Research Article Characteristics of Humidity-Temperature ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/amse/2015/959502.pdf · Concrete Box-Type Specimens. In this study, two types of specimens

Research ArticleCharacteristics of Humidity-Temperature Changing inthe Below-Grade Concrete Structure by Applying WaterproofingMaterials on the Exterior Wall

Sang-Mook Chang1 Sang-Keun Oh2 Deok-Suk Seo3 and Sung-Min Choi4

1Department of Building Equipment Plant Yuhan University 590 Kyunin-ro Sosa-gu BucheonGyeonggi-do 422-749 Republic of Korea2Architectural Engineering Seoul National University of Science and Technology 232 Gongneung-ro Nowon-guSeoul 139-743 Republic of Korea3Architectural Engineering Halla University 28 Hallauniv-Road Wonju-si Gangwon-do 220-712 Republic of Korea4Research Institute of Construction Technology Seoul National University of Science and Technology 232 Gongneung-roNowon-gu Seoul 139-743 Republic of Korea

Correspondence should be addressed to Sung-Min Choi housedoctorseoultechackr

Received 29 April 2015 Accepted 8 July 2015

Academic Editor Joao M P Q Delgado

Copyright copy 2015 Sang-Mook Chang et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

The water leakage in an underground space cannot easily be repaired owing to the characteristics of the underground spacewhich not only causes continuous inconvenience to the apartment residents but also facilitates condensation Thus the effects ofdifferent waterproofing methods in underground spaces on changes in temperature and humidity should be quantitatively studiedto establish strong measures for the condensation issue In this study two types of specimens were produced separately by dividingthe waterproofing materials applied to underground structures into exterior and interior waterproofing construction methodsthereafter changes in the temperature and humidity inside the specimens were observedThe test results of the evaluation regardingcondensation in underground structures indicated that when exterior waterproofing materials are applied thermal insulationmaintains a steady interior temperature and keeps the humidity at an appropriate level thereby preventing the creation of anenvironment conducive to the occurrence of condensation

1 Introduction

Waterproofing technology to prevent water leakage under-neath apartments is regarded as an important safety tech-nology for construction quality that prevents safety-relatedaccidents and protects national infrastructure and facilities[1] However because waterproofing work is carried outby humans the implementation often lacks precision [2]In addition in many cases humidity in concrete surfacesis constantly present in underground spaces [3] so it isgenerally accepted that complete waterproofing cannot bepractically achieved in underground structures [4] Accord-ingly although water leakage is permitted in most recently

constructed apartments interior waterproofing is applied byusing cement-based waterproof material such as polymer-modified waterproof mortar [5] to allow induced drainage

However a type of interior waterproofing material thatallows leakage in the underground spaces of apartments mayhinder the long-term safety of the underground structuresreduce the service life or damage interiormaterials as a resultof dew condensation [6] which have become major sourcesof deterioration to residentsrsquo living environments

Normally because the accountability of such defectsdue to leakage or condensation [7] is not clearly assignedthe Korea Consumer Agency received many complaintsconcerning leakage and condensation problems not only

Hindawi Publishing CorporationAdvances in Materials Science and EngineeringVolume 2015 Article ID 959502 10 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552015959502

2 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

mm (047998400998400)

800mm (315998400998400)

110mm(043998400998400)

185mm(072

998400998400)125mm(049998400998400)

M8times1

M12 times 1

Temperature and humidity sensorempty 120

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of installation of the sensor

in the interior houses but also in common areas such asunderground parking lots these represent serious concerns[8]

In recent years most underground parking lots in apart-ments have been designed to directly access the residentialarea [9] and interior waterproofing (induced drainage) hasbeen applied to most underground parking structures exceptfor the top floor which is susceptible to leakage at all times[10] Such leakage causes inconvenience to the residents andeasily introduces dew condensation [11 12]

Thus a fundamental proofing measure (exterior water-proofing) should be established as a priority at the designconstruction phase to minimize disputes due to leakage andcondensation [13] It is true that leakage prevention effects arepredictable owing to the application of exteriorwaterproofing[14] But few studies have examined the correlations of con-densation conditions (changes in conditions of temperatureand humidity) in underground spaces and no concretevalidated data are available [15] Thus an objective basisshould be provided regarding the effect of waterproofingconstruction methods (exterior and interior waterproofing)on condensation environments in underground parking lotsof apartments and this basis should be actively utilized inthe waterproofing design and material selection phases forunderground structures [16]

In this study the effects of the application of exteriorwaterproofing are verified as a measure to reduce condensa-tion inside concrete structures constructed in maintenancethrough experiments into the characteristics of changes intemperature and humidity according to seasonal condi-tionsThese experiments separately examined the applicationmethods (interior waterproofing or exterior waterproofing)of waterproofing layers applied to the outer walls in under-ground parking lots of apartments

2 Research Scope and Methodology

21 Research Scope In this study condensation occurring inthe winter season was first examined as a primary objec-tive by evaluating the importance of test period and testloads while conducting secondary experiments in the winterspringautumn and summer seasons For getting the results

are based on sufficient findings regarding the test resultsunder the conditions of three seasons

22 Study Method An immersion test was conducted byusing concrete box-type specimens assuming the environ-mental conditions of an underground concrete structure inwhich underground water exists the changes in temperatureand humidity were observed according to the differentconditions of specimen compositionThe test was intensivelyconducted under the conditions of three seasons winterspringautumn and summer Two test periods 7 and 14 dayswere used separately to identify the difference between heatand cool conditions in the winter season followed by a testunder springautumn conditions for seven days

3 Configuration of the Specimensand Test Method

31 Temperature and Humidity Sensors To measure temper-ature and humidity inside and outside the specimen a mul-tichannel data logger (model Agilent 34972A) was employedand temperature and humidity sensors were installed at thelocation of each specimen to simultaneously record dataas shown in Figure 1 In addition sensors were installed toobserve changes in the external temperature of the concreteexposed to the atmosphere as well as the wall side of theconcrete box which was immersed in water replicatingthe existence of external underground water (refer to thespecifications in Figure 2 and Table 1)

The interval for the measurements recorded by the datalogger was set to 1min and the conditions of the specimenswere periodically checked during the test period to observethe presence of condensation In addition the presenceof heat transfer fluid maintaining the height of the waterimmersing the concrete box and the record of the data loggerwere constantly inspected

32 Concrete Box-Type Specimens In this study two types ofspecimens were produced separately by dividing the appli-cation types of waterproofing layers applied to undergroundstructures into exterior and interior waterproofing construc-tionmethods Furthermore depending on the strength of the

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 3

Table 1 Specifications of the temperature and humidity sensor

Category Specification

Temperature and humidity sensor

Measurement range (relative humidity) Relative humidity (RH) 0ndash100Measurement range (temp) Temp 0ndash100∘C minus20ndash80∘C

