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Soil fertility status as influenced by integrated nutrient management in mustard
– cowpea – rice cropping sequence in lateritic soils of KonkanSHILPA BABAR AND J. H. DONGALE
ABSTRACTThe field experiment was conducted to study the effect of integrated nutrient management on nutrient content and uptake in
mustard – cowpea – rice cropping sequence in lateritic soil of Konkan. The soil fertility parameters viz., bulk density, porosity,
organic carbon content, microbial count (bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes) and content of available nutrients (NPK) in soil showed
significant improvement with the application of organic, inorganic and organic + inorganic sources of nutrients compared to control
treatment. The highest microbial count in soil was contributed under INM T7 treatment and its effects were significantly superior
over to those of chemical fertilizes alone (T3) or use of organic manure alone (T
2). The content of available nutrients in soil was also
slightly higher with T7 treatment compared to use of only chemical fertilizers (T
3). It is therefore, in lateritic soil of Konkan for
mustard – cowpea – rice cropping sequence the integrated nutrient management practice i.e. application of 50 per cent recommended
dose of N, P2O5 and K
2O be applied through chemical fertilizers and the remaining 50 per cent recommended dose be applied
through manure for each crop in the cropping sequence for soil fertility sustenance and saving of chemical fertilizers. For mustard
and cowpea FYM be used as manure and for rice, glyricidia green leaf manuring be used.
INTRODUCTION
The basic concept underlying the INM is
maintenance of soil fertility and plant nutrient supply to
an optimum level for sustaining the desired crop
productivity through optimization of benefits from all
possible sources of plant nutrients in an integrated manner.
The appropriate combination of mineral fertilizers, organic
manures, crop residues, compost, N fixing crop /
biofertilizers varies according to the system of land use,
ecological, soil and economical conditions. The INM has
assumed great importance because of the present
negative nutrient balance and secondly, neither the
chemical alone nor organic sources exclusively can
achieve the production sustainability of soil as well as
crop under highly intensive cropping systems.
The INM helps in restoring and sustaining soil
fertility and crop productivity. It also helps in arresting
the emerging deficiency of macro, secondary and micro
nutrients favourably by optimizing the physical, chemical
and biological environment of soil and achieving economy
and efficiency in fertilizer use. In view of shrinkage of
land resources for cultivation, short supply and escalating
cost of chemical fertilizers, environmental pollution and
ill effects on soil, animals, and human health there is a
need to adopt INM concept for achieving the objective
of environmentally and economically sustainable
agriculture.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The field experiment was conducted on Research
Farm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture,
Dapoli, during Rabi, summer and Kharif season 2005-
06. The field experiment was carried out in Randomized
Block Design comprising three replications and eight
Correspondence to :
SHILPA BABAR, Department of Crop Production, Central Institute for Cotton Research, NAGPUR (M.S.) INDIA
Authors’ affil iations:
J.H. DONGALE, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, RATNAGIRI
(M.S.) INDIA
Babar, Shilpa and Dongale, J.H. (2011). Soil fertility status as influenced by integrated nutrient management in mustard –
cowpea – rice cropping sequence in lateritic soils of Konkan. Asian J. Soil Sci., 6(1): 33-38.
An Asian Journal of Soil ScienceVol. 6 No. 1 (June, 2011) : 33-38
Research
PaperReceived : February, 2011; Accepted : March, 2011
•HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE•
Key words : Lateritic soil, Mustard, Cowpea, Rice, Available N, P and K, Organic carbon
•HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE• [ 34 ] [Asian J. Soil Sci., 6 (1); (June, 2011)]
treatments (Table 1).
