REPUBLIC OF PERU:A COUNTRY STUDY

Presented by:CPT Anita Trepanier

MMLNorth Dakota State University

Upper Great Plains Transportation Institute8 December 2008

AGENDA

IntroductionGeography/TopographyHistoryDemographics (Culture, Economy, Family)Transportation InfrastructureAnalysis of Transportation InfrastructureConclusionQuestions ?

INTRODUCTION

Military and civilian commanders are beginning to acknowledge the importance of understanding the culture of countries that the United States military and contractors are sent to conduct operations. In understanding the history, the people, the geography, and the economy, military personnel and civilians are more effective in working with local community leaders and agencies to assist in positive change and relief work. The transportation infrastructure of Peru is restricted due to numerous factors and will somewhat affect the militarys ability to move into and around the country. This presentation is an attempt to provide an overview of the cultural topics that will provide the base knowledge needed about the people of Peru and an understanding of the transportation infrastructure within Peru, in order for military personnel to effectively support future disaster relief operations.

GEOGRAPHY/TOPOGRAPHY Peru is bordered by Ecuador, Columbia, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, and the Pacific Ocean1,285,220 square kilometersThird-largest country in South AmericaCoastal region consists of a narrow subtropical desert plain known as the Costa

Dry and semi-tropicalCentral region is the Andes Mountains

Consists of the western, central, occidental, and oriental CordilleraThe Andean mountains are only surpassed in height by the Himalayas in AsiaHarsh cold conditions

Eastern region consists of rainforests known as the SelvaTropical low land jungle of the Amazon Basin

One- third of the population lives in the Selva and Andes mountains and two-thirds inhabit the Costa Rainfall varies from less than two inches in the Costa to over 150 inches in the SelvaRoutinely plagued by earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, and infrequent volcanic eruptions

GEOGRAPHY/TOPOGRAPHY (CONT.)

GEOGRAPHY/TOPOGRAPHY (CONT.)

HISTORYThe Spanish first settled in northern Peru in late 1532 in Cajamarca

Francisco Pizarro a Spanish conquistador arrived in 1532 and captured CajamarcaProceeded to Cusco and one year later captured the imperial cityOnce Cusco was captured, he placed Manco Capac II on the Inca throne as a Spanish puppet

The native population fought to remain free from Spanish control over the next few yearsManco Capac II staged a rebellion in 1536, but was unable to defeat the Spaniards

Retreated to Vilcabamba in the remote interior of the Andes and established an independent Inca kingdom, until his defeat in 1572

The Spanish viceroyalty established itself in Lima in 1542Peru remained under Spanish viceroyalty until 1824 with the aid of Greater Columbia

First President, Simon Bolivar PalaciosPower struggles continued until the Guano Era of 1845 thru 1872, General Marshal Ramon Castilla rising to power, marked the beginning of age of unparalleled economic growth and political stability

HISTORYPeru began exporting the fertilizer in the 1840s and depleted its natural resource within three decadesFirst political party the Partido Civilistas was established in the early 1870s

Civilistas an antimilitary party, successful in developing a liberal export-model,Unable to stop the collapse of their economy spurred by the worldwide depression of 1873

Mariano Ignacio Prado (1876-79), president, lead Peru into a disastrous war with Chile in 1879

The War of the Pacific ,1879-83Caused by the dispute over nitrate-rich Atacama DesertAllied itself with Bolivia in the Treaty of 1873 to go to warPeace settlement signed in 1883 (The Treaty of Ancon)

After a period of intense civil strife, the armed forces led by General Andres Avelino Caceres succeeded in establishing some order in the country

Caceres won the presidency in 1886 and began imposing a general peaceFocus on reconstructing the country, recovery program, the Grace Contract

HISTORYLong-term military involvement until, 1968 revolution of General Juan Alvarado (1968-75)

Significant because it ended two decades of uninterrupted civilian rule1980, Fernando Belaunde, established democratic rule / confronted drug trafficking

Economy continued to fail and Perus foreign debt swelled to 13 billion U.S. dollars by the end of his term in 1985

1985, Alan Garcia, The American Popular Revolutionary Alliance candidateThe growth of a democratic political party emerged early in the 1990s

Natural disasters, economic decline, and triple-digit inflation heightened the negative image of government

In 1990, Alberto Fujimori was elected president1992, coup against his own governmentAfter being elected to a third term, he resigned from office after a bribery scandalFled to exile in Japan and in 2006 was taken into custody in Chile