Accuracy at 23∘C ltplusmn2 RH (10ndash99 RH)Annual stability of relative humidity ltplusmn1 RHRelative humidity response time lt10 s normally (up to 90)

Selected signal output 0-1 VDC 0ndash5VDC 0ndash10VDCSupply voltage 14ndash35VDC 45ndash35VDC 14ndash26VDC

Size Length 80mm L 12mm

Data logger (Agilent 34972A) Basic DCV accuracy 0004yearMaximum scanning 250 channelss

500mm

50mm

50mm

500mm

300mm

Exterior

Interior

T-sensor 4

T-sensor 2

T-sensor 3

H-sensor 2

T-sensor 5

Humidity (H) sensor 1Temperature (T) sensor 1

Figure 2 Schematic diagram of the specimens

base concrete in the underground structures condensationmay occur differently so 12 specimens of high-strengthconcrete (HSC) and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) weremanufactured as listed in Table 2

The specimen was a concrete square box The top ofthe box was covered by a square lid 600mm in length andwidth which was made from acrylic and sealed The centerarea of the lid was designed to allow the installation of heattransfer fluid that can facilitate heating as well as temperatureand humidity sensors that can measure the temperature andhumidity of the interior of the box as shown in Figure 2Thespecimens were immersed in water to approximately 300mmin depth assuming the conditions of the underground waterlevel on the exterior of the underground space

After the 28-day curing process was completed afterconcrete placement the manufactured exterior waterproof-ing specimens were coated with urethane-coated waterproofmaterial as thickness of 3mm [4] whereas the interiorwaterproofing specimens were coated with cement-mixedpolyester-based waterproof material as thickness of 1mm[17] After coating with the waterproof material another 14-day curing process was completed and the final specimenswere produced as the top cover was installed on top of the

concrete box along with temperature and humidity sensorsand heat transfer fluid (incandescent lamps 30W) Afterthe heat transfer fluid and temperaturehumidity sensorswere completely installed the two separated half coverswere completely bonded and sealed with silicone at theintersection The intersection with the concrete box was alsoattached and sealed with silicone The mixing condition ofconcrete specimen is fixed slumpof 13 cmwater-cement ratioof 40 and SA of 42The strength of concrete specimen istested by KS F 2403 at 28 days Additionally it is checked byrebound hardness method using Schmidt hammer The testresult of the concrete compressive strengths and the conditionof specimens are as in Tables 3 and 4

4 Test Results and Discussion

41 Basic Performance Evaluation of the Applied Materi-als The basic performance evaluation was a related KS(Korean Standards) performance evaluation on waterproofmaterials applied to the specimens (exterior waterproofing ofurethane-coated waterproof material interior waterproofingof cement-mixed polymer-modified waterproof material)which aimed to identify basic performance of the waterproofmaterials coated on the specimens before conducting thecondensation test The test was conducted according to thetest specificationsThe urethane-coated waterproof materialsare specified in KS F 3211 [18] and the test items for thecement-mixed polymer-modified waterproof material arespecified in KS F 4919 [19] as listed in Table 2 The test resultverified that the criteria for all test items were satisfied

To verify the strength of the manufactured concretespecimens the compressive strength test results are as inTable 4

42 Concrete Box-Type Specimens

421 Test Results of the Winter Season Specimens

(1) Temperature of the Interior of the Specimen in Winter Thetest was conducted from February 12 to 25 2013 for 14 daysTo compare the results from heated and unheated conditions


Table 2 Details about mortar specimens by temperature

CategoryType of specimen

Exterior waterproofinglowast1 (O)

Interior waterproofinglowast2 (I) Uncoated (N)

Concrete boxHSC HSC-O HSC-I HSC-NOPC OPC-O OPC-I OPC-N

lowast1 urethane coated waterproof material (thickness 2mm)lowast2 cement-mixed polymer-modified waterproof material (thickness 1mm)

Table 3 Details about concrete specimen by mixing ratio

Division Maximum size ofcoarse aggregate (mm)

Unit volume of concrete

WC () SA () Slump (cm)Cement (kgm3)

Fineaggregate(kgm3)

Coarseaggregate(kgm3)

HSC 25 378 733 999 40 42 13OPC 25 378 733 999 50 42 13

Table 4 Compressive strength of the concrete specimen

Division Result Test methodCompressive strength test

HPC 2934MPa KS F 2403OPC 1782MPa

Rebound hardness testHPC 2744MPa Schmidt hammer testOPC 1829MPa

the interior heating in the winter season was assumed whilethe heat transfer fluid (light bulbs) inside the box was turnedon and then turned off after eight days The test results areshown in Figure 3

The test results showed that the exterior temperaturewas measured at approximately 9ndash16∘C whereas the inte-rior temperature was measured at approximately 17ndash20∘CThe exterior temperature varied in the range of 4-5∘Caccording to the daily temperature change whereas theinterior temperature varied in a smaller range of 1-2∘C Thisresult was revealed because the influence of the externaltemperature was limited owing to the operation of the innerheat transfer fluid (light bulbs) and the immersion of tightlyclosed specimens in water However after the heat transferfluid stopped its operation synchronization with the exteriortemperature was observed more clearly particularly at thelow temperature

The test results indicated that the overall temperaturein the interior of the box changed with the same trend asthe change in the exterior temperature for all six specimensalthough the variance was not excessive For three daysafter the test start the temperature increased rapidly fromapproximately 11∘C up to approximately 20∘C thereafterthe temperature variance was maintained at approximately2∘C according to the exterior temperature change Thiswas attributable to the incandescent lamps used as heat

7

9

11

13

15

17

19

21

23

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1110 12 13 14

Days

Temperature

HSC-O

HSC-O

OPC-O

OPC-O

HSC-I

HSC-I

OPC-I

OPC-I

HSC-N

HSC-N

OPC-N

OPC-N

Tem

pera

ture

in w

inte

r (∘C)

Heating on

Heating off

Exterior temperature

A-1

Figure 3 Result of the measurement of temperature of the interiorof the specimen in winter

transfer fluid causing the interior temperature to increaseoverallThe temperature between specimenswas distinctivelydifferentiated between three-day and four-day durations thistemperature difference was maintained constantly until theheating was turned off

As shown in Figure 4 the specimens maintaining thehighest temperature were the high-strength specimen (HSC-O) and ordinary strength specimen (OPC-O) Exteriorwater-proofingwas applied to both specimens which showednearlysimilar temperature changesThe specimens maintaining thenext highest temperatures were the high-strength uncoatedspecimen (HSC-N) followed by high-strength specimen(HSC-I) and ordinary strength specimen (OPC-I) Interiorwaterproofing was applied to each specimen which showedsimilar temperature distribution The specimen that main-tained the lowest temperature was the uncoated specimen ofordinary strength concrete without waterproofing (OPC-N)


