REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS The Rise of Amphibians (Devonian Period) A. Amphibians have a body plan and mode reproduction somewhere between “fishes” and “reptiles.”

REPTILES & AMPHIBIANSREPTILES & AMPHIBIANS

The Rise of Amphibians (Devonian Period)The Rise of Amphibians (Devonian Period)

A. Amphibians have a body plan and mode A. Amphibians have a body plan and mode reproduction somewhere between reproduction somewhere between ““fishes” and “reptiles.”fishes” and “reptiles.”

They are vertebrates with a bony They are vertebrates with a bony endoskeleton and a four-legged aquaticendoskeleton and a four-legged aquaticancestor.ancestor.


The 4 classes of terrestrial (tetrapods) The 4 classes of terrestrial (tetrapods) vertebrates:vertebrates:

AmphibiansAmphibians ReptilesReptiles Birds Birds MammalsMammals


Scientific classificationScientific classification

Kingdom: Kingdom: AnimaliaAnimaliaPhylum: Phylum: ChordataChordataSubphylum: Subphylum: VertebrataVertebrataClass: Class: AmphibiaAmphibia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_classification

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata

REPTILES & AMPHIBIANSREPTILES & AMPHIBIANS Subclasses and Orders of AmphibiansSubclasses and Orders of Amphibians

Order Order TemnospondyliTemnospondyli- - extinctextinctSubclass Subclass LepospondyliLepospondyli- - extinctextinctSubclass Subclass LissamphibiaLissamphibia Orders Orders

AnuraAnura CaudataCaudata GymnophionaGymnophiona

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temnospondyli

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepospondyli

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissamphibia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anura

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamander

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caecilian


1. Life on land presented new challenges 1. Life on land presented new challenges to the emerging amphibians.to the emerging amphibians.

The idea here is that asteroids that hitThe idea here is that asteroids that hitearth caused the mass extinction ofearth caused the mass extinction ofmarine life and affected much of themarine life and affected much of theavailable Oavailable O22 at the sea’s surface. Since at the sea’s surface. Sincethe tetrapods had lungs they could takethe tetrapods had lungs they could takeadvantage of gulping air while spendingadvantage of gulping air while spendingsome of their time on land.some of their time on land.


Scientists say no significant geneticScientists say no significant genetic

change would be required to make thechange would be required to make the

transaction from lobed fins to limbs.transaction from lobed fins to limbs.

They contend that even a singleThey contend that even a single

mutation in one of the so-called,mutation in one of the so-called,

““master genes” could lead to a bigmaster genes” could lead to a big

change in morphology.change in morphology.


a. Water availability was not reliable.a. Water availability was not reliable.

b. Air temperatures were variable, and air itself b. Air temperatures were variable, and air itself was not the strong supporting medium was not the strong supporting medium that that water was, but it waswater was, but it was a richer source of a richer source of

oxygen. Lungs had to be modified in oxygen. Lungs had to be modified in ways ways that enhanced Othat enhanced O2 2 uptake. Circulatory uptake. Circulatory

systems became more efficient in rapidly systems became more efficient in rapidly moving oxygen to cells.moving oxygen to cells.


Both of these modifications increaseBoth of these modifications increasethe capacity for aerobic respiration, the capacity for aerobic respiration, thus generating more ATP for use inthus generating more ATP for use inincreased activity.increased activity.

c. New habitats, including vast arrays ofc. New habitats, including vast arrays of plants, insects, necessitated keenerplants, insects, necessitated keener

sensory (vision, hearing, balance) input.sensory (vision, hearing, balance) input.

As a result, different regions of the brainAs a result, different regions of the brainfurther developed.further developed.


d. Fortunately, climate shifts in thed. Fortunately, climate shifts in the

Carboniferous provided an Carboniferous provided an abundanceabundance

of insects as food for the of insects as food for the amphibians.amphibians.


