Upload
dayana-nayan
View
225
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/19/2019 REPRESENTATION OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS DURING ISRAEL PALESTINE CONFLICT
1/32
Investigating Ideology in Media through
Positive-self presentation and Negative-other presentation:A Critical Discourse Analysis of U.S Media Coverage of
Israel-Palestine Conflict
y
Dayana inti Nayan!" #$%%&'
1
8/19/2019 REPRESENTATION OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS DURING ISRAEL PALESTINE CONFLICT
2/32
Chapter #
Introduction
#.# Introduction
Generally, news broadcasts, news reports, situation comedies, advertisements, talk
shows, press photos, emails or text messages on a mobile phone, just to name a few,
are what constitute media. Rapid growing and great enhancement of media in our world
today as a results of modernization have vastly benefited the human race in a way that
access to information become effortless. The fact that we are living in what is typically
described as the !nformation "ge# where internet connection and online communication
become almost available everywhere is icing on the cake where information and events
from all around the world is just one click away to be obtained. The great exposure
towards media at our disposal could lead us to unconsciously bestow the authority for
the media to shape our perspectives on certain events $ "mir, %azem, & 'ossein, ()*+.
!n parallel, -aya, 'afriza, and "in adzimah $())/ highlighted that society is
influenced by the media as people who depend on media as a source of information
often find themselves affected by their images. This is due to the fact that media has the
power in determining what information they want the public to have $ "mir et al., ()*+.
evertheless, despite the media0s self1proclaimed objectivity and bias1free principle in
reporting life events and happenings all over the world, they actually presuppose their
preferred# version of reality hence making their targeted readers to view this reality
from their point of view $ "lireza & Rahman, ()*(. 2oesmans $()*+ is in agreement
with this view focusing on news as a particular example. 'e depicted journalism as an
ideological choice1making practice in today0s information1driven world. 'e elaborated
that journalists as the news producers often based their reporting styles on how they
want their readers to decode the reported events and what effects do they want the
news to have on the targeted readers. Thus, this governs which issues are highlighted
and which ones are concealed in the news reports $2oesmans, ()*+. 2oncisely, it is
often far from the truth that news reports are objective and bias1free $ "lireza & Rahman,
2
8/19/2019 REPRESENTATION OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS DURING ISRAEL PALESTINE CONFLICT
3/32
()*(. The notion how news reports could be deviated from the real facts due to news
producer0s hidden value had been illustrated brilliantly by 2aldas12oulthard $())+ as
well in such following3
ews is socially and culturally determined which resulted in it being deviated
from the real facts of the events. -eanwhile, news producers play a role as
social agents whose point of view is conveyed through how they constructed the
news.
Thus, news is hardly the event itself, but just an ideologically constructed report
of the event.# $p. (45.
The explanation above highlighted that such alleged claim that media or particularly
news create their own version of reality# is often motivated by the media0s ideology
which is evident in the description of the news itself as it has been described as
ideological choice1making practice# and ideologically constructed report# $2aldas1
2oulthard, ())+, p. (45. 2onse6uently, this leads to the next logical 6uestion that
needs to be asked by every media consumers3 how does media controllers or news
producers carefully weave their ideology in their discourses7 The answer to this6uestion could lie in Richardson $())/0s hypothesis in which he proposed that
language serves as the tool to endow meaning to our action, ultimately it is the
language as well that can be ideally used as the tool to derive meaning from our action.
Thus, this answers the aforementioned 6uestion in which language is deemed as the
medium to convey ideology. !n a study analyzing the language use of newspapers,
Richardson $())/ identified language as a non1neutral element# which justified his
hypothesis that it is through language that media construct their own version of reality
thus it is through language as well that this presupposition of reality by media can be
detected. Richardson0s hypothesis found its affinity in 8akoff $()))0s notes on language
in which she highlighted that words are rarely purely neutral. The way we use the
language is often motivated by the meaning that we want to achieve. Therefore,
language analysis in media could path a way to analyze how meanings are embedded
3
8/19/2019 REPRESENTATION OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS DURING ISRAEL PALESTINE CONFLICT
4/32
in specific contexts as well. !n light of this, -aya et al. $())/ emphasized that language
and media share a symbiotic relationship in which they noted that not only does
language analysis enrich media studies, but media analysis also enriches our
understanding of language# $p. vii.
1.2 Statement of problem
The media0s enormous capacity in influencing the ideology of the public combined with
their nature as public discourse which denotes their wide, if not unlimited, access to the
public results in the media discourse being one of the popular social practices of what
has been termed as the contemporary form of racism $T. " 9an :ijk, ())). Thecontemporary form of racism is differentiated from the old racism in a way that it does
not appear as ;transparent0 as the old racism in which among its characteristics are
physical and verbal violence and forceful segregation. !nstead, contemporary form of
racism is characterized as ;discursive0 which is expressed and conveyed through text
and talk of various popular mass1mediated formats< news reports being one of them, in
as subtle and as ;natural0 it could possibly be $T. " 9an :ijk, ())). evertheless, the
power of contemporary racism should not be underestimated. !t might not be as radical
as the old racism but it works just as effective in marginalizing and demonizing
particular social groups. 2orrespondingly, T. " 9an :ijk $*==4 inferred biased,
prejudiced, and xenophobic ideology, hegemony practices and demonization of
particular social groups in media discourse as the contemporary form of racism.
The understanding of production or reproduction of contemporary form of racism,
specifically biased ideology in the media and subse6uently the media power in
influencing, to some extent, the thoughts and beliefs of their consumers re6uires the
understanding of the notion of mental model. T. " 9an :ijk $*==> described a mental
model as a mental representation or perspective or understanding of an event. ?ach
media controller, producer or journalist has a mental model of each reported news event
which stems from their ideological belief $T. " 9an :ijk, *==>. Therefore, in order to
4
8/19/2019 REPRESENTATION OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS DURING ISRAEL PALESTINE CONFLICT
5/32
reproduce these ideological beliefs through the media texts, it is the pivotal aim of the
media controllers or the journalists to manipulate the news texts in such a way that
would facilitate the media consumers to form a mental model of a particular event that is
at least almost similar to that mental model of theirs $T. " 9an :ijk, *==>. 2onclusively,
manipulating the mental model of the media consumers is the key to the production and
reproduction of biased ideology in media. @ubse6uently, repeated exposure to biased
mental models could lead to e6ually biased attitudes such as ethnic prejudices and
over1generalization towards particular social groups. Ance these ethnic prejudices are
firmly established $production of ideology, they will in turn control the future formation of
mental models of the media consumers upon reading any news related to the same
particular social groups $T. " 9an :ijk, *==+a. Thus, the media0s ability to shape the
mental model of a particular event of the media consumers them the power to control to
some extent the minds of the public and indirectly their attitudes.
"s previously discussed, the construction of ideology occurs through the manipulation
of mental model. Bnderstandably, the media controllers or the journalists use the
structures and the contents of the news texts as the vehicle to manipulate the structures
and contents of the mental model of the media consumers in order to ensure the
synchronization between the consumers0 mental model upon reading the news and theideological beliefs of the media controllers or the journalists. Cairclough $*==>
accentuated the encryption of the ideology in media discourse and the mind control by
the media would be accomplished effectively under the condition that the media
consumers are not aware of the persuasive and manipulative functions of the news text
which lead them to believe that the news reports are true or the journalist0s point of view
is legitimate and making sense. "s a results, identifying ideology in media discourse
specifically those that could be regarded as contemporary form of racism such as
biased and prejudiced ideology could be 6uite tricky and often goes unnoticed by
readers especially those who are less1privileged in education $asser & "lireza, ()*(.