In 2006, Alan Garcia was elected as president and is currently president of PeruSeeks to balance economic stability with increased social spending and decrease poverty

DEMOGRAPHICS

Population: Approximately 29 million (4th most populous country in South America)64.7 % are between the ages of 15 and 6429.7 % between 0 and 14 years old5.6 % over 65 years oldGrowth rate of 1.264%Death rate of 6.16 per 1,000Birth rate of 19.77 per 1,000Life expectancy: male 68.61 years / female 72.37 yearsMedian age: male 25.5 / female 26.1Infant mortality rate of 29.53 per 1,000 live births

Religion:81% of the population associate themselves with the Roman Catholic ChurchSlightly over 1 % are Seventh Day AdventistLess than 1 % are other ChristianSlightly over 16 % are unspecified or none

DEMOGRAPHICS (CONT.)

Population by area/region:Approximately 79 % live in urban areas up from 47 % in 1961Approximately 21 % live in rural areas in the Costa, Selva, and Andes regions

Population by culture affiliation:45 % Amerindian of pure Native Amerindian descentAbout 37 % Mestizo (Mixed Amerindian and white)15 % whiteAbout 3 % are black, Japanese, Chinese, and other

Languages:Spanish and Quechua are the official languages of PeruThere are a large number of Amazonian languages within the country

Unemployment:In 2008, 8.9% in Lima49.7% under employment rateApproximately 45% of Peruvians live below the poverty level

DEMOGRAPHICS (CONT.)

Class structure:Large lower classMarginal middle classLarge upper class

Education:Literacy Rate in Rural areas is 80%Literacy Rate in Urban areas is 96%Eleven years of schooling are mandatoryFewer schools in rural areasMany people attend colleges and universities within Peru and internationally

National Identity:Spanish and Catholicism (Very strong throughout the country)Many regional and ethnic culturesNational culture has been able to withstand these differences

DEMOGRAPHICS (CONT.)

Family:Kin Group tiesFather or male as head of family about 80%Mother or female as head of family about 20%Gender and lineage hierarchy

Military:Army, Air Force, and NavyApproximately 140K between all services Voluntary service for ages 18 up to 30Budget approximately 2.5 billion

Police:Approximately 140KBudget approximately 33 millionU.S. provides equipment through military surplus sales and the international narcotics control program

DEMOGRAPHICS (CONT.)

Economy:Free market, last twenty years actively sought foreign investments and importsU.S. is the largest trading partner (31.1% exports to U.S. / 18.2% imports from U.S.)Imports: petroleum, petroleum products, plastics, machinery, vehicles, iron and steel, wheat, and paperExports: copper, gold, zinc, crude petroleum, petroleum products, coffee, cocaine, potatoes, asparagus, textiles, sugar, and guinea pigsMultiple foreign trade agreements with the U.S., Singapore, Canada, and ChinaIncreasing natural gas production due to the Camisea project, currently has the fifth-largest amount of natural gas reserves in South America (Liquified)Potato is the largest crop produced (3,000 varities)Other important crops: sugarcane, coffee, and cotton (Pima and Tanguis)The industrial center is Lima, over 7,000 factoriesIndustries: textiles, clothing, leather products, chemicals, steel products, and processed foodsTourism is a large source of incomeCocaine paste is the number one illegal export

DEMOGRAPHICS (CONT.)

Economy cont.:GDP: $219.6 Billion (2007 est.)

Agriculture: 8.4%Industry: 25.6%Services: 66%

GDP (official exchange rate): $109.1 Billion (2007 est.)GDP per Capita: $7,600 (2007 est.)Labor Force: 9.839 millionInflation Rate: 1.8%

TRANSPORTATIONSeaports:

Largest port is Callao, located outside of LimaMajor ports: Paita, Salaverry, Chimbote, General San Martin, Ilo, and Matarani

All ports have long piers and deep drafts that are capable of handling international ocean-going commercial vesselsAbility to move large amounts of containers as well as other general cargo that is bulk or break-bulk.

Lighterage ports: Ancon, Aticot, Chancay, Coishco, Puerto Chicama formerly known as Malabrigo, Pacasmayo (Railway access at the pier), and PimentelPampa Melchorita is currently under construction and is being built for export of LNGOnly privately owned and operated port is the San Nicolas, used for exporting iron ore

Port of Callao is located 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) from the capital LimaApproximately 13 million tons of cargo and 728,000 TEUs are handled annuallyTen piers or wharves for general and bulk cargoOne pier used for passengersFour piers used for