit is installed in the vehicle and contains interfaces to various data sources. This paper considers the location data capture along with data from various sensors like fuel, vehicle diagnostic sensors etc. 2. Data storage: Captured data is stored in the memory of the automated vehicle unit. 3. Data transfer: Stored data are transferred to the computer server using the mobile network or by connecting the vehicle mount unit to the computer. 4. Data analysis: Data analysis is done through software application. A GIS mapping component is also an integral part of the vehicle tracking system and it is used to display the correct location of the vehicle on the map.

1.8Vehicle Tracing in India Vehicle tracking system in India is mainly used in transport industry that keeps a real-time track of all vehicles in the fleet. The tracking system consists of GPS device that brings together GPS and GSM technology using tracking software. The attached GPS unit in the vehicle sends periodic updates of its location to the route station through the server of the cellular network that can be displayed on a digital map. The location details are later transferred to users via SMS, e-mail or other form of data transfers.There are various GPS software and hardware developing companies in India working for tracking solutions. However, its application is not that much of popular as in other countries like USA, which regulates the whole GPS network. In India it is mostly used in Indian transport and logistics industry and not much personal vehicle tracking.But with better awareness and promotion the market will increase. Lets have a look at its current application in India using vehicle tracking though in less volume.a) Freight forwardingLogistic service providers are now increasingly adopting vehicle-tracking system for better fleet management and timely service. The system can continuously monitor shipment location and so can direct the drivers directly in case of any change of plan. Fleet managers can keep an eye on all activities of workers, vehicle over speed, route deviation etc. The driver in turn can access emergency service in case of sickness, accident or vehicle breakdown. All in turn supports money and time management, resulting better customer service.b) Call centresIn commercial vehicle segments the taxi operators of various call centres are now using vehicle tracking system for better information access. However, its application is in its infant stage in India and if adequate steps are taken in bringing the cost of hardware and software low then it can be used for tracking personal vehicle, farming (tractor), tourist buses, security and emergency vehicle etc. Again Government needs to cut down the restriction imposed upon the availability of digital maps for commercial use and this will encourage software industry in developing cost-effective tracking solutions. Though, sales of both commercial and passenger vehicles are growing but price of tracking service is very high and this is the key issue in Indian market. Hence, its important for market participants to reduce prices of GPS chips and other products in order to attract more and more users.As far as Indian vehicle tracking and navigation market is concerned the recent association of India with Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) will act as a catalyst in the improvement of vehicle tracking system. This will give an advantage in managing traffic, roadways and ports and also as an important tool for police and security agency to track stolen vehicles. Hence, in near future there is large prospect for the utility of vehicle tracking system in India, which can revolutionize the way we are communicating.

CHAPTER 2Block Diagram Of VTS

2.1 Block Diagram of Vehicle Tracing Using GSM and GPS Modem

2.2 Hardware Components ARM7GPS MODULE GSM MODULE RS232 LCDIn this project ARM7 microcontroller is used for interfacing to various hardware peripherals. The current design is an embedded application, which will continuously monitor a moving Vehicle and report the status of the Vehicle on reset. For doing so an ARM7 microcontroller is interfaced serially to a GSM Modem and GPS Receiver. A GSM modem is used to send the position (Latitude and Longitude) of the vehicle from a remote place. The GPS modem will continuously give the data i.e. the latitude and longitude indicating the position of the vehicle. The GPS modem gives many parameters as the output, but only the needed data coming out is read and displayed on to the LCD. The same data is sent to the mobile at the other end from where the position of the vehicle is demanded. The hardware interfaces to microcontroller are LCD display, GSM modem and GPS Receiver. The design uses RS-232 protocol for serial communication between the modems and the microcontroller. When the request by user is sent to the number at the modem, the system automatically sends a return reply to that mobile indicating the position of the vehicle in terms of latitude and longitude.As the Micro Controller, GPS and GSM take a sight of in depth knowledge, they are explained in the next chapters.2.2.1 GPSGPS, in full Global Positioning System, space-based radio-navigation system that broadcasts highly accurate navigation pulses to users on or near the Earth. In the United States Navstar GPS, 24 main satellites in 6 orbits circle the Earth every 12 hours. In addition, Russia maintains a constellation called GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System).2.2.1.1 Working of GPSGPS receiver works on 9600 baud rate is used to receive the data from space Segment (from Satellites), the GPS values of different Satellites are sent to microcontroller AT89S52, where these are processed and forwarded to GSM. At the time of processing GPS receives only $GPRMC values only. From these values microcontroller takes only latitude and longitude values excluding time, altitude, name of the satellite, authentication etc. E.g. LAT: 1728:2470 LOG: 7843.3089 GSM modem with a baud rate 57600.A GPS receiver operated by a user on Earth measures the time it takes radio signals to travel from four or more satellites to its location, calculates the distance to each satellite, and from this calculation determines the users longitude, latitude, and altitude. The U.S. Department of Defence originally developed the Navstar constellation for military use, but a less precise form of the service is available free of charge to civilian users around the globe. The basic civilian service will locate a receiver within 10 meters (33 feet) of its true location, though various augmentation techniques can be used to pinpoint the location within less than 1 cm (0.4 inch). With such accuracy and the ubiquity of the service, GPS has evolved far beyond its original military purpose and has created a revolution in personal and commercial navigation. Battlefield missiles and artillery projectiles use GPS signals to determine their positions and velocities, but so do the U.S. space shuttle and the International Space Station as well as commercial jetliners and private airplanes. Ambulance fleets, family automobiles, and railroad locomotives benefit from GPS positioning, which also serves farm tractors, ocean liners, hikers, and even golfers. Many GPS receivers are no larger than a pocket calculator and are powered by disposable batteries, while GPS computer chips the size of a babys fingernail have been installed in wristwatches, cellular telephones, and personal digital assistants.2.2.1.2 TriangulationThe principle behind the unprecedented navigational capabilities of GPS is triangulation. To triangulate, a GPS receiver precisely measures the time it takes for a satellite signal to make its brief journey to Earthless than a tenth of a second. Then it multiplies that time by the speed of a radio wave300,000 km (186,000 miles) per secondto obtain the corresponding distance between it and the satellite. This puts the receiver somewhere on the surface of an imaginary sphere with a radius equal to its distance from the satellite. When signals from three other satellites are similarly processed, the receivers built-in computer calculates the point at which all four spheres intersect, effectively determining the users current longitude, latitude, and altitude. (In theory, three satellites would normally provide an unambiguous three-dimensional fix, but in practice at least four are used to offset inaccuracy in the receivers clock.) In addition, the receiver calculates current velocity (speed and direction) by measuring the instantaneous Doppler Effect shifts created by the combined motion of the same four satellites.2.2.1.3 AugmentationAlthough the travel time of a satellite signal to Earth is only a fraction of a second, much can happen to it in that interval. For example, electrically charged particles in the ionosphere and density variations in the troposphere may act to slow and distort satellite signals. These influences can translate into positional errors for GPS usersa problem that can be compounded by timing errors in GPS receiver clocks. Further errors may be introduced by relativistic time dilations, a phenomenon in which a satellites clock and a receivers clock, located in different gravitational fields and traveling at different velocities, tick at different rates. Finally, the single greatest source of error to users of the Navstar system is the lower accuracy of the civilian C/A-code pulse. However, various augmentation methods exist for improving the accuracy of both the military and the civilian systems.When positional information is required with pinpoint precision, users can take advantage of differential GPS techniques. Differential navigation employs a stationary base station that sits at a known position on the ground and continuously monitors the signals being broadcast by GPS satellites in its view. It then computes and broadcasts real-time navigation corrections to nearby roving receivers. Each roving receiver, in effect, subtracts its position solution from the base stations solution, thus eliminating any statistical errors common to the two. The U.S. Coast Guard maintains a network of such base stations and transmits corrections over radio beacons covering most of the United States. Other differential corrections are encoded within the normal broadcasts of commercial radio stations. Farmers receiving these broadcasts have been able to direct their field equipment with great accuracy, making precision farming a common term in agriculture.Another GPS augmentation technique uses the carrier waves that convey the satellites navigation pulses to Earth. Because the length of the carrier wave is more than 1,000 times shorter than the basic navigation pulses, this carrier-aided approach, under the right circumstances, can reduce navigation errors to less than 1 cm (0.4 inch). The dramatically improved accuracy stems primarily from the shorter length and much greater numbers of carrier waves impinging on the receivers antenna each second.Yet another augmentation technique is known as geosynchronous overlays. Geosynchronous overlays employ GPS payloads piggybacked aboard commercial communication satellites that are placed in geostationary orbit some 35,000 km (22,000 miles) above the Earth. These relatively small payloads broadcast civilian C/A-code pulse trains to ground-based users. The U.S. government is enlarging the Navstar constellation with geosynchronous overlays to achieve improved coverage, accuracy, and survivability. Both the European Union and Japan are installing their own geosynchronous overlays.

