Research ArticleEcological Risk Assessment of Metal Pollution alongGreater Cairo Sector of the River Nile Egypt Using Nile TilapiaOreochromis niloticus as Bioindicator

Wael A Omar12 Wafai Z A Mikhail3 Hanaa M Abdo3

Tarek A Abou El Defan4 and Mamdouh M Poraas4

1Department of Zoology Faculty of Science Cairo University Giza 12613 Egypt2Department of Biology Faculty of Science Taif University Taif 21944 Saudi Arabia3Department of Natural Resources Institute of African Research and Studies Cairo University Giza 12613 Egypt4Soil Water and Environment Research Institute (SWERI) Agricultural Research CenterMinistry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation Giza 12613 Egypt

Correspondence should be addressed to Wael A Omar ecowaelyahoocom

Received 28 July 2015 Revised 7 October 2015 Accepted 8 October 2015

Academic Editor Cinta Porte

Copyright copy 2015 Wael A Omar et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

The present work aims to evaluate seasonal metal pollution along Greater Cairo sector of the River Nile Egypt using wild Niletilapia Oreochromis niloticus as bioindicator and to conduct a risk assessment for human consumers Greater Cairo is the largestpopulated area along the whole course of River Nile with a wide range of anthropogenic activities Effects of metal pollution onfish body indices were studied using condition factor (CF) and scaled mass index (SMI) Metal pollution index (MPI) showed thatthe total metal load in fish organs followed the follwoing order kidney gt liver gt gill gt muscle which gives a better idea about thetarget organs for metal accumulation Metal concentrations in fish muscle (edible tissue) showed the following arrangement Fe gtZn gt Cu gtMn gt Pb gt Cd Metalrsquos bioaccumulation factor (BAF) in fish muscle showed the following arrangement Zn gt Cu gt Fegt Mn gt Cd and Pb The hazard index (HI) as an indicator of human health risks associated with fish consumption showed thatadverse health effects are not expected to occur in most cases However the metalsrsquo cumulative risk effects gave an alarming signspecifically at high fish consumption rates

1 Introduction

Greater Cairo is the largest metropolitan area in Egypt andAfrica the third largest urban area in the Islamic World afterJakarta andKarachi and the worldrsquos 16th largestmetropolitanarea with a total population of about 18 million accordingto the 2006 census [1] The uprising increase in modernindustries and agricultural touristic and urbanization activ-ities in this area may be considered as the main sources ofpollution to both the aquatic environment and its coexistingecosystems

The aquatic environment makes up a major part of theenvironment and resources of the interested area Thereforeits safety is directly related to human health Pollution lossof biodiversity and habitat destruction are probably the main

environmental threats for aquatic ecosystems Moreover theexcessive contamination of aquatic ecosystems has evokedmajor environmental and health concerns worldwide [23] Pollutants can induce various biological responses infish affecting the organisms from the biochemical to thepopulation-community levels [4 5] and cause various harm-ful effects on wildlife [6] Among the various toxic pollutantstrace metals represent a harmful group of elements due totheir strong impact on stability of aquatic ecosystems toxicitypersistence and accumulation tendency [7] Among tracemetals some are potentially toxic (As Cd Pb andHg) othersare probably essential (Ni V and Co) and many are essential(Cu Zn Fe and Mn) [8] Even essential metals can producetoxic effects when the metal intake is excessively elevated [9]

Hindawi Publishing CorporationJournal of ToxicologyVolume 2015 Article ID 167319 11 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552015167319

2 Journal of Toxicology

Fish are widely used in quality assessment of aquaticenvironment and as bioindicators of environmental pollution[10 11] So field studies on early adverse effects of con-taminants measured directly in organisms in their naturalenvironment represent one of the main target areas inenvironmental biomonitoring programs [12] Inland fisheriesincluding River Nile yield the major part of Egyptian fishproduction where Egypt is ranked as 7th of the top tencountries in inland fish production [13] The Nile tilapiaOreochromis niloticus is one of themost important economicfish species in Egypt and represents the species of consumersrsquochoice with unquestionable market demand [14]

The present study aims to provide comparable data onseasonality of metal abundance in water and tissues of wildO niloticus collected from four sites covering the wholeGreater Cairo sector of the River Nile and to evaluatepossible ecotoxicological human health risks associated withfish consumption The selected sites are considered ideal toevaluate effects of anthropogenic activities concerning metalpollution up- and downstream River Nile

2 Materials and Methods

21 Study Area Surface water and wild male Nile tilapia (Oniloticus) samples were collected seasonally during 2013-2014with the help of local fishermen from the following sites(Figure 1)

Site 1 (Giza) It is located upstream at inhabited islandlocally called Bein El-Bahreen island Most of the populationthere are local fishermen and farmers with agricultural anddomestic activities where untreated wastes are dischargeddirectly to the River Nile It is located at global positioningsystem (GPS) coordinates of 29∘ 591015840 92010158401015840 N and 31∘ 131015840 161910158401015840E

Site 2 (Manyal) It is located upstream about 2 kmnorth of site1 with normal domestic and touristic activities It is located atGPS coordinates of 30∘ 01015840 545610158401015840 N and 31∘ 131015840 176210158401015840 E

Site 3 (Imbaba) It is located downstream about 18 km northof site 1 and mostly dominated with industrial activities nearthe electric power station of West Cairo It is located at GPScoordinates of 30∘ 81015840 411310158401015840 N and 31∘ 91015840 419810158401015840 E

Site 4 (Kanater) It is located downstream about 24 km northof site 1 It is dominated with agricultural activities and liesin close proximity to El-Rahawy drainage canal which drainsdirectly to the River Nile It is located at GPS coordinates of30∘ 101015840 549810158401015840 N and 31∘ 71015840 82410158401015840 E

The selected sites cover a distance of 24 km along thecourse of River Nile Water and fish samples were collectedin a range of 500m2 around the reported GPS coordinates ofeach site

22 Water Sampling Eight water samples were taken with awater sampler from each site seasonally Duplicates of watersamples were taken from four localities in each of the studysites between 1000 and 1200 am at a depth of 30 cm below

thewater surface and stored at 4∘C in clean 1000mL samplingglass bottles according to Boyd [15]

23 Fish Sampling A total number of 64 adult male Oniloticus fish of market size (16 fishsite) were collectedseasonally from the study sites Fish were transported inan icebox (0ndash4∘C) to the laboratory The body weight andtotal body length of each fish were measured then fish weredissected to obtain muscle liver kidney and gill samplesTissue sampleswere processed formetal analysis immediatelyon the same day of sampling Sexual differentiation wasconducted visually during dissection and female fish wereeliminated as they exhibit greater individual and seasonalfluctuations in length-weight relationship than males

24 Fish Body Condition Indices The condition factor (CF)was calculated according to Schreck and Moyle [16] as

CF = [Weight (g)

Length3 (cm)] times 100 (1)

The scaledmass index (SMI) was calculated according to Peigand Green [17] as

Scaled mass index (SMI) = 119882119894[

1198710

119871119894

]

119887SMA

(2)

where 119882119894and 119871

119894are the weight (g) and length (cm) of

each specimen respectively 1198710is a suitable length to which

the values were standardized (the arithmetic mean of thedata set analyzed was used as 119871

0) and 119887SMA is the scaling

exponent that is the slope of a standardized major axis(SMA) regression (also known as reduced major axis orRMA) of the mass-length relationship

25 Metal Concentrations in Water and Fish Tissues Metalconcentrations (Cu ZnMnCd Pb andFe)were determinedin water and fish tissues (muscle liver kidney and gill)using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (ThermoScientific ICE 3300 UK) provided with double beam anddeuteriumbackground corrector according toAPHA [18] Allmetal concentrations in fish tissues are reported inmgkg dryweight since dry weight rather than wet weight provides amore stable basis for comparison [19]

Tissue samples were dried at 105∘C for 12 hours and thenburned in a muffle furnace at 550∘C for 16 hours Sampleswere then acid digested and diluted with deionized water toknown volume using the dry-ashing procedure proposed byIssac and Kerber [20] and Hseu [21]

251 Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QAQC) Proce-dures The QAQC protocols included the use of analyticalblanks replicate analyses standard solutions prepared in thesame acid matrix and standard reference material Standardsfor instrument calibration were prepared on the basis ofmonoelement certified reference solution (Merck) Standardreferencematerial (Lake Superior fish 1946 National Instituteof Standards and Technology (NIST) USA) was used tovalidate analysis and the metal average recovery percentagesranged from 93 to 107 for all measured samples

Journal of Toxicology 3

Figure 1 Map of Cairo sector showing the study sites (source Google earthcom)

26 Statistical Analyses Theresults were expressed asmeanplusmnSE Data were subjected to tests for normality and homogene-ity Test for normality was positive and followed the normaldistribution also test for homogeneity showed homogenousdistribution of all data within the bell shape range Datawere statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (119865-test)combined with Tukeyrsquos post hoc test to determine significantdifferences which are indicated by different case letters in thedescending order A B C and D at 119875 lt 005 using StatisticalAnalysis System SAS Version 91 [22]

27 Metal Pollution Index (MPI) MPI was calculated toindicate the overall metal load in various fish tissues usingthe following formula according to Usero et al [23]

MPI = (1198721times1198722times1198723times sdot sdot sdot times 119872

119899)1119899

(3)

where119872119899is the mean concentration of metal 119899 (mgkg dry

wt) in the examined tissue

28 Bioaccumulation Factor (BAF) BAF of trace metals infish muscle was calculated according to Gobas et al [24] as

BAF (Lkg) =119862119898

119862119908

(4)

where 119862119898is the mean metal concentration in fish muscle

(mgkg dry wt) and 119862119908is the mean metal concentration in

water (mgL)

29 Human Risk Assessment The following risk assessmentprocedures were conducted according to the United StatesEnvironmental Protection Agency (USEPA) [25]The level ofexposure resulting from oral consumption of trace metals infish edible tissues was expressed by calculating the averagedaily dose (ADD average daily intake of a specific chemicalover a lifetime) using the following equation [25]

ADD (mgkgday) =119862119898times IR times EF times EDBW times AT

(5)

where 119862119898

is the mean metal concentration in fish mus-cle (mgkg dry wt) IR is the ingestion rate (00312 and01424 kgday for normal and habitual fish consumers resp)EF is the exposure frequency (365 daysyear) ED is theexposure duration over a lifetime (assumed as 70 years) BWis the body weight (assumed as 70 kg for normal adults) andAT is the average lifetime (70 years times 365 daysyear) Since

4 Journal of Toxicology

ADD was calculated for a 70-year-old human the reportedequation was abbreviated to be

ADD (mgkgday) =119862119898times IR

BW (6)

Risk was assessed by calculating the hazard index (HI indexof adverse health effects from intake of specific contaminantin food) HI is expressed as the ratio of the ADD to theoral reference dose of the metal according to the followingequation proposed by USEPA [25]

Hazard Index = ADDOral RfD

(7)

where oral RfD is the oral reference dose of the metal(mgkgday) based on the safe upper level of metalrsquos oralintake for an adult human with average body weight of 70 kgThe oral RfD for Cu Zn Mn Cd and Fe is 004 03 0140001 and 07mgkgday respectively [26] while that for Pbis 0003mgkgday [27] HI values lt 10 indicate that adversehealth effects are not likely to occur However if the ADD ofcertain metal exceeds its oral RfD and thus the HI ge 10 itmay be presumed that adverse health effects are expected tooccur The cumulative risk effect of all metals was calculatedas the sum of HI values [28 29]

3 Results and Discussion

Assessing morphological parameters is one of the moststraightforward methods to study the effects of water con-tamination on fish because of the ease of recognition andexamination when compared with other types of biomarkers[30] Increasing the sample size by calculating the annualmean for each site and the seasonal mean among the studysites proved to be beneficial and gave a better idea about themeasured parameters The annual mean of both body totallength and body weight showed the following arrangementsite 3 gt site 1 gt site 4 gt site 2Meanwhile the seasonalmean ofboth parameters showed the following arrangement summergt winter gt spring gt autumn (Table 1) Body condition isa sensitive and reliable endpoint in chronic toxicologicalinvestigations In addition certain body indices such as thecondition factor (CF) can provide information on potentialpollution influence [31] but do not give information ofspecific responses to toxic substances in the media [32]Condition factor is used to evaluate the well-being or fitnessof fish as it is based on the hypothesis that heavier fish of agiven length are of best condition The pattern of seasonalvariation in values of condition factor ofO niloticus coincideswith that reported by Hirpo [33] for the same species inLake Babogaya Ethiopia where he attributed this variationto seasonal fluctuations in environmental factors food supplyand quality feeding rate stressors and reproductive activityToxic substances in the water may affect fish body conditionby directly changing metabolism and increasing the energyrequired to maintain homeostasis or they can indirectlyimpact growth by reducing food availability [34] Whilebody indices are not very sensitive and may be affected byother nonpollutant factors they still serve as initial screeningbiomarkers to indicate exposure and its effects on fish [35]

Any fluctuation in CF values may reflect the health con-dition of fish as well as their body protein and lipid contents[36] The scaled mass index (SMI) provides a novel indicatorof ecosystem health and proved to be a better indicator of therelative size of energy reserves and other body componentsthan the traditional CF [17 37] This is confirmed by thepresent findings where the pollution condition in the studiedsites did not show significant effect on fish CF but the effectwas clear on the SMI which showed significant decrease insites 2 and 4 Generally site 2 showed the lowest annualmean of both CF and SMI indicating the intricate pollutioncondition as well as themajor effect of specific anthropogenicactivities prevailing in this site (Table 1) Natural and anthro-pogenic disturbances are key forces governing the structureand functioning of aquatic communities Understanding howthese factors shape the organism performance can help toidentify the most vulnerable species and develop effectivemanagement strategies [37]The present findings indicate theminor effect of site variability on fish body condition indicesand confirm that seasonality including other related abioticand biotic factors affects greatly these indices

