Research Article A Simple Technique for Sustaining Solar ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ijp/2016/3567502.pdfsolar collector eld, solar receiver, and a power conversion system [

Research ArticleA Simple Technique for Sustaining Solar EnergyProduction in Active Convective Coastal Regions

Moses E Emetere Marvel L Akinyemi and Etimbuk B Edeghe

Department of Physics Covenant University Canaanland PMB 1023 Ota Nigeria

Correspondence should be addressed to Moses E Emetere emetereyahoocom

Received 19 March 2016 Accepted 17 July 2016

Academic Editor Vishal Mehta

Copyright copy 2016 Moses E Emetere et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

The climatic factors in the coastal areas are cogent in planning a stable and functional solar farm 3D simulations relating thesurface temperature sunshine hour and solar irradiance were adopted to see the effect of minute changes of other meteorologicalparameters on solar irradiance This enabled the day-to-day solar radiation monitoring with the primary objective to examine thebest technique formaximumpower generation via solar option in coastal locationsThemonth of January had the highest turbulentfeatures showing the influence ofweather and the poorest solar radiance due to low sunshine hour Twenty-yearweather parametersin the research area were simulated to express the systematic influence of weather of PV performance A theoretical solar farm wasillustrated to generate stable power supply with emphasis on the longevity of the PVmodule proposed by introducing an electronicconcentrator pillar (CP) The pictorial and operational model of the solar farm was adequately explained

1 Introduction

The quest to meet the energy budget of a growing economy[1] is of utmost importanceThe energy option from fossil andnuclear sources has been reported severally to be dangerousbecause of themassive release of anthropogenic pollution [2ndash4] from automobilesmultipurpose generators and industrialmachinery Extensively anthropogenic gas emissions intothe atmosphere may initiate climate change [5 6] globalwarming and so forth Hence the promotion of cleanrenewable energy source is the only way of curbing airpollution in the environment Solar energy is described asthe cleanest renewable energy whose source is the sun Thesun and its numerous events (known as solar activity) havebeen reported to be themain driver of climate change [7]Thesolar activity in the tropical regions is quite high (comparedto the polar region) to drive the global energy and convectiveprocesses In the tropics high solar activity is advantageousin operating a successful solar farm The annual globalradiation in tropical and subtropical regions is about 1600ndash2200 kWhm2 Solar farms in the tropic have capacities ofgenerating electric power ranging from 10 (Megawatts) MWto 150MW [8] In the coastal area of the tropics an increased

solar activity culminates into an increased convective updraftand downdraft cloud formation frequent cloud movement[9] and so forthThese events in the coastal areas engender aprocess known as atmospheric shadingAtmospheric shadingoccurs when the cloud movement cast its shadow on theearth surface Atmospheric shade is inimical to solar powergeneration because the solar cell is designed in such a waythat little shade on one panel can gradually shut down solarpower productionThebypass diodes assist inminimizing theeffects of partial shading by preventing damage from reversebias on partially shaded cell or cells Bypass diodes allow theflow of electricity fromnonshaded parts to pass by the shadedpart of the module However the failure of the bypass diodehas been reported [10] It causes great power loss during largeshading hence causing the modulersquos performance to drop by13 instantly The failure of the bypass diode is evident whenprobed by Signal Transmitter Device

Amajor advantage of the coastal areas is the high precipi-tation level which helps to clean the surface of the solar panelfor effective photoemission Solar energy operators in thecoastal areas are faced with challenges ranging from climatechange inefficient solar panel durability of the solar panelpoor energy budget and so forth The estimated solar power

Hindawi Publishing CorporationInternational Journal of PhotoenergyVolume 2016 Article ID 3567502 11 pageshttpdxdoiorg10115520163567502

2 International Journal of Photoenergy

reaching the earth is little above 1000Wm2 [13] In Nigeriaabout 1770 TWhyear of solar energy falls on the entire landarea of Nigeria [14] By this estimation if 10 of the solarenergy can be harvested the energy generation would beabout 200 times more than the total energy obtained fromfossil and hydroelectricity This means that if solar energyis judiciously harvested solar option is capable of meetingthe energy needs of the whole world An efficient harvest ofthe solar radiation within the tropics and specifically coastalareas depends on the efficiency of the solar panel used Theimprovement of the PV farm is of utmost interest in thequest of maximizing the utilization of solar energy The PVmetamorphosis includes dye-sensitized solar cells with 11efficiency organic photovoltaic known as plastic solar cellswith 8 efficiency and IIIndashV multijunction solar cells withover 40 efficiency The PV technologies mentioned abovedo not yet contribute to the PVmarket hence the emergenceof the concentrating solar power (CSP) technology The CSPtechnology is presently enhanced by the smart grid concept toeliminate uncertainty and intermittency of solar generation

Solar panels are made up of solar cells that is an arrayof photovoltaic (PV) cells The primary requirement for amaterial to be used for solar cell application is its band gapThe band gap of the solar material is expected to be between11 eV and 17 eV [15] Solar cells are classified based on itsinherent band gap Types of solar cell include silicon solarcells IIIndashV group solar cells and thin film solar cells PVmodules do not only convert solar irradiation directly intoelectric but also produce plenty of waste heat which can berecovered for thermal use [16] Materials used to fabricatethe PV panels are monocrystalline silicon polycrystallinesilicon microcrystalline silicon copper indium selenideand cadmium telluride [17] The technology behind solarpanels varies with respect to the manufacturer Recentlythe production of solar cell from silicon semiconductor isone of the latest inventions of the PV technologies Theconcentrating solar power (CSP) technology is another recenttechnique for improving the functionality of the PV moduleA typical CSP plant consists of three main subsystemssolar collector field solar receiver and a power conversionsystem [18] The CSP option includes the collector and thereceiver parabolic trough solar tower or central receiverlinear Fresnel and dish Stirling [19] The efficiency of theCSP is high in the tropical region However the efficiencyof the CSP is greatly reduced in coastal region which ischaracterized by high convective activity and solar shadingAlready advanced control techniques have been applied toconcentrating solar power systems to overcome the problemscaused by the sporadic nature of solar radiation [20] Anotherway scientists sought to solve the irregular solar radiationproblem is the use of storage systems [21] Researchers havesuggested the incorporation of the thermal energy storage(TES) system to the solar farm This idea enables an efficientutilization of fluctuating solar energy on a continuous basis[22ndash24] Recent research [25] has shown that the success ofthe TES depends on the type of fluid used to convey heatfrom the solar collector to the TEM Gnaneswar Gude et al[26] have shown that low temperature desalination systemsare very efficient for TES