2.2.2 GSMGSM (or Global System for Mobile Communications) was developed in 1990. The first GSM operator has subscribers in 1991, the beginning of 1994 the network based on the standard, already had 1.3 million subscribers, and the end of 1995 their number had increased to 10 million!There were first generation mobile phones in the 70's, there are 2nd generation mobile phones in the 80's and 90's, and now there are 3rd gen phones which are about to enter the Indian market. GSM is called a 2nd generation, or 2G communications technology.In this project it acts as a SMS Receiver and SMS sender. The GSM technical specifications define the different entities that form the GSM network by defining their functions and interface requirements.

2.2.3 RS232 InterfaceIn telecommunications, RS-232 is the traditional name for a series of standards for serial binary single-ended data and control signals connecting between a DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) and a DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment). It is commonly used in computer serial ports. The standard defines the electrical characteristics and timing of signals, the meaning of signals, and the physical size and pin out of connectors. The current version of the standard is TIA-232-F Interface between Data Terminal Equipment and Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange, issued in 1997.An RS-232 port was once a standard feature of a personal computer for connections to modems, printers, mice, data storage, un-interruptible power supplies, and other peripheral devices. However, the limited transmission speed, relatively large voltage swing, and large standard connectors motivated development of the universal serial bus which has displaced RS-232 from most of its peripheral interface roles. Many modern personal computers have no RS-232 ports and must use an external converter to connect to older peripherals. Some RS-232 devices are still found especially in industrial machines or scientific instruments.2.2.3.1 The scope of the standardThe Electronic Industries Association (EIA) standard RS-232-C as of 1969 defines:1. Electrical signal characteristics such as voltage levels, signalling rate, timing and slew-rate of signals voltage withstand level, short-circuit behaviour, and maximum load capacitance.2. Interface mechanical characteristics, pluggable connectors and pin identification.3. Functions of each circuit in the interface connector. 4. Standard subsets of interface circuits for selected telecom applications. The standard does not define such elements as the characterencoding or the framing of characters, or error detection protocols. The standard does not define bit rates for transmission, except that it says it is intended for bit rates lower than 20,000 bits per second. Many modern devices support speeds of 115,200 bit/s and above. RS 232 makes no provision for power to peripheral devices.Details of character format and transmission bit rate are controlled by the serial port hardware, often a single integrated circuit called a UART that converts data from parallel to asynchronous start-stop serial form. Details of voltage levels, slew rate, and short-circuit behaviour are typically controlled by a line driver that converts from the UART's logic levels to RS-232 compatible signal levels, and a receiver that converts from RS-232 compatible signal levels to the UART's logic levels.2.2.3.2 History of RS 232RS-232 was first introduced in 1962. The original DTEs were electromechanical teletypewriters, and the original DCEs were (usually) modems. When electronic terminals (smart and dumb) began to be used, they were often designed to be interchangeable with teletypewriters, and so supported RS-232. The C revision of the standard was issued in 1969 in part to accommodate the electrical characteristics of these devices.Since application to devices such as computers, printers, test instruments, and so on was not considered by the standard, designers implementing an RS-232 compatible interface on their equipment often interpreted the requirements idiosyncratically. Common problems were non-standard pin assignment of circuits on connectors, and incorrect or missing control signals. The lack of adherence to the standards produced a thriving industry of breakout boxes, patch boxes, test equipment, books, and other aids for the connection of disparate equipment. A common deviation from the standard was to drive the signals at a reduced voltage. Some manufacturers therefore built transmitters that supplied +5V and -5V and labelled them as "RS-232 compatible".Later personal computers (and other devices) started to make use of the standard so that they could connect to existing equipment. For many years, an RS-232-compatible port was a standard feature for serial communications, such as modem connections, on many computers. It remained in widespread use into the late 1990s. In personal computer peripherals, it has largely been supplanted by other interface standards, such as USB. RS-232 is still used to connect older designs of peripherals, industrial equipment (such as PLCs), console ports, and special purpose equipment, such as a cash drawer for a cash register.The standard has been renamed several times during its history as the sponsoring organization changed its name, and has been variously known as EIA RS-232, EIA 232, and most recently as TIA 232. The standard continued to be revised and updated by the Electronic Industries Alliance and since 1988 by the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) .[3] Revision C was issued in a document dated August 1969. Revision D was issued in 1986. The current revision is TIA-232-F Interface between Data Terminal Equipment and Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange, issued in 1997. Changes since Revision C have been in timing and details intended to improve harmonization with the CCITT standard V.24, but equipment built to the current standard will interoperate with older versions.Related ITU-T standards include V.24 (circuit identification) and V.28 (signal voltage and timing characteristics).2.2.3.3 Limitation of StandardBecause the application of RS-232 has extended far beyond the original purpose of interconnecting a terminal with a modem, successor standards have been developed to address the limitations.Issues with the RS-232 standard include:1. The large voltage swings and requirement for positive and negative supplies increases power consumption of the interface and complicates power supply design. The voltage swing requirement also limits the upper speed of a compatible interface.2. Single-ended signalling referred to a common signal ground limits the noise immunity and transmission distance. 