A preliminary survey (unpublished data) was conductedin the study area to investigate levels of commonmetalsThissurvey indicated that themost commonmetals in the studiedsites were copper zinc manganese cadmium lead and ironThemetal pollution index (MPI)was used to indicate the totalmetal load in vital organs ofO niloticus It is used to simplifythe data and to provide it as one value instead of many foreach studied organ when the measured metals are beyondfive in number [38] Results of MPI are given in Table 2 Thesequence of MPI in different organs followed the followingorder kidney gt liver gt gill gtmuscle which gives a better ideaabout the target organs for metal accumulation inO niloticusfish especially when using the annual and seasonal meansfor that purpose The results clearly indicate that each tissuehas different capacity of metal accumulation Generally thehighest values of MPI were recorded during spring seasonfor all studied vital organs Meanwhile the lowest values ofMPI were recorded during winter season for both fishmuscleand liver samples but in case of kidney and gill samplesthey were recorded during summer season Metals are notevenly distributed in the fish body but accumulate mainlyin metabolically active tissues such as kidney liver and gill[39] while muscle shows the least metal accumulation that ismostly due to its low levels of binding proteins and enzymaticactivities [40] Fish accumulate metals both by ingestionof contaminated food and by contact of their respiratorysurfaces with contaminated water [41] Metal distributionamong different tissues of aquatic organisms depends on themode of exposure and can serve as a pollution indicator [42]

Table 3 reveals the metal concentrations in muscle ofO niloticus (mgkg dry wt) which are generally arrangedin the following order Fe gt Zn gt Cu gt Mn gt Pb gt CdThis arrangement reflects the essentiality of these metalsfor fish body functions Some of these metals are classifiedbiochemically as essential elements in the bodies of livingorganisms and aquatic plants (such as Fe Zn and Cu)when present in trace amounts but when they are present inhigh concentrations they become toxic [43] The calculated

Journal of Toxicology 5

Table1Bo

dytotallengthbo

dyweightcond

ition

factorand

scaled

massind

exof

Oniloticus

Body

totallength(cm)

Body

weight(g)

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Winter

1700plusmn071

aB1333plusmn088

bB1830plusmn093

aB1423plusmn007

bB1572

11654plusmn1106a

A4988plusmn1320b

B13288plusmn1484a

B6357plusmn79

7bB

9072

Sprin

g1360plusmn032

cC1353plusmn022

cB1880plusmn036

aAB

1540plusmn040

bA1533

4522plusmn405

cB44

84plusmn056

cB1614

0plusmn751aA

B7556plusmn202

bA8176

Summer

2033plusmn088

abA

1630plusmn047

bcA

2320plusmn258

aA1557plusmn023

cA1885

15390plusmn2283a

A9452plusmn608

bA19276plusmn2206a

A7644plusmn421

bA1294

1Au

tumn

1330plusmn021

aC1460plusmn10

5aAB

1490plusmn031

aB1433plusmn017

aB1428

5068plusmn285

aB6783plusmn1725

aAB

7198plusmn431

aC5953plusmn212

aB6251

Ann

ualm

ean

1606

1444

1880

1488

1605

9159

6427

1397

66878

9110

Con

ditio

nfactor

(CF)

()

Scaled

massind

ex(SMI)(g)

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Winter

237plusmn015

aA201plusmn014

aAB

216plusmn008

aAB

220plusmn005

aA219

11626plusmn594

bA4774plusmn253

dA1319

0plusmn020

aAB

6354plusmn12

7cA

8986

Sprin

g17

9plusmn006

cB18

1plusmn007

bcB

243plusmn007

aA208plusmn012

bA201

7622plusmn323

bC4254plusmn218

cA1517

3plusmn357

aA4596plusmn341

cBC

7911

Summer

180plusmn006

aB218plusmn007

aA16

5plusmn031

aB202plusmn004

aA19

19927plusmn521

aB44

52plusmn225

bA11596plusmn429

aB4225plusmn222

bC7550

Autumn

215plusmn005

aA209plusmn008

aAB

218plusmn006

aAB

202plusmn002

aA211

9038plusmn249

bBC

4643plusmn209

dA114

62plusmn310

aB5691plusmn

249

cAB

7709

Ann

ualm

ean

201

202

211

208

205

9553

4531

12855

5217

8039

Dataa

rerepresentedas

means

of16

samplesplusmnSE

Statisticallysig

nificantd

ifferences(119875lt005)areshow

nwith

different

superscriptlow

ercase

lette

rsin

thes

amer

awanddifferent

superscriptcapita

llettersin

thes

amec

olum

nfore

achof

them

easuredparameters

Meanbo

dytotallengthvaluew

asused

as1198710forc

alculatingthes

caledmassind

ex

GG

izaMM

anyalIIm

babaand

KKa

nater

Them

eanof

allm

easurementsfore

achparameter

6 Journal of Toxicology

Table 2 Metal pollution index (MPI) of total trace metals in vital organs of O niloticus

MPISite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean

MuscleWinter 134 245 129 159 167Spring 585 314 259 247 351Summer 187 211 138 217 188Autumn 210 176 226 148 190Annual mean 279 237 188 193 224

LiverWinter 2062 2169 2540 1102 1968Spring 5205 1636 1351 1778 2493Summer 1603 2741 1447 3273 2266Autumn 2375 1938 2500 1882 2174Annual mean 2811 2121 1959 2009 2225

KidneyWinter 3182 3839 1690 1759 2617Spring 8211 3800 3774 3276 4766Summer 4289 2315 1111 2519 2559Autumn 2254 2401 2366 3595 2654Annual mean 4484 3089 2235 2787 3149

GillWinter 1015 1170 495 715 848Spring 1083 1374 837 877 1043Summer 596 763 549 749 664Autumn 959 610 1049 711 832Annual mean 913 979 732 763 847

G Giza M Manyal I Imbaba and K KanaterThemean of all measurements for each organ

bioaccumulation factor for different metals in fish musclegives a clear image about the concentration of these metalsin fish muscle relative to their concentration in water and theaffinity of fish muscle to accumulate these metals relative totheir abundance in water

As indicated in Table 4 metal concentrations in fishmuscle were several fold higher than their concentrationsin water The BAF in fish muscle shows the followingarrangement Zn gt Cu gt Fe gt Mn gt Cd and Pb There wasa great fluctuation in BAF of both Cd and Pb which were theleast accumulatedmetals in fishmuscle Generally BAF of Cdwas higher than Pb during summer season along all sites andthe case was reversed during autumn season whereas duringwinter and spring seasons its abundance was site dependentThis clearly indicates the effect of seasonality of natural oranthropogenic sources on metal abundance in aquatic mediaas well as the great effect of point and nonpoint sources ofpollution along the study sites Because many fish stay inrather confined regions of the river they will suffer by oneway or another if this aquatic system is contaminated by toxicsubstances [44]

Bioaccumulation of trace metals in tissues of aquaticorganisms has been identified as an indirect measure of theabundance and availability of thesemetals in the environment[45] For this reason monitoring fish tissue contaminationrepresents an important function as an early warning ofrelated water contamination problems and enables us totake appropriate action to protect public health and theenvironment [46]

Because fish respond with great sensitivity to changes inthe aquatic environment they are one of the most indicativefactors in aquatic environment for the estimation of metalpollution and risk potential of human consumption [47]Hence it is important to determine metal concentrations inedible tissues of commercial fish in order to evaluate thepossible risk of fish consumption [48]

The calculated hazard index (HI) is an integrated riskcalculation package that combines both the metal level infish edible tissues and the human consumption rate ofthese tissues to perform a risk characterization In hazardidentification available data on biological endpoints are usedto determine if a material is likely to pose a hazard to human

Journal of Toxicology 7

Table3Metalconcentrations

inmuscle

ofO

niloticus

(mgkg

drywt)

CuZn

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Winter

553plusmn12

3aA

402plusmn013

abAB

266plusmn032

bA324plusmn034

bA386

2557plusmn086

aB2945plusmn12

4aB

2584plusmn232

aAB

2783plusmn355

aA2717

Sprin

g889plusmn072

aB78

2plusmn232

abA

436plusmn065

bA467plusmn029

abA

644

5581plusmn

649

aA4268plusmn369

abA

3282plusmn568

bA3093plusmn254

bA40

56

Summer

437plusmn073

aB219plusmn043

aB267plusmn028

aA315plusmn18

2aA

310

3374plusmn13

9aB

3216plusmn027

aB2048plusmn068

cB2771plusmn

221

bA2852

Autumn

590plusmn062

aB470plusmn010

aAB

300plusmn071

bA237plusmn017

bA399

2783plusmn18

6abB

2555plusmn17

3abB

2261plusmn

173b

AB

2856plusmn14

5aA

2614

Ann

ualm

ean

617

468

317

336

435

3574

3246

2544

2876

3060

Mn

Cd

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Winter

292plusmn068

aAB

162plusmn069

aA274plusmn072

aA16

0plusmn031

aAB

222

001plusmn001

aB008plusmn004

aA003plusmn001

aB001plusmn001

aB0033

Sprin

g445plusmn034

aA081plusmn026

cA249plusmn074

bA246plusmn045

bA255

008plusmn004

aA005plusmn004

aA005plusmn001

aA007plusmn002

aA0063

Summer

036plusmn003

bC10

6plusmn030

aA089plusmn008

aA10

9plusmn006

aB085

005plusmn001

aAB

007plusmn002

aA006plusmn001

aA009plusmn001

aA006

8Au

tumn

149plusmn069

aBC

112plusmn018

aA310plusmn208

aA17

9plusmn023

aAB

188

005plusmn001

aAB

002plusmn001

bA005plusmn001

aA002plusmn001

bB0034

Ann

ualm

ean

231

115

231

174

187

004

80053

004

8004

80049

PbFe

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Winter

005plusmn003

aB053plusmn037

aB003plusmn001

aC036plusmn005

aAB

024

2846plusmn772a

B2690plusmn72

5aA

2744plusmn93

1aA3104plusmn555

aB2846

Sprin

g15

6plusmn052

aA207plusmn032

aA024plusmn004

bB018plusmn004

bB10

114503plusmn421

aA3426plusmn524

bA7136plusmn3382b

A5019plusmn804

bA7521

Summer

090plusmn025

aAB

053plusmn006

abB

017plusmn005

abB

048plusmn005

bA052

1770plusmn084

bB3202plusmn281

aA1376plusmn17

0bA

2569plusmn236

aB2229

Autumn

024plusmn008

abB

043plusmn007

aB046plusmn002

aA015plusmn010

bB032

2920plusmn290

aB2611plusmn220

aA2761plusmn

658

aA2865plusmn1195a

B2789

Ann

ualm

ean

069

089

023

029

052

5510

2982

3504

3389

3846

Dataa

rerepresentedas

means

of16

samplesplusmnSE

Statisticallysig

nificantd

ifferences(119875lt005)a

reshow

nwith

different

superscriptlow

ercase

lette

rsin

thes

amer

awanddifferent

superscriptcapita

llettersin

thes

amec

olum

nfore

achof

them

easuredmetals

GG

izaMM

anyalIIm

babaand

KKa

nater

Them

eanof

allm

easurementsfore

achmetal

8 Journal of Toxicology

Table 4 Bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of trace metals (lkg) in muscle of O niloticus

Cu ZnSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean

Winter 20481 36545 16625 29455 25777 79906 92031 89103 107038 92020Spring 98778 37238 18957 13735 42177 232542 194000 156286 147286 182528Summer 15069 6844 7026 10862 9950 99235 84632 51200 58957 73506Autumn 39333 47000 21429 19750 31878 163706 150294 173923 259636 186890Annual mean 43415 31907 16009 18450 27445 143847 130239 117628 143229 133736

Mn CdSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean

Winter 7892 4909 12455 4848 7526 250 2667 600 333 963Spring 13485 2531 9960 7455 8358 4000 1667 1667 3500 2708Summer 1333 2865 3296 4739 3058 5000 2333 6000 9000 5583Autumn 5960 4148 15500 6630 8059 1250 667 1250 667 958Annual mean 7168 3613 10303 5918 6750 2625 1833 2379 3375 2553

Pb FeSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean

Winter 556 4077 231 2769 1908 4089 6987 11433 19771 10570Spring 6000 6900 1000 720 3655 35634 9624 21624 9027 18977Summer 3333 1767 680 1846 1907 5655 9281 4047 6146 6282Autumn 1846 3071 2556 1364 2209 16133 12316 23398 23678 18881Annual mean 2934 3954 1117 1675 2420 15378 9552 15126 14655 13678

G Giza M Manyal I Imbaba and K KanaterThemean of all measurements for each metal

healthThese data are also used to define the type of potentialhazard In the dose-response assessment data are used toestimate the amount of material that may produce a giveneffect in humans The risk assessor may calculate a quanti-tative dose-response relationship and make it applicable forlow-dose exposure often by applying mathematical modelsto the data [49]

Fish consumption information is essential for assessingthe human health implications associated with the consump-tion of chemically contaminated fish [50] The calculatedHI for detected metals as indicated in Table 5 did notpose unacceptable risks at both proposed ingestion rates(for normal and habitual fish consumers) except for Pbin sites 1 and 2 for habitual fish consumers during springseason Both ingestion rates used in the present study werereported by USEPA [25] for generalized human populationbut if the normal ingestion rate of 00435 kgday proposedby FAO [51] specifically for adult Egyptians was used in thepresent HI calculations the resulting HI values at normalingestion rate would be even higher by a factor of 14 thanthe present findings This clearly indicates the significanceof incorporating the consumption rates in contaminantsrsquorisk assessments The metalsrsquo cumulative risk effects showedunacceptable risks for habitual fish consumers during springand winter seasons in site 2 as well as spring and summerseasons in site 1 Generally sites 1 and 2 were the mostpolluted sites especially during spring season which showsthat irregular domestic and touristic activities that prevailin these upstream sites during favorable weather conditions

had major effects on water pollution rather than the regularagricultural and industrial activities that prevail in the otherdownstream sites all over the year

4 Conclusion

The effect of different anthropogenic activities on metalload of fish edible tissues along the study period in allsites was evident and it was proved using the calculatedMPI and BAF and specially the HI Despite the low humanhealth hazards expected due to consumption of each metalseparately the fish edible tissues contain totally abundantquantity of differentmetals whichmay lead to human adversehealth effects That is to say the metalsrsquo cumulative riskeffects gave an alarming sign The present study affirms thatapplication of the proposed human risk assessment (doseand consumption dependent variables) is more reliable inpredicting the hazards posed on human consumers ratherthan the use of regular known permissible levels or theupper level of intake in food for human consumption whichare not consumption dependent variables Regular metalassessment surveys and advisories for fish consumption arerecommended for water bodies around densely populatedareas like Greater Cairo

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Journal of Toxicology 9

Table 5 Hazard index (HI) and the cumulative risk effect for normal and habitual fish consumers

Cu ZnSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 006 004 003 004 004 004 004 004Habitual 028 020 014 016 017 020 018 019

Spring Normal 010 009 005 005 008 006 005 005Habitual 045 040 022 024 038 029 022 021

Summer Normal 005 002 003 004 005 005 003 004Habitual 022 011 014 016 023 022 014 019

Autumn Normal 007 005 003 003 004 004 003 004Habitual 030 024 015 012 019 017 015 019