This paper seeks to solve the challenges of solar radiationirregularities due to solar shading in the coastal region Itexamines a comparative functional analysis of two typesof PV solar panel randomly chosen The PV solar panelwas tested in a changing solar radiation noticed in thesouth west region of Nigeria A model was propoundedto mathematically represent the challenges of solar energyoperators in coastal areas Solutionwas proffered via adoptingof electronic concentrator pillars in a prototype solar farm

2 Location of Study Area

The study area is located on a narrow coastal plain of theBight of Benin specifically on the south west of Nigeria It liesapproximately on longitude 2481015840E and 3261015840E respectivelyand latitude 6241015840N and 6251015840N (as shown in Figures 1 and 2)The detail of the location is expressed by Emetere andAkinyemi [27] Coastal regions are influenced by geomor-phological and oceanographical factors for example stormevent and open-ocean convection intensity that controls theseasonal variability of the hydrology hydrodynamics andbiogeochemistry [28]

3 Methodology

The theories used in themethodology have been propoundedby Emetere and Akinyemi [27] The dataset used for thisstudy was obtained from Giovanni Nigerian MeteorologicalAgency and Davis weather station The field work comprisesprimarily two PV modules from different producers that isSolarWorld and Sharp Solar as established in [27]

The voltage form is measured directly from the PVmodule that is using a multimeter set to direct current DCvoltage A manual data logger was used to obtain readingsThe readings were collected every ten minutes every daybetween the hours of twelve noon and three in the afternoon(3 pm) when the sun is believed to be at its peak

The experiment was performed in the active days ofDecember 2013 The choice of December was as a result ofthe following

(i) One-year data collected by the Davis weather stationshows an average solar radiance in the months (Fig-ure 3)

(ii) The peak days of December were captured using theDavis weather station (Figure 4)

The meteorological effect (ME) on the performance of thePV module will be established in the succeeding sectionThe varying solar radiation shows the clear evidence of MEin coastal areas We propose that the coastal regions arecharacterized by solar sectional shading (SSS) Solar sectionalshading is an atmospheric event due to cloudmovements andformation over area leading to physical shades over a regionduring solar radiation [27] The evidence of weather on solarfarm was done using 3D simulation of sunshine hour solarirradiance and surface temperature

International Journal of Photoenergy 3

0 30(km)

60

Figure 1 Location of study area in the enclave of Nigeria

Research site

Figure 2 Location of study coastal area

4 Evidence of Weather Effect onSolar Farm Setup

A twenty-year dataset (1993ndash2012) obtained from NigerianMeteorological Agency for the research site was used toinvestigate the weather effect on solar farms in the coastal

area The weather parameters are sunshine hour solar irradi-ance and surface temperature The 3D representation of theweather parameter was articulated via the ldquosurfer 8rdquo software(see Figures 5ndash7) The shape enabled the instability of theweather parameters within two decades For example themonths of January February March May July September


2965

297

2975

298

2985

299

2995

300

3005

Surfa

ce te

mpe

ratu

re (K

)

2 4 6 8 10 120Months of the year

20042005200620072008

20092010201120122013

Figure 3 Monthly surface temperature data (2004ndash2013)

1 2 3 4 5 6 70Time (minutes) times104

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

Surfa

ce te

mpe

ratu

re (∘ C)

Figure 4 Ten-year surface temperature data (2004ndash2013)

October November and December showedmassive instabil-ities over two decadeswhile larger part of themonths of AprilJune and August showed stability

5 Field-Work Results

The voltage-time graph of the four PV thin film modulegroups and temperature-time graph from the Davis weatherstation for active days ofDecember are shown in Figure 9Thespecific solar radiation trends were selected and discussed[27] The undulating surface temperature which is a directinfluence of solar radiation [29 30] is captured in the voltageoutput All groups responded to the first surface trough above30∘C (see the red arrow in Figures 8 and 9) The arrows showthat there was a small voltage difference between the cleanand dusty sharp PVmodules Also it is important to note thatthe coincidental intercepts between the clean and dusty PVmodules are due to a basic principle that is the open-circuit

voltage 119881oc is inversely proportional to the temperaturethat is as the temperature increases the voltage decreasesAll the solar panels in each group responded differently tosubsequent drop of solar radiation Sometimes CSW andDSW recover their sinusoidal form that is in accordancewith the prevailing solar radiation

A comparative study between Figures 8 and 9 shows afluctuation between 140 and 180 minutes Also it can beinterpreted that the fluctuation was as a result of temperaturedrop due to solar shading Another kind of solar irradiancetrend on the efficiency of the PV module is the affirmationof the two kinds of temperature rise that is an undulatingtemperature rise and a fair temperature rise An undulatingtemperature rise is characterized by slant crest and troughA fair temperature rise is neither linear nor parabolic It ischaracterized by uniform or constant regions within its riseBoth groups of SolarWorld PVmodules seem to perform bet-ter in a fair temperature rise The sharp PV thin film module


25

20

15

10

3433

3231

3029

2827

Surface temperature (K)5

67

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

14

12

34535

34335

33325

32315

Surface temperature (K)

5

43

67

8

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

20

15

10

33325

32

31

30

315

305


655

5

65

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

11

12

13

14

35

34345

33533

31

32325

305

315


7

555

65

75

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

Sunshine (h)

Apr

Mar

FebJan

Figure 5 Weather parameter trend for JanuaryndashApril

10

8

6

38

34

36

32

30

28


4

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

10

8

6

29285

28275

27265


325

2

354

455

55

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

12

10

32315

325

31

30305


6

757

555

65

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

68

1012

31

30305

29529

285


4

5

353

45

55

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

Sunshine (h)

Aug

Jul

Jun

May

Figure 6 Weather parameter trend for MayndashAugust


10

12

33325

32315

31305


555

45

665

775

8

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

12

10

8

30

31

295

305

29

28285


4

555

35

253

45

Sunshine (h)So

lar i

rrad

ianc

e(W

hm

2d

ay)

10

8

12

31

32

30305

315

29529


4

5

6

35

45

55

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

Sunshine (h)

5

6

775

65

55

Sunshine (h)

12

11

10

34

32

33335

325

315

305

295

31

30


Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay) Dec

Nov

Oct

Sep

Figure 7 Weather parameter trend for SeptemberndashDecember

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180363840424446485052

Time (mins)

Volta

ges (

V)

Clean sharpDusty sharp

Clean solar worldDusty solar world

Figure 8 Voltage-time on day four (1200ndash1500 daily)

Time (min)0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Temperature

Tem

pera

ture

(∘ C)

29292294296298

30302304306308

31

Figure 9 Temperature-time on day four (1200ndash1500 daily)

363840424446485052

Volta

ges (

V)

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1800Time (mins)



Figure 10 Voltage-time on day six (1200ndash1500 daily)

does not easily recover from sudden drop in temperatureSolarWorld PV module is more stable at this point Alsothe solar radiation may mimic a Gaussian distribution (seeFigure 11) Its output as seen in Figure 10 supports a fairlystabilized voltage output

