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1
Reported By
Prof. Dr. Ir. Hadi K Purwadaria, MSc
Prof. Dr. Ir. Anas M Fauzi, MEng
R. Dikky Indrawan, SP. MM
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Good Handling Practices to Improve Mangosteen Competitiveness Hadi K Purwadaria, Anas M Fauzi, and R. Dikky Indrawan
I. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
The value of mangosteen export has been the largest among other fruit
products reaching 7.2 Million USD in 2009 (Deptan, 2012). The major mangosteen
export destination was China (57 %), Hongkong (24 %), and Uni Emirat Arab (9 %).
Indonesia also exported mangosteen to Europe with a volume of 3 %, but the price
was doubled over the one exported to Asia and Middle East. Indonesian
competitors in mangosteen world market, among others, are Thailand and
Malaysia. In European retail market (ITC, 2009), Indonesian mangosteen was
sometimes priced at the same value with Thai mangosteen, i.e., Eu 7.9/kg in
Sweden, but sometimes Thai mangosteen was priced higher at Eu 8.7/kg in
Denmark.
Mangosteen production is spread all over Indonesia with major locations are
in North Sumatera, West Sumatera, Lampung, West Java, South Sulawesi, West
Nusa Tenggara, and Bali provinces. West Java is the major producer contributing to
38 % of the total production with the mangosteen centers at Purwakarta,
Tasikmalaya, Sukabumi, and Bogor districts. The well known mangosteen cultivar
for export is Wanayasa from Purwakarta District, West Java.
Various studies (Nainggolan,2007 and Erlangga et al. 2012) recommended
that the mangosteen post harvest handling practices should be improved to
increase the fruit quality and competitiveness.
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1.2. Objectives
The specific objectives of this project are as follows
i. Develop manual guidance of good handling practices and partnership
model.
ii. Promoting the project results as learning media for others, and it can
be duplicate and use in other places.
II. METHODS
Three mangosteen farmer groups were selected at various locations to
observe the maturity index for harvesting, harvesting operation, and currtent
postharvest handling practices. They were farmer groups at Kiarapedes,
Purwakarta; Mekarsari, Bogor, and Leuwiliang, Bogor, all in West Java. Handling
the mangosteen for export preparation was done at PT Agung Mustika Selaras
(AMS) in Jakarta, one of the big exporters in Indonesia who had packing house.
Fruit samples were taken for various purposes such as for the maturity
index, defect fruits, short stem, oval fruits, and Indonesian export standard. Defect
fruits because of rough surfaces could enter the bulk commodity sent by farmers to
the exporters, while pest and diseases invested fruits commonly already removed
on the field for they were easily detected by farmers. Fruits with short stem, less
than 2 cm stem, were often found in the fruit population shipped from the farm.
Some of the fruits were cut into halves and image processing were taken in
the Food and Agricultural Product Processing Laboratory, Faculty of Agricultural
Engineering and Technology, IPB. The fruit images were processed further to
obtain appropriate drawing.
Manual for Good Postharvest Handling Practices (GPHP) was then
developed covering the activities from harvesting to export shipment. The
cooperation of exporter and farmer group in implementing the good post harvest
handling practices was observed at the farmer group packing house at a farmer
group at Tasikmalaya under supervision from another big exporter in West Java.
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III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1.General
Potential stakeholders in mangosteen industry had been participating in the
development and implementation of these projects. The project had set up the
manual of Good Postharvest Handling Practices that could play a vital role in
enhancing and maintaining mangosteen competitiveness. The main results were
listed in groups per project component (Table 1).
Table 1. Project component and results
Project components Results
The establishment of an agreed
manual of good handling practices of
mangosteen in Purwakarta with the
plan of implementation model of
sustainable mangosteen
a. English Manual of Good Postharvest
Handling Practices (GPHP) printed
b. Bahasa Indonesia Manual of Good
Postharvest Handling Practices (GPHP)
Printed
c. Both version uploaded at web site of RTI
MB-IPB,
d. leaflets printed
e. Implementation plan
Report and Presentation a. Written Report in English of the project
activities including evaluation.
b. Power point presentation of the project
was decided not to be delivered on the
final conference by the committee due lack
of time
3.2.Manual on Good Postharvest Handling Practices (GPHH)
English Manual of GPHH was inserted at the end of this report, while the
Manual in Bahasa Indonesia could be found separately. It will be also uploaded to
the web site of MB-IPB, and printed in a concise content in leaflets.