Mn CdSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 001 001 001 001 0004 004 001 0004Habitual 004 002 004 002 002 016 006 002

Spring Normal 001 0003 001 001 004 002 002 003Habitual 006 001 004 004 016 010 010 014

Summer Normal 0001 0003 0003 0003 002 003 003 004Habitual 001 002 001 002 010 014 012 018

Autumn Normal 0005 0004 001 001 002 001 002 001Habitual 002 002 005 003 010 004 010 004

Pb FeSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 001 008 0004 005 002 002 002 002Habitual 003 036 002 024 008 008 008 009

Spring Normal 023 031 004 003 009 002 005 003Habitual 106lowast 140lowast 016 012 042 010 021 015

Summer Normal 013 008 003 007 001 002 001 002Habitual 061 036 012 033 005 009 004 007

Autumn Normal 004 006 007 002 002 002 002 002Habitual 016 029 031 010 008 008 008 008

Cumulative risk effectSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 014 023 011 016Habitual 063 103lowast 051 073

Spring Normal 056 050 021 020Habitual 254lowast 230lowast 095 089

Summer Normal 027 021 012 021Habitual 122lowast 094 056 095

Autumn Normal 019 018 019 012Habitual 086 084 084 057

G Giza M Manyal I Imbaba and K KanaterlowastHI ge 10 which is the point at which adverse health effects are expected to occur

References

[1] S Sabry ldquoPoverty lines in greater Cairo underestimating andmisrepresenting povertyrdquo Human Settlements Working PaperSeries Poverty Reduction in Urban Areas Working Paper21 International Institute for Environment and Development(IIED) London UK 2009 httpwwwiiedorgpubsdisplayphpo=10572IIED

[2] V Velma and P B Tchounwou ldquoChromium-induced biochem-ical genotoxic and histopathologic effects in liver and kidney of

goldfish carassius auratusrdquoMutation Research vol 698 no 1-2pp 43ndash51 2010

[3] D G McNeil and J Fredberg ldquoEnvironmental water require-ments of native fishes in theMiddle River catchment KangarooIsland South Australiardquo SARDI Research Report Series No528 SA Department for Water South Australian Research andDevelopment Institute (Aquatic Sciences) Adelaide Australia2011 SARDI Publication No f2011000060-1

[4] K J Eder C M Leutenegger B W Wilson and I WernerldquoMolecular and cellular biomarker responses to pesticide

10 Journal of Toxicology

exposure in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchustshawytscha)rdquo Marine Environmental Research vol 58 no2-5 pp 809ndash813 2004

[5] N Mayon A Bertrand D Leroy et al ldquoMultiscale approach offish responses to different types of environmental contamina-tions a case studyrdquo Science of the Total Environment vol 367no 2-3 pp 715ndash731 2006

[6] A Mazet G Keck and P Berny ldquoConcentrations of PCBsorganochlorine pesticides and heavy metals (lead cadmiumand copper) in fish from the Drome river potential effects onotters (Lutra lutra)rdquo Chemosphere vol 61 no 6 pp 810ndash8162005

[7] E Has-Schon I Bogut and I Strelec ldquoHeavy metal profilein five fish species included in human diet domiciled in theend flow of river Neretva (Croatia)rdquo Archives of EnvironmentalContamination and Toxicology vol 50 no 4 pp 545ndash551 2006

[8] S Biswas R K Prabhu K J Hussain M Selvanayagam andK K Satpathy ldquoHeavy metals concentration in edible fishesfrom coastal region of Kalpakkam southeastern part of IndiardquoEnvironmental Monitoring and Assessment vol 184 no 8 pp5097ndash5104 2012

[9] S Tekin-Ozan ldquoDetermination of heavy metal levels in watersediment and tissues of tench (Tinca tinca L 1758) fromBeysehir Lake (Turkey)rdquo Environmental Monitoring and Assess-ment vol 145 no 1ndash3 pp 295ndash302 2008

[10] P A Lopes T Pinheiro M C Santos M Da Luz MathiasM J Collares-Pereira and A M Viegas-Crespo ldquoResponse ofantioxidant enzymes in freshwater fish populations (Leuciscusalburnoides complex) to inorganic pollutants exposurerdquo Scienceof the Total Environment vol 280 no 1ndash3 pp 153ndash163 2001

[11] C Dautremepuits S Paris-Palacios S Betoulle and G VernetldquoModulation in hepatic and head kidney parameters of carp(Cyprinus carpio L) induced by copper and chitosanrdquo Compar-ative Biochemistry and Physiology C vol 137 no 4 pp 325ndash3332004

[12] C Tigano B Tomasello V Pulvirenti et al ldquoAssessment of envi-ronmental stress in Parablennius sanguinolentus (Pallas 1814)of the Sicilian Ionian coastrdquo Ecotoxicology and EnvironmentalSafety vol 72 no 4 pp 1278ndash1286 2009

[13] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture edited byEditorial Group FAO Information Division Food and Agricul-ture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Rome Italy2000 ftpftpfaoorgdocrepfao003x8002ex8002e00pdf

[14] A-F M El-Sayed ldquoAlternative dietary protein sources forfarmed tilapia Oreochromis spprdquo Aquaculture vol 179 no 1ndash4 pp 149ndash168 1999

[15] C E Boyd Water Quality in Ponds for Aquaculture Birming-ham Publishing Birmingham Ala USA 1990

[16] C B Schreck andP BMoyleMethods of Fish Biology AmericanFisheries Society Bethesda Md USA 1990

[17] J Peig and A J Green ldquoNew perspectives for estimating bodycondition from masslength data the scaled mass index as analternative methodrdquo Oikos vol 118 no 12 pp 1883ndash1891 2009

[18] American Public Health Association (APHA) Standard Meth-ods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater AmericanWater Works Association New York NY USA 2005

[19] G Rejomon M Nair and T Joseph ldquoTrace metal dynamicsin fishes from the southwest coast of Indiardquo EnvironmentalMonitoring and Assessment vol 167 no 1ndash4 pp 243ndash255 2010

[20] R A Issac and J D Kerber ldquoAtomic absorption and flamephotometry Techniques and uses in soil plant and wateranalysisrdquo in Instrumental Methods for Analysis of Soil and PlantTissue pp 17ndash37 Soil Science Society of America AgronomySociety of America Madison Wis USA 1971

[21] Z-Y Hseu ldquoEvaluating heavy metal contents in nine compostsusing four digestion methodsrdquo Bioresource Technology vol 95no 1 pp 53ndash59 2004

[22] SAS SASSTAT Userrsquos Guide Version 91 Statistical AnalysisSystem Institute Cary NC USA 2006

[23] J Usero E Gonzalez-Regalado and I Gracia ldquoTrace metalsin the bivalve molluscs Ruditapes decussatus and Ruditapesphilippinarum from the Atlantic Coast of Southern SpainrdquoEnvironment International vol 23 no 3 pp 291ndash298 1997

[24] F A P C GobasW deWolf L P Burkhard E Verbruggen andK Plotzke ldquoRevisiting bioaccumulation criteria for POPs andPBT assessmentsrdquo Integrated Environmental Assessment andManagement vol 5 no 4 pp 624ndash637 2009

[25] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)Guidance for Assessing Chemical Contaminant Data for Use inFish Advisories vol 2 Risk Assessment and Fish ConsumptionLimit EPA823B-97009Office of Science andTechnology andOffice of Water Washington DC USA 3rd edition 2000

[26] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)ldquoHuman health risk assessment risk-based screening tableregional screening level (RSL) summary tablerdquo 2015 httpsemspubepagovwork032218434pdf

[27] WHO (World Health Organization) ldquoEvaluation of certainfood additives and contaminants seventy-third report of thejoint FAOWHO expert committee on food additivesrdquo WHOTechnical Report Series 960WHO 2011 httpwhqlibdocwhointtrsWHO TRS 960 engpdf

[28] A Pawełczyk ldquoAssessment of health risk associated with persis-tent organic pollutants in waterrdquo Environmental Monitoring andAssessment vol 185 no 1 pp 497ndash508 2013

[29] USEPA Region 9 Preliminary Remediation Goals Region9 PRGs Table 2002 Update United States EnvironmentalProtection Agency 2002 httpwastekygovSFBDocumentsRegion9PRGspdf

[30] P L Sun W E Hawkins R M Overstreet and N J Brown-Peterson ldquoMorphological deformities as biomarkers in fishfrom contaminated rivers in Taiwanrdquo International Journal ofEnvironmental Research and Public Health vol 6 no 8 pp2307ndash2331 2009

[31] M Lenhardt I Jaric P Cakic G Cvijanovic Z Gacic and JKolarevic ldquoSeasonal changes in condition factor hepatosomaticindex and parasitism in sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus L)rdquo TurkishJournal of Veterinary andAnimal Sciences vol 33 no 3 pp 209ndash214 2009

[32] A R Linde-Arias A F Inacio C de Alburquerque M MFreire and J C Moreira ldquoBiomarkers in an invasive fishspecies Oreochromis niloticus to assess the effects of pollutionin a highly degraded Brazilian Riverrdquo Science of the TotalEnvironment vol 399 no 1ndash3 pp 186ndash192 2008

[33] L A Hirpo ldquoBreeding season and condition factor ofOreochromis niloticus (Pisces Cichlidae) in Lake BabogayaEthiopiardquo International Journal of Agricultural Sciences vol 2no 3 pp 116ndash120 2012

[34] L Bervoets and R Blust ldquoMetal concentrations in watersediment and gudgeon (Gobio gobio) from a pollution gradientrelationship with fish condition factorrdquo Environmental Pollu-tion vol 126 no 1 pp 9ndash19 2003

Journal of Toxicology 11

[35] D Montenegro and M T Gonzalez ldquoEvaluation of somaticindexes hematology and liver histopathology of the fish Labri-somus philippiifrom san jorge bay northern Chile as associ-ated with environmental stressrdquo Revista de Biologia Marina yOceanografia vol 47 no 1 pp 99ndash107 2012

[36] A H Weatherley and H S Gill The Biology of Fish GrowthAcademic Press London UK 1987

[37] A Maceda-Veiga A J Green and A De Sostoa ldquoScaled body-mass index shows how habitat quality influences the conditionof four fish taxa in north-eastern Spain and provides a novelindicator of ecosystem healthrdquo Freshwater Biology vol 59 no6 pp 1145ndash1160 2014

[38] M Javed and N Usmani ldquoAssessment of heavy metals (Cu NiFe Co Mn Cr Zn) in rivulet water their accumulations andalterations in hematology of fish Channa punctatusrdquo AfricanJournal of Biotechnology vol 13 no 3 pp 492ndash501 2014

[39] A M Yacoub and N S Gad ldquoAccumulation of some heavymetals and biochemical alterations in muscles of Oreochromisniloticus from the River Nile in Upper Egyptrdquo InternationalJournal of Environmental Science and Engineering vol 3 pp 1ndash10 2012

[40] I Papagiannis I Kagalou J Leonardos D Petridis and VKalfakakou ldquoCopper and zinc in four freshwater fish speciesfrom Lake Pamvotis (Greece)rdquo Environment International vol30 no 3 pp 357ndash362 2004

[41] B Jovanovic E Mihaljev S Maletin and D Palic ldquoAssess-ment of heavy metal load in chub liver (Cyprinida Leuciscuscephalus) from the Nisava River (Serbia)rdquo Biologica Nyssanavol 2 no 1 pp 51ndash58 2011

[42] M Nair K V Jayalakshmy K K Balachandran and T JosephldquoBioaccumulation of toxic metals by fish in a semi-enclosedtropical ecosystemrdquo Environmental Forensics vol 7 no 3 pp197ndash206 2006

[43] S W Kotickhoff Pollutant Sorption in Environmental SystemsEPA- 600ID 80-83 NTTS Springfield Va USA 1983

[44] Y Ikeda J Koyama andHOzaki ldquoHeavymetal levels in tissuesof fish exposed to cadmiumrdquo Bulletin of the Japanese Society forthe Science of Fish vol 52 no 12 pp 2055ndash2059 1986

[45] F A Kucuksezgin A Kontas O Altay E Uluturhan andE Darılmaz ldquoAssessment of marine pollution in Izmir Baynutrient heavy metal and total hydrocarbon concentrationsrdquoEnvironment International vol 32 no 1 pp 41ndash51 2006

[46] B AMurtalaWO Abdul andA A Akinyemi ldquoBioaccumula-tion of heavy metals in fish (Hydrocynus forskahliiHyperopisusbebe occidentalis and Clarias gariepinus) organs in downstreamOgun coastal water Nigeriardquo Journal of Agricultural Science vol4 no 11 pp 51ndash59 2012

[47] M M N Authman S A Ibrahim M A El-Kasheif and HS Gaber ldquoHeavy metals pollution and their effects on gills andliver of the nile catfish Clarias gariepinus inhabiting El-Rahawydrain EgyptrdquoGlobal Veterinaria vol 10 no 2 pp 103ndash115 2013

[48] F Yilmaz N Ozdemir A Demirak and A L Tuna ldquoHeavymetal levels in two fish species Leuciscus cephalus and Lepomisgibbosusrdquo Food Chemistry vol 100 no 2 pp 830ndash835 2007

[49] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Sup-plementary Guidance for Conducting Health Risk Assessmentof Chemical Mixtures EPA630R-00002 National Center forEnvironmental Assessment Washington DC USA 2000

[50] C Copat F Bella M Castaing R Fallico S Sciacca andM Ferrante ldquoHeavy metals concentrations in fish from Sicily(Mediterranean Sea) and evaluation of possible health risks

to consumersrdquo Bulletin of Environmental Contamination andToxicology vol 88 no 1 pp 78ndash83 2012

[51] FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations) ldquoFishery and aquaculture country profiles EgyptrdquoCountry Profile Fact Sheets FAO Fisheries and AquacultureDepartment Rome Italy 2010 httpwwwfaoorgfisherycountrysectornaso egypten

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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StrokeResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of

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Emergency Medicine InternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Autoimmune Diseases

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Pharmaceutics

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION

of

2 Journal of Toxicology

Fish are widely used in quality assessment of aquaticenvironment and as bioindicators of environmental pollution[10 11] So field studies on early adverse effects of con-taminants measured directly in organisms in their naturalenvironment represent one of the main target areas inenvironmental biomonitoring programs [12] Inland fisheriesincluding River Nile yield the major part of Egyptian fishproduction where Egypt is ranked as 7th of the top tencountries in inland fish production [13] The Nile tilapiaOreochromis niloticus is one of themost important economicfish species in Egypt and represents the species of consumersrsquochoice with unquestionable market demand [14]

