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ESSENTIALEC Law in Charts

Lap- és Könyvkiadó Kft.

Christa ToblerJacques Beglinger

Reprint

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HVG-ORAC Publishing House Ltd., 1384 Budapest, Pf. 797, Hungary.Telephone: + 36 1 340-2304Website: www.hvgorac.hu

© Christa Tobler, 2007© Jacques Beglinger, 2007© HVG-ORAC Lap- és Könyvkiadó Kft., 2007

ISBN: 978 963 7490 96 5

Printed in Hungary by Mackensen Kft.

All charts were made with OmniGraffle Professional, the diagramming software by Omni Group, SeattleWA, USA; www.omnigroup.com

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval systemwithout prior permission from the publisher.

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Visualising EC law, as we have attempted to do in this book, provides a very different perspective. It givesan idea of what the blueprint of the edifice of Community law would look like. Not unlike architecture, thebasic concepts seem misleadingly simple but the challenge lies in establishing the connections between theconcepts. That is what this book seeks to achieve.

At the same time - like ‘real’ blueprints - any picture of the law is an abstract simplification, and is nosubstitute for conventional methods of study. Just like an architect who needs to know his or her buildingmaterials and to use them properly, a lawyer needs to know the law, and needs to know how to interpret andapply general rules and principles to a specific case.

The idea behind this book is for students, in-house lawyers, and practitioners to benefit from acomprehensive set of charts illustrating the ‘core’ of EC law in addition to the existing legal literature. Thisconcept was developed through the combined professional experience of the authors, in academia and inlegal practice. The charts contained in this book serve several different, though largely overlapping purposes.

Firstly, the charts are intended as a learning tool. Most people tend to understand (and memorise) moreeasily complex or abstract concepts if presented with some form of visual aid. For students taking coursesin EC law for the first time, charts are an excellent way of getting a broad overview of the various topicsbefore going into the detail of the relevant case law and secondary legislation, thus making learning moreeffective. For those who have previously studied EC law, perhaps as part of the typical curriculum of a lawdegree, and are in need of a refresher course, a concise and systematic overview of the current state of EClaw condensed into chart form mapping out developments and changes in the law will prove a very usefuland handy resource, a ‘vade mecum’ perhaps.

Secondly, these charts can be applied as a presentation tool. Whether lecturing EC law in a university,explaining an issue of EC law to a client, or making a presentation before the board of directors of a company,visual tools can be extremely useful, and especially so in the (often complex) field of EC law.

The overall structure of this book is designed to guide the reader towards a specific legal issue through‘topic charts’ and ‘decision trees’. In this way, the core of the vast body of primary EC law, secondary EClaw, and case law of the European Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance becomes accessible in aquick and practical way. For academics and practitioners who possess specialised knowledge of EC law,the decision trees provide a comprehensive checklist.

This book would not have been possible without the help of many people. Particular thanks go to Prof.Jean-Bernard Blaise who, a long time ago, initiated Jacques Beglinger at the Institut des RelationsInternationales of the Université de Dijon, France, to the secret beauty of Community law, and who throughhis teaching sparked the idea of presenting what was then EEC law in a graphic manner in order to helpstudents with their preparations for examinations. Two decades later, this idea led to a tangible result in theform of the present book.

Regarding the contents of the charts, we are particularly grateful to Christa Tobler’s colleagues at LeidenUniversity for their help, either for looking through the entire work (Ms Lisa Louwerse) or through specificchapters. The chapter on enforcement benefited from Prof. Christophe Hillion’s comments. The chapter oncompetition law is the fruit of the cooperation of a number of people. Mr Bas van Bockel was instrumental indevising the structure of this chapter, and the various draft charts were then discussed with Mr ArminCuyvers, Ms Ay Ling Josaputra, Ms Meehea Park, Ms Julia Rapp, as well as Mr Geursen Wessel, attorney-at-law and lecturer at Leiden University. Prof. Piet Jan Slot was kind enough to answer any specific questionsthat we had when finalising the chapter. We further received valuable input on the project from Prof. JoãoCasqueira Cardoso of the University of Fernando Pessoa at Porto, Portugal, as well as from some ofChrista Tobler’s former postgraduate students who saw draft versions of portions of the charts. We are alsothankful to many friends active in law firms and corporate legal departments who through their continuouscritical review and feedback on the draft work were instrumental in making this book despite its academicambition into what is hopefully ‘easy reading’ for busy international lawyers.

Helpful comments on the substance of the charts were also received from people who did other importantwork for the project. We were fortunate to have Mr Stephen Moran, barrister-at-law from Ireland, as ourlanguage editor. He had a tough job in ensuring the proper use of the English language in this work and inchecking that the text indeed expresses what it is supposed to express. Moreover, being proficient in the

PREFACE

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book’s subject matter himself, his contribution went far beyond proofreading. We also wish to thank Ms OlgaKorotcenko from Lithuania for her valuable help with the preparation of the tables of legislation and case lawand, in doing so, for paying particular attention to the consistency of the work. Furthermore, we are verygrateful to the Stiftung zur Förderung der rechtlichen und wirschaftlichen Forschung an der UniversitätBasel for its generous contribution towards paying the costs of making these tables.

On the production side, we would like to thank our various assistants in Zurich, and most particularly MsAriane Ernst, for the many hours dedicated to the fine-tuning of the graphic work and for mastering thechallenges presented in project managing many people in many different countries. We are extremelygrateful to Dr. Ádám Frank of the publishing house HVG-ORAC in Budapest for taking on the challenge ofpublishing this book despite many challenges attributable to its special nature, including in particular theprinting of documents prepared with complex software, rather than printing straight text as in most books,and also for believing in a market for such a work. There is nothing like an entrepreneurial and innovativepublisher!

Finally, we are grateful for the support of Leiden University’s research institute, the E.M. Meijers Instituutvoor Rechtwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, for agreeing to be associated with the publication of this book andsupporting it in other ways.

The book reflects the state of law on 30 June 2007. Three charts (namely Charts 2/18, 2/19 and 2/20)touch upon the revision of the Treaty which is the task of the Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) whosework began on 23 July 2007. Information about further developments can be found on the European Union’swebsite (http://europa.eu/lisbon_treaty/index_en.htm). We also plan to put additional charts on the forthcomingTreaty on the authors’ website related to this present work (http://www.eur-charts.eu).

Although we endeavoured to present this book free of mistakes, it is nonetheless inevitable that someremain. It is amazing how omissions have a way of concealing themselves from the eye of those who lookat the manuscript of such a text. Indeed, only a few days before the submission of the final text to HVG-ORAC we discovered the word ‘anti-dumpling regulation’ (instead of anti-dumping) in the chapter dealing withenforcement. Obviously, the authors take responsibility for all remaining errors.

We would like to dedicate this book to our respective families, in particular to our parents.

Christa Tobler Jacques BeglingerLeiden and Basel Zurich

Preface

NOTE ON THE REPRINT

To our delight, the interest of the public in the present book is such that a reprint has become necessarybefore the publication of a second edition, which would incorporate the changes brought about by the LisbonTreaty and which is planned for after the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty.

The reprint differs from the first print in two respects: first, the corrigenda listed in the WebCompanion tothe book (http://webcompanion_essential.eur-charts.eu) have been incorporated. Second, the charts in Chapter2 that relate to the Reform / Lisbon Treaty (Charts 2/16 and 2/18-2/20) have been updated so as no longer tospeak of the ‘planned Reform Treaty’, but rather about the Reform Treaty as signed on 13 December 2007 inLisbon (‘Lisbon Treaty’). Further, a note has been added that points the reader to the complementary onlineChapter 2a entitled ‘The EU following the Reform Treaty (Lisbon Treaty)’, which can be found in theWebCompanion to the book.

June 2008

Christa Tobler and Jacques Beglinger

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This book has been constructed in such a way that in order to gain maximum benefit when studying, thecharts should be read in conjunction with the relevant legislative provisions and case law as mentionedtherein. All of these materials are easily available on the internet. Indeed, the book contains a specific charton how to find information on the internet on the European Union in general and on EC law specifically (seeChart 1/15). Throughout the charts, cases are referred to merely by case name, and secondary legislativemeasures only by the measure’s number. Following the charts, this book contains a list of legislative andother measures as well as of cases. In this list, further information is provided which can be used for findingthe measure or case on the internet.

As was noted in the preface, this book reflects the state of the law on 30 June 2007. However, it is wellknown that EU/EC law is a particularly dynamic kind of international law. New decisions of the Court ofJustice are continuously being released as is new or revised secondary law and even revised Treaty law. Itwas already mentioned in the preface that information on the Lisbon Treaty revision can be found on both theEuropean Union’s website (http://europa.eu/lisbon_treaty/index_en.htm) and, in the form of additional charts,on the website related to this publication (http://www.eur-charts.eu).