3. Multi-drop connection among more than two devices is not defined. While multi-drop "work-around" has been devised, they have limitations in speed and compatibility. 4. Asymmetrical definitions of the two ends of the link make the assignment of the role of a newly developed device problematic; the designer must decide on either a DTE-like or DCE-like interface and which connector pin assignments to use.5. The handshaking and control lines of the interface are intended for the setup and takedown of a dial-up communication circuit; in particular, the use of handshake lines for flow control is not reliably implemented in many devices.6. No method is specified for sending power to a device. While a small amount of current can be extracted from the DTR and RTS lines, this is only suitable for low power devices such as mice.7. The 25-way connector recommended in the standard is large compared to current practice.2.2.3.4 Standard detailsIn RS-232, user data is sent as a time-series of bits. Both synchronous and asynchronous transmissions are supported by the standard. In addition to the data circuits, the standard defines a number of control circuits used to manage the connection between the DTE and DCE. Each data or control circuit only operates in one direction that is, signalling from a DTE to the attached DCE or the reverse. Since transmit data and receive data are separate circuits, the interface can operate in a full duplex manner, supporting concurrent data flow in both directions. The standard does not define character framing within the data stream, or character encoding.This is typical for start-stop communications, but the standard does not dictate a character format or bit order.The RS-232 standard defines the voltage levels that correspond to logical one and logical zero levels for the data transmission and the control signal lines. Valid signals are plus or minus 3 to 15 volts; the 3 V range near zero volts is not a valid RS-232 level.The standard specifies a maximum open-circuit voltage of 25 volts: signal levels of 5 V, 10 V, 12 V, and 15 V are all commonly seen depending on the power supplies available within a device. RS-232 drivers and receivers must be able to withstand indefinite short circuit to ground or to any voltage level up to 25 volts. The slew rate, or how fast the signal changes between levels, is also controlled.For data transmission lines (TxD, RxD and their secondary channel equivalents) logic one is defined as a negative voltage, the signal condition is called marking, and has the functional significance. Logic zero is positive and the signal condition is termed spacing. Control signals are logically inverted with respect to what one sees on the data transmission lines. When one of these signals is active, the voltage on the line will be between +3 to +15 volts. The inactive state for these signals is the opposite voltage condition, between 3 and 15 volts. Examples of control lines include request to send (RTS), clear to send (CTS), data terminal ready (DTR), and data set ready (DSR).Because the voltage levels are higher than logic levels typically used by integrated circuits, special intervening driver circuits are required to translate logic levels. These also protect the device's internal circuitry from short circuits or transients that may appear on the RS-232 interface, and provide sufficient current to comply with the slew rate requirements for data transmission.Because both ends of the RS-232 circuit depend on the ground pin being zero volts, problems will occur when connecting machinery and computers where the voltage between the ground pin on one end and the ground pin on the other is not zero. This may also cause a hazardous ground loop. Use of a common ground limits RS-232 to applications with relatively short cables. If the two devices are far enough apart or on separate power systems, the local ground connections at either end of the cable will have differing voltages; this difference will reduce the noise margin of the signals. Balanced, differential, serial connections such as USB, RS-422 and RS-485 can tolerate larger ground voltage differences because of the differential signalling.Unused interface signals terminated to ground will have an undefined logic state. Where it is necessary to permanently set a control signal to a defined state, it must be connected to a voltage source that asserts the logic 1 or logic 0 level. Some devices provide test voltages on their interface connectors for this purpose.2.2.3.5 ConnectorsRS-232 devices may be classified as Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) or Data Communication Equipment (DCE); this defines at each device which wires will be sending and receiving each signal. The standard recommended but did not make mandatory the D-subminiature 25 pin connector. In general and according to the standard, terminals and computers have male connectors with DTE pin functions, and modems have female connectors with DCE pin functions. Other devices may have any combination of connector gender and pin definitions. Many terminals were manufactured with female terminals but were sold with a cable with male connectors at each end; the terminal with its cable satisfied the recommendations in the standard.Presence of a 25 pin D-sub connector does not necessarily indicate an RS-232-C compliant interface. For example, on the original IBM PC, a male D-sub was an RS-232-C DTE port (with a non-standard current loop interface on reserved pins), but the female D-sub connector was used for a parallel Centroids printer port. Some personal computers put non-standard voltages or signals on some pins of their serial ports. The standard specifies 20 different signal connections. Since most devices use only a few signals, smaller connectors can often be used.The signals are named from the standpoint of the DTE. The ground signal is a common return for the other connections. The DB-25 connector includes a second "protective ground" on pin 1.Data can be sent over a secondary channel (when implemented by the DTE and DCE devices), which is equivalent to the primary channel. Pin assignments are described in shown in Table 2.2:Table 2.1. Commonly used RS-232 signals and pin assignmentsSignalOrigin DB-25 pin

NameTypical purposeAbbreviationDTEDCE

DataIndicates presence ofDTR20

Terminal ReadyDTE to DCE.