The juxtaposition of the fact that news media discourse plays a huge role as the social
practices of ideological construction particularly those that are prejudiced and biased
5
8/19/2019 REPRESENTATION OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS DURING ISRAEL PALESTINE CONFLICT
6/32
and the fact that they have almost unlimited access to the public discourse places the
media as the main source of people0s prejudiced and biased ideology especially if they
are lack of other alternative sources of information $2oesmans, ()*+. Thus, being in
the risk of becoming the victim of the media abusing their power to impose a particular
prejudiced ideology on our beliefs and understanding, this called for the urgency to
e6uip ourselves with skills and tool to identify the underlying ideology in media $asser
& "lireza, ()*(. Cairclough $*==> highlighted that the investigation of ideological work
in the media could be asked through series of 6uestions involving representation,
identities or relations such as why one representation is selected over the other
available one or why a particular identity is constructed in one way rather than the other,
where does this representation come from and why is it represented in such as way.
2orrespondingly, analysis of representation of in1group and out1group has been the
method of analysis for many studies focusing on prejudiced and xenophobic ideologies
as well as hegemonic relations such as the study of racism and anti1@emitisms by
Dodak $*==4 and Reisigl and Dodak $())* as well as the study of immigrants and
asylum seekers by %hosraviik $()*) and Euraidah and 8ee $()*5.
Thus, in order to explore the 6uestions of representation, identities and relations hence
the ideological work in the media, language use in the media should be addressed as aform of a social practice in which it has a dialogical relationship with social facets< it is
not only shaped by the social but shaping the social as well. Cairclough $*==>
emphasized that analysis of language has certain advantages over other form of
analysis in media studies in which it can give detailed account of the mechanisms
through which media mediate sociocultural changes discreetly< the imposition of certain
ideology on their consumers being one of them. 'owever, as we treat the language use
as a social practice, language analysis alone would not make the cut. 8anguage
analysis of media should be carried out as discourse analysis, specifically critical
discourse analysis. This is due to the fact that critical discourse analysis has the
capacity to simultaneously address both facets of the language use< the socially shaped
and socially constitutive $Cairclough, *==>. "s a results, by analyzing mass media
linguistically in a critical discourse analysis manner, the 6uestions of representation,
6
8/19/2019 REPRESENTATION OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS DURING ISRAEL PALESTINE CONFLICT
7/32
identities and relations hence the ideological work in the media could be explored
satisfactorily $Cairclough, *==>.
Foung and Citzgerald $())/ proposed that the skills we need to e6uip ourselves in the
era of ideological1saturated news media is the ability to utilize our knowledge,
experiences and perspectives to perform a critical italics in originalH examination on
every discourse we encounter. The expression critical is used to illustrate the reflective
and interpretative approach of looking at language. The reflective approach comprises
of finding out the speaker0s or writer0s motivation in choosing particular words and
structures instead of others while interpretative approach could be related to examining
the relationship between language use in a society and societal structures. Bltimately,
by ac6uiring this skills, we could approach discourses as a more effective reader that
goes beyond breaking the code and making meaning instead of just acting as a passive
reader and listener absorbing every piece of information like a sponge $Foung &
Citzgerald, ())/.
Thus, this study generally aims to explore the relationship between media and ideology
and demonstrate how media could implicitly convey ideology to their targeted
consumers using language as a tool. !t is hoped that this study could enrich the current
literatures on the study of media and ideology as well as promote the importance of critical literacy in today0s world with the rapid growing of media that could be ideological1
loaded. "s the findings of this study could turn out as another prove that media could be
biased and misleading, it might serve as a justification to consider the teaching of
critical literacy in our current national curriculum.
1.3 Research aim and questions
2onsidering the fact of the possible influence media have in shaping our thoughts and
beliefs on certain issues due to their ideological1laden discourse which reflected in their
different presentation of information or reality# as well as the role of language is
operationalizing the media ideology, this study aims to linguistically investigate the
underlying ideology conveyed by different B.@ media in the coverage of !srael1Ialestine
7
8/19/2019 REPRESENTATION OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS DURING ISRAEL PALESTINE CONFLICT
8/32
conflict by performing 2ritical :iscourse "nalysis. !n doing so, media ideology would be
examined from the point of view of positive self1presentation and negative1other
presentation. Therefore, 9an 8eeuwen0s @ocial "ctor "nalysis and Dodak0s :iscourse1
'istorical "pproach are borrowed from 2ritical :iscourse analysis for the purpose of this
study. -ore specifically, this study aims to answer3
*. Dhich representational strategies are used by the different media to represent
social actors involved in the !srael1Ialestine conflict7 'ow do they compare7
(. Dhat are the argumentative strategies exercised by the different media to
legitimize or de1legitimize the social actors and actions of !srael1Ialestine
conflict7
+. 'ow are the findings obtained in $* and $( used to illustrate !srael and 'amas
and their military action as positive or negative7
5. Dhat are the rhetorical strategies used to mitigate or intensify the media0s
perspectivation of positive self1presentation and negative1other presentation7
The first 6uestion studies the representation of social actors involved in the !srael1
Ialestine conflict using 9an 8eeuwen $())/0s sociosemantic inventory. -eanwhile, the
second 6uestion examines the argumentative strategies used by different media inorder to legitimize or de1legitimize the social actors and actions of the !srael1Ialestine
conflict. The third 6uestion which re6uires the categorization of the representational
strategies and argumentative strategies as positive construal or negative construal of
!srael or Ialestine, would be answered simultaneously during the analysis for the first
6uestion and the second 6uestion. @pecifically, every finding for the first 6uestion and
second 6uestion would immediately being discussed as positive presentation or
negative presentation. "ll the findings with regards to research 6uestion *, ( and +
would be discussed in Chapter & of the actual thesis which is the Data Analysis
chapter.
"fter 6uestion + has been discussed satisfactorily, the us# and others# of each media
outlet would be inferred from the findings of 6uestion +. !n other words, the media
8
8/19/2019 REPRESENTATION OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS DURING ISRAEL PALESTINE CONFLICT
9/32
ideology or stance $who is in favour of their coverage with regards to the !srael1
Ialestine conflict would be discussed. This would be explained in Chapter ( which is
the Discussion chapter together with the findings of 6uestion 5 which studies how the
positive presentation and negative presentation are intensified or mitigated. The
analysis of intensification or mitigation would be carried out by examining the rhetorical
strategies used by the media such as the use of metaphor. The news reports and
opinion1editorial $op1ed articles from three different media outlets would be used as the
texts to fulfill these 6uestions.