The present study aims to provide comparable data onseasonality of metal abundance in water and tissues of wildO niloticus collected from four sites covering the wholeGreater Cairo sector of the River Nile and to evaluatepossible ecotoxicological human health risks associated withfish consumption The selected sites are considered ideal toevaluate effects of anthropogenic activities concerning metalpollution up- and downstream River Nile

2 Materials and Methods

21 Study Area Surface water and wild male Nile tilapia (Oniloticus) samples were collected seasonally during 2013-2014with the help of local fishermen from the following sites(Figure 1)

Site 1 (Giza) It is located upstream at inhabited islandlocally called Bein El-Bahreen island Most of the populationthere are local fishermen and farmers with agricultural anddomestic activities where untreated wastes are dischargeddirectly to the River Nile It is located at global positioningsystem (GPS) coordinates of 29∘ 591015840 92010158401015840 N and 31∘ 131015840 161910158401015840E

Site 2 (Manyal) It is located upstream about 2 kmnorth of site1 with normal domestic and touristic activities It is located atGPS coordinates of 30∘ 01015840 545610158401015840 N and 31∘ 131015840 176210158401015840 E

Site 3 (Imbaba) It is located downstream about 18 km northof site 1 and mostly dominated with industrial activities nearthe electric power station of West Cairo It is located at GPScoordinates of 30∘ 81015840 411310158401015840 N and 31∘ 91015840 419810158401015840 E

Site 4 (Kanater) It is located downstream about 24 km northof site 1 It is dominated with agricultural activities and liesin close proximity to El-Rahawy drainage canal which drainsdirectly to the River Nile It is located at GPS coordinates of30∘ 101015840 549810158401015840 N and 31∘ 71015840 82410158401015840 E

The selected sites cover a distance of 24 km along thecourse of River Nile Water and fish samples were collectedin a range of 500m2 around the reported GPS coordinates ofeach site

22 Water Sampling Eight water samples were taken with awater sampler from each site seasonally Duplicates of watersamples were taken from four localities in each of the studysites between 1000 and 1200 am at a depth of 30 cm below

thewater surface and stored at 4∘C in clean 1000mL samplingglass bottles according to Boyd [15]

23 Fish Sampling A total number of 64 adult male Oniloticus fish of market size (16 fishsite) were collectedseasonally from the study sites Fish were transported inan icebox (0ndash4∘C) to the laboratory The body weight andtotal body length of each fish were measured then fish weredissected to obtain muscle liver kidney and gill samplesTissue sampleswere processed formetal analysis immediatelyon the same day of sampling Sexual differentiation wasconducted visually during dissection and female fish wereeliminated as they exhibit greater individual and seasonalfluctuations in length-weight relationship than males

24 Fish Body Condition Indices The condition factor (CF)was calculated according to Schreck and Moyle [16] as

CF = [Weight (g)

Length3 (cm)] times 100 (1)

The scaledmass index (SMI) was calculated according to Peigand Green [17] as

Scaled mass index (SMI) = 119882119894[

1198710

119871119894

]

119887SMA

(2)

where 119882119894and 119871

119894are the weight (g) and length (cm) of

each specimen respectively 1198710is a suitable length to which

the values were standardized (the arithmetic mean of thedata set analyzed was used as 119871

0) and 119887SMA is the scaling

exponent that is the slope of a standardized major axis(SMA) regression (also known as reduced major axis orRMA) of the mass-length relationship

25 Metal Concentrations in Water and Fish Tissues Metalconcentrations (Cu ZnMnCd Pb andFe)were determinedin water and fish tissues (muscle liver kidney and gill)using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (ThermoScientific ICE 3300 UK) provided with double beam anddeuteriumbackground corrector according toAPHA [18] Allmetal concentrations in fish tissues are reported inmgkg dryweight since dry weight rather than wet weight provides amore stable basis for comparison [19]

Tissue samples were dried at 105∘C for 12 hours and thenburned in a muffle furnace at 550∘C for 16 hours Sampleswere then acid digested and diluted with deionized water toknown volume using the dry-ashing procedure proposed byIssac and Kerber [20] and Hseu [21]

251 Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QAQC) Proce-dures The QAQC protocols included the use of analyticalblanks replicate analyses standard solutions prepared in thesame acid matrix and standard reference material Standardsfor instrument calibration were prepared on the basis ofmonoelement certified reference solution (Merck) Standardreferencematerial (Lake Superior fish 1946 National Instituteof Standards and Technology (NIST) USA) was used tovalidate analysis and the metal average recovery percentagesranged from 93 to 107 for all measured samples

Journal of Toxicology 3

Figure 1 Map of Cairo sector showing the study sites (source Google earthcom)

26 Statistical Analyses Theresults were expressed asmeanplusmnSE Data were subjected to tests for normality and homogene-ity Test for normality was positive and followed the normaldistribution also test for homogeneity showed homogenousdistribution of all data within the bell shape range Datawere statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (119865-test)combined with Tukeyrsquos post hoc test to determine significantdifferences which are indicated by different case letters in thedescending order A B C and D at 119875 lt 005 using StatisticalAnalysis System SAS Version 91 [22]

27 Metal Pollution Index (MPI) MPI was calculated toindicate the overall metal load in various fish tissues usingthe following formula according to Usero et al [23]

MPI = (1198721times1198722times1198723times sdot sdot sdot times 119872

119899)1119899

(3)

where119872119899is the mean concentration of metal 119899 (mgkg dry

wt) in the examined tissue

28 Bioaccumulation Factor (BAF) BAF of trace metals infish muscle was calculated according to Gobas et al [24] as

BAF (Lkg) =119862119898

119862119908

(4)

where 119862119898is the mean metal concentration in fish muscle

(mgkg dry wt) and 119862119908is the mean metal concentration in

water (mgL)

29 Human Risk Assessment The following risk assessmentprocedures were conducted according to the United StatesEnvironmental Protection Agency (USEPA) [25]The level ofexposure resulting from oral consumption of trace metals infish edible tissues was expressed by calculating the averagedaily dose (ADD average daily intake of a specific chemicalover a lifetime) using the following equation [25]

ADD (mgkgday) =119862119898times IR times EF times EDBW times AT

(5)

where 119862119898

is the mean metal concentration in fish mus-cle (mgkg dry wt) IR is the ingestion rate (00312 and01424 kgday for normal and habitual fish consumers resp)EF is the exposure frequency (365 daysyear) ED is theexposure duration over a lifetime (assumed as 70 years) BWis the body weight (assumed as 70 kg for normal adults) andAT is the average lifetime (70 years times 365 daysyear) Since

4 Journal of Toxicology

ADD was calculated for a 70-year-old human the reportedequation was abbreviated to be

ADD (mgkgday) =119862119898times IR

BW (6)

Risk was assessed by calculating the hazard index (HI indexof adverse health effects from intake of specific contaminantin food) HI is expressed as the ratio of the ADD to theoral reference dose of the metal according to the followingequation proposed by USEPA [25]

Hazard Index = ADDOral RfD

(7)

where oral RfD is the oral reference dose of the metal(mgkgday) based on the safe upper level of metalrsquos oralintake for an adult human with average body weight of 70 kgThe oral RfD for Cu Zn Mn Cd and Fe is 004 03 0140001 and 07mgkgday respectively [26] while that for Pbis 0003mgkgday [27] HI values lt 10 indicate that adversehealth effects are not likely to occur However if the ADD ofcertain metal exceeds its oral RfD and thus the HI ge 10 itmay be presumed that adverse health effects are expected tooccur The cumulative risk effect of all metals was calculatedas the sum of HI values [28 29]

3 Results and Discussion

Assessing morphological parameters is one of the moststraightforward methods to study the effects of water con-tamination on fish because of the ease of recognition andexamination when compared with other types of biomarkers[30] Increasing the sample size by calculating the annualmean for each site and the seasonal mean among the studysites proved to be beneficial and gave a better idea about themeasured parameters The annual mean of both body totallength and body weight showed the following arrangementsite 3 gt site 1 gt site 4 gt site 2Meanwhile the seasonalmean ofboth parameters showed the following arrangement summergt winter gt spring gt autumn (Table 1) Body condition isa sensitive and reliable endpoint in chronic toxicologicalinvestigations In addition certain body indices such as thecondition factor (CF) can provide information on potentialpollution influence [31] but do not give information ofspecific responses to toxic substances in the media [32]Condition factor is used to evaluate the well-being or fitnessof fish as it is based on the hypothesis that heavier fish of agiven length are of best condition The pattern of seasonalvariation in values of condition factor ofO niloticus coincideswith that reported by Hirpo [33] for the same species inLake Babogaya Ethiopia where he attributed this variationto seasonal fluctuations in environmental factors food supplyand quality feeding rate stressors and reproductive activityToxic substances in the water may affect fish body conditionby directly changing metabolism and increasing the energyrequired to maintain homeostasis or they can indirectlyimpact growth by reducing food availability [34] Whilebody indices are not very sensitive and may be affected byother nonpollutant factors they still serve as initial screeningbiomarkers to indicate exposure and its effects on fish [35]

Any fluctuation in CF values may reflect the health con-dition of fish as well as their body protein and lipid contents[36] The scaled mass index (SMI) provides a novel indicatorof ecosystem health and proved to be a better indicator of therelative size of energy reserves and other body componentsthan the traditional CF [17 37] This is confirmed by thepresent findings where the pollution condition in the studiedsites did not show significant effect on fish CF but the effectwas clear on the SMI which showed significant decrease insites 2 and 4 Generally site 2 showed the lowest annualmean of both CF and SMI indicating the intricate pollutioncondition as well as themajor effect of specific anthropogenicactivities prevailing in this site (Table 1) Natural and anthro-pogenic disturbances are key forces governing the structureand functioning of aquatic communities Understanding howthese factors shape the organism performance can help toidentify the most vulnerable species and develop effectivemanagement strategies [37]The present findings indicate theminor effect of site variability on fish body condition indicesand confirm that seasonality including other related abioticand biotic factors affects greatly these indices

A preliminary survey (unpublished data) was conductedin the study area to investigate levels of commonmetalsThissurvey indicated that themost commonmetals in the studiedsites were copper zinc manganese cadmium lead and ironThemetal pollution index (MPI)was used to indicate the totalmetal load in vital organs ofO niloticus It is used to simplifythe data and to provide it as one value instead of many foreach studied organ when the measured metals are beyondfive in number [38] Results of MPI are given in Table 2 Thesequence of MPI in different organs followed the followingorder kidney gt liver gt gill gtmuscle which gives a better ideaabout the target organs for metal accumulation inO niloticusfish especially when using the annual and seasonal meansfor that purpose The results clearly indicate that each tissuehas different capacity of metal accumulation Generally thehighest values of MPI were recorded during spring seasonfor all studied vital organs Meanwhile the lowest values ofMPI were recorded during winter season for both fishmuscleand liver samples but in case of kidney and gill samplesthey were recorded during summer season Metals are notevenly distributed in the fish body but accumulate mainlyin metabolically active tissues such as kidney liver and gill[39] while muscle shows the least metal accumulation that ismostly due to its low levels of binding proteins and enzymaticactivities [40] Fish accumulate metals both by ingestionof contaminated food and by contact of their respiratorysurfaces with contaminated water [41] Metal distributionamong different tissues of aquatic organisms depends on themode of exposure and can serve as a pollution indicator [42]

Table 3 reveals the metal concentrations in muscle ofO niloticus (mgkg dry wt) which are generally arrangedin the following order Fe gt Zn gt Cu gt Mn gt Pb gt CdThis arrangement reflects the essentiality of these metalsfor fish body functions Some of these metals are classifiedbiochemically as essential elements in the bodies of livingorganisms and aquatic plants (such as Fe Zn and Cu)when present in trace amounts but when they are present inhigh concentrations they become toxic [43] The calculated

Journal of Toxicology 5

Table1Bo

dytotallengthbo

dyweightcond

ition

factorand

scaled

massind

exof

Oniloticus

Body

totallength(cm)

Body

weight(g)

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Winter

1700plusmn071

aB1333plusmn088

bB1830plusmn093

aB1423plusmn007

bB1572

11654plusmn1106a

A4988plusmn1320b

B13288plusmn1484a

B6357plusmn79

7bB

9072

Sprin

g1360plusmn032

cC1353plusmn022

cB1880plusmn036

aAB

1540plusmn040

bA1533

4522plusmn405

cB44

84plusmn056

cB1614

0plusmn751aA

B7556plusmn202

bA8176

Summer

2033plusmn088

abA

1630plusmn047

bcA

2320plusmn258

aA1557plusmn023

cA1885

15390plusmn2283a

A9452plusmn608

bA19276plusmn2206a

A7644plusmn421

bA1294

1Au

tumn

1330plusmn021

aC1460plusmn10

5aAB

1490plusmn031

aB1433plusmn017

aB1428

5068plusmn285

aB6783plusmn1725

aAB

7198plusmn431

aC5953plusmn212

aB6251

Ann

ualm

ean

1606

1444

1880

1488

1605

9159

6427

1397

66878

9110

Con

ditio

nfactor

(CF)

()

Scaled

massind

ex(SMI)(g)

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Winter

237plusmn015

aA201plusmn014

aAB

216plusmn008

aAB

220plusmn005

aA219

11626plusmn594

bA4774plusmn253

dA1319

0plusmn020

aAB

6354plusmn12

7cA

8986

Sprin

g17

9plusmn006

cB18

1plusmn007

bcB

243plusmn007

aA208plusmn012

bA201

7622plusmn323

bC4254plusmn218

cA1517

3plusmn357

aA4596plusmn341

cBC

7911

Summer

180plusmn006

aB218plusmn007

aA16

5plusmn031

aB202plusmn004

aA19

19927plusmn521

aB44

52plusmn225

bA11596plusmn429

aB4225plusmn222

bC7550

Autumn

215plusmn005

aA209plusmn008

aAB

218plusmn006

aAB

202plusmn002

aA211

9038plusmn249

bBC

4643plusmn209

dA114

62plusmn310

aB5691plusmn

249

cAB

7709

Ann

ualm

ean

201

202

211

208

205

9553

4531

12855

5217

8039

Dataa

rerepresentedas

means

of16

samplesplusmnSE

Statisticallysig

nificantd

ifferences(119875lt005)areshow

nwith

different

superscriptlow

ercase

lette

rsin

thes

amer

awanddifferent

superscriptcapita

llettersin

thes

amec

olum

nfore

achof

them

easuredparameters

Meanbo

dytotallengthvaluew

asused

as1198710forc

alculatingthes

caledmassind

ex

GG

izaMM

anyalIIm

babaand

KKa

nater

Them

eanof

allm

easurementsfore

achparameter

6 Journal of Toxicology

Table 2 Metal pollution index (MPI) of total trace metals in vital organs of O niloticus