Amphibians developed with the Amphibians developed with the characteristics of pharyngeal characteristics of pharyngeal slits/gills, a slits/gills, a dorsal nerve cord, a notochord, and a post-dorsal nerve cord, a notochord, and a post-anal tail at different stages of their life. anal tail at different stages of their life. Though early tetrapods (which appeared Though early tetrapods (which appeared 390 million years ago in the Devonian 390 million years ago in the Devonian period) are often referred to as period) are often referred to as "amphibians", the first true amphibians "amphibians", the first true amphibians appeared during the early Carboniferousappeared during the early Carboniferous period. period.


Superorder Superorder SalientiaSalientia TriadobatrachusTriadobatrachus (Triassic) (Triassic) Order Order AnuraAnura (frogs and toads) Jurassic to (frogs and toads) Jurassic to

recent - 5,296 recent species recent - 5,296 recent species Order Order CaudataCaudata or or UrodelaUrodela (salamanders): (salamanders):

Jurassic to recent - 555 recent species Jurassic to recent - 555 recent species Order Order ApodaApoda (caecilians): Jurassic to recent (caecilians): Jurassic to recent

- 171 recent species - 171 recent species

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salientia&action=edit

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anura

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudata

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urodela

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoda


2. Existing amphibians share several 2. Existing amphibians share several common characteristics:common characteristics:

a. All have bony endoskeletons anda. All have bony endoskeletons and usually four legs.usually four legs.

b. Most shed their eggs into water,b. Most shed their eggs into water, which is also home to a free-which is also home to a free- swimming larval stage.swimming larval stage.


c. Depending on their habitat, c. Depending on their habitat, amphibians can respire by use ofamphibians can respire by use of gills, lungs, skin, and pharyngealgills, lungs, skin, and pharyngeal lining.lining.

d. The skin is usually thin and some-d. The skin is usually thin and some- times supplied with glands thattimes supplied with glands that produce toxins. We’ll see thisproduce toxins. We’ll see this shortly.shortly.


The word ‘amphibian’ comes from the Greek The word ‘amphibian’ comes from the Greek meaning, “both” (amphi), and bios, meaning, “both” (amphi), and bios, meaning, “life”.meaning, “life”.

It describes cold-blooded animals with It describes cold-blooded animals with backbones that spend their lives both in backbones that spend their lives both in fresh water and on land.fresh water and on land.


When we say, ‘cold-blooded’ we mean that When we say, ‘cold-blooded’ we mean that the amphibians do not hold or regulate their the amphibians do not hold or regulate their own body temperature.own body temperature.

Their internal body temperature depends on Their internal body temperature depends on the external environment. They must absorb the external environment. They must absorb the warmth of the sun or become sluggish at the warmth of the sun or become sluggish at very cold temperature to maintain bodily very cold temperature to maintain bodily heat.heat.


The Class Amphibia contains three orders:The Class Amphibia contains three orders:

Anura (frogs and toads)Anura (frogs and toads) Urodela (salamanders and newts)Urodela (salamanders and newts) Apoda (caecilians)Apoda (caecilians)


FROGFROG TOAD TOADSALAMANDERSALAMANDER

http://www.herp-pix.org/anurans/rhaco1/slides/leucomystax6.html

http://www.herp-pix.org/anurans/lepto1/orientalis1.jpg

http://www.herp-pix.org/caudates/ambystomids1/maculata7.JPG


NEWTSNEWTS CAECILIANS CAECILIANS

http://www.photovault.com/Link/Animals/Amphibians/Salamanders/show.asp?tg=AASVolume01/AASV01P07_09B

http://www.photovault.com/Link/Animals/Amphibians/Salamanders/show.asp?tg=AASVolume01/AASD01_004


Most amphibians share 5 key characteristics:Most amphibians share 5 key characteristics:

1. Legs – adapted to living on land (frogs, 1. Legs – adapted to living on land (frogs, toads, salamanders, newts all toads, salamanders, newts all

have 4 have 4 legs)legs)