Section )
*iterature revie+
).% !heoretical ,rae+or and Previous Studies
The purpose of this section is to provide the theoretical background for this study as
well as to develop understanding of the ideas with regards to the research aim and
6uestions. Therefore, this section discusses three main key frameworks that govern this
study3
Su/-section ).#: Ideology through positive-self presentation and negative-other
presentation
• (.*.* @ocial !dentitiy Theory
Su/-section ).): U.S edia coverage of Israel-Palestine conflict
9
8/19/2019 REPRESENTATION OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS DURING ISRAEL PALESTINE CONFLICT
10/32
8/19/2019 REPRESENTATION OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS DURING ISRAEL PALESTINE CONFLICT
11/32
privilege certain sets of idea and neglect or undermine others# $ T." 9an :ijk, *==K, p.
*/*.
Given the characteristics of ideology as often narcissistic and self1centered, it is
reasonable to assume that a group0s ideology is organized by the group0s schemata
$T." 9an :ijk, *==K. The use of language generally and the construction of discourse
specifically are governed by this group0s schemata. Thus, the representation of this
group schemata in episodic memory is what termed as context model. 2ontext model
controls many aspects of discourse where one of them is making sure that the
discourse is socially appropriate#. Jy socially appropriate#, it means that ensuring that
the discourse conforms to the group0s schemata hence its ideology $T. ". 9an :ijk,
())/. "s a results, this context model is said to be ideologically biased which resulted
in the construction of a biased discourse. T. ". 9an :ijk $())/ further highlighted that
the production and understanding of a discourse is also governed by mental models
which are representations of happenings, behaviours or circumstances people are
involved in, or which they read about. These mental representations possessed by an
individual are claimed to be stem from the cognitive functions of ideology in which
ideology organizes and monitors specific group attitudes as well as governs thedevelopment, structure and application of sociocultural knowledge. "s a results,
ideology in particular, determine evaluative beliefs i.e. common opinions approved by all
members of a group. Cor example, news on !srael1Ialestine conflict is constructed and
understood based on the models that the news producers and readers have with
regards to this war. @imilar with the context model, as these mental models are claimed
to be rooted from the group ideology, these models are said to be ideological biased as
well which in turn instigate an ideological discourse $T. ". 9an :ijk, ())/.
2onse6uently, T. ". 9an :ijk $())/ pointed out that ideology in discourse can be traced
as actions or actors are illustrated as extra or less positively or negatively, governed by
the mental models possessed by the discourse producers. Collowing this idea, T. ". 9an
:ijk $())/ further made one important note pertinent to this study, in which he
11
8/19/2019 REPRESENTATION OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS DURING ISRAEL PALESTINE CONFLICT
12/32
mentioned that the construction of ideology in terms of positive and negative construal
of social actors and action is a common phenomenon for all discourses that illustrate
particular happenings and actions including news articles, opinion editorials and
narratives about personal experiences# $p. *(*. Therefore, it is reasonable to deduce
that an ideology is usually engrained in the relationship between the group and Athers
in terms of us# versus them# in which us# are linked with positive values and them#
are subtly presented in negative light $T." 9an :ijk, *==K.
!n fact, the positive and negative presentation as illustrated above is clearly explained
by @ocial !dentity Theory. Thus, the following part describes explicitly @ocial !dentity
Theory which is used as the framework for examining representation of us# and
others# as ideology.
2.1.1 Social Identity theory
@ocial identity theory is one of the theoretical frameworks that has greatly benefited the
study of ideology in media $-atu & 8ubbe, ())4. Cor example, -atu and 8ubbe $())4
used @ocial !dentity Theory to investigate how %enyan political groups in the run are
portrayed in three different newspapers which ultimately demonstrate how newspapers
construct conflicting ideological positions in election reporting. -eanwhile, @ocial
!dentity Theory was also used as a framework in a study carried out by Aktar $())* to
examine how two Turkish newspapers of different ideological orientations construct the
representation of social groups in ;secular0 and ;anti1secular0 discourse. !n his study,
Aktar $())* explained that @ocial !dentity Theory was developed by Tajfel and Turner
and their associates during mid to late *=4)s. @ocial !dentity Theory is grounded in a
premise that the structure of hierarchy of social groups in society is organized with
regards to the notion of power and status. ?ach level of the hierarchy provides the
members of its respective social group with a social identity. Thus, this social identity
defines who one is and offers a description and evaluation of this definition $Aktar,
())*.
12
8/19/2019 REPRESENTATION OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS DURING ISRAEL PALESTINE CONFLICT
13/32
The evolution of social identity theory leads to the derivation of @elf1categorization
Theory. "ccording to @elf1categorization Theory, people in a society categorized one
another into groups due to the presence of conflicting objectives and intention. Ieople0s
individualized objectives and intention hence provide the basis for their self1concept.
Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that this self1concept is what motivate
categorization. "s a results, categorization yields intergroup phenomena in a society,
which constructs the notion of in1group and out1group. "chugar $())5 stated that with
regards to this intergroup phenomena, each group has its own representation of
defining features which is contextually constructed by the people of the society. Thus,
the decision of whether to regard one another as in1group members or outgroup
members is made based on this defining features. Aktar $())* claimed that self1
concept often results in in1group bias as in1group members will fancy their own group
compared to other groups as it is a human0s nature to enhance their self1esteem by
making social comparisons. Thus, in order to achieve the positive self1esteem, in1group
members would position themselves along the positive values continuum while
portraying the out1group using negative features. 2oncisely, people are more likely to
embrace positive aspects of the group in which they are ascribed to $Aktar, ())*.
Thus, the attitudes in which people are inclined to emphasize the positive 6ualities of their own group while accentuate the negative traits of the out1group stem from their
ideology. This justifies why @ocial !dentity Theory is largely used as a framework in
studying ideology. !n light of the notion of in1group and out1group, T." 9an :ijk $*==K
described the categorization of social groups as us” versus them” in which us” refers
to the in1group while them” refers to the out1group. 2onsistent with the in1group and
out1group stereotyping, the members of a social group create an ideological
representation of us” $themselves through positive presentation while them” $others
through negative presentation $T. ". 9an :ijk, ())/.
Aktar $())* further elaborated that the construction of positive self1presentation and
negative other1presentation in discourses consists four approaches which constitute
what is termed as ;ideological s6uare03
13
8/19/2019 REPRESENTATION OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS DURING ISRAEL PALESTINE CONFLICT
14/32
*. ?xpressLemphasize information that is ;positive0 about us.
(. ?xpressLemphasize information that is ;negative0 about them.
+. @urpressLde1emphasize information that is ;positive0 about them.
5. @uppressLde1emphasize information that is ;negative0 about us.
$Aktar, ())*, p. +*=
).) U.S edia coverage of Israel-Palestine conflict
-anohar $())K described media coverage in terms of how they present a particular
part of information either as news, entertainment or as infotainment. -anohar $())K
further elaborated that media coverage can be distinguished based on two crucial
aspects namely type of mass media used and the style of coverage. Type of mass
media can be divided into four main categories which are newspaper coverage,
television coverage, radio coverage, and internet coverage. -eanwhile, the style of
coverage of media is generally categorized as biased coverage, un1biased coverage
and interactive coverage. Jasically, biased coverage refers to the biased manner in
presenting information in which the coverage is in favour of a particular idea or against aparticular idea. An the other hand, un1biased coverage refers to a manner in which the
media do not take any particular stance with regards to a particular idea. !nteractive
coverage is the type of coverage that present an information and taking audience views
at the same time in the presentation of the information hence making the coverage
interactive $-anohar, ())K.