The pH and electrical conductivity (dS m-1) of soil
was determined (Jackson, 1967), organic carbon (%) was
determined by following Walkly and Black wet digestion
method. (Black, 1965b), available N (kg ha-1) was
determined by following alkaline permanganate (0.31%
KMnO4) method (Subbaih and Asija, 1956), available P
2O
5
was determined by following Bray’s II method. (Black,
1965b) and available K2O was determined
flamephotometrically by neutral N NH4OAc. (Jackson,
1967). Bulk density was determined by using clod method
as described by Black (1965a) and biological properties
were determined by serial dilution method as described
by Rangaswami (1966).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results obtained from the present investigation
as well as relevant discussion have been presented under
following heads:
Changes in soil properties:
Bulk density and porosity:
The mean bulk density of soil after harvest of mustard,
cowpea and rice were 1.16, 1.17 and 1.18 Mg m-3,
respectively as against the initial BD of experimental soil
was 1.30 Mg m-3. The bulk density of soil decreased
from 1.30 to 1.18 Mg m-3 due to cropping effect. The
effect of different treatments on BD was significant only
after harvest of mustard crop whereas it was non
significant after harvest of cowpea and rice crops. With
respect to mustard crop the alone organic treatments (T1
and T2) contributed significantly lower bulk density value
of soil and contributed significantly higher porosity
compared to control. Sharma et al. (2000) also reported
similar results (Table 2). Bellakki et al. (1998) concluded
that the addition of different organics viz., cow dung slurry,
paddy straw and glyricidia in combination with inorganic
fertilizers decreased the BD and increased the porosity
of soil significantly over control.
pH and EC:
The soil pH was influenced significantly due to
various treatments of mustard, cowpea and rice but the
treatment effects were not significant (Table 2). In
general addition of organic manure alone i.e. FYM
increased significantly the soil pH after harvest of mustard
and cowpea. But such effect was not observed with
glyricidia green manure with rice crop. With respect to
mustard the effect of chemical fertilizers either alone or
in combination with FYM / glyricidia were statistically at
par with each other including control indicating no change
in soil pH with these treatments. In general the various
treatments did not influence significantly the electrical
conductivity of soil. Ramteke et al. (1998) studied
sustainable crop production through cropping system and
organic farming and observed that application of FYM
@ 10 tone ha-1 increased soil pH.
Organic carbon:
In mustard application of only organic sources of
nutrients (T1 and T
2) and 50: 50 INM treatment (T
7)
improved significantly the organic carbon status of soil
Table 1: Effect of integrated nutrient management on physicochemical properties of lateritic soil
Treatments Mustard Cowpea Rice Treat.
No. Mustard Cowpea Rice
BD
(Mg m-3)
Porosity
(%)
BD
(Mg m-3)
Porosity
(%)
BD
(Mg m-3)
Porosity
(%)
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
125% N (M)
100% N (M)
100%NPK IF)
100%NPK (IF) +
25% N (M)
75% NPK (IF)
75% NPK (IF)
+ 25% N (M)
50% NPK (IF)
+ 50% N (M)
Control
Residual
100% N (M)
100%NPK(IF)
50%NPK (IF)
75% NPK (IF)
75% NPK (IF)
+ 25% N (M)
50% NPK (IF)
+ 50% N (M)
Control
Residual
50% N (M)
100% NPK (IF)
100%NPK(IF)
+ 25% N (M)
75% NPK (IF)
75% NPK (IF)
+ 25% N (M)
50% NPK (IF)
+ 50% N (M)
Control
1.09
1.15
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.18
1.18
1.24
56.65
54.37
53.47
53.47
53.57
53.27
53.17
50.79
1.21
1.14
1.12
1.19
1.16
1.18
1.19
1.20
51.88
54.86
55.65
52.78
53.87
53.27
52.88
52.28
1.19
1.16
1.14
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.21
52.88
54.17
54.76
52.88
52.78
52.68
52.88
52.08
Mean
F test
SE±
C.D. (0.05)
1.16
Sig
0.02
0.07
53.60
Sig
1.10
3.35
1.17
NS
0.02
-
53.60
NS
1.0
-
1.18
NS
0.04
-
53.14
NS
1.4
-
SHILPA BABAR AND J. H. DONGALE
[Asian J. Soil Sci., 6 (1); (June, 2011)]•HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE• [ 35 ]
compared to control (Table 2). Similar trend was also
noticed in case of cowpea and rice. In cowpea and rice
the treatment effect on organic carbon content of soil
was non significant. The content of organic carbon in soil
with 50: 50 INM treatments (T7) was also slightly higher
compared to control throughout the entire cropping system.
Powar (2004) found that organic carbon content was
increased by almost double due to application of 50: 50
INM treatments to that of 100 per cent NPK (IF)
treatment. Bajpai et al. (2006) also found that when 50
per cent N was substituted with Sesbania aculata,
organic carbon content in soil was increased compared
to 100 per cent NPK (IF).