6 The Theoretical Solar FarmSuggested for Coastal Areas

PV panels mounted in coastal region (as illustrated in theprevious sections) can sometimes be inefficient in harvestingall available energy from sunlight because of the SSS shapeof PV module and varying solar intensity throughout thedayTherefore the results shown in previous sections are very


Temperature

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1800Time (min)

Tem

pera

ture

(∘ C)

305

31

315

32

325

33

Figure 11 Temperature-time on day six (1200ndash1500 daily)

Solar shade region

Scattered beam

Transmitted beam

Activesolar region

Figure 12 Solar farm with concentrator pillars at SSS boundaries

important in planning a solar farm for coastal region Wemaintain the basic parameters for setting up a solar farmThe only improvement proposed for the solar farm setupis the inclusion of the electronic concentrator pillars (CP)which are expected to provide uniform solar radiation forthe PV modules Solar concentrators are efficient in tropicregion except for its coast plain The size of the SSS may belarge over an area This is due to formation of cloud formsWhen the size of the SSS is large the solar tracker (whichmounts the concentrator) may be inefficient in a solar farmThe technique suggested in this research is hinged on twoassumptions that is the solar farmmust occupy a fairly largearea for the electronics concentrator to keep track of theposition of the sun the mirrors and transmitting lens shouldbe mounted on different solar tracker On a smaller solarfarm the success of this technique lies in the expertise ofpersonnel to determine of the SSS boundaries so as to locatethe concentrator pillars (CP) as shown in Figure 12The CP ismade up ofmajorly transmitting lensmirrors solar radiationrelays and switching integrated circuit All the electronicCP are configured to operate at almost equal voltage outputWhen there is SSS in some part there is a drastic drop inthe voltage supply of the particular CP that is within thecircuitry of the CP This action initiates the transmitting lensof the CP in the active solar region to switch on and transmitsradiation to other neighboring CP We propose that thistechnique could maintain an almost uniform solar radiation(see Figure 12) during the active hours of the day

Transmitting lens

Receiving lensmirror

Rotating nub

Mirror concentrator

AB

SSS detector

Figure 13 Pictorial model of a concentrator pillar

We gave a pictorial model for the electronic CP (Fig-ure 13)The electronics diagramwas not reported to allow foringenuity by researchers or manufacturers

The electronic concentrator pillar is made up of amirror wall for reflectivity rebound An improved mirrormay be used that is mirror symmetrical dielectric totallyinternally reflecting concentrator (MSDTIRC) Davis [31]and Muhammad-Sukki et al [30] recently highlighted theadvantages of the MSDTIRC that is increasing the electricaloutput of a solar photovoltaic (PV) system and reducing theamount of the PV cell material needed henceminimizing theproduction cost of the systemThe rotating nub enables bothzenith and azimuth rotation to locate the nearest transmittingCP (see ldquo119860rdquo in Figure 13) The casing of the transmittinglens is designed to provide a continuous radiating guideThisprocess is almost synonymous to the fundamental principlesof a wave guide or resonating cavity The transmitting lenshas a verticalzenith rotation (see ldquo119861rdquo in Figure 13) whosestability depends on the solar sensors of neighboring CPThesolar sensor on the transmitting CP works on the principle ofback-scattering This process enables it to detect the radia-tional magnitude of the nearest receiving CP The transmit-ting CP trips off as soon as solar detector receives a back-scattered solar radiation that is equal or nearly equal toSSS detector This process repeats itself if any SSS detectorswitches off The sensors of the electronic CP are pro-grammed to operate at similar magnitude If the radiationalmagnitude of any CP falls below others the rotating nub ofthe nearest receiving and transmitting CP rotates to detecteach of them


PV array

Concpillar

Figure 14 Aerial view of the solar farm

Further calculations are required for maximum applica-tion of this technique The aerial view of the solar farm isshown in Figure 14

The concentrator pillars at the boundaries are used tocorrect the shades created by the concentrator pillar withinthe solar farm The economic viability of this project isdependent on the quality of thematerial used Hence the costmay vary due to availability of material or components usedto build the concentrator pillars

The validity of the CP technology to improve the PVmodule efficiency is evident in its transmittance and energyyield The transmittance may be surface reflection (119879sr) orgeometry loss (119879gl) This can be expressed mathematically

119879sr = (119899119905cos 120579119905

2119899119894cos 120579119894

) (1199052

perp+ 1199052

) (1)

Here 119899119894is the index of refraction for the ray in the incident

media 119899119905is the index of refraction for the ray in the

transmitted media and 120579119894and 120579

119905are incident and refracted

angles Consider

119879gl = 1 minus (119904 minus 119887

119889) (2)

Here 119904 is the radius loss distance 119887 is the projected draft and119889is the transmission distance Since geometry loss arises fromthe draft surface and prism tip rounding of the lens facets

80

78

76

74

72

70

68

66

64

62

60

Spec

tral

wei

ghte

d tr

ansm

issio

neffi

cien

cy (

)

5 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 05 0

f2A

Circular aperture no prism roundingSquare aperture no prism roundingCircular aperture condition-3 roundingSquare aperture condition-3 rounding

Figure 15 Circular versus square lens aperture transmittancecomparison when plotted on an axis of squared focal ratio 1198912119860Reference [11]

the prospect of the lens array design in Figure 11 to improvethe efficiency of the PV had been expressed in Figure 15

The spectra weighted transmission efficiency for squarelens aperture is lower than circular lensThismeans thatwhenrays are transmitted from the CP onto the PV module thetendency of geometry loss is lower than the circular lens


3269

3059

285

264

2431

2221

2011

1802

1592

1383

1173D

aily

ener

gy (k

Wh)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

31

(Day)

CalculationActual

Figure 16 Daily energy output from polycrystalline PV module Reference [12]

The validity of the energy yield prediction of a PV model hasbeen expressed in [12] shown in Figure 16

The energy yield of the PV module is given as [32]

119864 = 1198861119867 + 119886

2119867119879minus2

max + 1198863119879max (3)

Here119867 is the direct normal irradiation 119879 is the temperatureand 1198861 1198862 and 119886

3are regression coefficients The three terms

on the right hand side give linear trend lines that is thefirst two for each installation (CP and PV module) andthe third for both installations Hence CP installation canbe modeled linearly and rarely generate energy at very lowlevels of irradiation [10] hence the performance ratio (PR) isexpressed as

PR = 085119864119867 (4)

We propose that ldquo119899rdquo is number of hours per day then

PR = 085119864119867119899 (5)

Since performance ratio is the ratio of production energy toexpected energy and the regression coefficient is negligibledue to the CP then the expected energy yield can be writtenas