Collowing the notion of media and ideology, the !srael1Ialestine conflict has been
attracted the eyes from all over the world although the conflict has been going on for a
long time. Recently, the !srael and Ialestine once again captured the world attention
with their latest round of conflict allegedly sparked by the murder of three !srael youths
by members of 'amas $2hillag & 8evs, ()*5. This followed by the air strikes and
ground invasion. Thus, the happenings related to the conflict have attracted extensive
14
8/19/2019 REPRESENTATION OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS DURING ISRAEL PALESTINE CONFLICT
15/32
media coverage not only from media originated from both parties in conflict but from
international media as well such as media in the Bnited @tates. evertheless, the media
in the Bnited @tates are under scrutiny after numerous claims emerged that their reports
are either Iro1!srael or Iro1Ialestine in nature.
"n analysis of biases in B@ media coverage of !srael1Ialestine conflict by -intIress
ews $Reese, ()*5 claimed that Iro1!srael stance is traceable in "merican media in
the coverage of the !srael1Ialestine conflict. Cor example, Cairness and "ccuracy in
Reporting, which is a news industry watchdog, found that IJ@ ews'our, an "merican
evening television news programme, to be skewed towards !srael in its coverage of the
conflict in ()*+. -eanwhile, a study conducted in ())( found that "J2, 2J@ and J2
which are the major broadcasters in "merica were 4= percent preferred to illustrate
!srael0s action in the conflict as defensive while Ialestine0s action as aggressive $Reese,
()*5. @imilarly, the most recent claim was made by The 'uffington0s writer, -urra
$()*5 in which he insisted that Cox and 20s coverage of !srael1Ialestine conflict is
far from the reality undergone by the Ialestinians in Gaza. 'is allegation also stated
that B.@ media are inclined to portray the !srael1Ialestine conflict as if the clash
between 'amas and !srael is e6uivalent. 'e urged that the imbalance power involved in
the conflict needs to be acknowledged. B.@ media often stress the !srael0s right todefend themselves but undermine the Ialestine0s right to do the same as Ialestine0s or
more accurately 'amas0s retaliation often perceived as an act of violence $-urra,
()*5.
"t the other side of the coin, there are also claims saying that certain B@ media
coverage of !srael1Ialestine conflict are in favour of !srael. Jrown $()*5, the chief
political analyst of Dall @treet :aily claimed that certain B.@ media are conspiring
against the !srael. 'e 6uoted an example of such bias reporting against !srael from The
:aily Jeast in which the report has been focusing merely on the suffering and
destruction faced by the Ialestinians without acknowledging the similar impact
experiencing by the Mews. Jrown $()*5 intensified his claim with a powerful concluding
remark in which he stressed that "merican is keeping themselves misinformed if they
15
8/19/2019 REPRESENTATION OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS DURING ISRAEL PALESTINE CONFLICT
16/32
still go to "merican press for their source of information. "nother B.@ media that comes
under fire for skewing towards Iro1Ialestine direction in its coverage of the conflict, is
the ew Fork Times. This allegation was made by Iro1!srael watchdog as well as
!srael0s "mbassador to the Bnited @tates, Ron :ermer, following ew Fork Times0s
alleged false accusation towards !sraeli I- Jenjamin etanyahu of neglecting the
murder of innocent Ialestinian teenager despite the Irime -inister0s statement that
very day in which he called the murder reprehensible# $?l1@henawi, ()*5. Collowing
the alleged false accusation by ew Fork Times, :ermer bluntly labelled ew Fork
Times as an embarrassment to journalism#.
).$ Critical Discourse Analysis 0CDA1
"s this study aims to disclose media ideology by looking from the angle of
representation as explained earlier, the notion of polarized presentation of own group
and Athers can be rooted from the idea of power and dominance as well. Thus, by
taking into account the idea of power and dominance, this could justify clearer why 2:"
is chosen as the medium# to understand the ideology at work of different media.
:ominance is referred to as the execution of social power by elites, organizations or groups. $T. " 9an :ijk, *==+b. Cor example, in the context of this study, dominance is
referred to the enactment of social power by the media controllers or producers. "s this
social power comprises control, it is not merely confined to action but cognition as well.
!n fact, the most effective power is mostly in a cognitive form which is often
operationalized through persuasion, disguise or manipulation in order to influence the
mind of others to conform to one0s own interest or ideology. Thus, a powerful groups
may not only regulate the freedom of action of other groups but affect their thoughts as
well $T. " 9an :ijk, *==+b.
The conse6uence of this dominance or the exercise of power is in turn evident in social
ine6uality such as political, cultural, class, racial and gender ine6uality $T. " 9an :ijk,
*==+b. T. " 9an :ijk $*==+b highlighted that ine6uality in a discourse can be justified
16
8/19/2019 REPRESENTATION OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS DURING ISRAEL PALESTINE CONFLICT
17/32
and understood using two discursive strategies which are positive presentation of own
group and negative presentation of the Athers which could subtly be implemented
through arguments, narratives, semantic manipulation and other structures of
discourses such as daily conversations, political speeches, academic books and news
articles. Thus, this is where the notion of representation as ideology intersects with the
notion of power and dominance. The action of influencing the minds of others through
the use of dominance and power to construct social ine6uality is indeed a function of
text and talk. Dodak and -eyer $())= were in agreement with this as they emphasized
that texts are often serve as the medium for competing for dominance which manifest
through opposing discourses and ideologies.
Therefore, it is at this critical point, where the notion of text and talk is brought in,
particularly, that language is identified as the ideal vehicle to articulate power or to
challenge power, that justify the pivotal role of 2ritical :iscourse "nalysis in examining
the ideology, power and dominance. !n particular, 2ritical :iscourse "nalysis enable
explicit investigation on how discourse structures are constructed in order to portray
social representations in such a way that sustain dominance. -ore specifically, the role
of 2ritical :iscourse "nalysis is to find out what discursive structures are
operationalized, in a case where powerful speakers or groups manage to persuade or influence their audience. Thus, according to T. " 9an :ijk $*==+b the discursive
reproduction of dominance involves two point of views which are production and
reception. These point of view can be summarized in a way that the discursive
reproduction of dominance is rooted from the social cognitions of the people in power, in
the context of this study, the ideology of the media controllers and subse6uently, the
discourse structures affect the thoughts of the consumers of the discourse i.e. how the
readers or consumers construct their understanding of the discourse.
Bltimately, T. " 9an :ijk $*==+b summarized that the focus of 2:" is the $reproduction
and challenge of dominance in a discourse as what has been elaborated in the above
explanation. -eanwhile, although still in parallel, Foung and Citzgerald $())/ described
2ritical :iscourse "nalysis in a more simpler term3 2:" approach discourses through
17
8/19/2019 REPRESENTATION OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS DURING ISRAEL PALESTINE CONFLICT
18/32
language analysis in order to disclose any misconception, ine6uality or power
imbalance. !n the same light, @ahragad and :avatgarzadeh $()*) highlighted that 2:"
focuses on internalizing the ideological mechanisms at work in discourse and aims to
provide a criti6ue on how discourses function as a platform to convey certain agendas.