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3.3. Implementation of Good Postharvest Handling Practices
GPHH manual has been distributed to the farmers and exporters. By
understanding the manual, thus, understanding export standard quality, the fruits
that were accepted for export, and the fruits that were sorted out of export, farmers
would be expected to gain benefit. Farmers could make their decision to either 1)
sell their products in bulk with one price agreed by two parties with the exporter, 2)
do the grading at the farmer group packing house and sell the export quality to
exporter at higher price, and domestic quality to supermarket and other domestic
markets at each different price, or 3) do the grading together with the exporter at the
farmer grading house setting up different prices for different grades.
Since the whole activities of this project were carried out in one mangosteen
harvest season, the developed manual was only finished at the end of the season.
Implementation could be done only one time. The first and only trial was conducted
at the farmer group in Tasikmalaya, West Java in cooperation with PT Alamanda
another big exporter in West Java, selecting the third alternative as previously
described.
Result showed that many steps of the recommended practices were not yet
adopted for various technical reasons. Supervision by IPB Team was often clashed
with the limited handling time pursued by the farmers and exporter. When the fruits
arrived from the orchard, the handling time was limited to only one hour to do all the
activities until they were packed and ready for shipment to the next point of supply
chain, be it the airport or seaport, or the exporter packing house if farmers sell their
products in bulk. Further practices with better preparation should be launched at the
next harvest season, and with repetitive exercises, it was expected that the farmer
groups would be able to fully adopt the recommended manual.
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IV. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Manual of Good Postharvest Handling Practices in mangosteen have been
developed in Bahasa Indonesia, and distributed to the farmer groups in Bogor,
and West Java, and to some exporters. Broader coverage for distribution is
under way in anticipation of the coming harvest season. The manual will be
printed on leaflets, and uploaded to MB-IPB website in the near future to facilitate
the access from all over Indonesia.
2. One cooperation between mangosteen farmer group and exporter has been
formed as a model. Trial for implementation to adopt the manual at the packing
house of the farmer group, in cooperation with the exporter has been carried out.
Further practices in the next mangosteen harvest season under supervision of
IPB Team is recommended to be carried out with better preparation prior to the
postharvest handling operations.
V. LESSONS LEARNED
The program has developed good handling practices manual taking into
considerations the Global GAP requirements. Harvesting has been observed at
various maturity indexes from index 0 to index 6 based on less than 100 days after
anthesis to about 112 days after anthesis. Mangosteen for export is recommended
to be picked up in the range of index 2 – 4 (104 – 108 days after anthesis) depends
on the time to reach the export destination. Further steps of good handling practices
include transportation from farm to the next station, grading, packaging, and
transportation to exporter. Current grades applied by the mangosteen exporters are
still used as references.
Early implementation of the manual at Tasikmalaya, West Java indicated that
more training and preparation should be done. The next implementation will be
carried out at the mangosteen farmer group at Wanayasa, Purwakarta, West Java
in the coming harvest season next year.
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REFERENCES
Erlangga, N., Purwadaria, H.K. and Firdaus, M. 2012. Improvement of mangosteen
farming and postharvest handling strategies based on global gap standard at
Kiara Pedes, Purwakarta District. Paper, International Conference on Sustainable
Business Competitiveness in Indonesian Agribusiness, Bogor, 25-26 June 2012.
Nainggolan, G.Y. 2007. Kajian Strategi Peningkatan Mutu Buah Manggis (Study on
Strategy to Increase Mangosteen Fruit Quality). MS Thesis. Program Studi
Manajemen dan Bisnis. IPB,Bogor.
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Recommended Good Post Harvest Handling Practices for Mangosteen
1. Mangosteen fruits are harvested at the
maturity index of 2 – 4 (104 – 108 days
after anthesis) for exports. Various
mangosteen fruits at various maturity
indexes (index 0-6 at 100-112 days after
anthesis) are listed in Appendix 1.
Harvesting could be done manually by
farmers by climbing the tree and carrying
the bag made out of cloth material. The
bag is slung down from shoulders to
waist. Figures depict a mangosteen
orchard, a mangosteen tree, a farmer
equipped with the harvest bag, and
climbing the tree. 2. Picking up the fruits by hands should
leave at minimum 2 cm stem and keep the
four calyx of the fruits intact.
3. Fruits are supposed to be transferred
immediately when the bag is half full in to
small plastic crates of 2 – 3 kg. The plastic
crates then are stacked and bound by
strong cord for about 6 – 8 layers at the
back of motorcycle, and transported
carefully to the first pool at farmers’
house.