1646 1637

60136485

1524 1526

72347746

1538 1508

76458107

0

20

40

60

80

100

HSC OPC HSC OPCTemperature (∘C) Humidity ()

Ex waterproofingIn waterproofing

Uncoated

Figure 4 Measurement results of the mean temperature andaverage humidity of the specimens under winter conditions

It was verified that the specimens to which the exteriorwaterproofing was applied (HSC-O OPC-O) maintained ahigher temperature of approximately 113∘C on average thanthe specimens to which interior waterproofing was applied(HSC-I OPC-I) and uncoated specimens (HSC-N OPC-N)In addition the specimens to which interior waterproofingwas applied displayed a temperature range (1508ndash1537∘Con average) similar to the uncoated specimens showing nosignificant difference

The specimens to which exterior waterproofing wasapplied were less sensitive to exterior temperature changesand higher insulation properties that maintained interiortemperatures than the uncoated specimens and the speci-mens to which interior waterproofing was applied No signif-icant insulation performance difference was found betweenthe interior waterproofing specimen and the uncoated speci-mens This result proves that moisture was blocked from theexterior owing to the exterior waterproofing layer which pre-vented the low temperature of the outside frompenetrating tothe interior resulting in improved insulation performance asa result of the water blocked by the exterior waterproofing

The OPC-N specimens displayed a different temperaturedecrease trend after the cessation of heat transfer fluid com-pared to other specimens which showed similar temperaturedecrease trends as shown in Figure 5 (ldquoArdquo indicates a tem-perature decrease zone) In addition the uncoated specimensof ordinary strength experienced rapid temperature increasessteeply ahead of some other specimens in the ldquoBrdquo temperaturechange zone which experienced temperature decreases untilreaching the exterior temperature and gradual temperatureincreases following increases in the exterior temperature

Based on this result it can be concluded that uncoatedspecimens of ordinary strength were more sensitive tochanges in exterior temperature which reduces the insula-tion performance further than other specimens Althoughdifferences in the insulation performance are not extensivebetween specimens towhich interiorwaterproofing is appliedand uncoated specimens uncoated specimens are moresensitive to changes in the exterior temperature therebyincreasing condensation In addition given that uncoated

11

13

15

17

19

21

9 10

Tem

pera

ture

in w

inte

r (∘C)

(B) Changing section

Temperature

HSC-OOPC-O

OPC-N

OPC-IHSC-I

HSC-N

Days

(A) Declinesection

(C) StabilitysectionHeating

off point

Figure 5 Temperature change zone (A-1) after heating was turnedoff

ordinary strength concrete specimens were more sensitive tochanges in exterior temperature than uncoated high-strengthconcrete specimens the strength of the structures may be aninfluencing factor in the occurrence of condensation whichis attributable to the difference between impermeability andinternal texture caused by the difference in density

On the third day since the beginning of the test (ldquosbquordquozone in Figure 3) condensation (frost) was generated onall interior waterproofing and uncoated specimens in thetransparent acrylic plate that covered the concrete box Thiscondensation continued for approximately 12 h except fortwo specimens to which exterior waterproofing was applied

In summary the test result showed that high-strengthconcrete structures are less sensitive to exterior temperaturesthan ordinary strength concrete structures and that applyingwaterproofing layersmakes structures less susceptible to exte-rior temperature changes than not applying waterproofingIn addition the application of exterior waterproofing is themost effective way to improve the performance of insulationperformance and the prevention of condensation comparedto the application of interior waterproofing

(2) Humidity of the Interior of the Specimen inWinterThe testmeasuring the humidity of the interior of the specimens wasconducted for 14 days (two weeks) as with the temperaturemeasurementThe test first assumed that interior heating wasprovided by operating the heat transfer fluid (light bulbs)next the heat transfer fluid was stopped after eight days toexamine the condition of no interior heating and the resultswere compared The test results are shown in Figure 6

The test results indicated that the humidity of all sixspecimens in the interior of the boxes changed with a similartrend according to the trend of changes in exterior humidityThe rank of the humidity at the beginning of the test wasmaintained without changes until the test was completedThe outdoor humidity exhibited large variance within therange of 30ndash50 according to the daily changes whereasthe interior humidity of the specimens was maintained withfew changes after the initial increase (on the first day) Theseresults were obtained because the concrete specimens were


20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Humidity

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Days

HSC-O

HSC-O

OPC-O

OPC-O

HSC-I

HSC-I

OPC-I

OPC-I

HSC-N

HSC-N

OPC-N

OPC-N

Hum

idity

in w

inte

r (

)

Heating off

Exterior humidity

Heating on

B-1

B-2

Figure 6 Results of humidity measurements of the interior of thespecimens in winter

completely sealed and immersed in water thus they werebarely affected by the exterior temperature and humidityIt was also found that the humidity increased rapidly anddifference in humidity between specimens was clear after theheat transfer fluid was not operated Based on this resultthe interior humidity can be controlled by operating the heattransfer fluid This control would be more obvious if it wascombined with the application of exterior waterproofing

As shown in Figure 4 the specimen that maintainedthe lowest humidity was HSC-O as with the temperaturemeasurement The specimen that maintained the highesthumidity was OPC-N

The OPC-O specimens maintained low humidity similarto HSC-O Both of the specimens with exterior waterproofapplied (HSC-O OPC-O) maintained lower humidity byapproximately 75ndash209 (1434 on average) than thosespecimens with interior waterproofing applied (HSC-I OPC-I) and the uncoated specimens (HSC-N OPC-N)

Therefore the specimens with exterior waterproofingappliedwere less sensitive to changes in the exterior humiditythereby maintaining lower humidity and condensation thanthe uncoated specimens and those with interior waterproof-ing applied

These humidity test results were slightly different fromthe temperature test results because no significant differencewas found between the interior temperature of the box withinterior waterproofing and no coating specimens Howeverthe difference in humidity between the specimens with inte-rior waterproofing applied and no coating was approximately4 on average In addition high and ordinary strengthspecimens showed a difference in humidity of approximately5 which is different from the test results for temperatureThese differences were generated because the interior water-proofing layer (cement-mixed polymer-modified waterproofmaterial) had zero or minimal effect of blocking the exteriortemperature whereas it had some effect of blocking exteriormoisture

However a cement-based waterproofing layer only delaysthe movement of moisture by increasing the permeabilitycoefficient as a result of the watertight texture thus it

cannot form a waterproofing membrane (or a humidity-blocking membrane) that is as complete as the membrane inwaterproofing layers