Bltimately, Dodak and -eyer $())= simply concluded that it is the revelation of
structures of power and disclosure of ideologies that lie at the heart of 2ritical :iscourse
"nalysis.
Ane important note made by T. ". 9an :ijk $())* is that 2:" itself is not an
approach#. Ireferably, it attempts to provide an alternative manner# or point of view#
of theorizing, analysis, and application of what it aims to discover in a discourse# $ p.
+>(. "s such, 2ritical :iscourse analysts often differ in terms of their methods and
theoretical frameworks as 2:" constitutes various approaches. Cor the purpose of this
study, 9an 8eeuwen0s @ocial "ctors "nalysis, particularly his sociosemantic inventory,
as well as Dodak0s model of discursive strategies from :iscourse1'istorical "pproach
are drawn as approaches to 2:" as they fit well with the research 6uestions.
The following part describes 9an 8eeuwen0s sociosemantic inventory that are going to
be used in this study to identify how social actors are represented in the coverage of !srael1Ialestine conflict by different B.@ media.
2.3.1 Van Leeuwan’s sociosemantic inentory of representation of social actors
Ane of the manners where specific attitudes, ideologies and standpoint are encoded
through language in discourses is through the representation of social actors involved in
the event $ "dampa, *===. Cairclough $*==> asserted that in the process of producing
the texts, text producers choose a number of representational strategies from the whole
array of strategies available to them and thus, these choices become ideologically
18
8/19/2019 REPRESENTATION OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS DURING ISRAEL PALESTINE CONFLICT
19/32
motivated as they construct the versions of reality desired by the text producer. Aktar
$())* supported this view as he highlighted that media controllers convey their
versions of reality through their selections of representational strategies during the
construction of the discourses which is governed by their social positions, objectives
and intention Therefore, a representation analysis in a discourse centers on this choice
of representational strategies that text producers make..
Thus, this justify why studies of ideology in media discourses, particularly, are
commonly drawn on social actor analysis. Cor example, asser and "lireza $()*(
studied the representation of social actors involved in !ran0s nuclear activities to identify
conflicting ideology in four western newspapers with regards to the issue of sanctions
on !ran. Jy examining how social actors are represented in the four different
newspapers using 9an 8eeuwen0s representational strategies, the study found out the
reporting of !ran0s nuclear activities in the four newspapers had covertly imposed
ideological bias in representing the !ranian side on their readers $asser & "lireza,
()*(. -eanwhile, Euraidah and "lan $()*+ analyzed how !ran0s top leader, "li
%hamenei, is represented in pro government news media. The finding showed that the
way "li %hamenei is represented has ideological motives in which to elevate his
authority by manipulating the religious belief of !ranian people. This was donediscursively for example, by positioning him as God0s representative on earth, the
discourse producers subtly imply to people, who by any chance, believe this, should
have undivided faith towards him as they would have towards God.
9an 8eeuwen $*==/0s model of representation of social actors offers systematic
theoretical bases for studying representation in discourses as described by Cairclough
$*==>. !n approaching the 6uestion of how social actors are represented in discourses,
9an 8eeuwen $*==/ in his framework, attempted to begin his analysis of representation
of social actors in unconventional way as linguists would commonly do where they tend
to launch linguistic operations in performing the analysis. 'aving said so, instead of
starting off from linguistic point of view, he began approaching the representation of
social actors in discourses from sociological point of view in which he described as to
19
8/19/2019 REPRESENTATION OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS DURING ISRAEL PALESTINE CONFLICT
20/32
demonstrate the sociological and critical significance of the classifications# $p. +(.
'ence, the categories# here refer to his systematic sets of representational strategies
in his framework that he termed as sociosemantic italics in the originalH inventory. !n
light of this, 9an 8eeuwen $*==/0s framework would see the manifestation of
sociological categories such as nomination# and agency# instead of linguistic
classifications such as nominalization# and the omission of passive agent.
evertheless, despite his unconventional approach, 9an 8eeuwen $*==/ stated that his
framework of representation of social actors still have a trace of variety linguistic
elements. Thus, 9an 8eeuwen $*==/0s model of representation of social actors is
actually two1tiered with the first level draws upon the sociosemantic inventory available
in the system network as what have been described above. 'ence, it is the second level
of his framework that provides an evident of linguistic operations in which he seeks to
find out the how a particular representation is realized linguistically soon after he
performs the sociosemantic inventory $9an 8eeuwen, *==/. 9an 8eeuwen $*==/
6uoted, each of the representational choices ! shall propose will be tied to specific
linguistic or rhetorical realisations# $p. +5. This is evident as 9an 8eeuwen $*==/
explained the operation of the sociological categories in the system network using
variety of linguistic and rhetorical phenomena such as nominalization, adjectivalisationand transitivity, just to name a few.
Cor the purpose of this study, six sets of sociological categories from 9an 8eeuwen
$*==/0s sociosemantic inventory are used to analyse the representation of social actors
in the reporting of !srael1Ialestine conflict by two B.@ news media in order to
deconstruct their underlying ideology respectively. Those six sets of categories are
inclusionLexclusion, activationLpassivation, individualizationLassimilation,
functionalizationLidentification and personalizationLimpersonalisation.
9an 8eeuwen $*==/ highlighted that discourse producers include or exclude the
representation of social actors in their discourse to achieve the desired effect that they
want their choice to have on their targeted readers. An one hand, the exclusion of social
20
8/19/2019 REPRESENTATION OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS DURING ISRAEL PALESTINE CONFLICT
21/32
actors could be bias1free as when the text producers presupposed that the text
consumers are already well1informed about the particular details or the details are
believed to be irrelevant to the readers. 2onversely, exclusion could also be
ideologically motivated as the text producers used it to achieve a particular agenda $ 9an
8eeuwen, *==/. 9an 8eeuwen $*==/ further categorized exclusion into suppression
and backgrounding in which he described suppression as radical# and backgrounding
as less radical” . Dhen social actors are suppressed, there would be no trace of the
social actors anywhere in the text while when social actors are backgrounding in
describing particular activities, readers might still be able to identify who they are by
making inferences based on their inclusion in elsewhere in the text although they are
not mentioned during the illustration of the given activities related to them. Thus, in light
of this, 9an 8eeuwen $*==/ highlighted that the social actors are not blatantly being
excluded, but it is more accurate to say that they are being de1emphasized and
positioned in the background# $p. +=. 8inguistically, suppression could be realized
through passive agent deletion, non1finite clauses and nominalization. -eanwhile,
ellipses in non1finite clauses can be used to background the social actors.
-oving onto activation and passivation, 9an 8eeuwen $*==/ asserted that social actors
can play either active roles or passive roles in representation. Activation
is described aswhen the social actors are portrayed as the operating forces of the activity while
passivation is when the social actors are represented as being affected by the activity.
'alliday0s systematic functional grammar particularly transitivity $'alliday, *=K> is the
linguistic device that could realize this particular set of representation categories.