As far as secondary law is concerned, when indicating a measure that has been searched by submitting,for example, the document’s natural number, the database ‘EUR-Lex’ provides not only the document’s textbut also bibliographical information. Under that heading, the reader will see whether a given measure is stillin force (‘end of validity: 99/99/9999’ indicates that the measure is still in force) or whether it has beencorrected or amended since its adoption.

For an easy way to find recent decisions of the Court: on the website of the Court of Justice (http://www.curia.eu), under ‘case law’, ‘search form’) submit an empty search mask (i.e. return an empty searchline) except for the number of cases to be shown; this will return the requested number of the most recentdecisions.

We hope that with this information the reader will find working with our charts easy and useful.Finally, as part of our effort to achieve legal accuracy we would appreciate and indeed welcome any

comments or criticisms pertaining to this work from interested readers (via http://www.eur-charts.eu).

NOTE TO USERS

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Preface 5Note to users 7Content overview 8Table of contents 9Table of abbreviations 15

1 INTRODUCTION 17

2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION 35

3 COMPETENCES OF THE EC 57

4 THE INSTITUTIONS 67

5 THE MAKING OF SECONDARY LAW 77

6 THE NATURE OF EC LAW 86

7 INTRODUCTION TO SUBSTANTIVE LAW 95

8 THE COMMON MARKET 112

9 COMPETITION LAW 179

10 SOCIAL LAW 221

11 HARMONISATION 236

12 ENFORCEMENT 245

Tables 280Index 301

Outline table of contents

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Index

Absolute harmonisation ............................................................................................................................................ 11|4Abuse of a dominant position .................................................................................................. 9|4, 9|5, 9|18, 9|19, 9|22Accession treaties ....................................................................................................................... 1|7, 1|15, 4|3, 5|3, 6|2Acquis communautaire ............................................................................................................................. 1|9, 1|10, 1|15Acte claire ...................................................................................................................................................... 1|15, 12|21Acte éclairé ............................................................................................................................................................. 12|21Action for damages ...................................................................................................................................... see: liabilityAddressees of EC law ......................................................................................................................................... 1|2, 8|2Administrative information ........................................................................................................................................ 8|61Admissibility ........................................................................ 12|5-12|9, 12|12, 12|13, 12|19-12|22, 12|24, 12|26, 12|29Advisory Committee on Restrictive Practices and Monopolies ............................................................................... 9|27Advocates General ..................................................................................................................................................... 4|7Age ...................................................................................................................... see: discrimination on grounds of ageAgencies (business) ........................................................................................................................................ 8|42, 8|50Agencies (of the EU) .................................................................................................................................. 1|15, 4|1, 4|2Agencies (regulatory) ................................................................................................................................................. 8|2Aggregation of time periods (social security) ........................................................................................................ 10|12Agreements between undertakings ..............................................................................................................9|2, 9|5-9|7Agriculture and Rural Development (Commission DG) ............................................................................................. 4|6Agriculture ..................................................................... 1|12, 4|5, 4|6, 7|6, 8|5, 8|6, 8|28, 9|2, 9|15, 9|20, 10|7, 12|28Air transport .................................................................................................................................. 3|7, 8|49, 9|15, 12|13Alicante ....................................................................................................................................................................... 4|2Alternative harmonisation ........................................................................................................................................ 11|4Amsterdam Treaty (revision) ........................................................ 1|7, 1|10, 2|10-2|13, 2|16, 7|9, 9|2, 9|32| 10|1, 10|5Animals .............................................................................................................................................................. 8|6, 8|23Annulment procedure ......................................................... 5|4, 5|8, 9|27, 9|29, 9|39, 12|1-12|13, 12|19, 12|24, 12|31Anti-dumping ................................................................................................................................................. 12|8, 12|11Appeal .............................................................................................................. 4|7, 9|27, 9|29, 9|39, 12|4, 12|20, 12|31Appreciability ............................................................................................................................................ 9|9-9|13, 9|37Arbitrary discrimination .................................................................................................................................... 8|23, 8|61Arbitration ................................................................................................................................. 2|25, 9|17, 12|20, 12|25Area of freedom, security and justice ............................................................................................................... 2|10, 3|8Armed forces ............................................................................................................................................................ 10|7Arms ............................................................................................................................................................................ 3|8Asylum ...................................................................................................................................................... 2|10, 2|11, 3|8Attorney-client privilege ............................................................................................... see: legal professional privilegeAttorneys-at-law .............................................................................................................................................. 8|32, 8|42Attribution of powers ......................................................................................................................................... 3|1, 11|2Austria ..................................................................................................................................................2|15, 4|2, 4|4, 5|3Authorisation requirements ...................................................................................................................................... 11|7

Ban ................................................................................................................................................................... 8|18, 8|26Bananas ........................................................................................................................................... 8|11, 8|28, 9|3, 9|20Banking .............................................................................................................................................................. 8|1, 8|47Bar Association ........................................................................................................................................................... 9|7Basque language ..................................................................................................................................................... 1|15Belgium ................................................................................................................................................2|3, 2|15, 4|2, 4|4Belief ............................................................................................... see: discrimination on grounds of religion or beliefBenelux court .......................................................................................................................................................... 12|20Benelux ..................................................................................................................................................................... 2|15Berlin Declaration ..................................................................................................................................................... 2|17Better Regulation ...................................................................................................................................................... 10|6Block exemptions .................................................................................................... 9|4-9|6, 9|12, 9|15-9|17, 9|37-9|39Bonds .......................................................................................................................................................................... 8|6Branches .......................................................................................................................................................... 8|42, 8|50Brussels ...................................................................................................................................................................... 4|2Budgetary competences ............................................................................................................................................ 4|3

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Index

Bulgaria ..............................................................................................................................................1|15, 2|15, 4|4, 5|3Bulgarian language .................................................................................................................................................. 1|15Bundesverfassungsgericht (Germany) ...................................................................................................................... 6|2Burden of proof ......................................................................................................................................................... 10|6Business secrets ...................................................................................................................................................... 9|26

Capital (concept) ...................................................................................................................................................... 8|58Capital injections ...................................................................................................................................................... 9|36Case law (relevance) .......................................................................................................................................... 1|8, 1|9Cassis de Dijon principle ........................................................................................................................ 8|20, 8|53, 11|6Causal link ....................................................................................................................................... 12|26, 12|27, 12|30CCC ............................................................................................................................. see: Community Customs CodeCCP ........................................................................................................................... see: Common Commercial PolicyCCT ................................................................................................................................... see: Common Customs TariffCFI ....................................................................................................................................... see: Court of First InstanceCFSP .......................................................................................................... see: Common Foreign and Security PolicyCharter of Fundamental Rights ....................................................................................................................... 1|13, 2|17Child-raising allowance ............................................................................................................................................ 7|13Children ............................................................................................................................................................. 3|8, 8|39Chocolate .................................................................................................................................................................. 11|8Choice of court ....................................................................................................................................................... 12|25Choice of law .......................................................................................................................................................... 12|25Choice of legal basis ................................................................................................................................ 3|9, 5|8, 12|10Choices of economic policy ................................................................................................................................... 12|28Churchill, Winston ...................................................................................................................................................... 2|2CIF price ................................................................................................................................................................... 8|14Circumvention of EC law ........................................................................................................................................ 12|31Civil procedure ........................................................................................................................................................... 7|9Civil protection .......................................................................................................................................................... 1|12Civil servants (of the EU) ......................................................................................................................................... 12|4Civil Service Tribunal ......................................................................................................................................... 4|7, 12|4Closer cooperation .................................................................................................................... 1|3, 1|7, 2|10, 2|12, 4|7CMO ...................................................................................................................... see: Common Market OrganisationsCoal and steel ............................................................................................. see: European Coal and Steel CommunityCodecision procedure ................................................................................................................. 3|5, 3|6, 5|2, 5|6, 9|19Collective dominance ............................................................................................................................................... 9|16Collective redundancy .............................................................................................................................................. 10|2Collective rules ........................................................................................................................................................... 8|2Collusive conduct .............................................................................................................................. 9|4-9|7, 9|18, 9|33Commercial property ............................................................................................................... see: intellectual propertyCommission .................................................................................................... 2|17, 4|1, 4|2, 4|6; Chapters 5, 9 and 12Common Commercial Policy .................................................................................................................... 1|12, 3|2, 8|27Common currency ........................................................................................................................................ 1|7, 4|9, 7|3Common Customs Tariff .................................................................................................................................... 5|2, 8|14Common Customs Wall ............................................................................................................................................ 8|14Common Foreign and Security Policy ....................................................................................... 2|7, 2|8, 2|9, 2|11, 2|12Common market (concept) .............................................................................................. 1|10, 1|12, 7|2, 7|3, chapter 8Common market element ..........................................................................................................see: inter-state elementCommon Market Organisations ............................................................................................................................... 8|28Common policies and activities ............................................................................................................... 1|10, 1|12, 7|1Communications .................................................................................................................................................. 1|8, 5|1Communitarisation ............................................................................................................................................ 2|10, 3|8Community Design ..................................................................................................................................................... 7|1Community dimension (mergers) ........................................................................................................... 9|28, 9|29, 11|3Community implementation ........................................................................................................................................ 5|7Community Trade Mark ..................................................................................................................................... 7|1, 11|1Companies ................................................................. 4|7, 7|1, 8|2, 8|30, 8|31, 8|35, 8|40, 8|42, 8|43, 8|47, 8|55, 11|8Company law ............................................................................................................................................................ 10|2Comparability ..........................................................................................................................7|7, 7|11, 8|33, 8|51, 8|61Competition (Commission DG) .................................................................................................................................. 4|6Competition ................................ 1|12, 3|4, 4|3, 4|6, 7|1, 7|2, 8|7, 8|19, 8|28, 8|49, chapter 9, 11|3, 11|7, 12|8, 12|22Competitiveness .............................................................................................................................................. 1|10, 1|12Complaints to the Commission (competition law) ........................................................................................ 9|25, 12|31Composition (of goods) ............................................................................................................................................ 8|22Concentration (concept) .......................................................................................................................... 9|28-9|30, 11|3Concerted practices ................................................................................................................... 9|2, 9|5-9|7, 9|14, 9|16Concessions ............................................................................................................................................................. 11|8Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe ............................................................................................... 2|2