119864119890=

119879max

PR minus (085119899 + 085119899 119879minus2max) (6)

The second term of the denominator was discarded becauseit is not dependent on temperature This term becomes thesource of error when the system is at its minimum energygeneration at very low levels of irradiation hence

119864119890=

119879max

PR minus 085119899 119879minus2max (7)

Equation (5) was analyzed at various performance ratios thatis 05 085 and 15 (Figure 17)

From the above simulation the minimum energy expec-tation is 65KWh at a performance ratio that is unityThe expected energy yield rises as the duration of the CPinstallation increases From Figure 17 the linearity of the CPinstallationwas affirmedHence if we intend to generate twicethe production energy (PR = 05) the maximum expectedenergy yield would be 135 KWh

7 Conclusion

It was analytically and numerically proven that climaticfactors influence solar radiation in coastal regions Thismeans that solar PV efficiency would be greatly affected Theday-to-day solar radiation pattern experimentwas performedin the tropical coastal areas The solar radiation pattern ischaracterized by undulating rise fair rise and Gaussian dis-tribution The danger of the irregular solar radiation featurescan be seen to mitigate individual performance of the solarcells and its lifecycle The reason for irregular solar radiationwas adduced to solar sectional shading because it is prevalentin the coastal region and triggers the type of solar pattern forthe daymonthyear The SSS is an atmospheric event whichoccurs due to cloud formation and movements over coastalarea A mathematical model was propounded to explain thecollective solar radiation over a massive coastal area Thesurface temperature or the solar intensity is inversely propor-tional to the area The practical solution for enhancing solarPV efficiency in the coastal areas was suggested via the intro-duction of electronic concentrator pillars in a proposed solarfarm The pictorial and operational model was adequatelyexplained

Competing Interests

The authors declare no conflict of interests


020

4060

80

02

46

Duration (h)

0

50

100

150

Expe

cted

ener

gy y

ield

(kW

h)

Maximum temperature (∘ C)

(a)

020

4060

80

02

46

Duration (h)Maximum temperature (∘ C)

0

20

40

60

80

Expe

cted

ener

gy y

ield

(kW

h)

(b)

020

4060

80

02

46


0

20

40

60

80

Expe

cted

ener

gy y

ield

(kW

h)

(c)

Figure 17 (a) Energy yield when PR = 05 (b) Energy yield when PR = 085 (c) Energy yield when PR = 1

Acknowledgments

The authors appreciate the host institution for their partialsponsorship The authors appreciate the contributions ofJennifer Emetere

References

[1] VDevabhaktuniMAlam S Shekara SreenadhReddyDepuruR C Green II D Nims and C Near ldquoSolar energy trendsand enabling technologiesrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 19 pp 555ndash564 2013

[2] M E Emetere and M L Akinyemi ldquoModeling of genericair pollution dispersion analysis from cement factoryrdquo AnaleleUniversitatii din OradeamdashSeria Geografie no 1 Article ID231123-628 pp 181ndash189 2013

[3] M E Emetere ldquoModeling of particulate radionuclide dis-persion and deposition from a cement factoryrdquo Annals ofEnvironmental Science vol 7 no 6 pp 71ndash77 2013

[4] A Brown ldquoAerosol choices matterrdquoNature Climate Change vol2 pp 75ndash79 2012

[5] A Tsikalakis T Tomtsi N D Hatziargyriou et al ldquoReviewof best practices of solar electricity resources applications inselected Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countriesrdquoRenewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 15 no 6 pp2838ndash2849 2011

[6] S Keles and S Bilgen ldquoRenewable energy sources in Turkey forclimate changemitigation and energy sustainabilityrdquoRenewableand Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 16 no 7 pp 5199ndash52062012

[7] K G McCracken J Beer and F Steinhilber ldquoEvidence forplanetary forcing of the cosmic ray intensity and solar activitythroughout the past 9400 yearsrdquo Solar Physics vol 289 no 8pp 3207ndash3229 2014

[8] M Jacobson ldquoReview of solutions to global warming airpollution and energy securityrdquo Tech Rep Stanford UniversityStanford Calif USA 2008

[9] M E Emetere ldquoForecasting hydrological disaster using envi-ronmental thermographic modelingrdquo Advances in Meteorologyvol 2014 Article ID 783718 9 pages 2014

[10] C Greacen and D Green ldquoThe role of bypass diodes in thefailure of solar battery charging stations in Thailandrdquo SolarEnergyMaterials and Solar Cells vol 70 no 2 pp 141ndash149 2001


[11] A M Omar M Z Hussin S Shaaria and K Sopianb ldquoEnergyyield calculation of the grid connected photovoltaic powersystemrdquo in Computer Applications in Environmental Sciencesand Renewable Energy pp 162ndash167 WSEAS Press 2014

[12] E Skoplaki and J A Palyvos ldquoOn the temperature dependenceof photovoltaic module electrical performance a review ofefficiencypower correlationsrdquo Solar Energy vol 83 no 5 pp614ndash624 2009

[13] E Hoff and M Cheney ldquoThe idea of low cost photovoltaicrdquoEnergy Journal vol 93 article 17 2000

[14] S Olayinka Oyedepo ldquoEnergy and sustainable development inNigeria the way forwardrdquo Energy Sustainability and Societyvol 2 no 1 article 15 pp 1ndash17 2012

[15] V V Tyagi S C Kaushik and S K Tyagi ldquoAdvancement insolar photovoltaicthermal (PVT) hybrid collector technol-ogyrdquo Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 16 no 3pp 1383ndash1398 2012

[16] Y Tian and C Y Zhao ldquoA review of solar collectors and thermalenergy storage in solar thermal applicationsrdquo Applied Energyvol 104 pp 538ndash553 2013

[17] T M Razykov C S Ferekides D Morel E Stefanakos HS Ullal and H M Upadhyaya ldquoSolar photovoltaic electricitycurrent status and future prospectsrdquo Solar Energy vol 85 no 8pp 1580ndash1608 2011

[18] M S Jamel A Abd Rahman andAH Shamsuddin ldquoAdvancesin the integration of solar thermal energywith conventional andnon-conventional power plantsrdquo Renewable and SustainableEnergy Reviews vol 20 pp 71ndash81 2013

[19] X Py Y Azoumah and R Olives ldquoConcentrated solar powercurrent technologies major innovative issues and applicabilityto West African countriesrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 18 pp 306ndash315 2013

[20] E F Camacho F R Rubio M Berenguel and L Valenzuela ldquoAsurvey on control schemes for distributed solar collector fieldsPart II advanced control approachesrdquo Solar Energy vol 81 no10 pp 1252ndash1272 2007

[21] U Desideri and P E Campana ldquoAnalysis and comparisonbetween a concentrating solar and a photovoltaic power plantrdquoApplied Energy vol 113 pp 422ndash433 2014