Jrowsing further 9an 8eeuwen $*==/ sociosemantic inventory, individualization and
assimilation is another set of categories that is used to represent the social actors. !n
light of this, social actors thus can be denoted as either individuals which indicates
individualization or as groups which indicates assimilation. Thus, singularity signifies
individualization while plurality signifies assimilation. "ssimilation can be achieved using
a noun symbolizing a group of people. Cor example, this nation# in !s he entitled to
believe that this nation, which only recently shed Dhite "ustralia Iolicy, is somehow
21
8/19/2019 REPRESENTATION OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS DURING ISRAEL PALESTINE CONFLICT
22/32
impervious to racist sentiment7# $p. 5= might refers to the citizens of "ustralia or the
policy makers. 9an 8eeuwen $*==/ further broke down the notion of assimilation into
aggregation and collectivization. Aggregation 6uantifies groups of participants while
collectivization does not. "ccording to 9an 8eeuwen $*==/, as it is socially sanctioned
in our society that the majority rules, aggregation is often utilized to ideologically signify
unanimous opinion. as Aggregation is described as 6uantifies groups of participants#, it
is often realized through definite and indefinite 6uantifiers.
Dith regards to the next set of representation categories, 9an 8eeuwen $*==/
distinguished functionalization and identification in such a way that functionalisation
happened when social actors are referred to their action, occupation or role. There are
three ways of how functionalisation is realized linguistically. Cirstly, by a noun formed
from a verb with the addition of suffixes such as –er, -ant, -ent, -ian, or –ee. Cor
examples, ;speaker 0, ‘emploee! , ;driver 0. @econdly, by a noun formed from another
noun with the addition of suffixes such as –ist and –eer . Cor example, motorcclist .
8astly, by the compounding of nouns denoting places or tools closely associated with an
activity and highly generalized categorization such as ;man0, ;woman0, ;person0, ;people0.
Cor example, ;cameraman0 and ;chairperson0 $9an 8eeuwen, *==/, p. >5. An the other
hand,identification
happens when social actors are represented by who they are,instead of what they do. "dentification can be broke down into classification, relational
identification and phsical identification. 2oncisely, classification refers to when social
actors are represented by major categories which are used by a particular society to
distinguish between classes of people. This includes age, gender, economic status,
race, beliefs and others. -eanwhile, relational identification occurs when social actors
are represented by their relationship with each other which is realized by set of nouns
denoting the relationship. Cor example, ;friend0, ;aunt0, and ;mother0. 8astly, phsical
identification happens when social actors are described in terms of physical
appearances which gives uni6ue identity to them in a particular context. 8inguistically ,
phsical identification is signified through nouns indicating physical features such as
;blonde0 and ;redhead0 or through adjectives such as ;disabled0 and ;thin0 $ 9an 8eeuwen,
*==/, p. >4.
22
8/19/2019 REPRESENTATION OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS DURING ISRAEL PALESTINE CONFLICT
23/32
"ll those categories above which represent social actors as human beings are actually
indicate personalisation of social actors. Thus, 9an 8eeuwen $*==/ emphasized that
social actors could also be ;impersonalised0 in which impersonalisation occurs when
representation of social actors are realized by non1human element. 9an 8eeuwen
$*==/ introduced two categories of impersonalisation which are abstraction and
ob#ectivation. Abstraction of social actors can be seen in the sentence of "ustralia is in
danger of saddling itself up with lot of unwanted problem# $ 9an 8eeuwen, *==/, p. >=
where the phrase unwanted problem# is actually impersonalized the migrants. "s 9an
8eeuwen $*==/ highlighted that abstraction occurs when 6uality is used to illustrate a
social actor in a discourse, thus, in the example above, the 6uality of being problematic
is used to represent the migrants. -eanwhile, ob#ectivation happens when social actors
are represented by a place or object they are related with or in terms of the activity that
they are currently associated with $9an 8eeuwen, *==/. Cor example, when
;"ustralians0 are substituted by ;"ustralia0, this indicates ob#ectivation in the form of
spatialisation. "nother example of ob#ectivation in the form of instrumentalisation is
showed in this sentence " *() mm mortar shell slammed into @arajevo0s marketplace#
$9an 8eeuwen, *==/, p. /). !n this example, the attacker is represented in terms of an
object which is the instrument used to accomplish the activity, a *() mm mortar shell#$9an 8eeuwen, *==/. !n addition, somatisation is another type of ob#ectivation in which
body part is used to represent the social actors such as @he put her hand on -ary
%ate0s shoulder# $9an 8eeuwen, *==/, p. /). !n this sentence, -ary %ate# is
represented in the phrase -ary %ate0s shoulder# instead of just directly -ary %ate#.
The last common form of ob#ectivation is utterance autonomisation. $tterance
autonomisation is signified when utterances are used to represent the social actors.
Thus, the report# and surveys# in This concern, the report noted, was reflected in
surveys which showed that the level of support for stopping immigration altogether was
a postwar high# $9an 8eeuwen, *==/, p. /) are actually impersonalised the social
actors who actually carried out the report# and surveys#. Thus, it can be deduced that
the claim that immigration is in urgent need to be stopped can be rooted to these social
actors instead of the report# and survey#. 'ence, as explained above, ob#ectivation
23
8/19/2019 REPRESENTATION OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS DURING ISRAEL PALESTINE CONFLICT
24/32
can manifest in five different forms namely spatialisation, instrumentalisation,
somatisation, and utterance autonomisation.
ext, Dodak0s five discursive strategies of positive self1presentation and negative1other
presentation from :iscourse1'istorical "pproach is explained in order to give
background information on how it is applied to study media ideology, specifically
positive1self presentation and negative1other presentation.
2.3.2 !oda"’s discursie strate#ies of positie self$presentation and ne#atie$other
presentation
!n order to triangulate the study of media ideology, the ideology $which is viewed fromthe angle of positive self1presentation and negative other1presentation would not be
examined merely from the aspect of representation of social actors but from the
discursive strategies used by the media as well. !n doing do, the study of discursive
strategies is based on Dodak0s model of discursive strategies namely referential
strategies, predicational strategies, argumentation strategies, perspectivation strategies
and intensifing and mitigation strategies.
%eferential strategies referred to the ways in which a person or a group of people is
named and referred to linguistically. -eanwhile, predicational strategies can be
described in terms of the traits, the 6ualities, and the characteristics, that are ascribed to
the person. Cor the purpose of this study, 9an 8eeuwen0s sociosemantic inventory of
representational strategies of social actors is borrowed in order to analyse the
referential strategies and predicational strategies used by the media to construct
positive or negative construal. "lireza and Rahman $()*( in their study highlighted that
Dodak0s referential strategies and predicational strategies are indeed partially grounded
in 9an 8eeuwen $*==/0s framework of actor analysis.
-eanwhile, argumentation strategies play a role in legitimation or de1legitimation of
social actors or action in a discourse. Thus, positive1self presentation and negative1
24
8/19/2019 REPRESENTATION OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS DURING ISRAEL PALESTINE CONFLICT
25/32
other presentation are inferred from this process of legitimation or de1legitimation
$ "lireza & Rahman, ()*(. Jlackledge $())> highlighted that the key feature of
argumentation strategy lies in Dodak0s notion of topoi. "mong the category of topoi
highlighted by Dodak are topoi of advantage&usefulness, danger&threat,
definition&name-interpretation, burdening&weighting down, law&right, culture, abuse,
authorit, finance, e'ualit, human rights and responsibilit. Thus, topoi provide a tool to
identify discriminatory arguments that serve to construe own self positively while
emphasize the negative 6uality Athers which are traceable in the discourse
$Jlackledge, ())>.