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Index

Conferral of powers ................................................................................................................ see: attribution of powersConfidentiality ................................................................................................................................................ 9|26, 12|28Congress of Europe ................................................................................................................................................... 2|2Conseil d’Etat (France) .............................................................................................................................................. 6|3Consistent interpretation .................................................................................................. see: indirect effect of EC lawConstitution ........................................................................................ see: national constitutions, Constitutional TreatyConstitutional traditions of the Member States ........................................................................................................ 1|13Constitutional Treaty ............................................................................................................1|16, 2|11, 2|16, 2|17, 2|18Consular protection ............................................................................................................... see: diplomatic protectionConsultation procedure ............................................................................................................. 3|5, 3|6, 5|2, 5|4, 12|10Consumer protection ................................................................................................................ 1|12, 4|6, 7|1, 8|20, 11|3Consumers (competition law) ....................................................................................................... 9|17, 9|20-9|22, 9|30Contractual liability ........................................................................................................................................ 12|2, 12|25Cooperation between national courts and EC courts ................................................................................... 12|1, 12|18Cooperation between the Commission and NCAs .................................................................................................. 9|23Cooperation in good faith ............................................................................................................ see: loyal cooperationCooperation in the Fields of Justice and Home Affairs ....................................................................................... 2|7-2|9Cooperation procedure ....................................................................................................................................... 5|2, 5|5Coordination (of national systems) ...................................................................................................... 10|2, 10|11, 11|1Copenhagen ............................................................................................................................................................... 4|2Copyrights ................................................................................................................................................................ 9|21COREPER .................................................................................................................................................................. 4|5Corruption ................................................................................................................................................................... 3|8Corte Costituzionale (Italy) ......................................................................................................................................... 6|2Council (of Ministers) ....................................................................................................... 3|8, 4|1, 4|3, 4|15, Chapter 5Council of Europe ................................................................................................................................................ 2|3, 4|1Council of the European Union ............................................................................................ see: Council (of Ministers)Cour de Cassation (Belgium) ..................................................................................................................................... 6|2Cour de Cassation (France) ....................................................................................................................................... 6|2Court of Appeal (UK) .................................................................................................................................................. 6|2Court of Auditors ............................................................................................................. 4|1, 4|2, 4|9, 8|28, 12|6, 12|27Court of First Instance ............................................................................................................................ 4|7, Chapter 12Court of Justice ......................................................................................................... 1|2, 1|8, 4|1, 4|2, 4|7, Chapter 12Court or tribunal (of the Member States) ............................................................................................................... 12|20Crime .......................................................................................................................................................................... 3|8Criminal law ......................................................................................................................................................... 3|7, 5|8Criminal penalties ....................................................................................................................................................... 3|7Croatia ...................................................................................................................................................................... 2|15Cross-border element ................................................................................................................ see: inter-state elementCross-elasticity of demand|supply ........................................................................................................................... 9|20CSCE .................................................................................. see: Conference for Security and Co-operation in EuropeCST ........................................................................................................................................ see: Civil Service TribunalCulture ..................................................................................................................................... 1|12, 4|6, 7|4, 8|20, 9|38Customs duties ........................................................................................................................ 8|5, 8|8, 8|9, 8|14, 12|23Customs union .......................................................................................................................................... 2|14, 7|3, 8|14Cyprus ........................................................................................................................................................ 2|15, 4|4, 5|3Czech language ....................................................................................................................................................... 1|15Czech Republic .......................................................................................................................................... 2|15, 4|4, 5|3

Damages ...................................................................................................................................................... see: liabilityDanish language ...................................................................................................................................................... 1|15de minimis .......................................................................................................................................... see: appreciabilityDecentralisation (competition) ................................................................................................................................. 9|23Decisions by associations of undertakings ................................................................................................. 9|2, 9|6, 9|7Decisions in the form of a regulation ....................................................................................................................... 12|7Decisions ...................................................................................................................................................... 1|8, 5|1, 6|3Declarations ................................................................................................................................................................ 1|8Declaratory judgment ............................................................................................................12|11, 12|12, 12|16, 12|17Deep pockets ............................................................................................................................................................ 9|21Defence .......................................................................................................................................................2|1-2|3, 2|14Degree of harmonisation .......................................................................................................................... 3|5, 11|2, 11|4Democracy ....................................................................................................................................................... 1|13, 6|12Democratic element (legislative process) .................................................................................................... 4|3, 5|4, 5|7Denmark ...................................................................................................................................... 2|7, 2|15, 4|2, 4|4, 5|3Dependent family members ..................................................................................................................................... 7|15Derogations ......................................................................................................... 7|11, 7|13, Chapter 8, 9|4, 9|19, 9|38Designation (of goods) ............................................................................................................................................. 8|22Development (Commission DG) ................................................................................................................................ 4|6

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Index

Development cooperation ................................................................................................................................. 1|12, 3|2DG .......................................................................................................................................... see: Directorates GeneralDifferentiated integration ............................................................................................................................................ 1|7Dignity ....................................................................................................................................................................... 10|8Diplomas .......................................................................... 4|8, 7|10, 7|12, 8|37, 8|41, 8|42, 8|44, 8|46, 8|51-8|53, 8|55Diplomatic protection ................................................................................................................................................ 7|12Direct actions to the ECJ........................................................................................................................ 1|6, 12|2, 12|31Direct concern (annulment procedure) .................................................................................................................... 12|8Direct discrimination (concept) ................................................................................................... 6|1, 6|3, 6|4, 7|8, 7|10Direct effect of EC law .................... 1|6, 3|8, 6|1, 6|3, 6|4, 7|2, 8|6, 8|37, 8|41, 8|48, 8|57, 9|6, 9|19, 9|28, 9|31, 9|35Direct investments .................................................................................................................................................... 8|58Directives ................................................................................................................... 1|5, 1|8, 3|3, 3|5, 3|6, 5|1, 6|3-6|8Directorates General .................................................................................................................................................. 4|6Disability ..................................................................................................... see: discrimination on grounds of disabilityDisaster aid ............................................................................................................................................................... 9|38Discretion (of EC institutions) ............................................................................................................9|38, 12|14, 12|28Discretion (of national courts) ................................................................................................................................ 12|21Discretion (of the Member States) ......................................................................................................... 6|3, 9|32, 12|30Discrimination (in general) ........................................................................................................................... 7|4, 7|7, 7|8Discrimination on grounds of age ........................................................................................... 6|8, 7|6, 7|8, Chapter 10Discrimination on grounds of disability .................................................................................................. 6|8, Chapter 10Discrimination on grounds of nationality ......................................................................... 7|4, 7|9-7|11, 7|13, Chapter 8Discrimination on grounds of race or ethnic origin ....................................................................................... Chapter 10Discrimination on grounds of religion or belief ............................................................................................. Chapter 10Discrimination on grounds of sex .............................................................................. 1|10, 3|4, 7|4, Chapter 10, 12|32Discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation ....................................................... 6|8, 10|2, 10|5, 10|7, 10|9, 10|13Discrimination on grounds of the origin of a good .......................................................................................... 7|10, 8|12Discrimination on grounds of the place of investment ............................................................................................ 8|59Discrimination on grounds of the place of residence .............................................................................................. 8|59Disguised restriction ........................................................................................................................................ 8|23, 8|61Dismissal ......................................................................................................................................................... 8|39, 10|7Distinctly applicable measures .................................................................................... 8|15-8|17, 8|20-8|22, 8|26, 11|6Diversity (of rules) ............................................................................................................................................... 1|3, 1|7Dominance (concept) ....................................................................................................................................... 9|19-9|22Dowries ..................................................................................................................................................................... 8|58Draft mandate (for the 2007 Intergovernmental Conference) ........................................................................ 2|11, 2|18Drug trafficking ........................................................................................................................................................... 3|8Dualist approach ................................................................................................................................................. 1|5, 5|1Dutch clause ............................................................................................................................................................. 9|29Dutch language ........................................................................................................................................................ 1|15