[22] J J Navarrete-Gonzaalez J G Cervantes-de Gortari and ETorres-Reyes ldquoExergy analysis of a rock bed thermal storagesystemrdquo International Journal of Exergy vol 5 no 1 pp 18ndash302008

[23] IMMichaelides S A Kalogirou I Chrysis et al ldquoComparisonof performance and cost effectiveness of solar water heatersat different collector tracking modes in Cyprus and GreecerdquoEnergy Conversion and Management vol 40 no 12 pp 1287ndash1303 1999

[24] S Karsli ldquoPerformance analysis of new-design solar air collec-tors for drying applicationsrdquo Renewable Energy vol 32 no 10pp 1645ndash1660 2007

[25] F Cavallaro ldquoFuzzy TOPSIS approach for assessing thermal-energy storage in concentrated solar power (CSP) systemsrdquoApplied Energy vol 87 no 2 pp 496ndash503 2010

[26] V Gnaneswar Gude N Nirmalakhandan S Deng and AMaganti ldquoLow temperature desalination using solar collectorsaugmented by thermal energy storagerdquo Applied Energy vol 91no 1 pp 466ndash474 2012

[27] M E Emetere and M L Akinyemi ldquoWeather effect onphotovoltaic module adaptation in coastal areasrdquo InternationalJournal of Renewable Energy Research vol 5 no 3 pp 821ndash8252015

[28] M Stabholz X Durrieu deMadronM Canals et al ldquoImpact ofopen-ocean convection on particle fluxes and sediment dynam-ics in the deep margin of the Gulf of Lionsrdquo Biogeosciences vol10 no 2 pp 1097ndash1116 2013

[29] H van Loon G A Meehl and J M Arblaster ldquoA decadal solareffect in the tropics in July-Augustrdquo Journal of Atmospheric andSolar-Terrestrial Physics vol 66 no 18 pp 1767ndash1778 2004

[30] F Muhammad-Sukki S H Abu-Bakar R Ramirez-Iniguez etal ldquoMirror symmetrical dielectric totally internally reflectingconcentrator for building integrated photovoltaic systemsrdquoApplied Energy vol 113 pp 32ndash40 2014

[31] A Davis ldquoRaytrace assisted analytical formulation of Fresnellens transmission efficiencyrdquo in Novel Optical Systems Designand Optimization XII vol 7429 of Proceedings of SPIE pp D1ndashD12 San Diego Calif USA August 2009

[32] F J Gomez-Gil X Wang and A Barnett ldquoAnalysis andprediction of energy production in concentrating photovoltaic(CPV) installationsrdquo Energies vol 5 no 3 pp 770ndash789 2012

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Inorganic ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal ofPhotoenergy


Carbohydrate Chemistry

International Journal of


Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Analytical Methods in Chemistry

Journal of

Volume 2014

Bioinorganic Chemistry and ApplicationsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

SpectroscopyInternational Journal of


The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of


Chromatography Research International


Applied ChemistryJournal of



Theoretical ChemistryJournal of


Journal of

Spectroscopy

Analytical ChemistryInternational Journal of


Journal of


Quantum Chemistry


Organic Chemistry International

ElectrochemistryInternational Journal of



CatalystsJournal of


reaching the earth is little above 1000Wm2 [13] In Nigeriaabout 1770 TWhyear of solar energy falls on the entire landarea of Nigeria [14] By this estimation if 10 of the solarenergy can be harvested the energy generation would beabout 200 times more than the total energy obtained fromfossil and hydroelectricity This means that if solar energyis judiciously harvested solar option is capable of meetingthe energy needs of the whole world An efficient harvest ofthe solar radiation within the tropics and specifically coastalareas depends on the efficiency of the solar panel used Theimprovement of the PV farm is of utmost interest in thequest of maximizing the utilization of solar energy The PVmetamorphosis includes dye-sensitized solar cells with 11efficiency organic photovoltaic known as plastic solar cellswith 8 efficiency and IIIndashV multijunction solar cells withover 40 efficiency The PV technologies mentioned abovedo not yet contribute to the PVmarket hence the emergenceof the concentrating solar power (CSP) technology The CSPtechnology is presently enhanced by the smart grid concept toeliminate uncertainty and intermittency of solar generation

Solar panels are made up of solar cells that is an arrayof photovoltaic (PV) cells The primary requirement for amaterial to be used for solar cell application is its band gapThe band gap of the solar material is expected to be between11 eV and 17 eV [15] Solar cells are classified based on itsinherent band gap Types of solar cell include silicon solarcells IIIndashV group solar cells and thin film solar cells PVmodules do not only convert solar irradiation directly intoelectric but also produce plenty of waste heat which can berecovered for thermal use [16] Materials used to fabricatethe PV panels are monocrystalline silicon polycrystallinesilicon microcrystalline silicon copper indium selenideand cadmium telluride [17] The technology behind solarpanels varies with respect to the manufacturer Recentlythe production of solar cell from silicon semiconductor isone of the latest inventions of the PV technologies Theconcentrating solar power (CSP) technology is another recenttechnique for improving the functionality of the PV moduleA typical CSP plant consists of three main subsystemssolar collector field solar receiver and a power conversionsystem [18] The CSP option includes the collector and thereceiver parabolic trough solar tower or central receiverlinear Fresnel and dish Stirling [19] The efficiency of theCSP is high in the tropical region However the efficiencyof the CSP is greatly reduced in coastal region which ischaracterized by high convective activity and solar shadingAlready advanced control techniques have been applied toconcentrating solar power systems to overcome the problemscaused by the sporadic nature of solar radiation [20] Anotherway scientists sought to solve the irregular solar radiationproblem is the use of storage systems [21] Researchers havesuggested the incorporation of the thermal energy storage(TES) system to the solar farm This idea enables an efficientutilization of fluctuating solar energy on a continuous basis[22ndash24] Recent research [25] has shown that the success ofthe TES depends on the type of fluid used to convey heatfrom the solar collector to the TEM Gnaneswar Gude et al[26] have shown that low temperature desalination systemsare very efficient for TES

This paper seeks to solve the challenges of solar radiationirregularities due to solar shading in the coastal region Itexamines a comparative functional analysis of two typesof PV solar panel randomly chosen The PV solar panelwas tested in a changing solar radiation noticed in thesouth west region of Nigeria A model was propoundedto mathematically represent the challenges of solar energyoperators in coastal areas Solutionwas proffered via adoptingof electronic concentrator pillars in a prototype solar farm