2. Lungs – larval amphibians have gills, most 2. Lungs – larval amphibians have gills, most adult amphibians breathe with a adult amphibians breathe with a

pair pair of lungs (salamanders are of lungs (salamanders are an an exception) exception)


3. 3. Double-loop circulationDouble-loop circulation – two large veins – two large veins called Pulmonary veins return called Pulmonary veins return

oxygen-rich blood from the oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to lungs to the heart. Oxygen-rich blood the heart. Oxygen-rich blood is is then pumped to the tissues.then pumped to the tissues.

4. 4. Partially divided heartPartially divided heart – the atrium of the – the atrium of the heart is divided into left and right sides, heart is divided into left and right sides,

but but the ventricle is not. A mixture of oxygen-the ventricle is not. A mixture of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood is delivered rich and oxygen-poor blood is delivered

to to the tissues.the tissues.


5. Cutaneous respiration - besides 5. Cutaneous respiration - besides breathing with their lungs, breathing with their lungs,

amphibians take up amphibians take up oxygen through oxygen through their skin.their skin.


Double-loop circulation in amphibians:Double-loop circulation in amphibians:


Life Cycle ‘Metamorphosis” of a Frog (pg. Life Cycle ‘Metamorphosis” of a Frog (pg. 758-759)758-759)

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.wwtlearn.org.uk/factfile/images/frog_life_cycle.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.wwtlearn.org.uk/factfile/frog-and-toad.htm&h=550&w=560&sz=41&tbnid=Pahf6iqaqgjh0M:&tbnh=128&tbnw=131&hl=en&start=3&prev=/images%3Fq%3DLife%2Bcycle%2Bof%2Bfrogs%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D


B.B. Frogs and Toads (4,000 species)Frogs and Toads (4,000 species)

1. These animals are distinctive with1. These animals are distinctive withtheir long hindlimbs capable of res-their long hindlimbs capable of res-ponding to powerful muscles, whichponding to powerful muscles, whichallow them to leap into the air.allow them to leap into the air.

2. Their success on land is due in part2. Their success on land is due in partto: the excellent prey-graspingto: the excellent prey-graspingcapability of the tongue attached to thecapability of the tongue attached to thefront of the mouth.front of the mouth.


3. Frog skin has mucous glands, poison3. Frog skin has mucous glands, poisonglands & antibiotics that provideglands & antibiotics that provideprotection against pathogens in anprotection against pathogens in anaquatic habitat.aquatic habitat.

4. Scientists have noticed frog populations4. Scientists have noticed frog populationson the decline due to increases inon the decline due to increases inparasitic attacks, predation, UV parasitic attacks, predation, UV radiation, habitat losses & chemicalradiation, habitat losses & chemicalpollution.pollution.


Frog versus ToadFrog versus Toad

Frog has two bulging eyes Frog has two bulging eyes strong, long, webbed hind feet that are strong, long, webbed hind feet that are

adapted for leaping and swimming adapted for leaping and swimming smooth or slimy skin (generally, frogs tend smooth or slimy skin (generally, frogs tend

to like moister environments) to like moister environments) Frogs tend to lay eggs in clusters. Frogs tend to lay eggs in clusters.


Frogs versus ToadsFrogs versus Toads

Toads have stubby bodies with short hind Toads have stubby bodies with short hind legs (for walking instead of hopping) legs (for walking instead of hopping)

warty and dry skin (usually preferring dryer warty and dry skin (usually preferring dryer climates) climates)

paratoid (or poison) glands behind the eyes paratoid (or poison) glands behind the eyes The chest cartilage of toads is different.The chest cartilage of toads is different. Toads tend to lay eggs in long chains. Toads tend to lay eggs in long chains.