8astly, intensification and mitigation strategies can be defined as the strategies used to
strengthen or alleviate the illocutionary force of utterance $Dodak & -eyer, ())=. !n
other words, the analysis of intensification or mitigation strategies look into how the
intention or ideology of the speakers or writers is articulated in the discourse, whether
implicitly or explicitly. Jlackledge $())> highlighted that intensification or mitigation
strategies can be used to express involvement in, or detachment from the sense of the
text# $p. (>. Cor example, it is the mitigation strategies that are often used by speakers
or writers to find their way to the mainstream discourse to convey what is typically
regarded as unacceptable idea $Jlackledge, ())>.(itigation strategies
can be realizedthrough lexicalization such as the use of phrase such as ! think#, ! assume#, it seems#
as well as the use of mitigating verbs such as probably#, fairly# 6uietly# and others,
just to list a few $Jlackledge, ())>.
Section $
2esearch Methods
25
8/19/2019 REPRESENTATION OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS DURING ISRAEL PALESTINE CONFLICT
26/32
$.% 2esearch ethods
This section illustrates two crucial parts that constitute the methods of this study. They
are the dataset $sub1section +.* and the framework of the analysis of the dataset $sub1
section +.(.
3.1 %ataset
The corpus for the analysis comprises of two different genre of texts which are opinion1
editorial $op1ed articles and news reports that have been published in three B.@ online
newspapers which are The 'uffington Iost, 2 and ew Fork Times within Muly to
ovember ()*5 as Muly 4th
marked the starting point of !srael0s Aperation Irotective?dge which is a term for the ground invasion in Gaza $8evs, ()*5. The chosen of op1
ed articles alongside the news reports as the corpus for this study is motivated by the
fact that op1ed articles generally portrayed detailed illustration of contexts, settings and
people in describing events or happenings $Aktar, ())*. Thus, this nature of op1ed may
contribute to argumentative, rhetorical and possible ideological implications# $9an :ijk,
*==> as cited in Aktar, ())*, p. +(*. Therefore, the use on op1ed as materials of
analysis would provide appropriate platform to study the ideology of news media. !n
order to ensure the consistency of the topics chosen from each of the media outlet so
that better comparison can be carried out, the chosen of the op1ed articles and news
report are governed by three themes which are military actions#, killings# and peace
process#.
-eanwhile, the main motivation behind the selection of !srael1Ialestine conflict by B.@
media as the topic of this study is that according to a poll conducted in Mune ()*5,
"merican attitude towards "rab and -uslims are getting worse in which favourability
towards "rab1"merican fall to +/N compared to 5+N in ()*). -eanwhile, favourability
towards -uslim1"merican fall to (4N compare to +/N in ()*) $@abrina, ()*5.
Therefore, as this study is analyzing the relationship between media and ideology, it
would be fascinating to find out whether "merican general attitude towards -uslim and
26
8/19/2019 REPRESENTATION OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS DURING ISRAEL PALESTINE CONFLICT
27/32
"rab is traceable in the ideological proposition of their media with regards to the
coverage of !srael1Ialestine conflict.
!n addition, the chosen of The 'uffington Iost, 2 and ew Fork Times as the media
outlets over the other available options is based on the significant role they play as the
source of news and information, not just for "merica citizens, but for people from all
over the world as well. Bntil @eptember, these three online news websites have
occupied com@core0s list of the world0s *) most popular newspaper website. "ccording
to the monthly statistics produced by com@core, The 'uffington Iost news website has
collected /K.> million worldwide users which position it at the top of the list followed by
2 with /4..4 million users and ew Fork Times with 5*./ million uni6ue visitors
$@weney, ()*5. The fact that 2 and ew Fork Times have come under fire for a fewallegations of being biased in their coverage of !srael1Ialestine conflict adds the
element of curiosity# to this study as it would be fascinating to know whether these
allegations are accurate or otherwise. evertheless, it is crucial to note that, despite the
allegations, all three media would be regarded as ideologically neutral, until indicated
otherwise through the analysis done during this study.
3.2 &nalysis of dataset
?ach media text is examined and the common dominant social actors in the reporting of
!srael1Ialestine conflict are identified. :ue to the fact that different news media might
use different term to describe similar social actor, for example, ew Fork Times might
use !sraeli forces# while The 'uffington Iost might use !sraeli army#, the social actors
will be categorized under general denominators such as !sraeli forces#, 'amas
militants#, Ialestine civilians#, !sraeli civilians#, !sraeli authorities#, Ialestine
authorities# and 'amas#.
!n order to fulfill the research 6uestions, the analysis of the dataset would follow the
structure of micro1macro analysis as illustrated in figure * below3
27
Micro analysis
1. Representation of socialactors
8/19/2019 REPRESENTATION OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS DURING ISRAEL PALESTINE CONFLICT
28/32
)igure *+ (icro-macro analsis of dataset
Collowing the analysis framework above, the analysis would be bottom1up in nature as it
begins with micro analysis first then moving on to the macro analysis. The reason why
bottom1up approach is chosen is because the media outlets chosen are independent#
of any party involved in the conflict as they are originated from B.@, which are neither
!srael nor Ialestine. Thus, their ideology is unknown $without taking into account any
allegation of being biased thrown at them. Thus, micro analysis would be carried out
first in which representation strategies of social actors and argumentation strategies
would be examined using 9an 8eeuwen0s sociosemantic inventory as well as Dodak0smodel of argumentation strategies as what have been described earlier in this paper.
:uring this micro analysis, the findings would be interpreted and categorized as
attributes demonstrating either positive construal or negative construal with reference to
the Ialestine side and !srael side. @everal themes would be created as to demonstrate
how the representation and argumentation embed positive connotation and vice versa.
Cinally, the findings of micro analysis and macro analysis of each media outlets would
be compare with one another to highlight who the media regard as self# and others#.
Cor any similarity of the notion of self# and others# between any of the media, then
comparison would be made in terms of the micro strategies such as what is the most
used social actors0 representational strategy of ewspaper A in order to construct
positive1self presentation and negative other1presentation and how do this compare with
28
Macro analysis
Positive selfpresentation
an! negative ot"er
8/19/2019 REPRESENTATION OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS DURING ISRAEL PALESTINE CONFLICT
29/32
the representational strategy used by ewspaper $which also has similar notion of
self# and others#. This goes the same for the comparison of the argumentative
strategies.
:uring the discussion, the ideology of each media outlet would be inferred based on
who they portray positively $self# and who are being construed negatively $others#. !n
other words, a hypothesis of which side is favoured by each of the media outlet would
be made. Then, findings on how this ideology is intensified or mitigated would be
presented here as well.