MPISite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean

MuscleWinter 134 245 129 159 167Spring 585 314 259 247 351Summer 187 211 138 217 188Autumn 210 176 226 148 190Annual mean 279 237 188 193 224

LiverWinter 2062 2169 2540 1102 1968Spring 5205 1636 1351 1778 2493Summer 1603 2741 1447 3273 2266Autumn 2375 1938 2500 1882 2174Annual mean 2811 2121 1959 2009 2225

KidneyWinter 3182 3839 1690 1759 2617Spring 8211 3800 3774 3276 4766Summer 4289 2315 1111 2519 2559Autumn 2254 2401 2366 3595 2654Annual mean 4484 3089 2235 2787 3149

GillWinter 1015 1170 495 715 848Spring 1083 1374 837 877 1043Summer 596 763 549 749 664Autumn 959 610 1049 711 832Annual mean 913 979 732 763 847

G Giza M Manyal I Imbaba and K KanaterThemean of all measurements for each organ

bioaccumulation factor for different metals in fish musclegives a clear image about the concentration of these metalsin fish muscle relative to their concentration in water and theaffinity of fish muscle to accumulate these metals relative totheir abundance in water

As indicated in Table 4 metal concentrations in fishmuscle were several fold higher than their concentrationsin water The BAF in fish muscle shows the followingarrangement Zn gt Cu gt Fe gt Mn gt Cd and Pb There wasa great fluctuation in BAF of both Cd and Pb which were theleast accumulatedmetals in fishmuscle Generally BAF of Cdwas higher than Pb during summer season along all sites andthe case was reversed during autumn season whereas duringwinter and spring seasons its abundance was site dependentThis clearly indicates the effect of seasonality of natural oranthropogenic sources on metal abundance in aquatic mediaas well as the great effect of point and nonpoint sources ofpollution along the study sites Because many fish stay inrather confined regions of the river they will suffer by oneway or another if this aquatic system is contaminated by toxicsubstances [44]

Bioaccumulation of trace metals in tissues of aquaticorganisms has been identified as an indirect measure of theabundance and availability of thesemetals in the environment[45] For this reason monitoring fish tissue contaminationrepresents an important function as an early warning ofrelated water contamination problems and enables us totake appropriate action to protect public health and theenvironment [46]

Because fish respond with great sensitivity to changes inthe aquatic environment they are one of the most indicativefactors in aquatic environment for the estimation of metalpollution and risk potential of human consumption [47]Hence it is important to determine metal concentrations inedible tissues of commercial fish in order to evaluate thepossible risk of fish consumption [48]

The calculated hazard index (HI) is an integrated riskcalculation package that combines both the metal level infish edible tissues and the human consumption rate ofthese tissues to perform a risk characterization In hazardidentification available data on biological endpoints are usedto determine if a material is likely to pose a hazard to human

Journal of Toxicology 7

Table3Metalconcentrations

inmuscle

ofO

niloticus

(mgkg

drywt)

CuZn

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Winter

553plusmn12

3aA

402plusmn013

abAB

266plusmn032

bA324plusmn034

bA386

2557plusmn086

aB2945plusmn12

4aB

2584plusmn232

aAB

2783plusmn355

aA2717

Sprin

g889plusmn072

aB78

2plusmn232

abA

436plusmn065

bA467plusmn029

abA

644

5581plusmn

649

aA4268plusmn369

abA

3282plusmn568

bA3093plusmn254

bA40

56

Summer

437plusmn073

aB219plusmn043

aB267plusmn028

aA315plusmn18

2aA

310

3374plusmn13

9aB

3216plusmn027

aB2048plusmn068

cB2771plusmn

221

bA2852

Autumn

590plusmn062

aB470plusmn010

aAB

300plusmn071

bA237plusmn017

bA399

2783plusmn18

6abB

2555plusmn17

3abB

2261plusmn

173b

AB

2856plusmn14

5aA

2614

Ann

ualm

ean

617

468

317

336

435

3574

3246

2544

2876

3060

Mn

Cd

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Winter

292plusmn068

aAB

162plusmn069

aA274plusmn072

aA16

0plusmn031

aAB

222

001plusmn001

aB008plusmn004

aA003plusmn001

aB001plusmn001

aB0033

Sprin

g445plusmn034

aA081plusmn026

cA249plusmn074

bA246plusmn045

bA255

008plusmn004

aA005plusmn004

aA005plusmn001

aA007plusmn002

aA0063

Summer

036plusmn003

bC10

6plusmn030

aA089plusmn008

aA10

9plusmn006

aB085

005plusmn001

aAB

007plusmn002

aA006plusmn001

aA009plusmn001

aA006

8Au

tumn

149plusmn069

aBC

112plusmn018

aA310plusmn208

aA17

9plusmn023

aAB

188

005plusmn001

aAB

002plusmn001

bA005plusmn001

aA002plusmn001

bB0034

Ann

ualm

ean

231

115

231

174

187

004

80053

004

8004

80049

PbFe

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Winter

005plusmn003

aB053plusmn037

aB003plusmn001

aC036plusmn005

aAB

024

2846plusmn772a

B2690plusmn72

5aA

2744plusmn93

1aA3104plusmn555

aB2846

Sprin

g15

6plusmn052

aA207plusmn032

aA024plusmn004

bB018plusmn004

bB10

114503plusmn421

aA3426plusmn524

bA7136plusmn3382b

A5019plusmn804

bA7521

Summer

090plusmn025

aAB

053plusmn006

abB

017plusmn005

abB

048plusmn005

bA052

1770plusmn084

bB3202plusmn281

aA1376plusmn17

0bA

2569plusmn236

aB2229

Autumn

024plusmn008

abB

043plusmn007

aB046plusmn002

aA015plusmn010

bB032

2920plusmn290

aB2611plusmn220

aA2761plusmn

658

aA2865plusmn1195a

B2789

Ann

ualm

ean

069

089

023

029

052

5510

2982

3504

3389

3846

Dataa

rerepresentedas

means

of16

samplesplusmnSE

Statisticallysig

nificantd

ifferences(119875lt005)a

reshow

nwith

different

superscriptlow

ercase

lette

rsin

thes

amer

awanddifferent

superscriptcapita

llettersin

thes

amec

olum

nfore

achof

them

easuredmetals

GG

izaMM

anyalIIm

babaand

KKa

nater

Them

eanof

allm

easurementsfore

achmetal

8 Journal of Toxicology

Table 4 Bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of trace metals (lkg) in muscle of O niloticus

Cu ZnSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean

Winter 20481 36545 16625 29455 25777 79906 92031 89103 107038 92020Spring 98778 37238 18957 13735 42177 232542 194000 156286 147286 182528Summer 15069 6844 7026 10862 9950 99235 84632 51200 58957 73506Autumn 39333 47000 21429 19750 31878 163706 150294 173923 259636 186890Annual mean 43415 31907 16009 18450 27445 143847 130239 117628 143229 133736

Mn CdSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean

Winter 7892 4909 12455 4848 7526 250 2667 600 333 963Spring 13485 2531 9960 7455 8358 4000 1667 1667 3500 2708Summer 1333 2865 3296 4739 3058 5000 2333 6000 9000 5583Autumn 5960 4148 15500 6630 8059 1250 667 1250 667 958Annual mean 7168 3613 10303 5918 6750 2625 1833 2379 3375 2553

Pb FeSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean

Winter 556 4077 231 2769 1908 4089 6987 11433 19771 10570Spring 6000 6900 1000 720 3655 35634 9624 21624 9027 18977Summer 3333 1767 680 1846 1907 5655 9281 4047 6146 6282Autumn 1846 3071 2556 1364 2209 16133 12316 23398 23678 18881Annual mean 2934 3954 1117 1675 2420 15378 9552 15126 14655 13678

G Giza M Manyal I Imbaba and K KanaterThemean of all measurements for each metal

healthThese data are also used to define the type of potentialhazard In the dose-response assessment data are used toestimate the amount of material that may produce a giveneffect in humans The risk assessor may calculate a quanti-tative dose-response relationship and make it applicable forlow-dose exposure often by applying mathematical modelsto the data [49]

Fish consumption information is essential for assessingthe human health implications associated with the consump-tion of chemically contaminated fish [50] The calculatedHI for detected metals as indicated in Table 5 did notpose unacceptable risks at both proposed ingestion rates(for normal and habitual fish consumers) except for Pbin sites 1 and 2 for habitual fish consumers during springseason Both ingestion rates used in the present study werereported by USEPA [25] for generalized human populationbut if the normal ingestion rate of 00435 kgday proposedby FAO [51] specifically for adult Egyptians was used in thepresent HI calculations the resulting HI values at normalingestion rate would be even higher by a factor of 14 thanthe present findings This clearly indicates the significanceof incorporating the consumption rates in contaminantsrsquorisk assessments The metalsrsquo cumulative risk effects showedunacceptable risks for habitual fish consumers during springand winter seasons in site 2 as well as spring and summerseasons in site 1 Generally sites 1 and 2 were the mostpolluted sites especially during spring season which showsthat irregular domestic and touristic activities that prevailin these upstream sites during favorable weather conditions

had major effects on water pollution rather than the regularagricultural and industrial activities that prevail in the otherdownstream sites all over the year

4 Conclusion

The effect of different anthropogenic activities on metalload of fish edible tissues along the study period in allsites was evident and it was proved using the calculatedMPI and BAF and specially the HI Despite the low humanhealth hazards expected due to consumption of each metalseparately the fish edible tissues contain totally abundantquantity of differentmetals whichmay lead to human adversehealth effects That is to say the metalsrsquo cumulative riskeffects gave an alarming sign The present study affirms thatapplication of the proposed human risk assessment (doseand consumption dependent variables) is more reliable inpredicting the hazards posed on human consumers ratherthan the use of regular known permissible levels or theupper level of intake in food for human consumption whichare not consumption dependent variables Regular metalassessment surveys and advisories for fish consumption arerecommended for water bodies around densely populatedareas like Greater Cairo

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Journal of Toxicology 9

Table 5 Hazard index (HI) and the cumulative risk effect for normal and habitual fish consumers

Cu ZnSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 006 004 003 004 004 004 004 004Habitual 028 020 014 016 017 020 018 019

Spring Normal 010 009 005 005 008 006 005 005Habitual 045 040 022 024 038 029 022 021

Summer Normal 005 002 003 004 005 005 003 004Habitual 022 011 014 016 023 022 014 019

Autumn Normal 007 005 003 003 004 004 003 004Habitual 030 024 015 012 019 017 015 019

Mn CdSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 001 001 001 001 0004 004 001 0004Habitual 004 002 004 002 002 016 006 002

Spring Normal 001 0003 001 001 004 002 002 003Habitual 006 001 004 004 016 010 010 014

Summer Normal 0001 0003 0003 0003 002 003 003 004Habitual 001 002 001 002 010 014 012 018

Autumn Normal 0005 0004 001 001 002 001 002 001Habitual 002 002 005 003 010 004 010 004

Pb FeSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 001 008 0004 005 002 002 002 002Habitual 003 036 002 024 008 008 008 009

Spring Normal 023 031 004 003 009 002 005 003Habitual 106lowast 140lowast 016 012 042 010 021 015

Summer Normal 013 008 003 007 001 002 001 002Habitual 061 036 012 033 005 009 004 007

Autumn Normal 004 006 007 002 002 002 002 002Habitual 016 029 031 010 008 008 008 008

Cumulative risk effectSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 014 023 011 016Habitual 063 103lowast 051 073

Spring Normal 056 050 021 020Habitual 254lowast 230lowast 095 089

Summer Normal 027 021 012 021Habitual 122lowast 094 056 095

Autumn Normal 019 018 019 012Habitual 086 084 084 057

G Giza M Manyal I Imbaba and K KanaterlowastHI ge 10 which is the point at which adverse health effects are expected to occur

References

[1] S Sabry ldquoPoverty lines in greater Cairo underestimating andmisrepresenting povertyrdquo Human Settlements Working PaperSeries Poverty Reduction in Urban Areas Working Paper21 International Institute for Environment and Development(IIED) London UK 2009 httpwwwiiedorgpubsdisplayphpo=10572IIED

[2] V Velma and P B Tchounwou ldquoChromium-induced biochem-ical genotoxic and histopathologic effects in liver and kidney of

goldfish carassius auratusrdquoMutation Research vol 698 no 1-2pp 43ndash51 2010

[3] D G McNeil and J Fredberg ldquoEnvironmental water require-ments of native fishes in theMiddle River catchment KangarooIsland South Australiardquo SARDI Research Report Series No528 SA Department for Water South Australian Research andDevelopment Institute (Aquatic Sciences) Adelaide Australia2011 SARDI Publication No f2011000060-1

[4] K J Eder C M Leutenegger B W Wilson and I WernerldquoMolecular and cellular biomarker responses to pesticide

10 Journal of Toxicology

exposure in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchustshawytscha)rdquo Marine Environmental Research vol 58 no2-5 pp 809ndash813 2004

[5] N Mayon A Bertrand D Leroy et al ldquoMultiscale approach offish responses to different types of environmental contamina-tions a case studyrdquo Science of the Total Environment vol 367no 2-3 pp 715ndash731 2006

[6] A Mazet G Keck and P Berny ldquoConcentrations of PCBsorganochlorine pesticides and heavy metals (lead cadmiumand copper) in fish from the Drome river potential effects onotters (Lutra lutra)rdquo Chemosphere vol 61 no 6 pp 810ndash8162005

[7] E Has-Schon I Bogut and I Strelec ldquoHeavy metal profilein five fish species included in human diet domiciled in theend flow of river Neretva (Croatia)rdquo Archives of EnvironmentalContamination and Toxicology vol 50 no 4 pp 545ndash551 2006

[8] S Biswas R K Prabhu K J Hussain M Selvanayagam andK K Satpathy ldquoHeavy metals concentration in edible fishesfrom coastal region of Kalpakkam southeastern part of IndiardquoEnvironmental Monitoring and Assessment vol 184 no 8 pp5097ndash5104 2012

[9] S Tekin-Ozan ldquoDetermination of heavy metal levels in watersediment and tissues of tench (Tinca tinca L 1758) fromBeysehir Lake (Turkey)rdquo Environmental Monitoring and Assess-ment vol 145 no 1ndash3 pp 295ndash302 2008