C.C. SalamandersSalamanders

1. Live in temperate zones & in tropical1. Live in temperate zones & in tropicalareas of Central and South Americaareas of Central and South Americanumbering about 380 speciesnumbering about 380 species

2. When they walk, the body bends from2. When they walk, the body bends fromside to side, much like a fish movingside to side, much like a fish movingthrough waterthrough water..


3. Adults may retain larval features including3. Adults may retain larval features including

gills and tail.gills and tail.

4. Some larvae may become sexually mature4. Some larvae may become sexually mature

but not reach a true adult stagebut not reach a true adult stage

5. Both forms, larval & adult, are carnivorous.5. Both forms, larval & adult, are carnivorous.


D.D. CaeciliansCaecilians

1. As amphibians evolved they lost their limbs & 1. As amphibians evolved they lost their limbs & vision, vision, but not their prey-capturing jaws.but not their prey-capturing jaws.

2. These unusual creatures live burrowed2. These unusual creatures live burrowedin the forest floor where they hunt forin the forest floor where they hunt forinvertebrate prey.invertebrate prey.

3. Most of the 160 species burrow through the soil,3. Most of the 160 species burrow through the soil, using touch & smell to pursue insects & using touch & smell to pursue insects &

earthworms. The few aquatic types use earthworms. The few aquatic types use electrical electrical cues.cues.


Summary of amphibians:Summary of amphibians:

– They are vertebratesThey are vertebrates

– they have bony endoskeletonthey have bony endoskeleton

– They have four legsThey have four legs

– Their body plan and mode of reproduction is Their body plan and mode of reproduction is somewhere between “fishes” and “reptiles”somewhere between “fishes” and “reptiles”


- Their transition to land involved:- Their transition to land involved:

development of legsdevelopment of legs

more efficient lungsmore efficient lungs

more efficient heartmore efficient heart


Because of this transition from water to land:Because of this transition from water to land:

Amphibians had to contend with a drier Amphibians had to contend with a drier habitat. This required a modified way to habitat. This required a modified way to enhance oxygen uptake through their enhance oxygen uptake through their lungslungs

This drier habitat required that they go This drier habitat required that they go back to a water environment for laying of back to a water environment for laying of eggseggs


Legs, sufficient to support their body weight, Legs, sufficient to support their body weight, allowed them to move from land to water allowed them to move from land to water when necessary.when necessary.

Their circulatory systems became more Their circulatory systems became more efficient to provide oxygen to all cells which, efficient to provide oxygen to all cells which, over time, increased the capacity for aerobic over time, increased the capacity for aerobic respiration and subsequently greater respiration and subsequently greater production of ATP – allowing for more production of ATP – allowing for more activities. activities.


Scientific Classification of ReptilesScientific Classification of Reptiles

Kingdom: Kingdom: AnimaliaAnimaliaPhylum: Phylum: ChordataChordataSubphylum: Subphylum: VertebrataVertebrataClass: Class: SauropsidaSauropsida



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropsid


REPTILESREPTILES

ReptilesReptiles are tetrapods and amniotes, animals are tetrapods and amniotes, animals whose embryos are surrounded by an amniotic whose embryos are surrounded by an amniotic membrane. Today they are represented by four membrane. Today they are represented by four surviving surviving ordersorders::

CrocodiliaCrocodilia (crocodiles, caimans and alligators): 23 (crocodiles, caimans and alligators): 23 species species

RhynchocephaliaRhynchocephalia (tuataras from New Zealand): 2 (tuataras from New Zealand): 2 species species

SquamataSquamata (lizards, snakes and (lizards, snakes and amphisbaenidsamphisbaenids ("worm-lizards")): approximately 7,600 species ("worm-lizards")): approximately 7,600 species

TestudinesTestudines (turtles): approximately 300 species (turtles): approximately 300 species

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_%28biology%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodilia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamata

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphisbaenia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle


Reptiles are found on every continent Reptiles are found on every continent except for Antarctica, although their main except for Antarctica, although their main distribution comprises the tropics and distribution comprises the tropics and subtropics. Though all cellular metabolism subtropics. Though all cellular metabolism produces some heat, modern species of produces some heat, modern species of reptiles do not generate enough to maintain reptiles do not generate enough to maintain a constant body temperature and are thus a constant body temperature and are thus referred to as "referred to as "cold-bloodedcold-blooded" (ectothermic). " (ectothermic).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold-blooded


Sea TurtleSea Turtle for an exception: a reptile that for an exception: a reptile that elevates its body temperature well above elevates its body temperature well above that of its surroundings. Normally they rely that of its surroundings. Normally they rely on gathering and losing heat from the on gathering and losing heat from the environment to regulate their internal environment to regulate their internal temperature, e.g, by moving between sun temperature, e.g, by moving between sun and shade, or by preferential circulation — and shade, or by preferential circulation — moving warmed blood into the body core, moving warmed blood into the body core, while pushing cool blood to the periphery while pushing cool blood to the periphery

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherback_Sea_Turtle


Reptiles evolved from tailed amphibian ancestors. There Reptiles evolved from tailed amphibian ancestors. There are nearly 8000 species that are divided into four are nearly 8000 species that are divided into four orders; snakes and lizards, crocodiles and alligators, orders; snakes and lizards, crocodiles and alligators, tortoises and turtles, and tuataras.tortoises and turtles, and tuataras.

A reptile has the following features; A reptile has the following features;

cold bloodedcold blooded

dry, scaly skindry, scaly skin

tough shell on eggstough shell on eggs

eggs are laid on landeggs are laid on land


The Rise of Amniotes - ReptilesThe Rise of Amniotes - Reptiles

During the late Carboniferous, amphibiansDuring the late Carboniferous, amphibiansgave rise to the amniotes (birds, reptiles, mammals).gave rise to the amniotes (birds, reptiles, mammals).

A. Four features were critical to amniotes’A. Four features were critical to amniotes’ escape from water dependency:escape from water dependency:

1. They produce amniote eggs with internal1. They produce amniote eggs with internalcovering membranes and a shell, which allowcovering membranes and a shell, which allowthe eggs to survive in dry habitats.the eggs to survive in dry habitats.


Amniote egg contains a membraneous sac Amniote egg contains a membraneous sac that surrounds and protects the that surrounds and protects the embryoembryo. .

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Gray25.png


AllantoisAllantois

The word comes from the Greek word for The word comes from the Greek word for sausage, which the allantois resembles. sausage, which the allantois resembles. This sac-like structure is primarily involved This sac-like structure is primarily involved in respiration and excretion, and is webbed in respiration and excretion, and is webbed with blood vessels. It is primarily found in with blood vessels. It is primarily found in the blastocyst stage of early embryological the blastocyst stage of early embryological development, and its purpose is to collect development, and its purpose is to collect liquid waste from the embryo. liquid waste from the embryo.


The structure first evolved in reptiles and The structure first evolved in reptiles and birds as a reservoir for nitrogenous waste, birds as a reservoir for nitrogenous waste, but also as a means for oxygenation of the but also as a means for oxygenation of the embryo. Oxygen is absorbed by the allantois embryo. Oxygen is absorbed by the allantois through the egg shell . The allantois through the egg shell . The allantois functions similarly in monotremes, which are functions similarly in monotremes, which are egg-laying mammals. egg-laying mammals.


In most marsupials, the allantois is In most marsupials, the allantois is avascular, having no blood vessels, but still avascular, having no blood vessels, but still serves the purpose of storing nitrogenous serves the purpose of storing nitrogenous waste. Also, most marsupial allantoises do waste. Also, most marsupial allantoises do not fuse with the chorion. not fuse with the chorion.