EA .............................................................................................................................................................. see: EuratomEAEC ......................................................................................................................................................... see: EuratomEC .................................................................................................................. see: European Community|CommunitiesECB .................................................................................................................................... see: European Central BankECJ ................................................................................................................................................ see: Court of JusticeE-commerce .................................................................................................................................................... 11|1, 11|6Economic and Financial Affairs (Commission DG) .................................................................................................... 4|6Economic and Monetary Union ........................................................................................................................... 7|1, 7|3Economic and social cohesion ....................................................................................................................... 1|10, 1|12Economic and Social Committee ............................................................................................................................... 4|1Economic derogation grounds ............................................................................................................... 8|23, 8|34, 8|61Economic law ......................................................................................................................................... 7|2, 10|3, 10|10Economies of scale .................................................................................................................................................. 9|18ECSC .......................................................................................................... see: European Coal and Steel CommunityEducation ...................................................................................................................... 1|12, 4|6, 8|39, 8|47, 8|53, 10|7Education and Culture (Commission DG) ................................................................................................................. 4|6EEA ................................................................................................................................ see: European Economic AreaEEC ..................................................................................................................... see: European Economic CommunityEffect of EC law .................................................................................... see: primacy of EC law, direct effect of EC lawEffect on trade between Member States ..................................................................................see: inter-state elementEffective competition ................................................................................................................................ 9|1, 9|21| 9|30Effective judicial protection ...................................................................................................................................... 12|8Effective, proportionate and dissuasive remedies .......................................................................................... 3|7, 12|31Effectiveness of EC law ........................................................................................................................... see: effet utileEffet utile ......................................................................................................... 1|15, 3|7, 4|8, 6|1, 8|9, 8|20, 12|3, 12|29EFTA ................................................................................................................. see: European Free Trade AssociationElections to the European Parliament ................................................................................................2|16, 4|4, 4|6, 7|2

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Electricity ...................................................................................................................................................... see: energyElimination of competition ........................................................................................................................................ 9|17Employment agencies ................................................................................................................................................ 9|3Employment contract .................................................................................................................................. 6|8, 7|8, 8|38Employment in the public service ............................................................................................................................ 8|38Employment policy .......................................................................................................................................... 1|10, 1|12Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities (Commission DG) .................................................................. 4|6EMU ....................................................................................................................... see: Economic and Monetary UnionEnergy and Transport (Commission DG) ................................................................................................................... 4|6Energy ....................................................................................................................................... 1|12, 4|6, 8|6, 9|2, 9|32Enforcement of EC law..............................................................1|3, 1|4, 1|6, 2|6, 3|8, 4|3, 9|2, 9|23, 9|29, Chapter 12Enforcement procedure ........................................................................................................................ 4|3, 12|14-12|19English language ...................................................................................................................................................... 1|15Enhanced cooperation ........................................................................................................................................ 1|3, 1|7Enlargement (Commission DG) ................................................................................................................................. 4|6Enterprise and Industry (Commission DG) ................................................................................................................ 4|6Environment (Commission DG) ................................................................................................................................. 4|6Environmental impact assessment ............................................................................................................................ 6|6Environmental protection .................................................................................................. 1|10-1|12, 3|7, 7|4, 8|20, 9|3EP .......................................................................................................................................... see: European ParliamentEqual pay (for men and women) .................................................................................. 7|2, 7|5, 10|1, 10|3, 10|4, 12|23Equal pay (for nationals and foreigners) ................................................................................................................. 8|39Equal treatment .......................................................................................................................................... 7|5, 7|7, 7|15Equality between men and women .................................................................... see: discrimination on grounds of sexEquality ...........................................................................................................................................see: equal treatmentERTA doctrine ............................................................................................................................................................. 3|7Essential facilities ..................................................................................................................................................... 9|22Essential procedural requirements ................................................................................................................. 5|4, 12|10Estonia ........................................................................................................................................................ 2|15, 4|4, 5|3Estonian language.................................................................................................................................................... 1|15Ethnic origin ............................................................................. see: discrimination on grounds of race or ethnic originEU citizenship ................................................................................................. 7|4, 7|6, 7|9, 7|12, 7|13, 7|14, 8|29, 8|34EU funds ..................................................................................................................................................................... 4|9EU Member States ............................................................................................... see: Membership to the EEC|EC|EUEU ..................................................................................................................................................see: European UnionEuratom ............................................................................................................ 2|3-2|6, 2|8, 2|11, 2|14, 2|15, 2|17-2|19EUR-Lex ................................................................................................................................................................... 1|16Euro ............................................................................................................................................................................ 1|7Europe of multiple speed ........................................................................................................................................... 1|7European army ........................................................................................................................................................... 2|2European Atomic Energy Community ....................................................................................................... see: EuratomEuropean Central Bank ....................................................................................4|2, 4|9, 12|4-12|7, 12|13, 12|24, 12|27European Coal and Steel Community ......................................................................................... 2|3, 2|4, 2|5, 2|8, 2|11European Communities Act (UK) ............................................................................................................................... 1|5European Community|Communities ................................................................ 1|1, 1|11, 2|4, 2|5, 2|8, 2|11, 2|14, 2|18European Competition Network ............................................................................................................................... 9|23European Convention on Human Rights ................................................................................................... 1|6, 1|13, 2|3European Council ........................................................................................................................ 2|3, 2|18, 4|1, 4|5, 4|6European Defence Community .................................................................................................................................. 2|3European Economic Area ............................................................................ 2|6, 2|14, 2|15, 8|4, 8|30, 8|59, 8|62, 11|3European Economic Community .................................................................. see: European Community|CommunitiesEuropean Free Trade Association ...........................................................................................................2|6, 2|14, 2|16European Investment Bank ........................................................................................................................................ 4|9European Neighbourhood Policy ................................. see: External Relations and European Neighbourhood PolicyEuropean Parliament ........................................................................................................ 2|17, 4|1, 4|2, 4|4, Chapter 5European Patent Office .............................................................................................................................................. 4|2European Political Community ................................................................................................................................... 2|3European Political Cooperation ................................................................................................................................. 2|3European Trade Mark Office ...................................................................................................................................... 4|2European Union........................................................................................................ 1|1, 2|5, 2|7-2|12, 2|17, 2|18, 2|19EUROPOL .................................................................................................................................................................. 4|2Eurosclerosis ............................................................................................................................................ 4|8, 8|52, 8|55Exclusionary abuses ................................................................................................................................................ 9|22Exclusive competences .............................................................................................................................................. 3|2Exclusive rights ........................................................................................................................................................ 9|21Exemptions (competition law) .............................................................................. 9|4, 9|12, 9|15-9|17, 9|19, 9|23, 9|38Exportation of benefits (social security) ................................................................................................................. 10|12

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External competences ......................................................................................................................................... 3|2, 3|7External Relations (Commission DG) ........................................................................................................................ 4|6