DataDCE is connected to theDCD8

Carrier Detecttelephone line.

Data Set ReadyDCE is ready to receiveDSR6

commands or data.

DCE hasdetectedan

Ring Indicatorincomingring signalonRI22

the telephone line.

Request ToDTE requests the DCERTS4

Sendprepare to receive data.

Clear To SendIndicates DCE is ready toCTS5

accept data.

TransmittedCarries data from DTE toTxD2

DataDCE.

Received DataCarries data from DCE toRxD3

DTE.

CommonGNDcommon7

Ground

ProtectivePGcommon1

Ground

Table 2.2 Pin assignmentsSignalPin

Common Ground7 (same as primary)

Secondary Transmitted Data (STD)14

Secondary Received Data (SRD)16

Secondary Request To Send (SRTS)19

Secondary Clear To Send (SCTS)13

Secondary Carrier Detect (SDCD)12

Ring Indicator' (RI), is a signal sent from the modem to the terminal device. It indicates to the terminal device that the phone line is ringing. In many computer serial ports, a hardware interrupt is generated when the RI signal changes state. Having support for this hardware interrupt means that a program or operating system can be informed of a change in state of the RI pin, without requiring the software to constantly "poll" the state of the pin. RI is a one-way signal from the modem to the terminal (or more generally, the DCE to the DTE) that does not correspond to another signal that carries similar information the opposite way.On an external modem the status of the Ring Indicator pin is often coupled to the "AA" (auto answer) light, which flashes if the RI signal has detected a ring. The asserted RI signal follows the ringing pattern closely,which can permit software to detect distinctive ring patterns.The Ring Indicator signal is used by some older uninterruptible power supplies (UPS's) to signal a power failure state to the computer.Certain personal computers can be configured for wake-on-ring, allowing a computer that is suspended to answer a phone call.2.2.3.6 CablesThe standard does not define a maximum cable length but instead defines the maximum capacitance that a compliant drive circuit must tolerate. A widely used rule of thumb indicates that cables more than 50 feet (15 m) long will have too much capacitance, unless special cables are used. By using low-capacitance cables, full speed communication can be maintained over larger distances up to about 1,000 feet (300 m) .[8] For longer distances, other signal standards are better suited to maintain high speed.Since the standard definitions are not always correctly applied, it is often necessary to consult documentation, test connections with a breakout box, or use trial and error to find a cable that works when interconnecting two devices. Connecting a fully standard-compliant DCE device and DTE device would use a cable that connects identical pin numbers in each connector (a so-called "straight cable"). "Gender changers" are available to solve gender mismatches between cables and connectors. Connecting devices with different types of connectors requires a cable that connects the corresponding pins according to the table above. Cables with 9 pins on one end and 25 on the other are common. Manufacturers of equipment with 8P8C connectors usually provide a cable with either a DB-25 or DE-9 connector (or sometimes interchangeable connectors so they can work with multiple devices). Poor-quality cables can cause false signals by crosstalk between data and control lines (such as Ring Indicator). If a given cable will not allow a data connection, especially if a Gender changer is in use, a Null modem may be necessary.2.2.3.7 ConventionsFor functional communication through a serial port interface, conventions of bit rate, character framing, communications protocol, character encoding, data compression, and error detection, not defined in RS 232, must be agreed to by both sending and receiving equipment. For example, consider the serial ports of the original IBM PC. This implementation used an 8250 UART using asynchronous start-stop character formatting with 7 or 8 data bits per frame, usually ASCII character coding, and data rates programmable between 75 bits per second and 115,200 bits per second. Data rates above 20,000 bits per second are out of the scope of the standard, although higher data rates are sometimes used by commercially manufactured equipment. Since most RS-232 devices do not have automatic baud rate detection, users must manually set the baud rate (and all other parameters) at both ends of the RS-232 connection.