Biological count:
The bacterial, fungal and actinomycetes count in
lateritic soil during the mustard – cowpea – rice cropping
system was influenced significantly due to various
treatments (Table 3). At the harvest stage of mustard,
the bacterial, fungal and actinomycetes count increased
significantly due to different treatments from 7.50 to 17.00
, 11.50 to 24.50 and from 3.00 to 8.00, respectively
compared to control. The corresponding values at harvest
of cowpea ranged from 8.25 to 13.00, 17.75 to 38.00 and
4.00 to 11.25 and at harvest of rice 1.75 to 5.00, 1.25 to
4.50 and 1.50 to 7.00, respectively. Application of manures
alone, chemical fertilizers alone and manure + chemical
fertilizers in integration showed positive influence in
increasing bacterial, fungal and actinomycetes count in
soil compared to control. Among the various crop growing
seasons the highest microbial (bacteria / fungi /
actinomycetes) count was noticed during summer season
when cowpea crop was growing followed by winter
season when mustard crop was growing and was least
during Kharif season when rice crop was growing under
submerge condition. Among the various microorganisms,
the fungi contributed the highest count followed by bacteria
and least was actinomycetes. The 50: 50 per cent INM
treatment T7 consistently contributed the highest bacterial,
fungal and actinomycetes count in soil throughout the
cropping system and its effect was significantly superior
over application of either chemical fertilizer alone (T3) or
organic manure alone (T1, T
2). The application of chemical
fertilizers @ 100 per cent RDF (T3) contributed
significantly higher bacterial count and also fungal count
compared to control, in case of mustard and cowpea crops,
however, its effect was significantly inferior as compared
to INM treatments (T7). But this treatment (T
3) failed to
increase significantly the bacterial and fungal count when
the rice was growing under submerge condition. The
positive effect of manure and balance fertilization in
enhancing the microbial count in soil as discussed above
is in agreement with those reported by Malewar et al.
(1999a) and Sharma et al. (1983). Datt and Sharma (2006)
also reported significant improvement in microbial count
and microbial biomass in soil with green manuring and
also residue incorporation through mungbean.
Changes in available nutrient status of soil:
Available nitrogen:
The variation in available N status of soil due to
different treatments was statistically non significant at
Table 2: Effect of integrated nutrient management on pH, EC and organic carbon of lateritic soil
Treatments Mustard Cowpea Rice Treat.
No. Mustard Cowpea Rice
pH
(1:2.5)
EC
dSm-1
OC
(%)
pH
(1:2.5)
EC
dSm-1
OC
(%)
pH
(1:2.5)
EC
dSm-1
OC
(%)
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
125% N (M)
100% N (M)
100% NPK (IF)
100% NPK (IF)
+ 25% N (M)
75% NPK (IF)
75% NPK (IF)
+ 25% N (M)
50% NPK (IF)
+ 50% N (M)
Control
Residual
100% N (M)
100% NPK (IF)
50% NPK (IF)
75% NPK (IF)
75% NPK (IF) +
25% N (M)
50% NPK (IF) +
50% N (M)
Control
Residual
50% N (M)
100% NPK (IF)
100% NPK (IF)
+ 25% N (M)
75% NPK (IF)
75% NPK (IF)
+ 25% N (M)
50% NPK (IF)
+ 50% N (M)
Control
5.91
6.01
5.76
5.74
5.74
5.71
5.76
5.79
0.20
0.21
0.21
0.23
0.20
0.23
0.24
0.17
1.37
1.38
1.24
1.30
1.25
1.29
1.31
1.19
6.05
6.07
5.87
6.00
5.97
6.00
5.94
5.82
0.12
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.12
1.34
1.35
1.24
1.26
1.27
1.27
1.27
1.23
5.98
5.90
5.98
5.80
5.93
5.83
5.75
5.95
0.09
0.12
0.13
0.11
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.11
1.45
1.42
1.37
1.34
1.37
1.37
1.34
1.28
Mean
F test
SE±
C.D. (0.05)
5.80
Sig.
0.05
0.14
0.20
NS
0.015
-
1.29
Sig
0.02
0.05
5.97
Sig.