Fact sheets ............................................................................................................................................................... 1|16Failure to act ............................................................................................................................. 12|2, 12|4, 12|12, 12|13Family members ................................................... 1|11, 7|14, 7|15, 8|29-8|31, 8|37, 8|39, 8|41, 8|43, 8|48, 10|2, 10|3Fees ............................................................................................................................................................ 8|7, 8|9, 8|55Financial sanctions ........................................................................................................... see: fines, penalty paymentsFinancial transparency ............................................................................................................................................. 9|31Fines ........................................................................................................................................... 9|25, 9|27, 9|30, 12|17Finland ........................................................................................................................................................ 2|15, 4|4, 5|3Finnish language ...................................................................................................................................................... 1|15Fiscal obstacles ............................................................................................................................................ 8|4, 8|5, 8|9Fisheries and Maritime Affairs (Commission DG) ...................................................................................................... 4|6Fisheries ............................................................................................................................................1|12, 3|2, 4|6, 8|28Fixed-term work ................................................................................................................................................. 5|7, 10|2Foreign Policy Ministry ............................................................................................................................................. 2|17Framework agreement (of the Social Partners) ............................................................................................... 5|7, 10|5Framework decisions ................................................................................................................................................. 1|5Framework directives ................................................................................................................................................. 3|3France ......................................................................................................................................................... 2|15, 4|4, 5|3Frankfurt a. Main ........................................................................................................................................................ 4|2Fraud........................................................................................................................................................................... 3|8Free competition ................................................................................................................................................ 1|11, 9|1Free movement for workers ............................................................................................ 3|4, 8|1, 8|29-8|39, 8|50, 8|55Free movement in relation to establishment ................................................................. see: freedom of establishmentFree movement of capital .................................................................................................7|2, 8|1, 8|56-8|61, 11|7, 11|8Free movement of goods .................................................................................................................... 7|2, 8|1, 84|-8|28Free movement of persons ............................................................................................................... 7|2, 8|1, 8|29-8|35Free trade area ........................................................................................................................................................... 7|3Free trade clauses .................................................................................................................................................... 11|5Freedom of establishment ................................................................................................ 7|2, 8|1, 8|29-8|35, 8|40-8|44French language ...................................................................................................................................................... 1|15Fundamental rights and freedoms ....................................................................................................1|13, 2|17, 4|2, 7|5Fundamental values ................................................................................................................................................. 1|13

GATT ....................................................................................................... see: General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade .......................................................................................................... 2|2, 2|14General principles of the EC ................................................ 1|13, 3|3, 7|4-7|8, 8|15, 8|18, 10|10, 12|10, 12|16, 12|28Genuine cooperation ................................................................................................................... see: loyal cooperationGerman clause ................................................................................................................................................ 9|29, 9|38German language ..................................................................................................................................................... 1|15Germany ..................................................................................................................................................... 2|15, 4|4, 5|3Golden shares .......................................................................................................................................................... 8|58Goods (concept) ......................................................................................................................................................... 8|5Goods from third countries ....................................................................................................... 7|3, 8|4, 8|14, 8|27, 11|3Gravity centre ............................................................................................................................................................. 3|9Greece ........................................................................................................................................................ 2|15, 4|4, 5|3Greek language ........................................................................................................................................................ 1|15Guidance letters ....................................................................................................................................................... 9|25

Hague Conference ................................................................................................................. see: Congress of EuropeHandicap ..................................................................................................... see: discrimination on grounds of disabilityHarassment ................................................................................................................................................... 10|8, 10|13Hardcore restrictions .............................................................................................................................. 9|11, 9|12, 9|16Harmonisation ................................................................................. 3|5, 3|6, 5|8, 8|53, 10|5, 10|11, 10|12, Chapter 11Health and Consumer Protection (Commission DG) ................................................................................................. 4|6Health protection ............................... 1|12, 3|4, 4|6, 5|8, 7|4, 8|20, 8|23, 8|34, 10|1, 10|2, 10|5, 10|9, 11|3-11|5, 11|7Heritage conservation .............................................................................................................................................. 9|38Hierarchy of norms ..................................................................................................................................................... 3|3Historic interpretation ................................................................................................................................................. 4|8Holders of rights ....................................................................................................................................... 8|2, 8|29, 8|30Home state .................................................................................................................................... 8|44, 8|51, 8|53, 11|6Horizontal agreements (concept) ............................................................................................................................... 9|7Horizontal direct effect of EC law ........................................................................................ see: direct effect of EC lawHousing ..................................................................................................................................................................... 8|39Human rights ........................................................................................................... 1|6, 1|11, 1|13, 2|3, 6|2, 8|20, 10|3Humanitarian Aid (Commission DG) .......................................................................................................................... 4|6

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Hungarian language ................................................................................................................................................. 1|15Hungary ...................................................................................................................................................... 2|15, 4|4, 5|3

Iceland ............................................................................................................................................................. 2|14, 2|15IGC ......................................................................................................................... see: Intergovernmental ConferenceIllegality (of EC acts) ................................................................................. 5|8, 12|2, 12|10, 12|24, 12|26, 12|28-12|31IMF ............................................................................................................................. see: International Monetary FundImmigration ............................................................................................................................................... 2|10, 2|11, 3|8Imperative requirements ................................................................................................. see: mandatory requirementsImplementation (of directives) .......................................................... 1|5, 6|3, 6|5, 6|8, 12|2, 12|8, 12|10, 12|16, 12|30Implementation (of EC law) ............................................................................................................................... 1|3, 1|15Implementing legislation.......................................................................................................................8|14, 10|3, 10|12Implied powers ........................................................................................................................................................... 3|7Incidental effect (of directives) ................................................................................................................................... 6|7Independence (of national courts) .............................................................................................................. 12|20, 12|21Indirect actions to the ECJ ..................................................................................................................... 1|6, 12|2, 12|31Indirect discrimination ....................................................................................................................................... 7|8, 7|10Indirect effect of EC law ....................................................................................................................1|9, 1|14, 6|5, 12|2Indirect taxation ............................................................................................................................. see: internal taxationIndistinctly applicable measures .................................................................................. 8|15-8|17, 8|20-8|22, 8|26, 11|6Individual concern (annulment procedure) ..................................................................................................... 12|7, 12|8Informal dialogue .................................................................................................................................................... 12|15Information Society and Media (Commission DG) .................................................................................................... 4|6Infringement (of EC law) ............................................................................................................. 1|14, 8|11, Chapter 12Infringement proceedings (competition law) ................................................................................................... 9|25, 9|27Initiatives for enforcement of competition law ......................................................................................................... 9|25Inland waterway transport ............................................................................................................................... 9|38, 9|49Innovation ................................................................................................................................................................. 9|22Insolvency ................................................................................................................................................................. 10|2Institutional framework ........................................................................................................................... see: institutionsInstitutions ........................................................................................................................................................ chapter 4Instruction to discriminate ............................................................................................................................. 10|8, 10|13Insurance .......................................................................................................... 7|1, 8|1, 8|14, 8|47, 9|2, 9|3, 9|15, 10|4Integration programmes ........................................................................................................................................... 8|38Intellectual property ...........................................................................................................................7|1, 8|9, 8|23, 8|58Intergovernmental approach ........................................................................................................................ 2|3, 2|6, 2|8Intergovernmental Conference .............................................................................................................. 2|11, 2|16, 2|18Interim measures ...................................................................................................................................... 12|1, 6|1, 9|27Intermediary measures ............................................................................................................................................ 12|7Internal instructions .................................................................................................................................................. 12|7Internal liability of EC servants .............................................................................................................................. 12|25Internal Market and Services (Commission DG) ....................................................................................................... 4|6Internal market ............................................................................................................................... see: common marketInternal taxation ................................................................................................................................. 8|6, 8|7, 8|10-8|13International agreements ........................................................................................................................... 1|8, 3|7, 12|2International law ............................................................................................................. 1|2-1|7, 2|6, 2|10, 5|1, 6|1, 6|3International Monetary Fund ...................................................................................................................................... 2|2International Olympic Committee ............................................................................................................................... 9|7Internet ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1|16Interpretation of EC law .......1|9, 3|1, 4|7, 4|8, 6|5, 6|8, 7|11, 7|13, 8|5, 8|23, 8|24, 8|34, 8|38, 8|42, 8|61, 9|38, 12|1,................................................................................................................. 12|2, 12|4, 12|18, 12|19, 12|21-12|23, 12|32Inter-state element ............................................... 8|3, 8|18, 8|26, 8|38, 8|42, 8|47, 8|58, 9|1, 9|6, 9|8, 9|9, 9|19, 9|35Inventors ..................................................................................................................................................................... 9|3Investigation powers (competition law) .................................................................................................................... 9|26Ireland ......................................................................................................................................................... 2|15, 4|4, 5|3Irish language ........................................................................................................................................................... 1|15Isle of Man .............................................................................................................................................................. 12|20Italian language ........................................................................................................................................................ 1|15Italy ............................................................................................................................................................. 2|15, 4|4, 5|3

JHA ................................................................................... see: Cooperation in the Fields of Justice and Home AffairsJob seekers allowance ............................................................................................................................................. 7|13Joint dominance .................................................................................................................... see: collective dominanceJoint ventures ........................................................................................................................................................... 9|28Judge-made law ......................................................................................................................................................... 4|8Judicial activism ......................................................................................................................................................... 4|8Jurisdiction of the Court of Justice ......................................................................................................... 4|7, 12|4, 12|25

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Justice, Freedom and Security (Commission DG) .................................................................................................... 4|6Justifications ........................................................................................................................................ see: derogations

Know-how ................................................................................................................................................................. 9|21