[10] P A Lopes T Pinheiro M C Santos M Da Luz MathiasM J Collares-Pereira and A M Viegas-Crespo ldquoResponse ofantioxidant enzymes in freshwater fish populations (Leuciscusalburnoides complex) to inorganic pollutants exposurerdquo Scienceof the Total Environment vol 280 no 1ndash3 pp 153ndash163 2001

[11] C Dautremepuits S Paris-Palacios S Betoulle and G VernetldquoModulation in hepatic and head kidney parameters of carp(Cyprinus carpio L) induced by copper and chitosanrdquo Compar-ative Biochemistry and Physiology C vol 137 no 4 pp 325ndash3332004

[12] C Tigano B Tomasello V Pulvirenti et al ldquoAssessment of envi-ronmental stress in Parablennius sanguinolentus (Pallas 1814)of the Sicilian Ionian coastrdquo Ecotoxicology and EnvironmentalSafety vol 72 no 4 pp 1278ndash1286 2009

[13] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture edited byEditorial Group FAO Information Division Food and Agricul-ture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Rome Italy2000 ftpftpfaoorgdocrepfao003x8002ex8002e00pdf

[14] A-F M El-Sayed ldquoAlternative dietary protein sources forfarmed tilapia Oreochromis spprdquo Aquaculture vol 179 no 1ndash4 pp 149ndash168 1999

[15] C E Boyd Water Quality in Ponds for Aquaculture Birming-ham Publishing Birmingham Ala USA 1990

[16] C B Schreck andP BMoyleMethods of Fish Biology AmericanFisheries Society Bethesda Md USA 1990

[17] J Peig and A J Green ldquoNew perspectives for estimating bodycondition from masslength data the scaled mass index as analternative methodrdquo Oikos vol 118 no 12 pp 1883ndash1891 2009

[18] American Public Health Association (APHA) Standard Meth-ods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater AmericanWater Works Association New York NY USA 2005

[19] G Rejomon M Nair and T Joseph ldquoTrace metal dynamicsin fishes from the southwest coast of Indiardquo EnvironmentalMonitoring and Assessment vol 167 no 1ndash4 pp 243ndash255 2010

[20] R A Issac and J D Kerber ldquoAtomic absorption and flamephotometry Techniques and uses in soil plant and wateranalysisrdquo in Instrumental Methods for Analysis of Soil and PlantTissue pp 17ndash37 Soil Science Society of America AgronomySociety of America Madison Wis USA 1971

[21] Z-Y Hseu ldquoEvaluating heavy metal contents in nine compostsusing four digestion methodsrdquo Bioresource Technology vol 95no 1 pp 53ndash59 2004

[22] SAS SASSTAT Userrsquos Guide Version 91 Statistical AnalysisSystem Institute Cary NC USA 2006

[23] J Usero E Gonzalez-Regalado and I Gracia ldquoTrace metalsin the bivalve molluscs Ruditapes decussatus and Ruditapesphilippinarum from the Atlantic Coast of Southern SpainrdquoEnvironment International vol 23 no 3 pp 291ndash298 1997

[24] F A P C GobasW deWolf L P Burkhard E Verbruggen andK Plotzke ldquoRevisiting bioaccumulation criteria for POPs andPBT assessmentsrdquo Integrated Environmental Assessment andManagement vol 5 no 4 pp 624ndash637 2009

[25] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)Guidance for Assessing Chemical Contaminant Data for Use inFish Advisories vol 2 Risk Assessment and Fish ConsumptionLimit EPA823B-97009Office of Science andTechnology andOffice of Water Washington DC USA 3rd edition 2000

[26] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)ldquoHuman health risk assessment risk-based screening tableregional screening level (RSL) summary tablerdquo 2015 httpsemspubepagovwork032218434pdf

[27] WHO (World Health Organization) ldquoEvaluation of certainfood additives and contaminants seventy-third report of thejoint FAOWHO expert committee on food additivesrdquo WHOTechnical Report Series 960WHO 2011 httpwhqlibdocwhointtrsWHO TRS 960 engpdf

[28] A Pawełczyk ldquoAssessment of health risk associated with persis-tent organic pollutants in waterrdquo Environmental Monitoring andAssessment vol 185 no 1 pp 497ndash508 2013

[29] USEPA Region 9 Preliminary Remediation Goals Region9 PRGs Table 2002 Update United States EnvironmentalProtection Agency 2002 httpwastekygovSFBDocumentsRegion9PRGspdf

[30] P L Sun W E Hawkins R M Overstreet and N J Brown-Peterson ldquoMorphological deformities as biomarkers in fishfrom contaminated rivers in Taiwanrdquo International Journal ofEnvironmental Research and Public Health vol 6 no 8 pp2307ndash2331 2009

[31] M Lenhardt I Jaric P Cakic G Cvijanovic Z Gacic and JKolarevic ldquoSeasonal changes in condition factor hepatosomaticindex and parasitism in sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus L)rdquo TurkishJournal of Veterinary andAnimal Sciences vol 33 no 3 pp 209ndash214 2009

[32] A R Linde-Arias A F Inacio C de Alburquerque M MFreire and J C Moreira ldquoBiomarkers in an invasive fishspecies Oreochromis niloticus to assess the effects of pollutionin a highly degraded Brazilian Riverrdquo Science of the TotalEnvironment vol 399 no 1ndash3 pp 186ndash192 2008

[33] L A Hirpo ldquoBreeding season and condition factor ofOreochromis niloticus (Pisces Cichlidae) in Lake BabogayaEthiopiardquo International Journal of Agricultural Sciences vol 2no 3 pp 116ndash120 2012

[34] L Bervoets and R Blust ldquoMetal concentrations in watersediment and gudgeon (Gobio gobio) from a pollution gradientrelationship with fish condition factorrdquo Environmental Pollu-tion vol 126 no 1 pp 9ndash19 2003

Journal of Toxicology 11

[35] D Montenegro and M T Gonzalez ldquoEvaluation of somaticindexes hematology and liver histopathology of the fish Labri-somus philippiifrom san jorge bay northern Chile as associ-ated with environmental stressrdquo Revista de Biologia Marina yOceanografia vol 47 no 1 pp 99ndash107 2012

[36] A H Weatherley and H S Gill The Biology of Fish GrowthAcademic Press London UK 1987

[37] A Maceda-Veiga A J Green and A De Sostoa ldquoScaled body-mass index shows how habitat quality influences the conditionof four fish taxa in north-eastern Spain and provides a novelindicator of ecosystem healthrdquo Freshwater Biology vol 59 no6 pp 1145ndash1160 2014

[38] M Javed and N Usmani ldquoAssessment of heavy metals (Cu NiFe Co Mn Cr Zn) in rivulet water their accumulations andalterations in hematology of fish Channa punctatusrdquo AfricanJournal of Biotechnology vol 13 no 3 pp 492ndash501 2014

[39] A M Yacoub and N S Gad ldquoAccumulation of some heavymetals and biochemical alterations in muscles of Oreochromisniloticus from the River Nile in Upper Egyptrdquo InternationalJournal of Environmental Science and Engineering vol 3 pp 1ndash10 2012

[40] I Papagiannis I Kagalou J Leonardos D Petridis and VKalfakakou ldquoCopper and zinc in four freshwater fish speciesfrom Lake Pamvotis (Greece)rdquo Environment International vol30 no 3 pp 357ndash362 2004

[41] B Jovanovic E Mihaljev S Maletin and D Palic ldquoAssess-ment of heavy metal load in chub liver (Cyprinida Leuciscuscephalus) from the Nisava River (Serbia)rdquo Biologica Nyssanavol 2 no 1 pp 51ndash58 2011

[42] M Nair K V Jayalakshmy K K Balachandran and T JosephldquoBioaccumulation of toxic metals by fish in a semi-enclosedtropical ecosystemrdquo Environmental Forensics vol 7 no 3 pp197ndash206 2006

[43] S W Kotickhoff Pollutant Sorption in Environmental SystemsEPA- 600ID 80-83 NTTS Springfield Va USA 1983

[44] Y Ikeda J Koyama andHOzaki ldquoHeavymetal levels in tissuesof fish exposed to cadmiumrdquo Bulletin of the Japanese Society forthe Science of Fish vol 52 no 12 pp 2055ndash2059 1986

[45] F A Kucuksezgin A Kontas O Altay E Uluturhan andE Darılmaz ldquoAssessment of marine pollution in Izmir Baynutrient heavy metal and total hydrocarbon concentrationsrdquoEnvironment International vol 32 no 1 pp 41ndash51 2006

[46] B AMurtalaWO Abdul andA A Akinyemi ldquoBioaccumula-tion of heavy metals in fish (Hydrocynus forskahliiHyperopisusbebe occidentalis and Clarias gariepinus) organs in downstreamOgun coastal water Nigeriardquo Journal of Agricultural Science vol4 no 11 pp 51ndash59 2012

[47] M M N Authman S A Ibrahim M A El-Kasheif and HS Gaber ldquoHeavy metals pollution and their effects on gills andliver of the nile catfish Clarias gariepinus inhabiting El-Rahawydrain EgyptrdquoGlobal Veterinaria vol 10 no 2 pp 103ndash115 2013

[48] F Yilmaz N Ozdemir A Demirak and A L Tuna ldquoHeavymetal levels in two fish species Leuciscus cephalus and Lepomisgibbosusrdquo Food Chemistry vol 100 no 2 pp 830ndash835 2007

[49] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Sup-plementary Guidance for Conducting Health Risk Assessmentof Chemical Mixtures EPA630R-00002 National Center forEnvironmental Assessment Washington DC USA 2000

[50] C Copat F Bella M Castaing R Fallico S Sciacca andM Ferrante ldquoHeavy metals concentrations in fish from Sicily(Mediterranean Sea) and evaluation of possible health risks

to consumersrdquo Bulletin of Environmental Contamination andToxicology vol 88 no 1 pp 78ndash83 2012

[51] FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations) ldquoFishery and aquaculture country profiles EgyptrdquoCountry Profile Fact Sheets FAO Fisheries and AquacultureDepartment Rome Italy 2010 httpwwwfaoorgfisherycountrysectornaso egypten

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

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Emergency Medicine InternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Autoimmune Diseases

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MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION

of

Journal of Toxicology 3

Figure 1 Map of Cairo sector showing the study sites (source Google earthcom)

26 Statistical Analyses Theresults were expressed asmeanplusmnSE Data were subjected to tests for normality and homogene-ity Test for normality was positive and followed the normaldistribution also test for homogeneity showed homogenousdistribution of all data within the bell shape range Datawere statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (119865-test)combined with Tukeyrsquos post hoc test to determine significantdifferences which are indicated by different case letters in thedescending order A B C and D at 119875 lt 005 using StatisticalAnalysis System SAS Version 91 [22]

27 Metal Pollution Index (MPI) MPI was calculated toindicate the overall metal load in various fish tissues usingthe following formula according to Usero et al [23]

MPI = (1198721times1198722times1198723times sdot sdot sdot times 119872

119899)1119899

(3)

where119872119899is the mean concentration of metal 119899 (mgkg dry

wt) in the examined tissue

28 Bioaccumulation Factor (BAF) BAF of trace metals infish muscle was calculated according to Gobas et al [24] as

BAF (Lkg) =119862119898

119862119908

(4)

where 119862119898is the mean metal concentration in fish muscle

(mgkg dry wt) and 119862119908is the mean metal concentration in

water (mgL)

29 Human Risk Assessment The following risk assessmentprocedures were conducted according to the United StatesEnvironmental Protection Agency (USEPA) [25]The level ofexposure resulting from oral consumption of trace metals infish edible tissues was expressed by calculating the averagedaily dose (ADD average daily intake of a specific chemicalover a lifetime) using the following equation [25]

ADD (mgkgday) =119862119898times IR times EF times EDBW times AT

(5)

where 119862119898

is the mean metal concentration in fish mus-cle (mgkg dry wt) IR is the ingestion rate (00312 and01424 kgday for normal and habitual fish consumers resp)EF is the exposure frequency (365 daysyear) ED is theexposure duration over a lifetime (assumed as 70 years) BWis the body weight (assumed as 70 kg for normal adults) andAT is the average lifetime (70 years times 365 daysyear) Since

4 Journal of Toxicology

ADD was calculated for a 70-year-old human the reportedequation was abbreviated to be

ADD (mgkgday) =119862119898times IR

BW (6)

Risk was assessed by calculating the hazard index (HI indexof adverse health effects from intake of specific contaminantin food) HI is expressed as the ratio of the ADD to theoral reference dose of the metal according to the followingequation proposed by USEPA [25]

Hazard Index = ADDOral RfD

(7)

where oral RfD is the oral reference dose of the metal(mgkgday) based on the safe upper level of metalrsquos oralintake for an adult human with average body weight of 70 kgThe oral RfD for Cu Zn Mn Cd and Fe is 004 03 0140001 and 07mgkgday respectively [26] while that for Pbis 0003mgkgday [27] HI values lt 10 indicate that adversehealth effects are not likely to occur However if the ADD ofcertain metal exceeds its oral RfD and thus the HI ge 10 itmay be presumed that adverse health effects are expected tooccur The cumulative risk effect of all metals was calculatedas the sum of HI values [28 29]

3 Results and Discussion

Assessing morphological parameters is one of the moststraightforward methods to study the effects of water con-tamination on fish because of the ease of recognition andexamination when compared with other types of biomarkers[30] Increasing the sample size by calculating the annualmean for each site and the seasonal mean among the studysites proved to be beneficial and gave a better idea about themeasured parameters The annual mean of both body totallength and body weight showed the following arrangementsite 3 gt site 1 gt site 4 gt site 2Meanwhile the seasonalmean ofboth parameters showed the following arrangement summergt winter gt spring gt autumn (Table 1) Body condition isa sensitive and reliable endpoint in chronic toxicologicalinvestigations In addition certain body indices such as thecondition factor (CF) can provide information on potentialpollution influence [31] but do not give information ofspecific responses to toxic substances in the media [32]Condition factor is used to evaluate the well-being or fitnessof fish as it is based on the hypothesis that heavier fish of agiven length are of best condition The pattern of seasonalvariation in values of condition factor ofO niloticus coincideswith that reported by Hirpo [33] for the same species inLake Babogaya Ethiopia where he attributed this variationto seasonal fluctuations in environmental factors food supplyand quality feeding rate stressors and reproductive activityToxic substances in the water may affect fish body conditionby directly changing metabolism and increasing the energyrequired to maintain homeostasis or they can indirectlyimpact growth by reducing food availability [34] Whilebody indices are not very sensitive and may be affected byother nonpollutant factors they still serve as initial screeningbiomarkers to indicate exposure and its effects on fish [35]