The initial conditions of the interior humidity of thespecimens in the test indicated the highest humidity inordinary strength uncoated specimens which displayed therapid increase in humidity from the humidity change pointin contrast with other specimens as shown in Figure 7

In addition in contrast with other specimens OPC-Iexhibited a rapid increase in humidity from the ldquoƒrdquo point inFigure 7 after the humidity wasmaintained for a periodThisresult occurred because the interior waterproofing specimenof ordinary strength reacted more sensitively to the exteriorhumidity than other specimens as the exterior humiditystarted to increase from the ldquoƒrdquo point

In addition because the internal texture of ordinarystrength concretes is not denser than that of high-strengthconcretes the movement of moisture can proceed fasterthereby rapidly increasing the humidity as shown in theuncoated specimens of ordinary strength but with interiorwaterproofing layer appliedThiswaterproofing layer blockedthe humidity for a short period (approximately three days)thereby preventing the interior humidity from increasingHowever as soon as the moisture delivered from the inte-rior passed through the waterproofing layer the humidityincreased rapidly thus the final distribution of humidityis similar to that of the uncoated specimens of ordinarystrength

Furthermore during the period in which heating wasturned off when the uncoated waterproofed concrete speci-mens (HSC-N OPC-N) displayed a faster increase in humid-ity than the other four specimens HSC-N which showedlower humidity than OPC-I displayed even higher humiditythan OPC-I from humidity change zone A as shown inFigure 7 Based on this result humidity of concretes withinterior waterproofing applied can be controlled within acertain range under low conditions without heat transferfluids

According to these test results uncoated specimensreacted to the changes in the exterior humidity more sensi-tively than the specimenswith interiorwaterproofing appliedthe specimens with exterior waterproofing applied were lesssensitive to changes in the exterior humidity than the interiorwaterproofing applied specimens

In summary the preceding test results indicated thathigh-strength concrete structures are less sensitive to theexterior humidity than ordinary strength concretes applyingwaterproofing layers makes concrete structures less sensitiveto exterior temperature changes than not applying water-proofing layers to concretes Moreover the application ofexterior waterproofing more effectively controls the interiorhumidity than the application of interior waterproofingso this is considered the most efficient method to preventcondensation

422 Test Results of the Specimens in SpringAutumn SeasonThe temperature and humidity were measured for eightdays assuming interior heating with heat transfer fluid (light


Humidity

HSC-OOPC-OHSC-IOPC-I

OPC-I

OPC-N

HSC-N

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

1 2

Days

(A) Changing sectionChanging point

Starting point

(B) Stability sectionHum

idity

in w

inte

r (

)

OPC-N

(a) Initial humidity change zone B-1

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Humidity


OPC-N

HSC-N

HSC-N

8 9 10

Days

Changing point (B) Stability sectionHum

idity

in w

inte

r (

)

(A) Changingsection

(b) Zone B-1 after heating was turned off

Figure 7 Humidity change zone (B-1 and B-2) in the interior of the specimens in winter

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

1 2 3 4 5

Days6 7 8

Air temp


HSC-N

Hum

idity

insp

ring

autu

mn

()

(a)

1 2 3 4 5

Days6 7 8

16

26

36

46

56

66

76

86

Hum

idity

insp

ring

autu

mn

()


HSC-NOPC-N

Air humidity

(b)

Figure 8 Measurement results of the interior temperature and humidity in springautumn

bulbs) to observe the temperature changes in the interiors ofthe specimens

(1) Temperature of the Interior of the Specimens in SpringAutumn The measurement results of the interior temper-atures of the specimens in springautumn are shown inFigure 8 As shown in this figure the interior temperaturesof the boxes containing six specimens showed a trend similarto the daily changes in exterior temperature whereas thetemperature rank did not change from the start to the endof the test

The OPC-O specimen maintained the highest temper-ature whereas the uncoated ordinary strength specimenexhibited the lowest temperature The specimens with exte-rior waterproofing appliedmaintained a temperature approx-imately 3∘C higher on average than the uncoated specimensThe specimens with exterior waterproofing applied main-tained a temperature approximately 1∘C higher on averagethan the specimens with interior waterproofing appliedOverall these results were nearly the same as the winter

season conditions although slight variance was found owingto the exterior temperature conditions

However compared to the test results of HSC-O inthe winter season HSC-O in springautumn showed atemperature distribution similar to those of the interiorwaterproofing specimens (HSC-I OPC-I) or HSC-N Todetermine the reason for these results the condition ofthe specimens was examined after the test was completedDamage to the waterproofing layer near the bottom of thespecimen was discovered this occurred during installationof the specimen thereby causing water leakage inside thespecimen Based on this result it can be concluded that even ifexterior waterproofing is applied the temperature cannot becontrolled if partial leakage occurs or exterior waterproofingis applied only to the outer wall in limited quantities exceptfor the bottom to which it is difficult to apply waterproofingmaterial

(2) Humidity of the Interior of the Specimens in SpringAutumn Figure 8 shows the measurement results of the inte-rior humidity in springautumn in which the specimens that


maintained the lowest and highest humidity were the sameas those in the results of the temperature tests The humiditydifference between the OPC-O and OPC-N was approxi-mately 20 whereas the difference in humidity betweenuncoated specimens with and without a waterproofing layershowed a clear distinction A humidity differencewas initiallyrevealed between HSC-N and HSC-O under high-strengthconditions which was due to water leakage in the exteriorwaterproofing layer however few differences were foundbetween the two specimens after five days (ldquoDrdquo zone) Thisis because humidity was supplied to the interior owing to thewater leakage introduced at the damaged area of the exteriorwaterproofing layer (urethane-coated waterproof material)that occurred at the bottom of the specimen Consequentlythese specimens exhibited the samehumidity condition as theuncoated high-strength specimen

423 Test Results of the Specimens in Summer Season Thetestwas conducted from July 21 to August 3 2014 for 14 days Tocompare the results fromheated andunheated conditions theinterior heating in the winter season was assumed while theheat transfer fluid (light bulbs) inside the box was turned offand then turned on after seven daysThe test results are shownin Figures 9 and 10

(1) Temperature of the Interior of the Specimens in SummerExterior temperature condition was about 26∘Csim28∘C withinthe minimum duration of 7 days and was about 27∘Csim34∘Cby the 14th dayThe interior temperature of the test specimenreached the temperature of 22∘Csim24∘C with relatively smallchange in the range and reached to about 26∘Csim36∘C afterheating a result of relatively large amount of change inthe range notwithstanding the test conditions It was clearthat the room temperature was being raised by the bulbused as incandescent lamps that was acting as a mediumused to accurately observe the changes occurring withineach test piece in the experimental procedure In particularit was observed that the temperature change due to thewinter season temperature testing of high-strength exter-nal waterproofing (HSC-O) and standard strength externalwaterproofing (OPC-O) had little change of approximately05∘C over the period of 4 days and a large change oftemperature of approximately 27∘C over the period of 8 days(heating condition)