Labelling (of goods) .............................................................................................................................. 8|16, 12|22, 11|5Lack of action .............................................................................................................................................. 12|12, 12|16Languages (of the EU) ............................................................................................................................................. 1|15Latvia .......................................................................................................................................................... 2|15, 4|4, 5|3Latvian language ...................................................................................................................................................... 1|15Lawyers ......................................................................................................................................... see: attorneys-at-lawLegal basis provision ........................ 3|1, 3|4-3|6, 3|9, 58, |4, 5|7|1, 7|9, 8|28, 8|30, 8|37, 8|41, 8|54, 8|57, 9|2, 10|1,................................................................................................................................................... 10|3-10|6, 10|11, 12|10

Legal certainty ............................................................................................................................................................ 7|5Legal personality ........................................................................................................................................ 2|6, 2|7, 2|17Legal persons ........................................................................................................... 8|35, 8|42, 9|3, 12|6, 12|13, 12|31Legal professional privilege ..................................................................................................................................... 9|26Legislative measure .......................................................................................................................................... 5|1, 12|7Legitimate expectations ............................................................................................................................................. 7|5lex specialis derogat legi generali .............................................................................................................................. 3|4Liability ............................................................................................... see: contractual liability, non-contractual liabilityLiberty ....................................................................................................................................................................... 1|13Licensing system ...................................................................................................................................................... 8|26Liechtenstein ................................................................................................................................................... 2|14, 2|15Liner shipping ........................................................................................................................................................... 9|15Linguistic requirements ........................................................................................................................................... 8|39Lisbon Treaty (revision) ......................................................................................................................... 2|16, 2|18-2|20Lithuania .................................................................................................................................................... 2|15, 4|4, 5|3Lithuanian Constitutional Act on Membership EU .................................................................................................... 6|2Lithuanian language ................................................................................................................................................ 1|15Local governments .................................................................................................................................................. 12|6London ....................................................................................................................................................................... 4|2Looking for work ....................................................................................................................................................... 8|39Lotteries ...................................................................................................................................................................... 8|5Loyal cooperation ............................................................................................................................................. 1|14, 4|8Lugano Convention ................................................................................................................................................... 3|7Lump sum ........................................................................................................................................................ see: finesLuxembourg ............................................................................................................................................... 2|15, 4|4, 5|3Luxembourgish language ....................................................................................................................................... 1|15

Maastricht Judgment .................................................................................................................................................. 2|7Maastricht Treaty (revision) .............................. 1|10, 1|11, 2|7-2|9, 2|13, 2|16, 4|1, 4|9, 5|2, 7|1, 7|3, 7|12, 10|5, 12|7Macedonia ................................................................................................................................................................ 2|15Malta ........................................................................................................................................................... 2|15, 4|4, 5|3Maltese language ..................................................................................................................................................... 1|15Mandatory requirements ...................................................................................................... 8|17, 8|20-8|22, 8|24, 11|6Maritime transport .................................................................................................................................................... 8|49Market economy investor principle .......................................................................................................................... 9|36Market shares ......................................................................................................................... 9|9, 9|11, 9|13, 9|16, 9|21Marketing .................................................................................................................................................. 6|7, 8|27, 11|5Markets in transition ................................................................................................................................................. 9|39Marriage ....................................................................................................................................................... see: spouseMaternity .......................................................................................................................................................... 10|2, 10|6Measures having an equivalent effect to quantitative restrictions ............................................... 8|15-8|23, 8|25, 8|26Medical treatment ..................................................................................................................................................... 8|47MEEQR ............................................................ see: measures having an equivalent effect to quantitative restrictionsMembership of the EEC|EC|EU ..........................................................................................................1|1, 2|15, 5|2, 6|2Merger Treaty .................................................................................................................................................... 2|16, 4|1Mergers .......................................................................................................................... 8|44, 9|2, 9|28-9|30, 11|3, 11|8Minimum harmonisation .................................................................................................................. 3|5, 10|5, 11|4, 11|5Minimum requirements under EC law ................................................................................................12|3, 12|29, 12|32Misuse of powers ................................................................................................................................................... 12|10Monetary policy ................................................................................................................................................... 3|2, 7|3Monist approach .................................................................................................................................................. 1|5, 5|1Monopolies ............................................................................................................................................. 9|21, 9|31, 9|32Morocco ........................................................................................................................................................... 2|15, 8|30Motor vehicle distribution ......................................................................................................................................... 9|15Movement and residence ................................................................................. 7|12-7|15, 8|29, 8|31, 8|39, 8|43, 8|48

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Multi-layered legal system .................................................................................................................................. 1|3, 1|8Munich ........................................................................................................................................................................ 4|2

National competition authorities ............................................................................... 9|16, 9|17, 9|23, 9|24, 9|29, 12|20National competition law ................................................................................................................................... 9|1, 9|28National constitutions .......................................................................................................................................... 6|1, 6|2National courts or tribunals (concept) .................................................................................................................... 12|20National courts .......... 1|6, 2|6, 4|7, 6|1, 6|3-6|5, 9|17, 9|23, 12|1, 12|3, 12|5, 12|8, 12|11, 12|18-12|24, 12|29, 12|31National treasures .................................................................................................................................................... 8|23Nationality .......................................................... see: discrimination on grounds of nationality, third country nationalsNATO ................................................................................................................ see: North Atlantic Treaty OrganisationNatural persons ..................................................................... 6|4, 8|35, 8|40, 8|42, 8|47, 9|3, 9|28, 12|6, 12|13, 12|31NCA ...................................................................................................................... see: national competition authoritiesNegative integration ............................................................................................................................. 10|11, 11|7, 11|8Netherlands .......................................................................................................... 1|5, 2|3, 2|7, 2|15, 2|17, 4|2, 4|4, 5|3Nice Enlargement Protocol ........................................................................................................................................ 4|3Nice Treaty (revision) .............................................................................................................................. 2|11, 2|16, 5|2Non-contractual liability of the EC ..................................................................................................... 12|2, 12|25-12|28Non-contractual liability of the Member States ..................................................................................12|2, 12|29, 12|30Non-discrimination ................................................................................................. see: equal treatment, discriminationNon-existence (of a Community act) ....................................................................................................................... 12|9Non-implementation of directives ............................................................................................................... 12|16, 12|17Non-privileged applicants (enforcement) .................................................................................. 12|5-12|8, 12|12, 12|13Non-profit making bodies ........................................................................................................................................... 9|3North Atlantic Treaty Organisation .................................................................................................................... 2|2, 2|14Norway ...................................................................................................................................................................... 2|15Notices ........................................................................................................................................................................ 1|8Notification (competition) ....................................................................................................................... 9|28, 9|29, 9|39Notification of standards .......................................................................................................................................... 11|1

Objective justification ................................................................. 7|8, 7|10, 7|11, 7|13, 8|12, 8|32-8|34, 8|60, 9|4, 9|22Objectives of the EC.......................................................................................................................................... 1|10, 7|1Occupational requirements ...................................................................................................................................... 10|9Occupational social security .................................................................................................... 10|4, 10|7, 10|13, 12|23Occupying the field ............................................................................................................................................ 3|2, 11|2OECD ........................................................................see: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentOEEC .................................................................................... see: Organisation for European Economic Co-operationOfficial languages ..................................................................................................................................................... 1|15Ombudsman ........................................................................................................................................... 4|3, 7|12, 12|27One-stop-shop principle ........................................................................................................................................... 9|29Open market economy ...................................................................................................................................... 1|11, 9|1Open method of coordination ................................................................................................................................... 11|1Open skies .................................................................................................................................................................. 3|7Opera singers ............................................................................................................................................................. 9|3Opinions (of the Court of Justice) ............................................................................................................................ 12|2Opinions (soft law) ...............................................................................................................................1|8, 4|9, 4|10, 6|3Oporto ......................................................................................................................................................................... 2|6Optional harmonisation ............................................................................................................................................ 11|5Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ............................................................................ 2|2, 2|14Organisation for European Economic Co-operation ................................................................................................. 2|2Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe .................................................................................... 2|2, 2|14Origin of goods (customs law) ................................................................................................................................. 8|14Original legislation .................................................................................................................................................... 11|1OSCE ................................................................................ see: Organization for Security and Co-operation in EuropeOverruling ................................................................................................................................................................. 8|21Overseas countries and territories ........................................................................................................................... 1|12

pacta sunt servanda ................................................................................................................................................... 1|4Parent companies ...................................................................................................................................... 7|1, 9|6, 11|8Parental leave.................................................................................................................................................... 5|7, 10|2Paris Treaty ................................................................................................................................................................ 2|4Parliament .............................................................................................................................. see: European ParliamentParma ......................................................................................................................................................................... 4|2Partitioning of markets ...................................................................................................................................... 8|21, 9|8Part-time work .......................................................................................................................................... 7|8, 8|38, 10|2Passerelle clause ...................................................................................................................................................... 3|8Patents ..................................................................................................................................................................... 9|21Payments ................................................................................................................................................ 8|48, 8|57, 8|63