In placental mammals, the allantois is the In placental mammals, the allantois is the precursor of the mature umbilical cordprecursor of the mature umbilical cord


2. First vertebrates to form eggs with2. First vertebrates to form eggs withinternal membranes that conserveinternal membranes that conserveHH22O and cushion an embryo, andO and cushion an embryo, andmetabolically support it.metabolically support it.

3. Amniotes have a toughened, dry or3. Amniotes have a toughened, dry or scaly skin that is resistant to drying.scaly skin that is resistant to drying.


4. They have a copulatory organ that4. They have a copulatory organ that permits internal fertilization.permits internal fertilization.

5. Their kidneys are good at conserving5. Their kidneys are good at conserving water.water.

Again, these amniotes (mammals, turtles, lizards, Again, these amniotes (mammals, turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodiles & birds) are the only tetrapods that snakes, crocodiles & birds) are the only tetrapods that can reproduce successfully away from aquatic can reproduce successfully away from aquatic habitats, while having the embryos develop to habitats, while having the embryos develop to advanced stage before hatching or being born in a dry advanced stage before hatching or being born in a dry habitat.habitat.


B.B. ““Reptiles” demonstrate certain advantageous Reptiles” demonstrate certain advantageous features features compared to amphibians.compared to amphibians.

1. Modification of limb bones, teeth, and1. Modification of limb bones, teeth, andjaw bones allowed greater exploitationjaw bones allowed greater exploitationof the insect life emerging in the Lateof the insect life emerging in the LateCarboniferous.Carboniferous.

2. Development of the cerebral cortex permitted2. Development of the cerebral cortex permitted greater integration of sensory input and motor greater integration of sensory input and motor

response.response.


3. A four-chambered heart fully separated3. A four-chambered heart fully separatedinto two halves and more efficient lungsinto two halves and more efficient lungsallowed greater activity. Crocodiliansallowed greater activity. Crocodilianswere the first to exhibit this feature. were the first to exhibit this feature. Though the reptiles’ brain is small Though the reptiles’ brain is small compared to it’s body mass, behaviorcompared to it’s body mass, behaviorgoverned by it is advanced to that seengoverned by it is advanced to that seenin Amphibians.in Amphibians.

4.4. Descendants of the surviving dinosaursDescendants of the surviving dinosaursbecame the lineage of reptiles.became the lineage of reptiles.


5. Transdermal gas exchange seen in5. Transdermal gas exchange seen in

amphibians is abandoned byamphibians is abandoned by

reptiles because of their well reptiles because of their well develop-develop-

ed lungs.ed lungs.


Circulatory systemsCirculatory systems

FishFish Amphibian Reptile, Bird Amphibian Reptile, Bird

MammalMammal


Humans, birds, and mammals have a 4-Humans, birds, and mammals have a 4-chambered heart that completely separates chambered heart that completely separates oxygen-rich and oxygen-depleted blood. oxygen-rich and oxygen-depleted blood. Fish have a 2-chambered heart in which a Fish have a 2-chambered heart in which a single-loop circulatory pattern takes blood single-loop circulatory pattern takes blood from the heart to the gills and then to the from the heart to the gills and then to the body. Amphibians have a 3-chambered body. Amphibians have a 3-chambered heart with two atria and one ventricle. heart with two atria and one ventricle.


A loop from the heart goes to the pulmonary capillary A loop from the heart goes to the pulmonary capillary beds, where gas exchange occurs. Blood then beds, where gas exchange occurs. Blood then returns to the heart. Blood exiting the ventricle is returns to the heart. Blood exiting the ventricle is diverted, some to the diverted, some to the pulmonary circuitpulmonary circuit, some to , some to systemic circuitsystemic circuit. The disadvantage of the three-. The disadvantage of the three-chambered heart is the mixing of oxygenated and chambered heart is the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Reptiles, all birds and deoxygenated blood. Reptiles, all birds and mammals, have a 4-chambered heart, with mammals, have a 4-chambered heart, with complete separation of both systemic and complete separation of both systemic and pulmonary circuits.pulmonary circuits.

http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.html#pulmonary%20circuit

http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossS.html#systemic%20circuit


A Sampling of Existing Reptiles – (Latin, to creep)A Sampling of Existing Reptiles – (Latin, to creep)

Reptiles are a diverse group. They are considered an Reptiles are a diverse group. They are considered an animal because they have basic amniote traits but not animal because they have basic amniote traits but not those of mammals or birds.those of mammals or birds.