In the particular case of the IBM PC, as with most UART chips including the 8250 UART used by the IBM PC, baud rates were programmable with arbitrary values. This allowed a PC to be connected to devices not using the rates typically used with modems. Not all baud rates can be programmed, due to the clock frequency of the 8250 UART in the PC, and the granularity of the baud rate setting. This includes the baud rate of MIDI, 31,250 bits per second, which is generally not achievable by a standard IBM PC serial port. MIDI-to-RS-232 interfaces designed for the IBM PC include baud rate translation hardware to adjust the baud rate of the MIDI data to something that the IBM PC can support, for example 19,200 or 38,400 bits per second.2.2.3.8 RTS/CTS handshakingIn older versions of the specification, RS-232's use of the RTS and CTS lines is asymmetric: The DTE asserts RTS to indicate a desire to transmit to the DCE, and the DCE asserts CTS in response to grant permission. This allows for half-duplex modems that disable their transmitters when not required, and must transmit a synchronization preamble to the receiver when they are re-enabled. This scheme is also employed on present-day RS-232 to RS-485 converters, where the RS-232's RTS signal is used to ask the converter to take control of the RS-485 bus - a concept that does not otherwise exist in RS-232. There is no way for the DTE to indicate that it is unable to accept data from the DCE.A non-standard symmetric alternative, commonly called "RTS/CTS handshaking," was developed by various equipment manufacturers. In this scheme, CTS is no longer a response to RTS; instead, CTS indicates permission from the DCE for the DTE to send data to the DCE, and RTS indicates permission from the DTE for the DCE to send data to the DTE. RTS and CTS are controlled by the DTE and DCE respectively, each independent of the other. This was eventually codified in version RS-232-E (actually TIA-232-E by that time) by defining a new signal, "RTR (Ready to Receive)," which is CCITT V.24 circuit 133. TIA-232-E and the corresponding international standards were updated to show that circuit 133, when implemented, shares the same pin as RTS (Request to Send), and that when 133 is in use, RTS is assumed by the DCE to be ON at all times.Thus, with this alternative usage, one can think of RTS asserted (positive voltage, logic 0) meaning that the DTE is indicating it is "ready to receive" from the DCE, rather than requesting permission from the DCE to send characters to the DCE.Note that equipment using this protocol must be prepared to buffer some extra data, since a transmission may have begun just before the control line state change.RTS/CTS handshaking is an example of hardware flow control. However, "hardware flow control" in the description of the options available on an RS-232-equipped device does not always mean RTS/CTS handshaking.2.2.3.9 3-wire and 5-wire RS-232Minimal 3-wire RS-232 connections consisting only of transmit data, receive data, and ground, is commonly used when the full facilities of RS-232 are not required. Even a two-wire connection (data and ground) can be used if the data flow is one way (for example, a digital postal scale that periodically sends a weight reading, or a GPS receiver that periodically sends position, if no configuration via RS-232 is necessary). When only hardware flow control is required in addition to two-way data, the RTS and CTS lines are added in a 5-wire version.2.2.3.10 Seldom used featuresThe EIA-232 standard specifies connections for several features that are not used in most implementations. Their use requires the 25-pin connectors and cables, and of course both the DTE and DCE must support them.a) Signal rate selectionThe DTE or DCE can specify use of a "high" or "low" signallingrate. The rates as well as which device will select the rate must be configured in both the DTE and DCE. The prearranged device selects the high rate by setting pin 23 to ON.b) Loopback testingMany DCE devices have a loopback capability used for testing. When enabled, signals are echoed back to the sender rather than being sent on to the receiver. If supported, the DTE can signal the local DCE (the one it is connected to) to enter loopback mode by setting pin 18 to ON, or the remote DCE (the one the local DCE is connected to) to enter loopback mode by setting pin 21 to ON. The latter tests the communications link as well as both DCE's. When the DCE is in test mode it signals the DTE by setting pin 25 to ON.A commonly used version of loopback testing does not involve any special capability of either end. A hardware loopback is simply a wire connecting complementary pins together in the same connectorLoopback testing is often performed with a specialized DTE called a bit error rate tester (or BERT).2.2.3.11 Timing SignalsSome synchronous devices provide a clock signal to synchronize data transmission, especially at higher data rates. Two timing signals are provided by the DCE on pins 15 and 17. Pin 15 is the transmitter clock, or send timing (ST); the DTE puts the next bit on the data line (pin 2) when this clock transitions from OFF to ON (so it is stable during the ON to OFF transition when the DCE registers the bit). Pin 17 is the receiver clock, or receive timing (RT); the DTE reads the next bit from the data line (pin 3) when this clock transitions from ON to OFF.Alternatively, the DTE can provide a clock signal, called transmitter timing (TT), on pin 24 for transmitted data. Data is changed when the clock transitions from OFF to ON and read during the ON to OFF transition. TT can be used to overcome the issue where ST must traverse a cable of unknown length and delay, clock a bit out of the DTE after another unknown delay, and return it to the DCE over the same unknown cable delay. Since the relation between the transmitted bit and TT can be fixed in the DTE design, and since both signals traverse the same cable length, using TT eliminates the issue. TT may be generated by looping ST back with an appropriate phase change to align it with the transmitted data. ST loop back to TT lets the DTE use the DCE as the frequency reference, and correct the clock to data timing.2.2.3.12 Other Serial interfaces similar to RS-2321. RS-422 (a high-speed system similar to RS-232 but with differentialsignalling)2. RS-423 (a high-speed system similar to RS-422 but with unbalancedsignalling) 3. RS-449 (a functional and mechanical interface that used RS-422 and RS-423 signals - it never caught on like RS-232 and was withdrawn by the EIA)4. RS-485 (a descendant of RS-422 that can be used as a bus in multidrop configurations) 5. MIL-STD-188 (a system like RS-232 but with better impedance and rise time control) 6. EIA-530 (a high-speed system using RS-422 or RS-423 electrical properties in an EIA-232 pinout configuration, thus combining the best of both; supersedes RS-449) 7. EIA/TIA-561 8 Position Non-Synchronous Interface betweenData Terminal Equipment and Data Circuit Terminating Equipment Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange 8. EIA/TIA-562 Electrical Characteristics for an Unbalanced Digital Interface (low-voltage version of EIA/TIA-232) 9. TIA-574 (standardizes the 9-pin D-subminiature connector pinout for use with EIA-232 electrical signalling, as originated on the IBM PC/AT)10.SpaceWire (high-speed serial system designed for use on board spacecraft).2.2.6 LCDA liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, or video display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCs does not emit light directly.LCDs are used in a wide range of applications, including computer monitors,television, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, signage, etc. They are common in consumer devices such as video players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators, andtelephones. LCDs have replaced cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in most applications. They are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and since they do not use phosphors, they cannot suffer image burn-in. LCDs are, however, susceptible to image persistence.LCDs are more energy efficient and offer safer disposal than CRTs. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment. It is an electronically modulated optical device made up of any number of segments filledwith liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector to produce images in colour or monochrome.The mostflexible ones use an array of small pixels. The earliest discovery leading to the development of LCD technology, the discovery of liquid crystals, dates from 1888. By 2008, worldwide sales of televisions with LCD screens had surpassed the sale of CRT units. Following figure is a 16x2 LCD.Monochrome passive-matrix LCDs were standard in most early laptops (although a few used plasma displays) and the original Nintendo GameBoy until the mid-1990s, when colour active-matrix became standard on all laptops. The commercially unsuccessful Macintosh Portable (released in 1989) was one of the first to use an active-matrix display (though still monochrome).Passive-matrix LCDs are still used today for applications less demanding than laptops and TVs. In particular, portable devices with less information content to be displayed, where lowest power consumption (no backlight), low cost and/or readability in direct sunlight are needed, use this type of display.2.2.6.1 Advantages and DisadvantagesIn spite of LCDs being a well proven and still viable technology, as display devices LCDs are not perfect for all applications.Advantages1. Very compact and light. 2. Low power consumption. 3. No geometric distortion. 4. Little or no flicker depending on backlight technology.5. Not affected by screen burn-in. 6. Can be made in almost any size or shape. 7. No theoretical resolution limit. Disadvantages1. Limited viewing angle, causing colour, saturation, contrast and brightness to vary, even within the intended viewing angle, by variations in posture.2. Bleeding and uneven backlighting in some monitors, causing brightness distortion, especially toward the edges. 3. Smearing and ghosting artefacts caused by slow response times (>8 ms) and "sample and hold" operation. 4. Fixed bit depth, many cheaper LCDs are only able to display 262,000 colours. 8-bit S-IPS panels can display 16 million colours and have significantly better black level, but are expensive and have slower response time. 5. Low bit depth results in images with unnatural or excessive contrast.6. Input lag 7. Dead or stuck pixels may occur during manufacturing or through use.