2 Location of Study Area

The study area is located on a narrow coastal plain of theBight of Benin specifically on the south west of Nigeria It liesapproximately on longitude 2481015840E and 3261015840E respectivelyand latitude 6241015840N and 6251015840N (as shown in Figures 1 and 2)The detail of the location is expressed by Emetere andAkinyemi [27] Coastal regions are influenced by geomor-phological and oceanographical factors for example stormevent and open-ocean convection intensity that controls theseasonal variability of the hydrology hydrodynamics andbiogeochemistry [28]

3 Methodology

The theories used in themethodology have been propoundedby Emetere and Akinyemi [27] The dataset used for thisstudy was obtained from Giovanni Nigerian MeteorologicalAgency and Davis weather station The field work comprisesprimarily two PV modules from different producers that isSolarWorld and Sharp Solar as established in [27]

The voltage form is measured directly from the PVmodule that is using a multimeter set to direct current DCvoltage A manual data logger was used to obtain readingsThe readings were collected every ten minutes every daybetween the hours of twelve noon and three in the afternoon(3 pm) when the sun is believed to be at its peak

The experiment was performed in the active days ofDecember 2013 The choice of December was as a result ofthe following

(i) One-year data collected by the Davis weather stationshows an average solar radiance in the months (Fig-ure 3)

(ii) The peak days of December were captured using theDavis weather station (Figure 4)

The meteorological effect (ME) on the performance of thePV module will be established in the succeeding sectionThe varying solar radiation shows the clear evidence of MEin coastal areas We propose that the coastal regions arecharacterized by solar sectional shading (SSS) Solar sectionalshading is an atmospheric event due to cloudmovements andformation over area leading to physical shades over a regionduring solar radiation [27] The evidence of weather on solarfarm was done using 3D simulation of sunshine hour solarirradiance and surface temperature


0 30(km)

60


Research site






2965

297

2975

298

2985

299

2995

300

3005

Surfa

ce te

mpe

ratu

re (K

)


20042005200620072008

20092010201120122013



22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

Surfa

ce te

mpe

ratu

re (∘ C)








25

20

15

10

3433

3231

3029

2827


67

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

14

12

34535

34335

33325

32315


5

43

67

8

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

20

15

10

33325

32

31

30

315

305


655

5

65

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

11

12

13

14

35

34345

33533

31

32325

305

315


7

555

65

75

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

Sunshine (h)

Apr

Mar

FebJan


10

8

6

38

34

36

32

30

28


4

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

10

8

6

29285

28275

27265


325

2

354

455

55

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

12

10

32315

325

31

30305


6

757

555

65

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

68

1012

31

30305

29529

285


4

5

353

45

55

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

Sunshine (h)

Aug

Jul

Jun

May



10

12

33325

32315

31305


555

45

665

775

8

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

12

10

8

30

31

295

305

29

28285


4

555

35

253

45

Sunshine (h)So

lar i

rrad

ianc

e(W

hm

2d

ay)

10

8

12

31

32

30305

315

29529


4

5

6

35

45

55

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

Sunshine (h)

5

6

775

65

55

Sunshine (h)

12

11

10

34

32

33335

325

315

305

295

31

30


Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay) Dec

Nov

Oct

Sep


0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180363840424446485052

Time (mins)

Volta

ges (

V)




Time (min)0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Temperature

Tem

pera

ture

(∘ C)

29292294296298

30302304306308

31


363840424446485052

Volta

ges (

V)

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1800Time (mins)








Temperature

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1800Time (min)

Tem

pera

ture

(∘ C)

305

31

315

32

325

33


Solar shade region

Scattered beam

Transmitted beam

Activesolar region



Transmitting lens


Rotating nub

Mirror concentrator

AB

SSS detector





PV array

Concpillar





119879sr = (119899119905cos 120579119905

2119899119894cos 120579119894

) (1199052

perp+ 1199052

) (1)





angles Consider

119879gl = 1 minus (119904 minus 119887

119889) (2)


80

78

76

74

72

70

68

66

64

62

60

Spec

tral

wei

ghte

d tr

ansm

issio

neffi

cien

cy (

)

5 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 05 0

f2A






3269

3059

285

264

2431

2221

2011

1802

1592

1383

1173D

aily

ener

gy (k

Wh)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

31

(Day)

CalculationActual




119864 = 1198861119867 + 119886

2119867119879minus2

max + 1198863119879max (3)




PR = 085119864119867 (4)


PR = 085119864119867119899 (5)


119864119890=

119879max



119864119890=

119879max




7 Conclusion


Competing Interests



020

4060

80

02

46

Duration (h)

0

50

100

150

Expe

cted

ener

gy y

ield

(kW

h)


(a)

020

4060

80

02

46


0

20

40

60

80

Expe

cted

ener

gy y

ield

(kW

h)

(b)

020

4060

80

02

46


0

20

40

60

80

Expe

cted

ener

gy y

ield

(kW

h)

(c)


Acknowledgments


References











































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


0 30(km)

60


Research site






2965

297

2975

298

2985

299

2995

300

3005

Surfa

ce te

mpe

ratu

re (K

)


20042005200620072008

20092010201120122013



22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

Surfa

ce te

mpe

ratu

re (∘ C)








25

20

15

10

3433

3231

3029

2827


67

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

14

12

34535

34335

33325

32315


5

43

67

8

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

20

15

10

33325

32

31

30

315

305


655

5

65

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

11

12

13

14

35

34345

33533

31

32325

305

315


7

555

65

75

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

Sunshine (h)

Apr

Mar

FebJan


10

8

6

38

34

36

32

30

28


4

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

10

8

6

29285

28275

27265


325

2

354

455

55

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

12

10

32315

325

31

30305


6

757

555

65

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

68

1012

31

30305

29529

285


4

5

353

45

55

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

Sunshine (h)

Aug

Jul

Jun

May



10

12

33325

32315

31305


555

45

665

775

8

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

12

10

8

30

31

295

305

29

28285


4

555

35

253

45

Sunshine (h)So

lar i

rrad

ianc

e(W

hm

2d

ay)

10

8

12

31

32

30305

315

29529


4

5

6

35

45

55

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

Sunshine (h)

5

6

775

65

55

Sunshine (h)

12

11

10

34

32

33335

325

315

305

295

31

30


Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay) Dec

Nov

Oct

Sep


0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180363840424446485052

Time (mins)

Volta

ges (

V)




Time (min)0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Temperature

Tem

pera

ture

(∘ C)

29292294296298

30302304306308

31


363840424446485052

Volta

ges (

V)

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1800Time (mins)








Temperature

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1800Time (min)

Tem

pera

ture

(∘ C)

305

31

315

32

325

33


Solar shade region

Scattered beam

Transmitted beam

Activesolar region



Transmitting lens


Rotating nub

Mirror concentrator

AB

SSS detector





PV array

Concpillar





119879sr = (119899119905cos 120579119905

2119899119894cos 120579119894

) (1199052

perp+ 1199052

) (1)





angles Consider

119879gl = 1 minus (119904 minus 119887

119889) (2)