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Peace .......................................................................................................................................... 1|10, 2|1, 2|3, 10|3, 7|3Penalty payments ............................................................................................................................................ see: finesPenn, William ............................................................................................................................................................. 2|1Period of reflection ................................................................................................................................................... 2|17Petersberg tasks ........................................................................................................................................................ 2|3Petitions .................................................................................................................................................................... 7|12Pillars (of the European Union) ..................................................... 1|1, 2|8-2|12, 2|14, 2|19, 3|7, 3|8, 4|7, 12|5, 12|18PJCCM ............................................................................... see: Police and Judicial Cooperation in Criminal MattersPlea of illegality ............................................................................................................................................... 5|8, 12|24Pleven Plan ................................................................................................................................................................ 2|2Poland ........................................................................................................................................................ 2|15, 4|4, 5|3Police and Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters ............................................................................. 2|10-2|12, 3|8Polish language ....................................................................................................................................................... 1|15Political rights ........................................................................................................................................................... 7|12Popular vote ............................................................................................................................................ see: referendaPortugal ...................................................................................................................................................... 2|15, 4|4, 5|3Portuguese language .............................................................................................................................................. 1|15Positive action .......................................................................................................................................... 7|2, 10|1, 10|9Positive integration .............................................................................................................................. 10|11, 11|7, 11|8Postal services ......................................................................................................................................... 8|60, 9|2, 9|32Preferential terms and tariffs .................................................................................................................................... 9|36PreLex ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1|16Preliminary ruling .......................................................................................... 5|8, 6|2, 12|2, 12|18-12|23, 12|30, 12|31Presumption of validity of EC law ................................................................................................................ 12|1, 12|21Primacy of EC law ....................................................................................................... 1|9, 2|17, 6|1, 6|2, 6|6, 6|7, 12|2Principle of effectiveness ......................................................................................................................................... 12|3Principle of equivalence .......................................................................................................................................... 12|3Principles common to the Member States (non-contractual liability) ........................................................ 12|25-12|27Private international law ................................................................................................................................. 3|7, 12|25Privileged applicants (enforcement) ........................................................................................ 12|5-12|8, 12|12, 12|13Procedural law ......................................................................................................................................................... 7|10Professional rules .............................................................................................................. see: prudential supervisionProfessional secrets ................................................................................................................................................ 9|26Professional services (competition) .......................................................................................................................... 9|2Property ownership .................................................................................................................................................. 8|39Proportionality .................................................................................................................. 3|3, 7|5, 7|6, 8|20, 8|24, 8|34Protection of individuals’ rights ............................................................................................................................. 12|31Protection of workers ............................................................................................................................................... 10|2Protocols ............................................................................... 1|7-1|9, 1|16, 1|19, 3|3, 4|3, 8|5, 10|1, 10|5, 12|4, 12|16Prudential supervision ............................................................................................... 8|41, 8|44, 8|46, 8|54, 8|55, 8|61Public morality .......................................................................................................................................................... 8|23Public policy ............................................................................................................................................................. 8|23Public procurement .................................................................................................................................................. 11|8Public security .......................................................................................................................................................... 8|23Public services ....................................................................................................................................... 9|32, 9|38, 11|8Public undertakings .................................................................................................................................................. 9|31Purely internal cases ........................................................................................................................................... 8|3, 9|1Putative rights ............................................................................................................................................................. 6|1

Qualified majority ........................................................................................................................ 1|3, 2|17, 2|18, 5|2-5|6Quality of life ............................................................................................................................................................. 1|10Quantitative restrictions (free movement of goods) ......................................................................... 8|6, 8|7, 8|15-8|26Quotas ............................................................................................................................................................. 8|18, 8|26

Race ......................................................................................... see: discrimination on grounds of race or ethnic originRail transport ............................................................................................................................................................ 8|49Ratification ......................................................................................................................................................... 2|3, 2|17Reasonable accommodation ................................................................................................................................... 10|9Reasoned opinion ........................................................................................................................................12|14-12|17Reasoned order ...................................................................................................................................................... 12|21Recommendations ........................................................................................................................................ 1|8, 5|1, 6|3Referenda ............................................................................................................................................... 2|15, 2|17, 2|18Reform Treaty ................................................................................................................................ 1|13, 2|16, 2|18-2|20Refusal to supply ..................................................................................................................................................... 9|22Regional aid ............................................................................................................................................................. 9|35Regional Policy (Commission DG) ........................................................................................................................... 4|6Regional tax regimes ............................................................................................................................................... 9|36Registered partner ................................................................................................................................................... 7|15

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Regulations ........................................................................................................................................... 1|5, 1|8, 3|3, 6|3Rehabilitation ........................................................................................................................................................... 8|38Remedies (for infringements of EC law) .......................................................................................... 12|1, 12|21, 12|32Remedies (merger control) ...................................................................................................................................... 9|30Remoteness argument ............................................................................................................................................ 8|21Remuneration in-kind .............................................................................................................................................. 8|38Remuneration ......................................................................................................................................... see: equal payRenumbering of the Treaties ................................................................................................................... 2|13, 7|9, 9|22Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy .......................................................................................... 2|18Research (Commission DG) ...................................................................................................................................... 4|6Research and development .................................................................................................................................... 9|15Research and technological development ............................................................................................................. 1|12Residence requirements ......................................................................................................................................... 8|46Resolutions ......................................................................................................................................................... 1|8, 5|1Restrictions (concept) ............................................................................................................................ 8|29, 8|33, 8|59Right holders ................................................................................................................................. see: holders of rightsRight of defence ....................................................................................................................................................... 9|27Right of entry .......................................................................................................................................... 1|12, 7|14, 8|31Right of exit ...................................................................................................................................................... 7|14, 8|31Right to remain .......................................................................................................................... 1|11, 7|14, 10|12, 10|13Right to vote ...................................................................................................................................... see: political rightsRights of others ........................................................................................................................................................ 10|9Road transport ................................................................................................................................................. 9|37, 9|38Romania ..................................................................................................................................................... 2|15, 4|4, 5|3Romanian language ................................................................................................................................................. 1|15Rome Treaty ...................................................................................................................................................... 2|4, 2|13Rule of law .................................................................................................................................... 1|13, 6|2, 12|5, 12|28Rule of reason ....................................................................................................................................... 8|20, 8|24, 9|10

Safeguard clauses ........................................................................................................ 3|2, 8|56, 8|57, 8|60, 8|61, 8|63Schengen ........................................................................................................................................................... 1|7, 2|10Schuman Plan ............................................................................................................................................................ 2|2Screening off markets ....................................................................................................................................... 8|21, 9|8Seat of the institutions ................................................................................................................................................ 4|2Second homes .......................................................................................................................................................... 8|60Secondary law ............................................................................................................................ 1|3, 2|4, 4|3, chapter 5Secondary measures ................................................................................................................................................. 5|1Securities ........................................................................................................................................................... 8|5, 8|58Selective distribution ................................................................................................................................................ 9|12Selectivity (state aid) ........................................................................................................................................ 9|34-9|36Self-assessment (competition law) .......................................................................................................................... 9|15Self-employed ............................................................................................. 1|11, 7|14, 8|2, 8|30, 8|35, 8|42, 8|43, 10|4Self-incrimination ...................................................................................................................................................... 9|26Selling rules (free movement of goods) ....................................................................................... 8|17, 8|21, 8|22, 8|24Service recipients ........................................................................................................................... 8|2, 8|30, 8|47, 8|48Services of general economic interest ..................................................................................................... 9|3, 9|32, 9|33Services of general interest .............................................................................................................................. 8|9, 9|32Sex equality ................................................................................................................................................................ 7|4Sex ...................................................................................................................... see: discrimination on grounds of sexSexual harassment ................................................................................................................................................... 10|8Sexual orientation ........................................................................ see: discrimination on grounds of sexual orientationShadow of war factor .................................................................................................................................................. 2|1Shared competences (of the EC and of the Member States) ............................................................................ 3|2, 3|3Shares ............................................................................................................................................................... 8|5, 8|58Similar goods ..................................................................................................................................................... 8|7, 8|11Simplified procedure (preliminary ruling) ...................................................................................................... 9|39, 12|22Sincere cooperation .................................................................................................................... see: loyal cooperationSingle currency ........................................................................................................................... see: common currencySingle European Act ................................................................................................................ 2|16, 3|6, 5|2, 10|1, 10|5Single market ................................................................................................................................. see: common marketSlot allocation (air transport) .................................................................................................................................... 9|15Slovak language ....................................................................................................................................................... 1|15Slovakia ...................................................................................................................................................... 2|15, 4|4, 5|3Slovene language ..................................................................................................................................................... 1|15Slovenia ...................................................................................................................................................... 2|15, 4|4, 5|3Small and medium-sized enterprises ....................................................................................................................... 9|38Social advantages ........................................................................................................................................... 8|39, 10|7Social Agreement ................................................................................................................................1|7, 5|2, 5|7, 10|5

