Reproduction

• Puberty—stage of growth and development where males and • females become capable of producing offspring. • Time of physical and emotional changes. • • Female • *occurs between ages 8 -- 15 • *estrogen – hormone produced by ovaries • Develop secondary sexual characteristics • Breast development • Pubic hair • Menstrual cycle • Increase height • Softer skin • Wider hips

Female Reproduction

• Ova- Female reproduction cells stored in the ovaries

• Estrogen (Hormone)- Organs mature, pubic and armpit • hair, regulates release of eggs

• Menstruation- The process of shredding the lining of the uterus

• Menstrual Period- The time from the beginning of menstruation

period to the onset of the next. Usually 28 days

• Ovulation- Ovaries begin the process of releasing one mature ovum each month

• Vagina- Very muscular/elastic tube-like passageway that extends from the uterus to the outside of the body.

• Ovaries- Female sex glands • Function: House the ova and produce female hormones estrogen

and progesterone

• Cervix- Neck of uterus dilates during birth to allow passage of baby

• Uterus- Strong elastic muscle about the size of a fist • Function: Hold and nourish developing embryo and fetus

• Fallopian Tubes- Located on each side of the uterus, and are lined

w/ cilia (tiny hair-like projections) where fertilization usually occurs

• Mons Pubis- Rounded fatty pad of tissue, covered w/ pubic hair

• Labia Majora- Outer fold of tissue on either side of vaginal opening

• Labia Minora- Inner fold of tissue that extends forward forming a hood-like covering over the clitoris

• Clitoris- Small knob of tissue in front of the vaginal opening • Function: sexual arousal

Female Concerns

• Infertility- Inability for a female to become pregnant

• Problems that can cause infertility: • Blocked fallopian tubes- Causes are pelvic inflammatory disease or

abdominal surgery. ***Leading cause of infertility***

• Pelvic Inflammatory Disease- Infection of the fallopian tubes

• Endometriosis- Uterine tissue grows outside the uterus, often appearing on the ovaries, fallopian tubes and the abdominal cavity

• Problems related to menstruation: • Menstrual cramps- Cramps in abdominal occur during menstrual period

Continued…

• Types of cramps:

• Dysmenorrhea- Painful contractions lasting 1-2 days

• Amenorrhea- Lack of menstruation by age of 16 or stopping of cycle for 3 or more months

• (PMS) Premenstrual Syndrome- Symptoms are: nervous tension, anxiety, irritability, bloating, wt gain, depression, mood swings

• (TSS) Toxic Shock Syndrome- Caused by using tampons during period

• ~Bacteria produce a toxic poison that affects liver and the immune system

• Symptoms: vomiting, dizziness, rash, kidney and liver damage, diarrhea

• Yeast Infection- Fungus, thick white discharge, foul odor, and severe itching

• Sterility- Untreated STD, blockage of tubes, fertilization can not occur

• Breast Cancer- Change in breast or nipple, lump or swelling in breast or armpit

• ~4000 women and 400 men will die this yr of breast cancer

• Mammogram- Test for breast cancer

• Cervical Cancer- Causes can include many sexual partners, early sexual activity, effects women between 20-30. Caused by HPV

• Pap Smear- Test to detect for abnormal cells in cervix

• Trichomoniasis- A vaginal infection that can lead to urethra and bladder infections

• Vaginitis- Most common vaginal infection in women of childbearing age • Symptoms: Discharge, odor, itching, pain

• Ovarian Cysts- Fluid-filled sacs on the ovary. Small non-cancerous, usually

disappear on their own. Larger cysts may need surgery

• Reproductive Health •

– Female • menstruation—ova (egg) is not fertilized, uterine

(endometrium) lining is discharged*pads/tampons to absorb flow

• 1. PMS—Pre-menstrual Syndrome • 2. Amenorrhea—missed menstrual cycle

• Causes: Pregnancy, stress, Overtraining, poor health

3. TSS—toxic shock syndrome: Bacterial infection Tampon use: not changed often enough

• 4. Yeast Infection: vaginal infection: Caused by fungus

• b. Pelvic Exam—examination of internal female reproductive organs

• 1. Pap smear—cells scraped from cervix, checked for cancer

• c. Infertility—inability to become pregnant • 1. ova not released each month • 2. fallopian tube blocked STD scarring PID • 3. alcohol, marijuana, tobacco use • d. Breast Cancer—one of the most common cancers in

females • 1. monthly breast exams necessary for early detection

• Male

• *occurs between ages 12 – 15

• *testosterone – hormone produced by testes

• Develop secondary sexual characteristics

• Increase height

• Facial, body, pubic hair

• Enlargement of penis, scrotum, testes

• Longer, heavier bones

• Deepening voice

• 2. Male • a. Circumcision—surgical removal of foreskin of penis

– 1. decrease risk of urinary infection, cancer *shmegma—dead skin/secretions that collect under the foreskin

• b. Inguinal Hernia—intestine pushes into the scrotum • c. Testicular Cancer—most common in males 15—34

– 1. testicular self exam—male checks testes for Lumps

• d. Prostate Cancer—slow growing – 1. Digital Rectal Exam—doctor inserts finger into rectum to

examine internal organs

• e. Infertility—ability to produce offspring is impaired – 1. sperm not being produced Causes: mumps, injuries, STD’s,

hormone disorders

• Epididymis: Stores newly produced sperm for about 64 days until fully matured. • • Vas Deferens :A pair of connecting tubes, each 18 inches long that lead up into the males’ body toward other

internal organs.

• ~ Thick muscle walls of the Vas Deferens propel the sperm forward. • • Seminal Vesicles: Attached near the base of the bladder to the Vas Deferens.

• ~The fluid contains nutrients and mixes w/ sperm. • • Prostate Gland: Small gland that surrounds Urethra. • • Cowpers Gland: Two pea –sized glands that open into Urethra, secrete a clear sticky fluid to cleanse the urethra of

urine and left over sperm. • • Urethra: Tube-like organ that travels through the penis, carries sperm and urine.

• ~Semen and urine do not pass through the body at same time.

• ~A muscle near the bladder contracts, preventing urine from entering urethra. •

• Ejaculation: Fluid from prostate, fluid from seminal vesicles and 300-400 million sperm all combine to make semen

• • Semen: a thick fluid containing sperm and other secretions

from male reproduction organs.

• Fertilization: Is the union of a reproduction cell from a male and one from a female.

• • Foreskin- penis is covered w/ a fold of skin at birth.

• Circumcision: Surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis.

• Hernia: Part of the body pushes through the muscle wall normally keeping it in.

• (Example: Inguinal Hernia- part of the intestine pushes through into scrotum. *Surgery is need to correct.)

•

• Sterility: Sperm is weak, malformed, sparse or nonexistent. Fertilization does not occur.

• ~Causes- Exposure to chemicals, smoking, STD’s, malfunction of one of the internal organs.

•

• Prostate Cancer: Uncontrolled growth of cells.

• ~Treatments- Removal of prostate or radiation therapy and hormonal therapy.

•

• Testicular Cancer: Signs- Enlargement of testicles, lump or fluid collection, dull ache in the lower abdominal or groin area.

• ~Frequently males 15-35.

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