80

78

76

74

72

70

68

66

64

62

60

Spec

tral

wei

ghte

d tr

ansm

issio

neffi

cien

cy (

)

5 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 05 0

f2A






3269

3059

285

264

2431

2221

2011

1802

1592

1383

1173D

aily

ener

gy (k

Wh)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

31

(Day)

CalculationActual




119864 = 1198861119867 + 119886

2119867119879minus2

max + 1198863119879max (3)




PR = 085119864119867 (4)


PR = 085119864119867119899 (5)


119864119890=

119879max



119864119890=

119879max




7 Conclusion


Competing Interests



020

4060

80

02

46

Duration (h)

0

50

100

150

Expe

cted

ener

gy y

ield

(kW

h)


(a)

020

4060

80

02

46


0

20

40

60

80

Expe

cted

ener

gy y

ield

(kW

h)

(b)

020

4060

80

02

46


0

20

40

60

80

Expe

cted

ener

gy y

ield

(kW

h)

(c)


Acknowledgments


References











































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


2965

297

2975

298

2985

299

2995

300

3005

Surfa

ce te

mpe

ratu

re (K

)


20042005200620072008

20092010201120122013



22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

Surfa

ce te

mpe

ratu

re (∘ C)








25

20

15

10

3433

3231

3029

2827


67

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

14

12

34535

34335

33325

32315


5

43

67

8

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

20

15

10

33325

32

31

30

315

305


655

5

65

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

11

12

13

14

35

34345

33533

31

32325

305

315


7

555

65

75

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

Sunshine (h)

Apr

Mar

FebJan


10

8

6

38

34

36

32

30

28


4

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

10

8

6

29285

28275

27265


325

2

354

455

55

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

12

10

32315

325

31

30305


6

757

555

65

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

68

1012

31

30305

29529

285


4

5

353

45

55

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

Sunshine (h)

Aug

Jul

Jun

May



10

12

33325

32315

31305


555

45

665

775

8

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

12

10

8

30

31

295

305

29

28285


4

555

35

253

45

Sunshine (h)So

lar i

rrad

ianc

e(W

hm

2d

ay)

10

8

12

31

32

30305

315

29529


4

5

6

35

45

55

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

Sunshine (h)

5

6

775

65

55

Sunshine (h)

12

11

10

34

32

33335

325

315

305

295

31

30


Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay) Dec

Nov

Oct

Sep


0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180363840424446485052

Time (mins)

Volta

ges (

V)




Time (min)0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Temperature

Tem

pera

ture

(∘ C)

29292294296298

30302304306308

31


363840424446485052

Volta

ges (

V)

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1800Time (mins)








Temperature

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1800Time (min)

Tem

pera

ture

(∘ C)

305

31

315

32

325

33


Solar shade region

Scattered beam

Transmitted beam

Activesolar region



Transmitting lens


Rotating nub

Mirror concentrator

AB

SSS detector





PV array

Concpillar





119879sr = (119899119905cos 120579119905

2119899119894cos 120579119894

) (1199052

perp+ 1199052

) (1)





angles Consider

119879gl = 1 minus (119904 minus 119887

119889) (2)


80

78

76

74

72

70

68

66

64

62

60

Spec

tral

wei

ghte

d tr

ansm

issio

neffi

cien

cy (

)

5 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 05 0

f2A






3269

3059

285

264

2431

2221

2011

1802

1592

1383

1173D

aily

ener

gy (k

Wh)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

31

(Day)

CalculationActual




119864 = 1198861119867 + 119886

2119867119879minus2

max + 1198863119879max (3)




PR = 085119864119867 (4)


PR = 085119864119867119899 (5)


119864119890=

119879max



119864119890=

119879max




7 Conclusion


Competing Interests



020

4060

80

02

46

Duration (h)

0

50

100

150

Expe

cted

ener

gy y

ield

(kW

h)


(a)

020

4060

80

02

46


0

20

40

60

80

Expe

cted

ener

gy y

ield

(kW

h)

(b)

020

4060

80

02

46


0

20

40

60

80

Expe

cted

ener

gy y

ield

(kW

h)

(c)


Acknowledgments


References











































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


25

20

15

10

3433

3231

3029

2827


67

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

14

12

34535

34335

33325

32315


5

43

67

8

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

20

15

10

33325

32

31

30

315

305


655

5

65

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

11

12

13

14

35

34345

33533

31

32325

305

315


7

555

65

75

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

Sunshine (h)

Apr

Mar

FebJan


10

8

6

38

34

36

32

30

28


4

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

10

8

6

29285

28275

27265


325

2

354

455

55

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

12

10

32315

325

31

30305


6

757

555

65

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

68

1012

31

30305

29529

285


4

5

353

45

55

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

Sunshine (h)

Aug

Jul

Jun

May



10

12

33325

32315

31305


555

45

665

775

8

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

12

10

8

30

31

295

305

29

28285


4

555

35

253

45

Sunshine (h)So

lar i

rrad

ianc

e(W

hm

2d

ay)

10

8

12

31

32

30305

315

29529


4

5

6

35

45

55

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

Sunshine (h)

5

6

775

65

55

Sunshine (h)

12

11

10

34

32

33335

325

315

305

295

31

30


Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay) Dec

Nov

Oct

Sep


0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180363840424446485052

Time (mins)

Volta

ges (

V)




Time (min)0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Temperature

Tem

pera

ture

(∘ C)

29292294296298

30302304306308

31


363840424446485052

Volta

ges (

V)

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1800Time (mins)








Temperature

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1800Time (min)

Tem

pera

ture

(∘ C)

305

31

315

32

325

33


Solar shade region

Scattered beam

Transmitted beam

Activesolar region



Transmitting lens


Rotating nub

Mirror concentrator

AB

SSS detector





PV array

Concpillar





119879sr = (119899119905cos 120579119905

2119899119894cos 120579119894

) (1199052

perp+ 1199052

) (1)





angles Consider

119879gl = 1 minus (119904 minus 119887

119889) (2)


80

78

76

74

72

70

68

66

64

62

60

Spec

tral

wei

ghte

d tr

ansm

issio

neffi

cien

cy (

)

5 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 05 0

f2A






3269

3059

285

264

2431

2221

2011

1802

1592

1383

1173D

aily

ener

gy (k

Wh)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

31

(Day)

CalculationActual




119864 = 1198861119867 + 119886

2119867119879minus2

max + 1198863119879max (3)




PR = 085119864119867 (4)


PR = 085119864119867119899 (5)


119864119890=

119879max



119864119890=

119879max




7 Conclusion


Competing Interests



020

4060

80

02

46

Duration (h)

0

50

100

150

Expe

cted

ener

gy y

ield

(kW

h)