Any fluctuation in CF values may reflect the health con-dition of fish as well as their body protein and lipid contents[36] The scaled mass index (SMI) provides a novel indicatorof ecosystem health and proved to be a better indicator of therelative size of energy reserves and other body componentsthan the traditional CF [17 37] This is confirmed by thepresent findings where the pollution condition in the studiedsites did not show significant effect on fish CF but the effectwas clear on the SMI which showed significant decrease insites 2 and 4 Generally site 2 showed the lowest annualmean of both CF and SMI indicating the intricate pollutioncondition as well as themajor effect of specific anthropogenicactivities prevailing in this site (Table 1) Natural and anthro-pogenic disturbances are key forces governing the structureand functioning of aquatic communities Understanding howthese factors shape the organism performance can help toidentify the most vulnerable species and develop effectivemanagement strategies [37]The present findings indicate theminor effect of site variability on fish body condition indicesand confirm that seasonality including other related abioticand biotic factors affects greatly these indices

A preliminary survey (unpublished data) was conductedin the study area to investigate levels of commonmetalsThissurvey indicated that themost commonmetals in the studiedsites were copper zinc manganese cadmium lead and ironThemetal pollution index (MPI)was used to indicate the totalmetal load in vital organs ofO niloticus It is used to simplifythe data and to provide it as one value instead of many foreach studied organ when the measured metals are beyondfive in number [38] Results of MPI are given in Table 2 Thesequence of MPI in different organs followed the followingorder kidney gt liver gt gill gtmuscle which gives a better ideaabout the target organs for metal accumulation inO niloticusfish especially when using the annual and seasonal meansfor that purpose The results clearly indicate that each tissuehas different capacity of metal accumulation Generally thehighest values of MPI were recorded during spring seasonfor all studied vital organs Meanwhile the lowest values ofMPI were recorded during winter season for both fishmuscleand liver samples but in case of kidney and gill samplesthey were recorded during summer season Metals are notevenly distributed in the fish body but accumulate mainlyin metabolically active tissues such as kidney liver and gill[39] while muscle shows the least metal accumulation that ismostly due to its low levels of binding proteins and enzymaticactivities [40] Fish accumulate metals both by ingestionof contaminated food and by contact of their respiratorysurfaces with contaminated water [41] Metal distributionamong different tissues of aquatic organisms depends on themode of exposure and can serve as a pollution indicator [42]

Table 3 reveals the metal concentrations in muscle ofO niloticus (mgkg dry wt) which are generally arrangedin the following order Fe gt Zn gt Cu gt Mn gt Pb gt CdThis arrangement reflects the essentiality of these metalsfor fish body functions Some of these metals are classifiedbiochemically as essential elements in the bodies of livingorganisms and aquatic plants (such as Fe Zn and Cu)when present in trace amounts but when they are present inhigh concentrations they become toxic [43] The calculated

Journal of Toxicology 5

Table1Bo

dytotallengthbo

dyweightcond

ition

factorand

scaled

massind

exof

Oniloticus

Body

totallength(cm)

Body

weight(g)

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Winter

1700plusmn071

aB1333plusmn088

bB1830plusmn093

aB1423plusmn007

bB1572

11654plusmn1106a

A4988plusmn1320b

B13288plusmn1484a

B6357plusmn79

7bB

9072

Sprin

g1360plusmn032

cC1353plusmn022

cB1880plusmn036

aAB

1540plusmn040

bA1533

4522plusmn405

cB44

84plusmn056

cB1614

0plusmn751aA

B7556plusmn202

bA8176

Summer

2033plusmn088

abA

1630plusmn047

bcA

2320plusmn258

aA1557plusmn023

cA1885

15390plusmn2283a

A9452plusmn608

bA19276plusmn2206a

A7644plusmn421

bA1294

1Au

tumn

1330plusmn021

aC1460plusmn10

5aAB

1490plusmn031

aB1433plusmn017

aB1428

5068plusmn285

aB6783plusmn1725

aAB

7198plusmn431

aC5953plusmn212

aB6251

Ann

ualm

ean

1606

1444

1880

1488

1605

9159

6427

1397

66878

9110

Con

ditio

nfactor

(CF)

()

Scaled

massind

ex(SMI)(g)

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Winter

237plusmn015

aA201plusmn014

aAB

216plusmn008

aAB

220plusmn005

aA219

11626plusmn594

bA4774plusmn253

dA1319

0plusmn020

aAB

6354plusmn12

7cA

8986

Sprin

g17

9plusmn006

cB18

1plusmn007

bcB

243plusmn007

aA208plusmn012

bA201

7622plusmn323

bC4254plusmn218

cA1517

3plusmn357

aA4596plusmn341

cBC

7911

Summer

180plusmn006

aB218plusmn007

aA16

5plusmn031

aB202plusmn004

aA19

19927plusmn521

aB44

52plusmn225

bA11596plusmn429

aB4225plusmn222

bC7550

Autumn

215plusmn005

aA209plusmn008

aAB

218plusmn006

aAB

202plusmn002

aA211

9038plusmn249

bBC

4643plusmn209

dA114

62plusmn310

aB5691plusmn

249

cAB

7709

Ann

ualm

ean

201

202

211

208

205

9553

4531

12855

5217

8039

Dataa

rerepresentedas

means

of16

samplesplusmnSE

Statisticallysig

nificantd

ifferences(119875lt005)areshow

nwith

different

superscriptlow

ercase

lette

rsin

thes

amer

awanddifferent

superscriptcapita

llettersin

thes

amec

olum

nfore

achof

them

easuredparameters

Meanbo

dytotallengthvaluew

asused

as1198710forc

alculatingthes

caledmassind

ex

GG

izaMM

anyalIIm

babaand

KKa

nater

Them

eanof

allm

easurementsfore

achparameter

6 Journal of Toxicology

Table 2 Metal pollution index (MPI) of total trace metals in vital organs of O niloticus

MPISite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean

MuscleWinter 134 245 129 159 167Spring 585 314 259 247 351Summer 187 211 138 217 188Autumn 210 176 226 148 190Annual mean 279 237 188 193 224

LiverWinter 2062 2169 2540 1102 1968Spring 5205 1636 1351 1778 2493Summer 1603 2741 1447 3273 2266Autumn 2375 1938 2500 1882 2174Annual mean 2811 2121 1959 2009 2225

KidneyWinter 3182 3839 1690 1759 2617Spring 8211 3800 3774 3276 4766Summer 4289 2315 1111 2519 2559Autumn 2254 2401 2366 3595 2654Annual mean 4484 3089 2235 2787 3149

GillWinter 1015 1170 495 715 848Spring 1083 1374 837 877 1043Summer 596 763 549 749 664Autumn 959 610 1049 711 832Annual mean 913 979 732 763 847

G Giza M Manyal I Imbaba and K KanaterThemean of all measurements for each organ

bioaccumulation factor for different metals in fish musclegives a clear image about the concentration of these metalsin fish muscle relative to their concentration in water and theaffinity of fish muscle to accumulate these metals relative totheir abundance in water

As indicated in Table 4 metal concentrations in fishmuscle were several fold higher than their concentrationsin water The BAF in fish muscle shows the followingarrangement Zn gt Cu gt Fe gt Mn gt Cd and Pb There wasa great fluctuation in BAF of both Cd and Pb which were theleast accumulatedmetals in fishmuscle Generally BAF of Cdwas higher than Pb during summer season along all sites andthe case was reversed during autumn season whereas duringwinter and spring seasons its abundance was site dependentThis clearly indicates the effect of seasonality of natural oranthropogenic sources on metal abundance in aquatic mediaas well as the great effect of point and nonpoint sources ofpollution along the study sites Because many fish stay inrather confined regions of the river they will suffer by oneway or another if this aquatic system is contaminated by toxicsubstances [44]

Bioaccumulation of trace metals in tissues of aquaticorganisms has been identified as an indirect measure of theabundance and availability of thesemetals in the environment[45] For this reason monitoring fish tissue contaminationrepresents an important function as an early warning ofrelated water contamination problems and enables us totake appropriate action to protect public health and theenvironment [46]

Because fish respond with great sensitivity to changes inthe aquatic environment they are one of the most indicativefactors in aquatic environment for the estimation of metalpollution and risk potential of human consumption [47]Hence it is important to determine metal concentrations inedible tissues of commercial fish in order to evaluate thepossible risk of fish consumption [48]

The calculated hazard index (HI) is an integrated riskcalculation package that combines both the metal level infish edible tissues and the human consumption rate ofthese tissues to perform a risk characterization In hazardidentification available data on biological endpoints are usedto determine if a material is likely to pose a hazard to human

Journal of Toxicology 7

Table3Metalconcentrations

inmuscle

ofO

niloticus

(mgkg

drywt)

CuZn

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Winter

553plusmn12

3aA

402plusmn013

abAB

266plusmn032

bA324plusmn034

bA386

2557plusmn086

aB2945plusmn12

4aB

2584plusmn232

aAB

2783plusmn355

aA2717

Sprin

g889plusmn072

aB78

2plusmn232

abA

436plusmn065

bA467plusmn029

abA

644

5581plusmn

649

aA4268plusmn369

abA

3282plusmn568

bA3093plusmn254

bA40

56

Summer

437plusmn073

aB219plusmn043

aB267plusmn028

aA315plusmn18

2aA

310

3374plusmn13

9aB

3216plusmn027

aB2048plusmn068

cB2771plusmn

221

bA2852

Autumn

590plusmn062

aB470plusmn010

aAB

300plusmn071

bA237plusmn017

bA399

2783plusmn18

6abB

2555plusmn17

3abB

2261plusmn

173b

AB

2856plusmn14

5aA

2614

Ann

ualm

ean

617

468

317

336

435

3574

3246

2544

2876

3060

Mn

Cd

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Winter

292plusmn068

aAB

162plusmn069

aA274plusmn072

aA16

0plusmn031

aAB

222

001plusmn001

aB008plusmn004

aA003plusmn001

aB001plusmn001

aB0033

Sprin

g445plusmn034

aA081plusmn026

cA249plusmn074

bA246plusmn045

bA255

008plusmn004

aA005plusmn004

aA005plusmn001

aA007plusmn002

aA0063

Summer

036plusmn003

bC10

6plusmn030

aA089plusmn008

aA10

9plusmn006

aB085

005plusmn001

aAB

007plusmn002

aA006plusmn001

aA009plusmn001

aA006

8Au

tumn

149plusmn069

aBC

112plusmn018

aA310plusmn208

aA17

9plusmn023

aAB

188

005plusmn001

aAB

002plusmn001

bA005plusmn001

aA002plusmn001

bB0034

Ann

ualm

ean

231

115

231

174

187

004

80053

004

8004

80049

PbFe

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Winter

005plusmn003

aB053plusmn037

aB003plusmn001

aC036plusmn005

aAB

024

2846plusmn772a

B2690plusmn72

5aA

2744plusmn93

1aA3104plusmn555

aB2846

Sprin

g15

6plusmn052

aA207plusmn032

aA024plusmn004

bB018plusmn004

bB10

114503plusmn421

aA3426plusmn524

bA7136plusmn3382b

A5019plusmn804

bA7521

Summer

090plusmn025

aAB

053plusmn006

abB

017plusmn005

abB

048plusmn005

bA052

1770plusmn084

bB3202plusmn281

aA1376plusmn17

0bA

2569plusmn236

aB2229

Autumn

024plusmn008

abB

043plusmn007

aB046plusmn002

aA015plusmn010

bB032

2920plusmn290

aB2611plusmn220

aA2761plusmn

658

aA2865plusmn1195a

B2789

Ann

ualm

ean

069

089

023

029

052

5510

2982

3504

3389

3846

Dataa

rerepresentedas

means

of16

samplesplusmnSE

Statisticallysig

nificantd

ifferences(119875lt005)a

reshow

nwith

different

superscriptlow

ercase

lette

rsin

thes

amer

awanddifferent

superscriptcapita

llettersin

thes

amec

olum

nfore

achof

them

easuredmetals

GG

izaMM

anyalIIm

babaand

KKa

nater

Them

eanof

allm

easurementsfore

achmetal

8 Journal of Toxicology

Table 4 Bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of trace metals (lkg) in muscle of O niloticus

Cu ZnSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean

Winter 20481 36545 16625 29455 25777 79906 92031 89103 107038 92020Spring 98778 37238 18957 13735 42177 232542 194000 156286 147286 182528Summer 15069 6844 7026 10862 9950 99235 84632 51200 58957 73506Autumn 39333 47000 21429 19750 31878 163706 150294 173923 259636 186890Annual mean 43415 31907 16009 18450 27445 143847 130239 117628 143229 133736

Mn CdSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean

Winter 7892 4909 12455 4848 7526 250 2667 600 333 963Spring 13485 2531 9960 7455 8358 4000 1667 1667 3500 2708Summer 1333 2865 3296 4739 3058 5000 2333 6000 9000 5583Autumn 5960 4148 15500 6630 8059 1250 667 1250 667 958Annual mean 7168 3613 10303 5918 6750 2625 1833 2379 3375 2553

Pb FeSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean

Winter 556 4077 231 2769 1908 4089 6987 11433 19771 10570Spring 6000 6900 1000 720 3655 35634 9624 21624 9027 18977Summer 3333 1767 680 1846 1907 5655 9281 4047 6146 6282Autumn 1846 3071 2556 1364 2209 16133 12316 23398 23678 18881Annual mean 2934 3954 1117 1675 2420 15378 9552 15126 14655 13678

G Giza M Manyal I Imbaba and K KanaterThemean of all measurements for each metal

healthThese data are also used to define the type of potentialhazard In the dose-response assessment data are used toestimate the amount of material that may produce a giveneffect in humans The risk assessor may calculate a quanti-tative dose-response relationship and make it applicable forlow-dose exposure often by applying mathematical modelsto the data [49]

Fish consumption information is essential for assessingthe human health implications associated with the consump-tion of chemically contaminated fish [50] The calculatedHI for detected metals as indicated in Table 5 did notpose unacceptable risks at both proposed ingestion rates(for normal and habitual fish consumers) except for Pbin sites 1 and 2 for habitual fish consumers during springseason Both ingestion rates used in the present study werereported by USEPA [25] for generalized human populationbut if the normal ingestion rate of 00435 kgday proposedby FAO [51] specifically for adult Egyptians was used in thepresent HI calculations the resulting HI values at normalingestion rate would be even higher by a factor of 14 thanthe present findings This clearly indicates the significanceof incorporating the consumption rates in contaminantsrsquorisk assessments The metalsrsquo cumulative risk effects showedunacceptable risks for habitual fish consumers during springand winter seasons in site 2 as well as spring and summerseasons in site 1 Generally sites 1 and 2 were the mostpolluted sites especially during spring season which showsthat irregular domestic and touristic activities that prevailin these upstream sites during favorable weather conditions

had major effects on water pollution rather than the regularagricultural and industrial activities that prevail in the otherdownstream sites all over the year