CHAPTER 3WORKING OF VTS

3.1 Schematic Diagram of VTS

3.2 Circuit DescriptionThe hardware interfaces to microcontroller are LCD display, GSM modem and GPS receiver. The design uses RS-232 protocol for serial communication between the modems and the microcontroller. A serial driver IC is used for converting TTL voltage levels to RS-232 voltage levels.When the reset is sent by the number at the modem, the system automatically sends a return reply to that mobile indicating the position of the vehicle in terms of latitude and longitude.

3.3 Circuit OperationThe project is vehicle positioning and navigation system we can locate the vehicle around the globe with ARM7microcontroller, GPS receiver, GSM modem, Power supply. Microcontroller used is ARM7. The code is written in the internal memory of Microcontroller i.e. ROM. With help of instruction set it processes the instructions and it acts as interface between GSM and GPS with help of serial communication of ARM7. GPS always transmits the data and GSM transmits and receive the data. GPS pin TX is connected to microcontroller via serial ports. GSM pins TX and RX are connected to microcontroller.3.3.1 PowerThe power is supplied to components like GSM, GPS and Micro control circuitry using a 12V/3.2A battery .GSM requires 12v,GPS and microcontroller requires 5v .with the help of regulators we regulate the power between three components.

3.3.2 Serial portsMicrocontroller communicates with the help of serial communication. First it takes the data from the GPS receiver and then sends the information to the owner in the form of SMS with help of GSM modem.

CHAPTER 4MICROCONTROLLER ARM7

Why we use ARM7?The ARM processor is a 32-bit RISC processor, meaning it is built using the reduced instruction set computer (RISC) instruction set architecture (ISA). ARM processors are microprocessors and are widely used in many of the mobile phones sold each year, as many as 98% of mobile phones. They are also used in personal digital assistants (PDA), digital media and music layers, hand-held gaming systems, calculators, and even computer hard drives.The first ARM processor-based computer was the Acorn Archimedes, released in 1987. Apple Computer became involved with helping to improve the ARM technology in the late 1980s, with their work resulting in the ARM6 technology in 1992. Later, Acorn used the ARM6-based ARM 610 processor in their Risc PC computers in 1994. Today, the ARM architecture is licensed for use by many companies, including Apple, Cirrus Logic, Intel, LG, Microsoft, NEC, Nintendo, Nvidia, Sony, Samsung, Sharp, Texas Instruments, Yamaha, and many more. The latest developed ARM processor families include ARM11 and Cortex. ARM processors capable of 64-bit processing are currently in development.

4.1 FeaturesThe main features of the microcontroller are:

16/32-bit ARM7 microcontroller. 8 to 40kB of on-chip static RAM and 32 to 512kB of on-chip flash program memory. 128 bit wide interface/accelerator enables high speed 60 MHz operation. In-System/In-Application Programming (ISP/IAP) via on-chip boot-loader software. Single flash sector or full chip erase in 400 ms and programming of 256bytes in 1ms. Embedded ICE RT and Embedded Trace interfaces offer real-time debugging with the on-chip Real Monitor software and high speed tracing of instruction execution. USB 2.0 Full Speed compliant Device Controller with 2kB of endpoint RAM. In addition, the LPC2148 provides 8kB of on-chip RAM accessible to USB by DMA. One or two (LPC2141/2 vs. LPC2148) 10-bit A/D converters provide a total of 6/14 analog inputs, with conversion times as low as 2.44 s per channel. Single 10-bit D/A converter provide variable analog output. Two 32-bit timers/external event counters (with four capture and four compare channels each), PWM unit (six outputs) and watchdog. Low power real-time clock with independent power and dedicated 32 kHz clock input. Multiple serial interfaces including two UARTs (16C550), two Fast I2C-bus (400kbit/s), SPI and SSP with buffering and variable data length capabilities. Vectored interrupt controller with configurable priorities and vector addresses. Up to nine edge or level sensitive external interrupt pins available. On-chip integrated oscillator operates with an external crystal in range from 1 MHz to 30 MHz and with an external oscillator up to 50MHz. Individual enable/disable of peripheral functions as well as peripheral clock scaling for additional power optimization. Processor wake-up from Power-down mode via external interrupt, USB, Brown-Out Detect (BOD) or Real-Time Clock (RTC). Single power supply chip with Power-On Reset (POR) and BOD circuits: CPU operating voltage range of 3.0 V to 3.6 V (3.3 V 10 %) with 5 V tolerant I/O pads.

4.2The Pin Configuration 4.2.1 Special Function Registers (SFR)

4.3 Memory OrganizationOn-chip flash memory system: The LPC2141/2/4/6/8 incorporate a 32kB, 64kB, 128kB, 256kB, and 512kB Flash memory system, respectively. This memory may be used for both code and data storage. Programming of the Flash memory may be accomplished in several ways: over the serial built-in JTAG interface, using In System Programming (ISP) and UART0, or by means of In Application Programming (IAP) capabilities. The application program, using the IAP functions, may also erase and/or program the Flash while the application is running, allowing a great degree of flexibility for data storage field firmware upgrades, etc. When the LPC2141/2/4/6/8 on-chip bootloader is used, 32kB, 64kB, 128kB, 256kB, and 500kB of Flash memory is available for user code. The LPC2141/2/4/6/8 Flash memory provides minimum of 100,000 erase/write cycles and 20 years of data-retention.On-chip Static RAM (SRAM): On-chip Static RAM (SRAM) may be used for code and/or data storage. The on-chip SRAM may be accessed as 8-bits, 16-bits, and 32-bits. The LPC2141/2/4/6/8 provides 8/16/32kB of static RAM, respectively.