A. TurtlesA. Turtles

1. The distinctive shell offers protection while1. The distinctive shell offers protection whileconserving water and body heat.conserving water and body heat.


2. The shell is connected to the skeleton. 2. The shell is connected to the skeleton. Their teeth are tough, horny plates Their teeth are tough, horny plates

designed for gripping & chewing designed for gripping & chewing

food.food.

3. Turtles lay their eggs on land, where3. Turtles lay their eggs on land, where

predation is high.predation is high.


Anatomy of a Box TurtleAnatomy of a Box Turtle


Turtle shell structureTurtle shell structure

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/anapsids/testudines/chelydra3.jpg

REPTILES & AMPHIBIANSREPTILES & AMPHIBIANS Turtle eggs and newbornTurtle eggs and newborn


B.B. LizardsLizards

1. Most lizards are small-bodied insect1. Most lizards are small-bodied insect eaters; their most usual habitats are eaters; their most usual habitats are

desertsdeserts and tropical forests.and tropical forests.

2. Lizards are also prey for many other animals,2. Lizards are also prey for many other animals, but are quick in movement and have thebut are quick in movement and have the unique ability to sever their own tails if it unique ability to sever their own tails if it

isis grabbed by a predator.grabbed by a predator.


LizardsLizards

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.alinereptiles.com/image092803/lizards/CB%2520%2520Green%2520tree%2520monitor.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.alinereptiles.com/lizards.html&h=480&w=640&sz=65&tbnid=ydp4r3Lw2sEaRM:&tbnh=101&tbnw=135&hl=en&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlizards%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DX

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.garbailey.com/images/Lizards%2520humping5detail1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.garbailey.com/main.html&h=459&w=692&sz=368&tbnid=4LLgDdG8AxTRFM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=137&hl=en&start=1&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlizards%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DX

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.fws.gov/cno/arcata/fisheries/herps/images/lizards/western_skink(eumeces_skiltonianus).jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.fws.gov/cno/arcata/fisheries/herps/lizards.html&h=525&w=700&sz=96&tbnid=mb3G56iEDVP5jM:&tbnh=103&tbnw=138&hl=en&start=25&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlizards%26start%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN


Scientific classificationScientific classification

Kingdom: Kingdom: AnimaliaAnimaliaPhylum: Phylum: ChordataChordataClass: Class: SauropsidaSauropsidaOrder: Order: SquamataSquamataSuborder: Suborder: LacertiliaLacertilia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_classification



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamata


C.C. SnakesSnakes

1. Snakes are limbless but retain vestiges1. Snakes are limbless but retain vestiges of hind limbs; they are excellentof hind limbs; they are excellent predators.predators.

2. Snakes have the ability to swallow prey2. Snakes have the ability to swallow prey larger than they are due to flexible skulllarger than they are due to flexible skull and jaw bones.and jaw bones.

3. All snakes are carnivores. Some suffocate their3. All snakes are carnivores. Some suffocate their prey, and some kill their prey with venom.prey, and some kill their prey with venom.


95% of all living reptiles are composed of 95% of all living reptiles are composed of Lizards and Snakes.Lizards and Snakes.

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Sauropsida

Order: Squamata

Suborder: Serpentes


D.D. TuatarasTuataras

1. Although they resemble lizards, they 1. Although they resemble lizards, they are evolutionarily more ancient. Theyare evolutionarily more ancient. They

resemble amphibians with the brainresemble amphibians with the brain and the way they walk.and the way they walk.