As observed in the above via the winter season tem-perature testing it can be considered that concrete strengthconditions of underground structure external wall specimenwith adiabatic conditioning have higher performance thanuntreated specimen This phenomenon is due to the factthat high-strength concrete with entrained air has higherperformance rate than standard strength concrete that hasentrapped air Furthermore the difference in performancerate is more clearly shown in higher temperature conditionsthan lower temperature condition

(2) Humidity of the Interior of the Specimens in Summer Theresults of the experiment indicate that the humidity level ofall 6 specimens reached a similar condition with each other

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Days

Air temperature

Heating off

Heating on

Air temp

HSC-O

HSC-O

OPC-I

OPC-I

HSC-N

HSC-N

OPC-O

OPC-O

Water temp

OPC-N

OPC-N

HSC-I

HSC-I

Tem

pera

ture

in su

mm

er (∘

C)

Figure 9 Measurement results of the interior temperature insummer

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Days

Air humiHSC-O

OPC-OHSC-I

Air humidity

HSC-O

OPC-IHSC-N

OPC-O

OPC-N

HSC-I

Hum

idity

in su

mm

er (

)

Heating off

Heating on

Figure 10Measurement results of the interior humidity in summer

based on the humidity level change of the external environ-ment Aside from the high-strength external waterproofing(HSC-O) specimen the humidity level remained relativelyconstant from the beginning to the end of the experimentprocedure In the case of standard strength concrete therewas a trend of low increase in humidity 2 days after thebeginning of the experiment whereas the opposite was thecase for high-strength concrete where the humidity levelfell and retained a consistent humidity level throughoutThis is due to the inherent absorbed humidity level of bothtypes of concrete that are discharged in the beginning stagesHowever untreated standard concrete had relatively highamount of humidity (approximately 774) and had a steadyflow without measurable amount of humidity level differenceprior to heating condition

After turning on the heating mechanism humidity leveldecreased drastically but respective specimen showed similarrate of humidity level difference Along with the freezing testhumidity control was made possible by simply turning on the


heating mechanism and it was observed that as the concretematerial had higher strength it was proven to have higherlevel of effectiveness via application on the external wall thanon the interior wall

5 Conclusion

The following results were derived in this study througha review of the characteristics of changes in temperatureand humidity after the different application of waterproofinglayers to underground structures

(1)Themeasurement results of temperature and humiditychanges in the interior of the specimens in winter indi-cated that the specimens with the exterior waterproofingapplied (HSC-O OPC-O) maintained a higher temperatureof approximately 113∘C on average than those of specimenswith interior waterproofing applied (HSC-I OPC-I) anduncoated specimens (HSC-N OPC-N) This finding indi-cated that when exterior waterproofing was applied thermalinsulation that maintains the interior temperature is steadilysecured whichmaintains the humidity at an appropriate leveland eliminates an environment in which condensation caneasily be generated

(2) It was verified that the uncoated specimen of ordinarystrength not only reacted sensitively to changes in theexterior temperature and humidity but also incurred rapidintroduction of moisture from the exterior resulting in sig-nificant vulnerability to condensation In addition specimensof ordinary strength to which interior waterproofing wasapplied showed some reduction in humidity effect duringthe early stage of the test these specimens displayed thesame distribution of humidity as the uncoated specimens ofordinary strength in the humidity stability zoneThis revealedthat the effect of interior waterproofing was only short term(less than a few days) That is so long-term humidity controlcannot be secured by using interior waterproofing It is onlya matter of time owing to the characteristic of undergroundstructures which is permanently established

(3) High-strength concrete displayed higher density thanordinary strength concretes so they influenced changes intemperature and humidity to some extent as a result of densertexture and greater impermeability from the early stagewhen moisture permeated to the concrete walls Howeverit was verified that a more influential factor was the typeof waterproofing (exterior waterproofing interior water-proofing or no coating) applied to the structures That isalthough high-strength specimens can contribute to the delayin condensation this cannot be a fundamental solutionMoreimportantly whether or not the exterior waterproofing layeris applied is the most important factor for the control of thetemperature and humidity against an environment displayingeasy condensation formation

(4) Thus although from the perspective of equipmentinstallation measures may be needed to control the waterleakage and condensation inside underground structures(ventilation heating and dehumidifying) depending on thelocation and circumstances the most fundamental and effec-tive way to control the factors of condensation occurrence(temperature transmission supply source of humidity and

transmission path) is to apply exterior waterproofing This ismore effective than applying interiorwaterproofing and high-strength concretes (water-tight concretes)

(5) The exterior high-strength waterproofing specimensin the springautumn seasons maintained the same temper-ature and humidity as the specimens without exterior water-proofing applied owing to damage to the local waterproofinglayer (urethane-coated waterproof material) Therefore ifpartial leakage occurs in the bottomandwall the temperatureand humidity in interior cannot be controlled Also if theexterior waterproofing is applied to the only outer wall exceptbottom it is the same condition

(6) In the result of summer season temperature testingthere were an approximate increase of 037∘C in temperatureand 187 of decrease in humidity for exterior waterproof-ing compared to interior waterproofing Consequently theresults remained consistent in both summer season tempera-ture testing and winter season temperature testing where theexterior waterproofing had better temperature and humiditycontrol properties In the same controlled conditions thedifference was relatively little in the exterior waterproofingsetting high-strength concrete and standard strength con-crete both maintained high temperature (053∘C higher) andlow humidity level (20 lower) These test results indicatethat through exterior waterproofing the concrete materialdoes not absorb humidity and can maintain the entrainedair space in the concrete and exhibit its basic insulationcapacity

Through the overview in this result exterior water-proofing is considered to be highly recommended in orderto maintain and secure a fresh environment within theconcrete structure From the designing stage it is importantto consider the application of exterior waterproofing and inthe case where the concrete structure is displaying high levelof water leakage and condensation application of a propermaintenancemanagement system and reforming the exteriorwaterproofing layer is determined to be a fundamentalsolution for completely blocking the entry of moisture

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgment

This research was supported by Grant 15RERP-B082204-02from Residential Environment Research Program funded byMinistry of Land Infrastructure and Transport of Koreangovernment

References

[1] PMendes J G Lopes J de Brito and J Feiteira ldquoWaterproofingof concrete foundationsrdquo Journal of Performance of ConstructedFacilities vol 28 no 2 pp 242ndash249 2014

[2] K Persad J OrsquoConnor and K Varghese ForecastngEngineer-ing Manpower 1995


[3] J Zhang Y Gao and Y Han ldquoInterior humidity of concreteunder dry-wet cyclesrdquo Journal of Materials in Civil Engineeringvol 24 no 3 pp 289ndash298 2012