0.05
0.14
0.12
NS
0.006
-
1.27
NS
0.02
-
5.89
NS
0.06
-
0.11
NS
0.01
-
1.37
NS
0.04
-
SOIL FERTILITY AS INFLUENCED BY INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN MUSTARD – COWPEA – RICE CROPPING SEQUENCE
•HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE• [ 36 ] [Asian J. Soil Sci., 6 (1); (June, 2011)]
both the growth stages of mustard whereas they were
statistically positive and significant at both the growth
stages of cowpea and rice (Table 4). The content of
available N in soil at flowering stage and at harvest of
mustard increased from 268.6 to 313.6 kg ha-1 and from
230.5 to 279.1 kg ha-1 due to different treatments but the
effects were statistically non significant. At harvest stage
of cowpea and rice crops the available N status of soil
was significantly improved under the 100 per cent RDF
treatment and 50: 50 per cent INM treatment (T7) and
75: 25 per cent INM treatment (T6). The FYM application
@ 100 % N (M) to cowpea registered significant increase
in available N content of soil at flowering stage of cowpea.
Similarly, glyricidia green leaf manuring (T2) to rice also
increased consistently the available N status of soil at PI
and harvest stage of rice and effects were statistically
significant. In general at harvest of rice i.e. at the end of
mustard – cowpea – rice cropping sequence all the
treatments increased significantly the available N status of
soil from 252.1 to 345.0 kg ha-1 over control with the mean
available N status of 308.5 kg ha-1 showing enrichment in
N fertility status of soil compared to initial status of available
N (238.34 kg ha-1). Singh (2006) also reported similar results
with rice - wheat system. The higher N availability with
green manuring and also in INM treatment compared to
the use of only mineral fertilizers @ 100 per cent RDF
was observed in the present investigation.
Available phosphorus:
The content of available phosphorus in soil showed
significant increase under all treatment combinations
throughout the cropping sequence compared to control
with the only exception of T5 treatment with reference to
cowpea and T1 treatment with reference to rice (Table
4). In general application of manure i.e. FYM / glyricidia
to each crop (T2) showed highest improvement in
available P2O
5 status of soil which was followed by 50:
50 % INM treatment (T7) and then 100 per cent RDF
treatment (T3). After harvest of rice crop i.e. at the end
of mustard – cowpea – rice cropping sequence the content
of available phosphorus in soil increased significantly from
16.7 to 22.6 kg P2O
5 ha-1 due to different treatments over
control with the exception of T1 (Residual) treatment with
a mean status of 19.6 kg P2O
5 ha-1. As compared to initial
soil P status (17.23 kg P2O
5 ha-1) there was enrichment
of soil P status under all treatment combinations with the
only exception of T1 (Residual) and control treatment (T
8).
Only in the control treatment (T8) there was slight
depletion in the status of available P2O
5 (15.1 to 16.7 kg
P2O
5 ha-1) compared to the initial status of 17.23 kg P
2O
5
ha-1. The positive effect of manure, inorganic fertilizers
SHILPA BABAR AND J. H. DONGALE
[Asian J. Soil Sci., 6 (1); (June, 2011)]•HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE• [ 37 ]
and their integration in improving available P2O
5 status of
soil periodically in mustard – cowpea – rice cropping
sequence is in accordance with Singh et al. (2006) with
respect to rice - wheat system.
Available potassium:
The content of available K in soil increased
significantly due to different treatments during the growth
period of mustard, cowpea and rice as compared to control
except the treatment T1 and T
4 at harvest of cowpea and
T1 at harvest stage of rice (Table 4) . At harvest stage of
mustard, cowpea and rice the content of available K2O
in soil increased significantly from 117.8 to 254.0 kg ha-1,
from 109.2 to 139.3 kg ha-1 and from 73.0 to 96.2 kg ha-
1, respectively due to various treatments compared to
control with the exception of T1and T
4 treatment in case
of cowpea and T1 in case of rice. In control treatment
(T8) the mean potassium fertility status showed gradual
depletion from mustard to harvest of rice crop from 122.3
kg ha-1. At the end of cropping sequence the content of
available K2O was depleted from the initial value of 100.8
kg ha-1 to the mean value of 90.8 kg ha-1 inspite of
application of potassium for all the crops either through
manure or inorganic fertilizers. Bellanki and Badanur
(1997) who reported increased in potassium availability
with the continuous use of manure, balance fertilizers and
combine use of manures + fertilizers with respect to
sorghum – safflower and rice – wheat cropping system
compared to control treatment
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SHILPA BABAR AND J. H. DONGALE
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