2. They do not engage in sex until they2. They do not engage in sex until they are twenty years old!.are twenty years old!.


3. Only two species remain today; 3. Only two species remain today; they live on islands off the shore ofthey live on islands off the shore of New Zealand.New Zealand.

4. Like lizards, tuatarus have a 34. Like lizards, tuatarus have a 3rdrd eye eye under the skin with a retina, a lens,under the skin with a retina, a lens, and nerves to the brain. They also and nerves to the brain. They also may live to be 60 years old.may live to be 60 years old.


Scientific Classification of TuatarasScientific Classification of Tuataras

Kingdom: AnimaliaKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataPhylum: ChordataClass: SauropsidaClass: SauropsidaOrder: Order: SphenodontiaSphenodontiaFamily: Family: SphenodontidaeSphenodontidaeGenus: Genus: SphenodonSphenodon


E.E. CrocodiliansCrocodilians

1. Crocodiles and alligators all live in or 1. Crocodiles and alligators all live in or near water.near water.

2. They are the largest living reptiles.2. They are the largest living reptiles.

3. The body plan includes a long snout;3. The body plan includes a long snout; body temperature is regulated behavior-body temperature is regulated behavior- ally (ectothermic).ally (ectothermic).


4. The ventricle of the heart is divided4. The ventricle of the heart is divided

into right and left chambers – moreinto right and left chambers – more

like the heart of birds than that oflike the heart of birds than that of

other reptiles.other reptiles.


4. Like other reptiles and birds, crocodilians 4. Like other reptiles and birds, crocodilians adjust body temperature with adjust body temperature with

behavioral and behavioral and physiological physiological mechanisms.mechanisms.

5. They are like birds in displaying complex 5. They are like birds in displaying complex social social behaviors, such as parents guarding behaviors, such as parents guarding nestsnests

and assisting hatchlings into water. This traitand assisting hatchlings into water. This trait and others suggest that crocodilians and and others suggest that crocodilians and

birdsbirds share a common ancestor.share a common ancestor.


ReptilianReptilian OrdersOrders Procolophonida (extinct) Procolophonida (extinct) Araeoscelidia (extinct)Araeoscelidia (extinct) Avicephala (extinct)Avicephala (extinct) Younginiformes (extinct)Younginiformes (extinct) Ichthyopterygia (extinct)Ichthyopterygia (extinct) Placodontia (extinct)Placodontia (extinct) Nothosauria (extinct)Nothosauria (extinct)


Orders (cont.)Orders (cont.)

Plesiosauria (extinct)Plesiosauria (extinct) Prolacertiformes (extinct)Prolacertiformes (extinct) Pterosauria (extinct)Pterosauria (extinct) Saurischia (extinct)Saurischia (extinct) Ornithischia (extinct)Ornithischia (extinct)


Reptilian OrdersReptilian Orders (cont.) (cont.)

TestudinesTestudines SquamataSquamata SphenodontiaSphenodontia CrocodiliaCrocodilia


Kingdom: AnimaliaKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataPhylum: ChordataSubphylum: VertebrataSubphylum: VertebrataClass: Class: AmphibiaAmphibiaSubclasses and OrdersSubclasses and Orders

Order Temnospondyli- Order Temnospondyli- extinctextinctSubclass Lepospondyli- Subclass Lepospondyli- extinctextinctSubclass LissamphibiaSubclass Lissamphibia Orders: Anura Orders: Anura Caudata Caudata ApodaApoda


Reading Assignment:Reading Assignment:

Pages: 338-342 Chap. 20Pages: 338-342 Chap. 20



Appendix I : Kingdom Animalia Appendix I : Kingdom Animalia

- tetrapods- tetrapods

- amniotes- amniotes

Documents

REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS The Rise of Amphibians (Devonian Period) A. Amphibians have a body plan and mode reproduction somewhere between “fishes” and “reptiles.”