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4. Farmers carefully remove the
mangosteen fruits from the small crates to
the bigger size ones of about 9 kg , or 12
kg avoiding mechanical damages. When
farmers directly sell the fruits to exporters,
sorting of fruits with maturity index over
than 4 is suggested to be carried out prior
to the packing with bigger sizes of plastic
crates. The fruits with maturity index
higher than 4 could be sent to domestic
markets.
5. Besides sorting out the over mature
fruits, the defect fruits are also removed.
Defect fruits include cracking, pest and
diseases infested ones, rough surfaces,
short stem, and lost calyx. Figures depict
pest and diseases infested fruits,
cracking, and rough surfaces.
6. Transportation from farmers to
exporters, is required to be done in the
refrigerated truck. 7. When exporters have partnership with farmer groups, the sorting will be
combined with classifying into various grades based on the export standards at
the packing house of farmer groups.
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8. Grading, either at the packing house of exporters or the packing house of
farmer groups is supposed to be done as follows.
9. Fruits inside temporary packaging are
down loaded from the transport vehicles.
When the foreign customer demands for
fumigation, fruits could be fumigated
inside a used shipping container of 20 ft3
size or 10 tons of mangosteen for two
hours. Fumigation is recommended to be
done by a commercial fumigation agent
who practices good standard of operation.
10. Prior to grading, insects remain under
the calyx is supposed to be driven out by
using air compressor.
11. Grading could be done manually by
experienced workers who separate the
different grades into each individual 9 kg
plastic crate that has been lined by paper.
Various export grades are illustrated in
Appendix 2. Existing over maturity fruits,
and defect fruits are thrown into separated
containers.
12. Each plastic crate is weighed to a net
content of 9 kg of fruits, covered by a
sheet of damped plastic foam with a
thickness around 0.5 cm to retain the
humidity in the packaging, and the top
lining paper .
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13. Each packaging is labeled and bound
by strong plastic belt of 2 cm wide.
14. Transportation from exporters to the
airport for shipment is also required to be
done in the refrigerated truck.
15. Standard size containers are used to
carry the fruits and put into the air cargo
room which is equipped by cooling
system. The capacity of the small size
containers is 148 crates each 9 kg, while
the pallet is 442 crates each 9 kg.
16. Individual inner eating quality of mangosteen at various export quality
grades are illustrated at Appendix 3, along with some defects, and unique oval
fruit.
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APPENDIX 1. MATURITY INDEX OF MANGOSTEEN FRUITS
Mangosteen fruit at maturity index 0 (100 days after anthesis), and 1 (102 days after anthesis)
Mangosteen fruit at maturity index 2 (104 days after anthesis), 3 (106 days after anthesis),
and 4 (108 days after anthesis). Ideal export quality is taken from this range.
Mangosteen fruit at maturity index 5 (110 days after anthesis), and 6 (112 days after anthesis)
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APPENDIX 2. EXPORT STANDARD QUALITY OF MANGOESTEEN
Grade Super I : 1. smooth surface without defects, and no scratching, 2.
complete four fresh calyxes remain intact and green color, 3. fresh green stem at
minimum 2 cm length, 4. shining fruit color, 5. maturity index in the range of 2 – 4
(104 – 108 days after anthesis)
Grade A 6 : 5-6 fruits per kg Grade A 5 : 7-8 fruits per kg Grade A 4 : 9-10 fruits per kg
Grade A 3: 11-12 fruits per kg Grade A 2 :13-14 fruits per kg
Grade A 1 :15-16 fruits per kg (no picture)
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Grade Super II : 1. smooth surface with 30 % rough surfaces and scratching
allowed, 2. no or one calyx missing and not so fresh, 3. not so fresh green stem
at minimum 2 cm length, 4. faded fruit color, 5. maturity index in the range of 2 –
4 (104 – 108 days after anthesis)
Grade Number of Fruits Per Kg
AAA 5 - 8
AA 9 - 10
A 11 - 14
Grade Super III : 1. smooth surface with 30 – 50 % rough surfaces and
scratching allowed, 2. no or one calyx missing and not so fresh, 3. not so fresh
green stem at minimum 2 cm length, 4. faded fruit color, 5. maturity index in the
range of 2 – 4 (104 – 108 days after anthesis)
Grade Number of Fruits Per Kg
L 5 - 9
M 10 - 14
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APPENDIX 3. INDIVIDUAL MANGOSTEEN FRUIT AND THE INNER EATING
QUALITY AT VARIOUS EXPORT GRADES
Grade: Super I – A6
Grade: Super I – A5
Grade: Super I – A4
Grade: Super I – A3