4.4 SYSTEM CONTROL BLOCKThe System Control Block includes several system features and control registers for a number of functions that are not related to specific peripheral devices. These include: Crystal Oscillator External Interrupt Inputs Miscellaneous System Controls and Status Memory Mapping Control PLL Power Control Reset APB Divider Wakeup Timer Each type of function has its own register(s) if any are required and unneeded bits are defined as reserved in order to allow future expansion. Unrelated functions never share the same register addresses

CHAPTER 5GSM MODULE5.1 GSM HistoryThe acronym for GSM is Global System for Mobile Communications. During the early 1980s, analog cellular telephone systems were experiencing rapid growth in Europe, particularly in Scandinavia and the United Kingdom, but also in France and Germany. Each country developed its own system, which was incompatible with everyone else's in equipment and operation. This was an undesirable situation, because not only was the mobile equipment limited to operation within national boundaries, which in a unified Europe were increasingly unimportant, but there was also a very limited market for each type of equipment, so economies of scale and the subsequent savings could not be realized.The Europeans realized this early on, and in 1982 the Conference of European Posts and Telegraphs (CEPT) formed a study group called the Groupe Special Mobile (GSM) to study and develop a pan-European public land mobile system. The proposed system had to meet certain criteria:1. Good subjective speech quality 2. Low terminal and service cost 3. Low terminal and service cost 4. Ability to support handheld terminals 5. Support for range of new services and facilities 6. Spectral efficiency 7. ISDN compatibility 8. Pan-European means European-wide. ISDN throughput at 64Kbs was never envisioned, indeed, the highest rate a normal GSM network can achieve is 9.6kbs. Europe saw cellular service introduced in 1981, when the Nordic Mobile Telephone System or NMT450 began operating in Denmark, Sweden, Finland, and Norway in the 450 MHz range. It was the first multinational cellular system. In 1985 Great Britain started using the Total Access Communications System or TACS at 900MHz. Later, the West German C-Netz, the French Radio COM 2000, and the Italian RTMI/RTMS helped make up Europe's nine analog incompatible radio telephone systems. Plans were afoot during the early 1980s, however, to create a single European wide digital mobile service with advanced features and easy roaming. While North American groups concentrated on building out their robust but increasingly fraud plagued and featureless analog network, Europe planned for a digital future.In 1989, GSM responsibility was transferred to the European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI), and phase I of the GSM specifications were published in 1990. Commercial service was started in mid-1991, and by 1993 there were 36 GSM networks in 22 countries. Although standardized in Europe, GSM is not only a European standard. Over 200 GSM networks (including DCS1800 and PCS1900) are operational in 110 countries around the world. In the beginning of 1994, there were 1.3 million subscribers worldwide, which had grown to more than 55 million by October 1997. With North America making a delayed entry into the GSM field with a derivative of GSM called PCS1900, GSM systems exist on every continent, and the acronym GSM now aptly stands for Global System for Mobile communications.The developers of GSM chose an unproven (at the time) digital system, as opposed to the then-standard analog cellular systems like AMPS in the United States and TACS in the United Kingdom. They had faith that advancements in compression algorithms and digital signal processors would allow the fulfilment of the original criteria and the continual improvement of the system in terms of quality and cost. The over 8000 pages of GSM recommendations try to allow flexibility and competitive innovation among suppliers, but provide enough standardization to guarantee proper networking between the components of the system. This is done by providing functional and interface descriptions for each of the functional entities defined in the system.

5.2 Services Provided by GSMFrom the beginning, the planners of GSM wanted ISDN compatibility in terms of the services offered and the control signalling used. However, radio transmission limitations, in terms of bandwidth and cost, do not allow the standard ISDN B-channel bit rate of 64 kbps to be practically achieved.Telecommunication services can be divided into bearer services, teleservices, and supplementary services. The most basic teleservice supported by GSM is telephony. As with all other communications, speech is digitally encoded and transmitted through the GSM network as a digital stream. There is also an emergency service, where the nearest emergency-service provider is notified by dealing three digits.a) Bearer services: Typically data transmission instead of voice. Fax and SMS are examples. b) Teleservices: Voice oriented traffic. c) Supplementary services: Call forwarding, caller ID, call waiting and the like.

A variety of data services is offered. GSM users can send and receive data, at rates up to 9600 bps, to users on POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service), ISDN, Packet Switched Public Data Networks, and Circuit Switched Public Data Networks using a variety of access methods and protocols, such as X.25 or X.32. Since GSM is a digital network, a modem is not required between the user and GSM network, although an audio modem is required inside the GSM network to interwork with POTS.Other data services include Group 3 facsimile, as described in ITU-T recommendation T.30, which is supported by use of an appropriate fax adaptor. A unique feature of GSM, not found in older analog systems, is the Short Message Service (SMS). SMS is a bidirectional service for short alphanumeric (up to 160 bytes) messages. Messages are transported in a store-and-forward fashion. For point-to-point SMS, a message can be sent to another subscriber to the service, and an acknowledgement of receipt is provided to the sender. SMS can also be used in a cell-broadcast mode, for sending messages such as traffic updates or news updates. Messages can also be stored in the SIM card for later retrieval.Supplementary services are provided on top of teleservices or bearer services. In the current (Phase I) specifications, they include several forms of call forward (such as call forwarding when the mobile subscriber is unreachable by the network), and call barring of outgoing or incoming calls, for example when roaming in another country. Many additional supplementary services will be provided in the Phase 2 specifications, such as caller identification, call waiting, multi-party conversations.

5.3 Mobile StationThe mobile station (MS) consists of the mobile equipment (the terminal) and a smart card called the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). The SIM provides personal mobility, so that the user can have access to subscribed services irrespective of a specific terminal. By inserting the SIM card into another GSM terminal, the user is able to receive calls at that terminal, make calls from that terminal, and receive other subscribed services.The mobile equipment is uniquely identified by the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). The SIM card contains the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) used to identify the subscriber to the system, a secret key for authentication, and other information. The IMEI and the IMSI are independent, thereby allowing personal mobility. The SIM card may be protected against unauthorized use by a password or personal identity number.GSM phones use SIM cards, or Subscriber information or identity modules. They're the biggest difference a user sees between a GSM phone or handset and a conventional cellular telephone. With the SIM card and its memory the GSM handset is a smart phone, doing many things a conventional cellular telephone cannot. Like keeping a built in phone book or allowing different ring tones to be downloaded and then stored. Conventional cellular telephones either lack the features GSM phones have built in, or they must rely on resources from the cellular system itself to provide them. Let me make another, important point.With a SIM card your account can be shared from mobile to mobile, at least in theory. Want to try out your neighbours brand new mobile? You should be able to put your SIM card into that GSM handset and have it work. The GSM network cares only that a valid account exists, not that you are using a different device. You get billed, not the neighbour who loaned you the phone.This flexibility is completely different than AMPS technology, which enables one device per account. No switching around. Conventional cellular telephones have their electronic serial number burned into a chipset which is permanently attached to the phone. No way to change out that chipset or trade with another phone. SIM card technology, by comparison, is meant to make sharing phones and other GSM devices quick and easy.