[4] N P Mailvaganam and P G Collins ldquoWorkmanship factorsinfluencing quality of installed parking garage waterproofingmembranesrdquo Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilitiesvol 18 no 3 pp 121ndash126 2004

[5] F-Q Zhao H Li S-J Liu and J-B Chen ldquoPreparationand properties of an environment friendly polymer-modifiedwaterproof mortarrdquo Construction and Building Materials vol25 no 5 pp 2635ndash2638 2011

[6] D Derome and G Desmarais ldquoExposure to condensationmoisture of sheathing in retrofitted leaky wall assembliesrdquoJournal of Architectural Engineering vol 12 no 2 pp 72ndash822006

[7] Y-M Kang J-M Park J-H Choi O-K Kim and D-S Seo ldquoAstudy on the issue about the water leak and condensation defectof lawsuit on defect in apartment buildingrdquo Proceeding of TheArchitectural Institute of Korea vol 31 no 2 pp 443ndash444 2011

[8] S-K Oh ldquoA new approach on waterproofing and water-leakagerepair technology of concrete structurerdquo Proceedings of theKorean Concrete Institute no 5 pp 101ndash118 2002

[9] L Cheong and J-P Choi ldquoA study of underground pedestrianmovement in residential developmentrdquo Proceeding ofTheArchi-tectural Institute of Korea vol 31 no 2 pp 37ndash38 2011

[10] C Deckard and P Duffy ldquoRethinking waterproofing for subsur-face structuresrdquo in Proceedings of the 5th Forensic EngineeringCongress pp 298ndash307 Washington DC USA November 2009

[11] S-W Kwon Y-S Seon S-M Choi Y-G Kim and S-K OhldquoA study on the test method to select for waterproofing andrepair materials to ensure the leakage safety on the concretestructuremdashexternal technology of materials performance testmethodsrdquo Proceeding of Korea Concrete Institute vol 2007 no5 pp 915ndash918 2007

[12] R A Johnson D S Leek andM P CopeWater-Resisting Base-mentConstructionmdashAGuide CIRIAPublications LondonUK1995

[13] M-C ParkQuestion and Answer in Design and Construction ofWaterproofing Architectural Technology 2001

[14] Y-S Moon S-C Lee G-J Gwon and S-K Oh ldquoA study onthe outside waterproof method of ground using wire-mesh andnon-hardening viscosity waterproof business waterproofingconcrete foundationsrdquo Journal of the Korean Institute of BuildingConstruction vol 9 no 1 pp 213ndash217 2009

[15] S-M Choi S-K Oh and C-H Seo ldquoConstruction of anevaluation system for selecting an appropriate waterproofingmethod for the roof of a buildingrdquo Canadian Journal of CivilEngineering vol 39 no 12 pp 1264ndash1273 2012

[16] S-M Chang S-M Choi and S-K Oh ldquoAnalysis of thetemperature-humidity changing characteristics by the applyingtype of the waterproofing methods in the basement parking lotin the winterrdquo Journal of Architectural Institute of Korea RegionAlliance vol 16 no 1 pp 217ndash223 2014

[17] Y-G Kim S-K Oh and B-K Park ldquoA study on physicalproperties of cement-polymer modified waterproof membranecoatingsrdquo Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Structureamp Construction vol 19 no 9 pp 79ndash86 2003

[18] Korean Standards Association ldquoWaterproofing membranecoating for constructionrdquo KS F 3211 KSA 2008

[19] Korean Standards Association ldquoCement-polymer modifiedwaterproof coatingsrdquo KS F 4919 KSA 2007

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of



CeramicsJournal of


CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of



International Journal of

Biomaterials


NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of


The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research



MetallurgyJournal of


BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials


Journal ofNanomaterials


mm (047998400998400)

800mm (315998400998400)

110mm(043998400998400)

185mm(072

998400998400)125mm(049998400998400)

M8times1

M12 times 1

Temperature and humidity sensorempty 120

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of installation of the sensor

in the interior houses but also in common areas such asunderground parking lots these represent serious concerns[8]

In recent years most underground parking lots in apart-ments have been designed to directly access the residentialarea [9] and interior waterproofing (induced drainage) hasbeen applied to most underground parking structures exceptfor the top floor which is susceptible to leakage at all times[10] Such leakage causes inconvenience to the residents andeasily introduces dew condensation [11 12]

Thus a fundamental proofing measure (exterior water-proofing) should be established as a priority at the designconstruction phase to minimize disputes due to leakage andcondensation [13] It is true that leakage prevention effects arepredictable owing to the application of exteriorwaterproofing[14] But few studies have examined the correlations of con-densation conditions (changes in conditions of temperatureand humidity) in underground spaces and no concretevalidated data are available [15] Thus an objective basisshould be provided regarding the effect of waterproofingconstruction methods (exterior and interior waterproofing)on condensation environments in underground parking lotsof apartments and this basis should be actively utilized inthe waterproofing design and material selection phases forunderground structures [16]

In this study the effects of the application of exteriorwaterproofing are verified as a measure to reduce condensa-tion inside concrete structures constructed in maintenancethrough experiments into the characteristics of changes intemperature and humidity according to seasonal condi-tionsThese experiments separately examined the applicationmethods (interior waterproofing or exterior waterproofing)of waterproofing layers applied to the outer walls in under-ground parking lots of apartments

2 Research Scope and Methodology

21 Research Scope In this study condensation occurring inthe winter season was first examined as a primary objec-tive by evaluating the importance of test period and testloads while conducting secondary experiments in the winterspringautumn and summer seasons For getting the results

are based on sufficient findings regarding the test resultsunder the conditions of three seasons

22 Study Method An immersion test was conducted byusing concrete box-type specimens assuming the environ-mental conditions of an underground concrete structure inwhich underground water exists the changes in temperatureand humidity were observed according to the differentconditions of specimen compositionThe test was intensivelyconducted under the conditions of three seasons winterspringautumn and summer Two test periods 7 and 14 dayswere used separately to identify the difference between heatand cool conditions in the winter season followed by a testunder springautumn conditions for seven days

3 Configuration of the Specimensand Test Method

31 Temperature and Humidity Sensors To measure temper-ature and humidity inside and outside the specimen a mul-tichannel data logger (model Agilent 34972A) was employedand temperature and humidity sensors were installed at thelocation of each specimen to simultaneously record dataas shown in Figure 1 In addition sensors were installed toobserve changes in the external temperature of the concreteexposed to the atmosphere as well as the wall side of theconcrete box which was immersed in water replicatingthe existence of external underground water (refer to thespecifications in Figure 2 and Table 1)