*iitations
"mong the major limitations or challenges that might be faced in carrying out this study
is, it is going to consume a lot of time in order to fulfill the aim and the research
6uestions in particular as this study re6uired detailed micro analysis for it to produced
accurate findings. !n terms of financial, as the ew Fork Times only allowed for ten free
articles per month, ! might need to subscribe to the website as to have more access to
its articles thus enables me to have wide range of selection of the articles. Thus, this
might cost me some money. "nother possible limitation that might arise is that as 9an8eeuwen0s sociosemantic inventory is not a straightforward and clear1cut framework of
categorizing the representational strategies of the social actors, some representational
strategies might be overlooked throughout the course of analysis due to lack of
knowledge and understanding with regards to the sociosemantic representational
categories. 'owever, in order to overcome this, ! would seek help from somebody who
is experienced in 2ritical :iscourse analysis and particularly familiar with 9an
8eeuwen0s sociosemantic inventory to validate my findings.
References
29
8/19/2019 REPRESENTATION OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS DURING ISRAEL PALESTINE CONFLICT
30/32
Ac"ugar# $. %2004&. '"e events an! actors of 11 (eptem)er 2001 as seen from*rugua+, anal+sis of !ail+ ne-spaper e!itorials. Discourse & Society, 15%2291320.
A!ampa# . %1999&. Reporting a violent crime in t"ree ne-spapers articles. '"e
representation of t"e female victim an! t"e male perpretator an! t"eiractions, A critical ne-s anal+sis."ttp,//---.ling.lancs.ac.u/pu)s/clsl/clsl108.p!f
Alirea# R.# Ra"man# (. %2012&. Actor anal+sis an! action !elegitimation of t"eparticipants involve! in rans nuclear po-er contention, A case stu!+ of '"economist. Discourse & Society, 23%6 729748. !oi,10.1177/0957926512455380
Amir# (.# aem# .# ossein# (. . %2013&. A :A approac" to t"e )iase!interpretation an! representation of i!eologicall+ con;icting i!eas in -esternprinte! me!ia. Journal of language teaching and research, 4%4 858868. !oi,10.4304/o"n =en. % 2014&. @aa timeline, ?rom (amson an! :elila" to sraeliPalestinian Cg"ting# !!.
oesmans# R. %2013&. 'ri)al politics# tri)al press# plural conteDtsE Pragmatic anal+sisof ne-s !iscourse on en+as crisis. "e#ista cienti$ca de informacion ycommunicacion%10 179200.
roteau# :. %2014&. $e!ia an! i!eolog+. n :. roteau %!. %ediaSociety . *(A,
(A@ Pu)lications# nc.l("ena-i# . %2014&. (o... s t"e Fe- or 'imes prosraeli or proPalestinianE# '()
'ra*iya !ews. Retrieve! from"ttp,//englis".alara)i+a.net/en/me!ia/print/2014/07/20/F'torn)et-eenaccusationsonsraelian!Palestiniansi!es."tml
?aircloug"# F. %1995&. %edia discourse. Bon!on, GDfor! *niversit+ Press.alli!a+# $. A. . %1985&. 'n introduction to functional grammar . @reat =ritain,
!-ar! Arnol! Bt!."osraviFi# $. %2010&. '"e representation of refugees# as+lum seeers an!
immigrants in t"e =ritis" ne-spapers !uring t"e =alan con;ict %1999& an!t"e =ritis" @eneral lection %2005&. Journal of Discourse and Society, 2+%4477498.
BaoH# R. '. %2000&. he language war . alifornia, *niversit+ of alifornia Press.Bevs# >. %2014&. @aa timeline, ?rom (amson an! :elila" to sraeliPalestinian
Cg"ting# !!.$ano"ar# *. %2008&. :iHerent t+pes of me!ia coverage. Retrieve! from =ule
-e)site, "ttp,//---.)ule.com/articles/!iHerentt+pesofme!iacoverage."tml
30
http://www.ling.lancs.ac.uk/pubs/clsl/clsl108.pdfhttp://www.wallstreetdaily.com/2014/08/04/u-s-media-anti-israel/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/media/print/2014/07/20/NYT-torn-between-accusations-on-Israeli-and-Palestinian-sides.htmlhttp://english.alarabiya.net/en/media/print/2014/07/20/NYT-torn-between-accusations-on-Israeli-and-Palestinian-sides.htmlhttp://www.buzzle.com/articles/different-types-of-media-coverage.htmlhttp://www.buzzle.com/articles/different-types-of-media-coverage.htmlhttp://www.ling.lancs.ac.uk/pubs/clsl/clsl108.pdfhttp://www.wallstreetdaily.com/2014/08/04/u-s-media-anti-israel/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/media/print/2014/07/20/NYT-torn-between-accusations-on-Israeli-and-Palestinian-sides.htmlhttp://english.alarabiya.net/en/media/print/2014/07/20/NYT-torn-between-accusations-on-Israeli-and-Palestinian-sides.htmlhttp://www.buzzle.com/articles/different-types-of-media-coverage.htmlhttp://www.buzzle.com/articles/different-types-of-media-coverage.html
8/19/2019 REPRESENTATION OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS DURING ISRAEL PALESTINE CONFLICT
31/32
$atu# P. $.# Bu))e# . >. %2007&. nvestigating language an! i!eolog+, Apresentation of t"e i!eological sIuare an! transitivit+ in t"e e!itorials oft"ree en+an ne-spapers. Journal of (anguage and -olitics, .%3 401418.
$a+a# . :.# afria# =.# Ain Fa!ima"# A. %2006&. he power of language and themedia. ?ranfurt, Peter Bang.
$urra# A. %2014&. American me!ia )iase! coverage of t"e crisis in @aa# he
/u0ngton -ost . Retrieve! from "ttp,//---."uJngtonpost.com/antonmurra/americanme!ia)iase!covK)K5642052."tml
Fasser# R.# Alirea# R. %2012&. :oing %in& . . %2006&. 'nalysing newspapers 'n approach from ritical Discourse 'nalysis. Bon!on, Palgrave $ac$illan Bt!.
(a)rina# (. %2014&. Americans attitu!es to-ar!s Ara)s an! $uslims are getting-orst# poll Cn!s# /ungton -ost .
(a"raga!# R.# :avatgara!e"# @. %2010&. '"e Representation of (ocial Actors nnterc"ange '"ir! !ition (eries, A ritical :iscourse Anal+sis. he Journal ofeaching (anguage Sills 6J(S7, 2%1 123.
(-ene+# $. %2014&. '"e @uar!ian overtaes Fe- or 'imes in com(core traJcCgures# he guardian.
an :i
8/19/2019 REPRESENTATION OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS DURING ISRAEL PALESTINE CONFLICT
32/32
o!a# R.# $e+er# $. %2009&. ritical :iscourse Anal+sis, istor+# Agen!a# '"eor+an! $et"o!olog+. n R. o!a $. $e+er %!s. %ethods for riticalDiscourse 'nalysis *(A, (A@ Pu)lis"ers# nc.
oung# B.# ?itgeral!# =. %2006&. he power of language. Bon!on, IuinoDPu)lis"ing Bt!.
Lurai!a"# $. :.# Alan# $. %2013&. '"e !iscursive representation of rans supreme
lea!er in online me!ia. Discourse & Society, 24%6 743762. !oi,10.1177/0957926513486222
Lurai!a"# $. :.# Bee# . %2014&. Representing immigrants an! illegals# t"reats an!victims in $ala+sia, lite voices in t"e me!ia. Discourse & Society, 25%6 687705. !oi, 10.1177/0957926514536837
u