(a)

020

4060

80

02

46


0

20

40

60

80

Expe

cted

ener

gy y

ield

(kW

h)

(b)

020

4060

80

02

46


0

20

40

60

80

Expe

cted

ener

gy y

ield

(kW

h)

(c)


Acknowledgments


References











































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


10

12

33325

32315

31305


555

45

665

775

8

Sunshine (h)

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

12

10

8

30

31

295

305

29

28285


4

555

35

253

45

Sunshine (h)So

lar i

rrad

ianc

e(W

hm

2d

ay)

10

8

12

31

32

30305

315

29529


4

5

6

35

45

55

Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay)

Sunshine (h)

5

6

775

65

55

Sunshine (h)

12

11

10

34

32

33335

325

315

305

295

31

30


Sola

r irr

adia

nce

(Wh

m2d

ay) Dec

Nov

Oct

Sep


0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180363840424446485052

Time (mins)

Volta

ges (

V)




Time (min)0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Temperature

Tem

pera

ture

(∘ C)

29292294296298

30302304306308

31


363840424446485052

Volta

ges (

V)

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1800Time (mins)








Temperature

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1800Time (min)

Tem

pera

ture

(∘ C)

305

31

315

32

325

33


Solar shade region

Scattered beam

Transmitted beam

Activesolar region



Transmitting lens


Rotating nub

Mirror concentrator

AB

SSS detector





PV array

Concpillar





119879sr = (119899119905cos 120579119905

2119899119894cos 120579119894

) (1199052

perp+ 1199052

) (1)





angles Consider

119879gl = 1 minus (119904 minus 119887

119889) (2)


80

78

76

74

72

70

68

66

64

62

60

Spec

tral

wei

ghte

d tr

ansm

issio

neffi

cien

cy (

)

5 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 05 0

f2A






3269

3059

285

264

2431

2221

2011

1802

1592

1383

1173D

aily

ener

gy (k

Wh)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

31

(Day)

CalculationActual




119864 = 1198861119867 + 119886

2119867119879minus2

max + 1198863119879max (3)




PR = 085119864119867 (4)


PR = 085119864119867119899 (5)


119864119890=

119879max



119864119890=

119879max




7 Conclusion


Competing Interests



020

4060

80

02

46

Duration (h)

0

50

100

150

Expe

cted

ener

gy y

ield

(kW

h)


(a)

020

4060

80

02

46


0

20

40

60

80

Expe

cted

ener

gy y

ield

(kW

h)

(b)

020

4060

80

02

46


0

20

40

60

80

Expe

cted

ener

gy y

ield

(kW

h)

(c)


Acknowledgments


References











































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


Temperature

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1800Time (min)

Tem

pera

ture

(∘ C)

305

31

315

32

325

33


Solar shade region

Scattered beam

Transmitted beam

Activesolar region



Transmitting lens


Rotating nub

Mirror concentrator

AB

SSS detector





PV array

Concpillar





119879sr = (119899119905cos 120579119905

2119899119894cos 120579119894

) (1199052

perp+ 1199052

) (1)





angles Consider

119879gl = 1 minus (119904 minus 119887

119889) (2)


80

78

76

74

72

70

68

66

64

62

60

Spec

tral

wei

ghte

d tr

ansm

issio

neffi

cien

cy (

)

5 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 05 0

f2A






3269

3059

285

264

2431

2221

2011

1802

1592

1383

1173D

aily

ener

gy (k

Wh)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

31

(Day)

CalculationActual




119864 = 1198861119867 + 119886

2119867119879minus2

max + 1198863119879max (3)




PR = 085119864119867 (4)


PR = 085119864119867119899 (5)


119864119890=

119879max



119864119890=

119879max




7 Conclusion


Competing Interests



020

4060

80

02

46

Duration (h)

0

50

100

150

Expe

cted

ener

gy y

ield

(kW

h)


(a)

020

4060

80

02

46


0

20

40

60

80

Expe

cted

ener

gy y

ield

(kW

h)

(b)

020

4060

80

02

46


0

20

40

60

80

Expe

cted

ener

gy y

ield

(kW

h)

(c)


Acknowledgments


References











































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


PV array

Concpillar





119879sr = (119899119905cos 120579119905

2119899119894cos 120579119894

) (1199052

perp+ 1199052

) (1)





angles Consider

119879gl = 1 minus (119904 minus 119887

119889) (2)


80

78

76

74

72

70

68

66

64

62

60

Spec

tral

wei

ghte

d tr

ansm

issio

neffi

cien

cy (

)

5 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 05 0

f2A






3269

3059

285

264

2431

2221

2011

1802

1592

1383

1173D

aily

ener

gy (k

Wh)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

31

(Day)

CalculationActual




119864 = 1198861119867 + 119886

2119867119879minus2

max + 1198863119879max (3)




PR = 085119864119867 (4)


PR = 085119864119867119899 (5)


119864119890=

119879max



119864119890=

119879max




7 Conclusion


Competing Interests



020

4060

80

02

46

Duration (h)

0

50

100

150

Expe

cted

ener

gy y

ield

(kW

h)


(a)

020

4060

80

02

46


0

20

40

60

80

Expe

cted

ener

gy y

ield

(kW

h)

(b)

020

4060

80

02

46


0

20

40

60

80

Expe

cted

ener

gy y

ield

(kW

h)

(c)


Acknowledgments


References











































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


3269

3059

285

264

2431

2221

2011

1802

1592

1383

1173D

aily

ener

gy (k

Wh)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

31

(Day)

CalculationActual




119864 = 1198861119867 + 119886

2119867119879minus2

max + 1198863119879max (3)




PR = 085119864119867 (4)


PR = 085119864119867119899 (5)


119864119890=

119879max



119864119890=

119879max




7 Conclusion


Competing Interests



020

4060

80

02

46

Duration (h)

0

50

100

150

Expe

cted

ener

gy y

ield

(kW

h)


(a)

020

4060

80

02

46


0

20

40

60

80

Expe

cted

ener

gy y

ield

(kW

h)

(b)

020

4060

80

02

46


0

20

40

60

80

Expe

cted

ener

gy y

ield

(kW

h)

(c)


Acknowledgments


References











































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


020

4060

80

02

46

Duration (h)

0

50

100

150

Expe

cted

ener

gy y

ield

(kW

h)


(a)

020

4060

80

02

46


0

20

40

60

80

Expe

cted

ener

gy y

ield

(kW

h)

(b)

020

4060

80

02

46


0

20

40

60

80

Expe

cted

ener

gy y

ield

(kW

h)

(c)


Acknowledgments


References











































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of

































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of










Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of

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Research Article A Simple Technique for Sustaining Solar ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ijp/2016/3567502.pdfsolar collector eld, solar receiver, and a power conversion system [