5.4 Base Station Subsystem:The Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts, the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and the Base Station Controller (BSC). These communicate across the standardized Abis interface, allowing (as in the rest of the system) operation between components made by different suppliers.The Base Transceiver Station houses the radio transceivers that define a cell and handles the radio-link protocols with the Mobile Station. In a large urban area, there will potentially be a large number of BTSs deployed, thus the requirements for a BTS are ruggedness, reliability, portability, and minimum cost.The BTS or Base Transceiver Station is also called an RBS or Remote Base station. Whatever the name, this is the radio gear that passes all calls coming in and going out of a cell site. The base station is under direction of a base station controller so traffic gets sent there first. The base station controller, described below, gathers the calls from many base stations and passes them on to a mobile telephone switch. From that switch come and go the calls from the regular telephone network. Some base stations are quite small; the one pictured here is a large outdoor unit. The large number of base stations and their attendant controllers are a big difference between GSM and IS-136.5.4.1 Base Station ControllerThe Base Station Controller manages the radio resources for one or more BTSs. It handles radio-channel setup, frequency hopping, and handovers, as described below. The BSC is the connection between the mobile station and the Mobile service Switching Centre (MSC).Another difference between conventional cellular and GSM is the base station controller. It's an intermediate step between the base station transceiver and the mobile switch. GSM designers thought this a better approach for high density cellular networks. As one anonymous writer penned, "If every base station talked directly to the MSC, traffic would become too congested. To ensure quality communications via traffic management, the wireless infrastructure network uses Base Station Controllers as a way to segment the network and control congestion. The result is that MSCs route their circuits to BSCs which in turn are responsible for connectivity and routing of calls for 50 to 100 wireless base stations."Many GSM descriptions picture equipment called a TRAU, which stands for Transcoding Rate and Adaptation Unit. Of course also known as a Trans-Coding Unit or TCU, the TRAU is a compressor and converter. It first compresses traffic coming from the mobiles through the base station controllers. That's quite an achievement because voice and data have already been compressed by the voice coders in the handset. Anyway, it crunches that data down even further. It then puts the traffic into a format theMobile Switch can understand. This is the Trans-Coding part of its name, where code in one format is converted to another. The TRAU is not required but apparently it saves quite a bit of money to install one.Here's how Nortel Networks sells their unit: Reduce transmission resources and realize up to 75% transmission cost savings with the TCU.""The Trans-Coding Unit (TCU), inserted between the BSC and MSC, enables speech compression and data rate adaptation within the radio cellular network. The TCU is designed to reduce transmission costs by minimizing transmission resources between the BSC and MSC. This is achieved by reducing the number of PCM links going to the BSC, since four traffic channels (data or speech) can be handled by one PCM time slot. Additionally, the modular architecture of the TCU supports all three GSM vocoders (Full Rate, Enhanced Full Rate, and Half Rate) in the same cabinet, providing you with a complete range of deployment options."Voice coders or vocoders are built into the handsets a cellular carrier distributes. They're the circuitry that turns speech into digital. The carrier specifies which rate they want traffic compressed, either a great deal or just a little. The cellular system is designed this way, with handset vocoders working in league with the equipment of the base station subsystem.

5.5 Architecture of the GSM NetworkA GSM network is composed of several functional entities, whose functions and interfaces are specified. Figure 1 shows the layout of a generic GSM network. The GSM network can be divided into three broad parts. The Mobile Station is carried by the subscriber. The Base Station Subsystem controls the radio link with the Mobile Station. The Network Subsystem, the main part of which is the Mobile services Switching Centre (MSC), performs the switching of calls between the mobile users, and between mobile and fixed network users. The MSC also handles the mobility management operations. Not shown is the Operations and Maintenance Centre, which oversees the proper operation and setup of the network. The Mobile Station and the Base Station Subsystem communicate across the Um interface, also known as the air interface or radio link. The Base Station Subsystem communicates with the Mobile services Switching Centre across the A interface.As John states, he presents a generic GSM architecture. Lucent, Ericsson, Nokia, and others feature their own vision in their own diagrams.Lucent GSM architecture/Ericsson GSM architecture/Nokia GSM architecture/Siemenss GSM architecture.

5.6 Radio Link AspectsThe International Telecommunication Union (ITU), which manages the international allocation of radio spectrum (among many other functions), allocated the bands 890-915 MHz for the uplink (mobile station to base station) and 935-960 MHz for the downlink (base station to mobile station) for mobile networks in Europe. Since this range was already being used in the early 1980s by the analog systems of the day, the CEPT had the foresight to reserve the top 10 MHz of each band for the GSM network that was still being developed. Eventually, GSM will be allocated the entire 2x25 MHz bandwidth.

5.7 Multiple Access and Channel Structure:Since radio spectrum is a limited resource shared by all users, a method must be devised to divide up the bandwidth among as many users as possible. The method chosen by GSM is a combination of Time- and Frequency-Division Multiple Access (TDMA/FDMA). The FDMA part involves the division by frequency of the (maximum) 25 MHz bandwidth into 124 carrier frequencies spaced 200 kHz apart. One or more carrier frequencies are assigned to each base station. Each of these carrier frequencies is then divided in time, using a TDMA scheme. The fundamental unit of time in this TDMA scheme is called a burst period and it lasts 15/26 ms (or approx. 0.577 ms). Eight burst periods are grouped into a TDMA frame (120/26 ms, or approx. 4.615 ms), which forms the basic unit for the definition of logical channels. One physical channel is one burst period per TDMA frame.i) Traffic channels A traffic channel (TCH) is used to carry speech and data traffic. Traffic channels are defined using a 26-frame multi-frame, or group of 26 TDMA frames. The length of a 26-frame multi-frame is 120 ms, which is how the length of a burst per