The interval for the measurements recorded by the datalogger was set to 1min and the conditions of the specimenswere periodically checked during the test period to observethe presence of condensation In addition the presenceof heat transfer fluid maintaining the height of the waterimmersing the concrete box and the record of the data loggerwere constantly inspected

32 Concrete Box-Type Specimens In this study two types ofspecimens were produced separately by dividing the appli-cation types of waterproofing layers applied to undergroundstructures into exterior and interior waterproofing construc-tionmethods Furthermore depending on the strength of the










500mm

50mm

50mm

500mm

300mm

Exterior

Interior

T-sensor 4

T-sensor 2

T-sensor 3

H-sensor 2

T-sensor 5
























Fineaggregate(kgm3)


HSC 25 378 733 999 40 42 13OPC 25 378 733 999 50 42 13








7

9

11

13

15

17

19

21

23

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1110 12 13 14

Days

Temperature

HSC-O

HSC-O

OPC-O

OPC-O

HSC-I

HSC-I

OPC-I

OPC-I

HSC-N

HSC-N

OPC-N

OPC-N

Tem

pera

ture

in w

inte

r (∘C)

Heating on

Heating off


A-1





1646 1637

60136485

1524 1526

72347746

1538 1508

76458107

0

20

40

60

80

100



Uncoated






11

13

15

17

19

21

9 10

Tem

pera

ture

in w

inte

r (∘C)


Temperature

HSC-OOPC-O

OPC-N

OPC-IHSC-I

HSC-N

Days

(A) Declinesection


off point








20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Humidity

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Days

HSC-O

HSC-O

OPC-O

OPC-O

HSC-I

HSC-I

OPC-I

OPC-I

HSC-N

HSC-N

OPC-N

OPC-N

Hum

idity

in w

inte

r (

)

Heating off

Exterior humidity

Heating on

B-1

B-2

















Humidity


OPC-I

OPC-N

HSC-N

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

1 2

Days


Starting point


idity

in w

inte

r (

)

OPC-N


40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Humidity


OPC-N

HSC-N

HSC-N

8 9 10

Days


idity

in w

inte

r (

)

(A) Changingsection



14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

1 2 3 4 5

Days6 7 8

Air temp


HSC-N

Hum

idity

insp

ring

autu

mn

()

(a)

1 2 3 4 5

Days6 7 8

16

26

36

46

56

66

76

86

Hum

idity

insp

ring

autu

mn

()


HSC-NOPC-N

Air humidity

(b)














20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Days

Air temperature

Heating off

Heating on

Air temp

HSC-O

HSC-O

OPC-I

OPC-I

HSC-N

HSC-N

OPC-O

OPC-O

Water temp

OPC-N

OPC-N

HSC-I

HSC-I

Tem

pera

ture

in su

mm

er (∘

C)


20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Days

Air humiHSC-O

OPC-OHSC-I

Air humidity

HSC-O

OPC-IHSC-N

OPC-O

OPC-N

HSC-I

Hum

idity

in su

mm

er (

)

Heating off

Heating on






5 Conclusion












Acknowledgment


References




























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials












500mm

50mm

50mm

500mm

300mm

Exterior

Interior

T-sensor 4

T-sensor 2

T-sensor 3

H-sensor 2

T-sensor 5
























Fineaggregate(kgm3)


HSC 25 378 733 999 40 42 13OPC 25 378 733 999 50 42 13








7

9

11

13

15

17

19

21

23

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1110 12 13 14

Days

Temperature

HSC-O

HSC-O

OPC-O

OPC-O

HSC-I

HSC-I

OPC-I

OPC-I

HSC-N

HSC-N

OPC-N

OPC-N

Tem

pera

ture

in w

inte

r (∘C)

Heating on

Heating off


A-1





1646 1637

60136485

1524 1526

72347746

1538 1508

76458107

0

20

40

60

80

100



Uncoated






11

13

15

17

19

21

9 10

Tem

pera

ture

in w

inte

r (∘C)


Temperature

HSC-OOPC-O

OPC-N

OPC-IHSC-I

HSC-N

Days

(A) Declinesection


off point








20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Humidity

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Days

HSC-O

HSC-O

OPC-O

OPC-O

HSC-I

HSC-I

OPC-I

OPC-I

HSC-N

HSC-N

OPC-N

OPC-N

Hum

idity

in w

inte

r (

)

Heating off

Exterior humidity

Heating on

B-1

B-2

















Humidity


OPC-I

OPC-N

HSC-N

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

1 2

Days


Starting point


idity

in w

inte

r (

)

OPC-N


40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Humidity


OPC-N

HSC-N

HSC-N

8 9 10

Days


idity

in w

inte

r (

)

(A) Changingsection



14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

1 2 3 4 5

Days6 7 8

Air temp


HSC-N

Hum

idity

insp

ring

autu

mn

()

(a)

1 2 3 4 5

Days6 7 8

16

26

36

46

56

66

76

86

Hum

idity

insp

ring

autu

mn

()


HSC-NOPC-N

Air humidity

(b)














20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Days

Air temperature

Heating off

Heating on

Air temp

HSC-O

HSC-O

OPC-I

OPC-I

HSC-N

HSC-N

OPC-O

OPC-O

Water temp

OPC-N

OPC-N

HSC-I

HSC-I

Tem

pera

ture

in su

mm

er (∘

C)


20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Days

Air humiHSC-O

OPC-OHSC-I

Air humidity

HSC-O

OPC-IHSC-N

OPC-O

OPC-N

HSC-I

Hum

idity

in su

mm

er (

)

Heating off

Heating on






5 Conclusion












Acknowledgment


References




























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials














Fineaggregate(kgm3)


HSC 25 378 733 999 40 42 13OPC 25 378 733 999 50 42 13








7

9

11

13

15

17

19

21

23

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1110 12 13 14

Days

Temperature

HSC-O

HSC-O

OPC-O

OPC-O

HSC-I

HSC-I

OPC-I

OPC-I

HSC-N

HSC-N

OPC-N

OPC-N

Tem

pera

ture

in w

inte

r (∘C)

Heating on

Heating off


A-1





1646 1637

60136485

1524 1526

72347746

1538 1508

76458107

0

20

40

60

80

100



Uncoated






11

13

15

17

19

21

9 10

Tem

pera

ture

in w

inte

r (∘C)


Temperature

HSC-OOPC-O

OPC-N

OPC-IHSC-I

HSC-N

Days

(A) Declinesection


off point








20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Humidity

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Days

HSC-O

HSC-O

OPC-O

OPC-O

HSC-I

HSC-I

OPC-I

OPC-I

HSC-N

HSC-N

OPC-N

OPC-N

Hum

idity

in w

inte

r (

)