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Social aid .................................................................................................................................................................. 9|38Social assistance .............................................................................................................................................. 7|9, 7|13Social cohesion ........................................................................................................................................................ 1|10Social law and policy ........................................................................................... 1|11, 1|12, 7|2, 7|7, chapter 10, 11|5Social partners ........................................................................................................................................................... 5|8Social Protection Committee ................................................................................................................................... 10|1Social Protocol .................................................................................................................................................. 1|7, 10|5Social security ......................................................................................... 8|37, 9|3, 10|2, 10|4, 10|7, 10|11-10|13, 11|1Soft law ....................................................................................................................................................... 1|8, 5|1, 10|2Solidarity .................................................................................................................................................. 1|10, 1|14, 9|3Sovereignty .................................................................................................................................................. 1|2, 1|3, 6|2Spaak Report ............................................................................................................................................................. 2|2Spain .......................................................................................................................................................... 2|15, 4|4, 5|3Spanish language .................................................................................................................................................... 1|15Specialisation ........................................................................................................................................................... 9|15Sport ......................................................................................................................................................................... 8|38Spouse ..................................................................................................................................................................... 7|15Stability ....................................................................................................................................... 1|10, 2|1, 2|3, 10|3, 7|3Standard of living ..................................................................................................................................................... 1|10State aid ...................................................................................... 8|49, 9|2, 9|13, 9|16, 9|32-9|39, 12|18, 12|13, 12|16State resources ........................................................................................................................................................ 9|35Statistics ................................................................................................................................................................... 8|61Statutory social security ............................................................................................................................... 10|4, 10|13Stockholm Convention ............................................................................................................................................... 2|6Strasbourg .................................................................................................................................................................. 4|2Strawberries ............................................................................................................................................................... 8|5Students ............................................................................................................................................................ 7|9, 7|13Subsidiaries ............................................................................................................................. 7|1, 8|42, 8|50, 9|6, 11|8Subsidiarity ................................................................................................................................................. 2|17, 3|4, 7|5Subsidies .................................................................................................................................................................. 9|36Substance prevails over form ........................................................................................................................... 8|8, 8|13Substitutability .................................................................................................. see: cross-elasticity of demand|supplySufficiently serious breach of EC law (non-contractual liability) .............................................................. 12|28, 12|30Sugar ........................................................................................................................................................ 4|9, 8|28, 9|20Sunday ......................................................................................................................................................... 8|21, 12|10Supranational approach .............................................................................................................................. 2|3, 2|6, 2|8Sustainable development ................................................................................................................................. 1|10, 7|4Sweden ....................................................................................................................................................... 2|15, 4|4, 5|3Swedish language ................................................................................................................................................... 1|15Switzerland ............................................................................................................................ 2|2, 2|14, 2|15, 8|30, 8|62

Tax advantages ........................................................................................................................................................ 8|39Taxation and Customs Union (Commission DG) ....................................................................................................... 4|6Taxation ......................................................................................................... 7|1, 7|13, 8|7, 8|11-8|13, 8|59, 8|61, 11|8Teachers ..................................................................................................................................................................... 7|8Technology transfer ........................................................................................................................................... 9|2, 9|15Tedeschi principle ..................................................................................................................................................... 11|7Telecommunication ..................................................................................................................................................... 9|2Television without frontiers ....................................................................................................................................... 11|6Temple ............................................................................................................................................... 2|8, 2|9, 2|11, 2|12Terrorism ..................................................................................................................................................................... 3|8The Hague .................................................................................................................................................................. 4|2Third countries ....................................................................................... 4|3, 7|3, 8|4, 8|28, 8|53, 8|57, 8|58, 8|62, 11|3Third country nationals ........................................................................................................................... 1|12, 7|15, 8|30Time-bars .................................................................................................................................................see: time-limitsTime-limits ............................................................................ 9|29, 9|39, 12|3, 12|5, 12|10, 12|12, 12|26, 12|29, 12|31Tourism ................................................................................................................................................... 1|12, 8|47, 8|60Trade (Commission DG) ............................................................................................................................................. 4|6Trade mark .................................................................................................................................................... 11|3, 12|20Trade unions ...................................................................................................................................................... 8|39, 9|3Trade with third countries .......................................................................................... see: Common Commercial PolicyTrafficking ................................................................................................................................................................... 3|8Training ......................................................................................................... 1|12, 4|6, 7|9, 8|39, 8|53, 9|39, 10|4, 10|7traité-cadre ................................................................................................................................................................. 2|4traité-loi ....................................................................................................................................................................... 2|4Transaction value ..................................................................................................................................................... 8|11Trans-European Networks ....................................................................................................................................... 1|12Transfer of powers .................................................................................................................. see: attribution of powers

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Transfer of undertakings .......................................................................................................................................... 10|2Transfer rules (sport) ................................................................................................................................................ 8|39Transit (goods) ......................................................................................................................................................... 8|15Transparency .................................................................................................................................. 7|5, 9|31, 9|32, 11|8Transport .................................................................... 1|12, 3|7, 7|6, 8|1, 8|47, 9|2, 9|15, 9|32, 9|37, 3|38, 11|3, 12|13Treaty establishing the European Community .................................................................................................. 1|1, 2|3Treaty of Prüm .......................................................................................................................................................... 2|10Treaty on European Union ........................................................................................................................ 1|1, 2|7, 2|19Treaty on the Functioning of the Union .......................................................................................................... 2|18, 2|19Treaty revisions ........................................................................................................................................................ 2|16Triangular situations ........................................................................................................................................... 6|6, 6|7Tribunal ................................................................................................... see: court or tribunal (of the Member States)Trybunal Konstytucyjny (Poland) ............................................................................................................................... 6|2Turkey ........................................................................................................................................... 2|14, 2|15, 8|14, 8|30Turnover ......................................................................................................................................... 9|9, 9|13, 9|16, 9|28Tying ......................................................................................................................................................................... 9|19

UK ..................................................................................... see: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandUN .................................................................................................................................................... see: United NationsUnanimous voting .................................................................................................................. 1|3, 3|8, 5|2, 5|4-5|6, 11|6Undertaking (concept) ................................................................................................................................................ 9|3Undertakings with a special position under national law .................................................................5|2, 9|2, 9|31, 9|38Unified law ................................................................................................................................................................ 11|1Uniformity of EC law ................................................................................................ 1|3, 1|7, 2|10, 4|8, 6|1, 8|38, 12|19United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ............................................................................. 2|15, 4|4, 5|3United Nations ................................................................................................................................................... 2|2, 2|14United States of Europe ............................................................................................................................................. 2|2University appeals board ....................................................................................................................................... 12|20University studies ..................................................................................................................................................... 7|10

Vaduz Convention ...................................................................................................................................................... 2|6Variable geometry .............................................................................................................................................. 1|7, 2|10Vertical agreements (concept) ................................................................................................................................... 9|7Vertical direct effect of EC law ............................................................................................................. see: direct effectVertical restraints ............................................................................................................................................. 9|15, 9|16Vienna Sales Convention ......................................................................................................................................... 11|1Vienna ......................................................................................................................................................................... 4|2Vilnius ......................................................................................................................................................................... 4|2Visa ........................................................................................................................................... 2|10, 2|11, 3|8, 7|4, 8|30Vocational training ............................................................................................................................................. 7|9, 8|39

Walt Wilhelm principle ................................................................................................................................................ 7|7War ....................................................................................................................................................................... 2|1, 2|2Waste .......................................................................................................................................................................... 8|5Welfare ............................................................................................................................................. 1|10, 2|3, 7|3, 10|3,Western European Union .................................................................................................................................. 2|3, 1|14Whistle blowers ........................................................................................................................................................ 9|25Withdrawal (of a block exemption) ........................................................................................................................... 9|14Workable competition ............................................................................................................. see: effective competitionWorking conditions .......................................................................................................................................... 10|1, 10|7Working languages ................................................................................................................................................... 1|15Working time ............................................................................................................................................................. 11|4World Trade Organisation ....................................................................................................... 2|2, 2|14, 4|9, 8|27, 8|28

Youth .................................................................................................................................................................. 4|6, 10|2

Zurich .......................................................................................................................................................................... 2|2