Heating off

Exterior humidity

Heating on

B-1

B-2

















Humidity


OPC-I

OPC-N

HSC-N

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

1 2

Days


Starting point


idity

in w

inte

r (

)

OPC-N


40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Humidity


OPC-N

HSC-N

HSC-N

8 9 10

Days


idity

in w

inte

r (

)

(A) Changingsection



14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

1 2 3 4 5

Days6 7 8

Air temp


HSC-N

Hum

idity

insp

ring

autu

mn

()

(a)

1 2 3 4 5

Days6 7 8

16

26

36

46

56

66

76

86

Hum

idity

insp

ring

autu

mn

()


HSC-NOPC-N

Air humidity

(b)














20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Days

Air temperature

Heating off

Heating on

Air temp

HSC-O

HSC-O

OPC-I

OPC-I

HSC-N

HSC-N

OPC-O

OPC-O

Water temp

OPC-N

OPC-N

HSC-I

HSC-I

Tem

pera

ture

in su

mm

er (∘

C)


20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Days

Air humiHSC-O

OPC-OHSC-I

Air humidity

HSC-O

OPC-IHSC-N

OPC-O

OPC-N

HSC-I

Hum

idity

in su

mm

er (

)

Heating off

Heating on






5 Conclusion












Acknowledgment


References




























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




1646 1637

60136485

1524 1526

72347746

1538 1508

76458107

0

20

40

60

80

100



Uncoated






11

13

15

17

19

21

9 10

Tem

pera

ture

in w

inte

r (∘C)


Temperature

HSC-OOPC-O

OPC-N

OPC-IHSC-I

HSC-N

Days

(A) Declinesection


off point








20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Humidity

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Days

HSC-O

HSC-O

OPC-O

OPC-O

HSC-I

HSC-I

OPC-I

OPC-I

HSC-N

HSC-N

OPC-N

OPC-N

Hum

idity

in w

inte

r (

)

Heating off

Exterior humidity

Heating on

B-1

B-2

















Humidity


OPC-I

OPC-N

HSC-N

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

1 2

Days


Starting point


idity

in w

inte

r (

)

OPC-N


40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Humidity


OPC-N

HSC-N

HSC-N

8 9 10

Days


idity

in w

inte

r (

)

(A) Changingsection



14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

1 2 3 4 5

Days6 7 8

Air temp


HSC-N

Hum

idity

insp

ring

autu

mn

()

(a)

1 2 3 4 5

Days6 7 8

16

26

36

46

56

66

76

86

Hum

idity

insp

ring

autu

mn

()


HSC-NOPC-N

Air humidity

(b)














20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Days

Air temperature

Heating off

Heating on

Air temp

HSC-O

HSC-O

OPC-I

OPC-I

HSC-N

HSC-N

OPC-O

OPC-O

Water temp

OPC-N

OPC-N

HSC-I

HSC-I

Tem

pera

ture

in su

mm

er (∘

C)


20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Days

Air humiHSC-O

OPC-OHSC-I

Air humidity

HSC-O

OPC-IHSC-N

OPC-O

OPC-N

HSC-I

Hum

idity

in su

mm

er (

)

Heating off

Heating on






5 Conclusion












Acknowledgment


References




























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Humidity

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Days

HSC-O

HSC-O

OPC-O

OPC-O

HSC-I

HSC-I

OPC-I

OPC-I

HSC-N

HSC-N

OPC-N

OPC-N

Hum

idity

in w

inte

r (

)

Heating off

Exterior humidity

Heating on

B-1

B-2

















Humidity


OPC-I

OPC-N

HSC-N

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

1 2

Days


Starting point


idity

in w

inte

r (

)

OPC-N


40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Humidity


OPC-N

HSC-N

HSC-N

8 9 10

Days


idity

in w

inte

r (

)

(A) Changingsection



14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

1 2 3 4 5

Days6 7 8

Air temp


HSC-N

Hum

idity

insp

ring

autu

mn

()

(a)

1 2 3 4 5

Days6 7 8

16

26

36

46

56

66

76

86

Hum

idity

insp

ring

autu

mn

()


HSC-NOPC-N

Air humidity

(b)














20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Days

Air temperature

Heating off

Heating on

Air temp

HSC-O

HSC-O

OPC-I

OPC-I

HSC-N

HSC-N

OPC-O

OPC-O

Water temp

OPC-N

OPC-N

HSC-I

HSC-I

Tem

pera

ture

in su

mm

er (∘

C)


20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Days

Air humiHSC-O

OPC-OHSC-I

Air humidity

HSC-O

OPC-IHSC-N

OPC-O

OPC-N

HSC-I

Hum

idity

in su

mm

er (

)

Heating off

Heating on






5 Conclusion












Acknowledgment


References




























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




Humidity


OPC-I

OPC-N

HSC-N

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

1 2

Days


Starting point


idity

in w

inte

r (

)

OPC-N


40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Humidity


OPC-N

HSC-N

HSC-N

8 9 10

Days


idity

in w

inte

r (

)

(A) Changingsection



14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

1 2 3 4 5

Days6 7 8

Air temp


HSC-N

Hum

idity

insp

ring

autu

mn

()

(a)

1 2 3 4 5

Days6 7 8

16

26

36

46

56

66

76

86

Hum

idity

insp

ring

autu

mn

()


HSC-NOPC-N

Air humidity

(b)














20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Days

Air temperature

Heating off

Heating on

Air temp

HSC-O

HSC-O

OPC-I

OPC-I

HSC-N

HSC-N

OPC-O

OPC-O

Water temp

OPC-N

OPC-N

HSC-I

HSC-I

Tem

pera

ture

in su

mm

er (∘

C)


20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Days

Air humiHSC-O

OPC-OHSC-I

Air humidity

HSC-O

OPC-IHSC-N

OPC-O

OPC-N

HSC-I

Hum

idity

in su

mm

er (

)

Heating off

Heating on






5 Conclusion












Acknowledgment


References




























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials









20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Days

Air temperature

Heating off

Heating on

Air temp

HSC-O

HSC-O

OPC-I

OPC-I

HSC-N

HSC-N

OPC-O

OPC-O

Water temp

OPC-N

OPC-N

HSC-I

HSC-I

Tem

pera

ture

in su

mm

er (∘

C)


20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Days

Air humiHSC-O

OPC-OHSC-I

Air humidity

HSC-O

OPC-IHSC-N

OPC-O

OPC-N

HSC-I

Hum

idity

in su

mm

er (

)

Heating off

Heating on






5 Conclusion












Acknowledgment


References




























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials





5 Conclusion












Acknowledgment


References




























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials










CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials



Documents

Research Article Characteristics of Humidity-Temperature ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/amse/2015/959502.pdf · Concrete Box-Type Specimens. In this study, two types of specimens