4 Conclusion

The effect of different anthropogenic activities on metalload of fish edible tissues along the study period in allsites was evident and it was proved using the calculatedMPI and BAF and specially the HI Despite the low humanhealth hazards expected due to consumption of each metalseparately the fish edible tissues contain totally abundantquantity of differentmetals whichmay lead to human adversehealth effects That is to say the metalsrsquo cumulative riskeffects gave an alarming sign The present study affirms thatapplication of the proposed human risk assessment (doseand consumption dependent variables) is more reliable inpredicting the hazards posed on human consumers ratherthan the use of regular known permissible levels or theupper level of intake in food for human consumption whichare not consumption dependent variables Regular metalassessment surveys and advisories for fish consumption arerecommended for water bodies around densely populatedareas like Greater Cairo

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Journal of Toxicology 9

Table 5 Hazard index (HI) and the cumulative risk effect for normal and habitual fish consumers

Cu ZnSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 006 004 003 004 004 004 004 004Habitual 028 020 014 016 017 020 018 019

Spring Normal 010 009 005 005 008 006 005 005Habitual 045 040 022 024 038 029 022 021

Summer Normal 005 002 003 004 005 005 003 004Habitual 022 011 014 016 023 022 014 019

Autumn Normal 007 005 003 003 004 004 003 004Habitual 030 024 015 012 019 017 015 019

Mn CdSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 001 001 001 001 0004 004 001 0004Habitual 004 002 004 002 002 016 006 002

Spring Normal 001 0003 001 001 004 002 002 003Habitual 006 001 004 004 016 010 010 014

Summer Normal 0001 0003 0003 0003 002 003 003 004Habitual 001 002 001 002 010 014 012 018

Autumn Normal 0005 0004 001 001 002 001 002 001Habitual 002 002 005 003 010 004 010 004

Pb FeSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 001 008 0004 005 002 002 002 002Habitual 003 036 002 024 008 008 008 009

Spring Normal 023 031 004 003 009 002 005 003Habitual 106lowast 140lowast 016 012 042 010 021 015

Summer Normal 013 008 003 007 001 002 001 002Habitual 061 036 012 033 005 009 004 007

Autumn Normal 004 006 007 002 002 002 002 002Habitual 016 029 031 010 008 008 008 008

Cumulative risk effectSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 014 023 011 016Habitual 063 103lowast 051 073

Spring Normal 056 050 021 020Habitual 254lowast 230lowast 095 089

Summer Normal 027 021 012 021Habitual 122lowast 094 056 095

Autumn Normal 019 018 019 012Habitual 086 084 084 057

G Giza M Manyal I Imbaba and K KanaterlowastHI ge 10 which is the point at which adverse health effects are expected to occur

References

[1] S Sabry ldquoPoverty lines in greater Cairo underestimating andmisrepresenting povertyrdquo Human Settlements Working PaperSeries Poverty Reduction in Urban Areas Working Paper21 International Institute for Environment and Development(IIED) London UK 2009 httpwwwiiedorgpubsdisplayphpo=10572IIED

[2] V Velma and P B Tchounwou ldquoChromium-induced biochem-ical genotoxic and histopathologic effects in liver and kidney of

goldfish carassius auratusrdquoMutation Research vol 698 no 1-2pp 43ndash51 2010

[3] D G McNeil and J Fredberg ldquoEnvironmental water require-ments of native fishes in theMiddle River catchment KangarooIsland South Australiardquo SARDI Research Report Series No528 SA Department for Water South Australian Research andDevelopment Institute (Aquatic Sciences) Adelaide Australia2011 SARDI Publication No f2011000060-1

[4] K J Eder C M Leutenegger B W Wilson and I WernerldquoMolecular and cellular biomarker responses to pesticide

10 Journal of Toxicology

exposure in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchustshawytscha)rdquo Marine Environmental Research vol 58 no2-5 pp 809ndash813 2004

[5] N Mayon A Bertrand D Leroy et al ldquoMultiscale approach offish responses to different types of environmental contamina-tions a case studyrdquo Science of the Total Environment vol 367no 2-3 pp 715ndash731 2006

[6] A Mazet G Keck and P Berny ldquoConcentrations of PCBsorganochlorine pesticides and heavy metals (lead cadmiumand copper) in fish from the Drome river potential effects onotters (Lutra lutra)rdquo Chemosphere vol 61 no 6 pp 810ndash8162005

[7] E Has-Schon I Bogut and I Strelec ldquoHeavy metal profilein five fish species included in human diet domiciled in theend flow of river Neretva (Croatia)rdquo Archives of EnvironmentalContamination and Toxicology vol 50 no 4 pp 545ndash551 2006

[8] S Biswas R K Prabhu K J Hussain M Selvanayagam andK K Satpathy ldquoHeavy metals concentration in edible fishesfrom coastal region of Kalpakkam southeastern part of IndiardquoEnvironmental Monitoring and Assessment vol 184 no 8 pp5097ndash5104 2012

[9] S Tekin-Ozan ldquoDetermination of heavy metal levels in watersediment and tissues of tench (Tinca tinca L 1758) fromBeysehir Lake (Turkey)rdquo Environmental Monitoring and Assess-ment vol 145 no 1ndash3 pp 295ndash302 2008

[10] P A Lopes T Pinheiro M C Santos M Da Luz MathiasM J Collares-Pereira and A M Viegas-Crespo ldquoResponse ofantioxidant enzymes in freshwater fish populations (Leuciscusalburnoides complex) to inorganic pollutants exposurerdquo Scienceof the Total Environment vol 280 no 1ndash3 pp 153ndash163 2001

[11] C Dautremepuits S Paris-Palacios S Betoulle and G VernetldquoModulation in hepatic and head kidney parameters of carp(Cyprinus carpio L) induced by copper and chitosanrdquo Compar-ative Biochemistry and Physiology C vol 137 no 4 pp 325ndash3332004

[12] C Tigano B Tomasello V Pulvirenti et al ldquoAssessment of envi-ronmental stress in Parablennius sanguinolentus (Pallas 1814)of the Sicilian Ionian coastrdquo Ecotoxicology and EnvironmentalSafety vol 72 no 4 pp 1278ndash1286 2009

[13] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture edited byEditorial Group FAO Information Division Food and Agricul-ture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Rome Italy2000 ftpftpfaoorgdocrepfao003x8002ex8002e00pdf

[14] A-F M El-Sayed ldquoAlternative dietary protein sources forfarmed tilapia Oreochromis spprdquo Aquaculture vol 179 no 1ndash4 pp 149ndash168 1999

[15] C E Boyd Water Quality in Ponds for Aquaculture Birming-ham Publishing Birmingham Ala USA 1990

[16] C B Schreck andP BMoyleMethods of Fish Biology AmericanFisheries Society Bethesda Md USA 1990

[17] J Peig and A J Green ldquoNew perspectives for estimating bodycondition from masslength data the scaled mass index as analternative methodrdquo Oikos vol 118 no 12 pp 1883ndash1891 2009

[18] American Public Health Association (APHA) Standard Meth-ods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater AmericanWater Works Association New York NY USA 2005

[19] G Rejomon M Nair and T Joseph ldquoTrace metal dynamicsin fishes from the southwest coast of Indiardquo EnvironmentalMonitoring and Assessment vol 167 no 1ndash4 pp 243ndash255 2010

[20] R A Issac and J D Kerber ldquoAtomic absorption and flamephotometry Techniques and uses in soil plant and wateranalysisrdquo in Instrumental Methods for Analysis of Soil and PlantTissue pp 17ndash37 Soil Science Society of America AgronomySociety of America Madison Wis USA 1971

[21] Z-Y Hseu ldquoEvaluating heavy metal contents in nine compostsusing four digestion methodsrdquo Bioresource Technology vol 95no 1 pp 53ndash59 2004

[22] SAS SASSTAT Userrsquos Guide Version 91 Statistical AnalysisSystem Institute Cary NC USA 2006

[23] J Usero E Gonzalez-Regalado and I Gracia ldquoTrace metalsin the bivalve molluscs Ruditapes decussatus and Ruditapesphilippinarum from the Atlantic Coast of Southern SpainrdquoEnvironment International vol 23 no 3 pp 291ndash298 1997

[24] F A P C GobasW deWolf L P Burkhard E Verbruggen andK Plotzke ldquoRevisiting bioaccumulation criteria for POPs andPBT assessmentsrdquo Integrated Environmental Assessment andManagement vol 5 no 4 pp 624ndash637 2009

[25] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)Guidance for Assessing Chemical Contaminant Data for Use inFish Advisories vol 2 Risk Assessment and Fish ConsumptionLimit EPA823B-97009Office of Science andTechnology andOffice of Water Washington DC USA 3rd edition 2000

[26] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)ldquoHuman health risk assessment risk-based screening tableregional screening level (RSL) summary tablerdquo 2015 httpsemspubepagovwork032218434pdf

[27] WHO (World Health Organization) ldquoEvaluation of certainfood additives and contaminants seventy-third report of thejoint FAOWHO expert committee on food additivesrdquo WHOTechnical Report Series 960WHO 2011 httpwhqlibdocwhointtrsWHO TRS 960 engpdf

[28] A Pawełczyk ldquoAssessment of health risk associated with persis-tent organic pollutants in waterrdquo Environmental Monitoring andAssessment vol 185 no 1 pp 497ndash508 2013

[29] USEPA Region 9 Preliminary Remediation Goals Region9 PRGs Table 2002 Update United States EnvironmentalProtection Agency 2002 httpwastekygovSFBDocumentsRegion9PRGspdf

[30] P L Sun W E Hawkins R M Overstreet and N J Brown-Peterson ldquoMorphological deformities as biomarkers in fishfrom contaminated rivers in Taiwanrdquo International Journal ofEnvironmental Research and Public Health vol 6 no 8 pp2307ndash2331 2009

[31] M Lenhardt I Jaric P Cakic G Cvijanovic Z Gacic and JKolarevic ldquoSeasonal changes in condition factor hepatosomaticindex and parasitism in sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus L)rdquo TurkishJournal of Veterinary andAnimal Sciences vol 33 no 3 pp 209ndash214 2009

[32] A R Linde-Arias A F Inacio C de Alburquerque M MFreire and J C Moreira ldquoBiomarkers in an invasive fishspecies Oreochromis niloticus to assess the effects of pollutionin a highly degraded Brazilian Riverrdquo Science of the TotalEnvironment vol 399 no 1ndash3 pp 186ndash192 2008

[33] L A Hirpo ldquoBreeding season and condition factor ofOreochromis niloticus (Pisces Cichlidae) in Lake BabogayaEthiopiardquo International Journal of Agricultural Sciences vol 2no 3 pp 116ndash120 2012

[34] L Bervoets and R Blust ldquoMetal concentrations in watersediment and gudgeon (Gobio gobio) from a pollution gradientrelationship with fish condition factorrdquo Environmental Pollu-tion vol 126 no 1 pp 9ndash19 2003

Journal of Toxicology 11

[35] D Montenegro and M T Gonzalez ldquoEvaluation of somaticindexes hematology and liver histopathology of the fish Labri-somus philippiifrom san jorge bay northern Chile as associ-ated with environmental stressrdquo Revista de Biologia Marina yOceanografia vol 47 no 1 pp 99ndash107 2012

[36] A H Weatherley and H S Gill The Biology of Fish GrowthAcademic Press London UK 1987

[37] A Maceda-Veiga A J Green and A De Sostoa ldquoScaled body-mass index shows how habitat quality influences the conditionof four fish taxa in north-eastern Spain and provides a novelindicator of ecosystem healthrdquo Freshwater Biology vol 59 no6 pp 1145ndash1160 2014

[38] M Javed and N Usmani ldquoAssessment of heavy metals (Cu NiFe Co Mn Cr Zn) in rivulet water their accumulations andalterations in hematology of fish Channa punctatusrdquo AfricanJournal of Biotechnology vol 13 no 3 pp 492ndash501 2014

[39] A M Yacoub and N S Gad ldquoAccumulation of some heavymetals and biochemical alterations in muscles of Oreochromisniloticus from the River Nile in Upper Egyptrdquo InternationalJournal of Environmental Science and Engineering vol 3 pp 1ndash10 2012

[40] I Papagiannis I Kagalou J Leonardos D Petridis and VKalfakakou ldquoCopper and zinc in four freshwater fish speciesfrom Lake Pamvotis (Greece)rdquo Environment International vol30 no 3 pp 357ndash362 2004

[41] B Jovanovic E Mihaljev S Maletin and D Palic ldquoAssess-ment of heavy metal load in chub liver (Cyprinida Leuciscuscephalus) from the Nisava River (Serbia)rdquo Biologica Nyssanavol 2 no 1 pp 51ndash58 2011

[42] M Nair K V Jayalakshmy K K Balachandran and T JosephldquoBioaccumulation of toxic metals by fish in a semi-enclosedtropical ecosystemrdquo Environmental Forensics vol 7 no 3 pp197ndash206 2006

[43] S W Kotickhoff Pollutant Sorption in Environmental SystemsEPA- 600ID 80-83 NTTS Springfield Va USA 1983

[44] Y Ikeda J Koyama andHOzaki ldquoHeavymetal levels in tissuesof fish exposed to cadmiumrdquo Bulletin of the Japanese Society forthe Science of Fish vol 52 no 12 pp 2055ndash2059 1986

[45] F A Kucuksezgin A Kontas O Altay E Uluturhan andE Darılmaz ldquoAssessment of marine pollution in Izmir Baynutrient heavy metal and total hydrocarbon concentrationsrdquoEnvironment International vol 32 no 1 pp 41ndash51 2006

[46] B AMurtalaWO Abdul andA A Akinyemi ldquoBioaccumula-tion of heavy metals in fish (Hydrocynus forskahliiHyperopisusbebe occidentalis and Clarias gariepinus) organs in downstreamOgun coastal water Nigeriardquo Journal of Agricultural Science vol4 no 11 pp 51ndash59 2012

[47] M M N Authman S A Ibrahim M A El-Kasheif and HS Gaber ldquoHeavy metals pollution and their effects on gills andliver of the nile catfish Clarias gariepinus inhabiting El-Rahawydrain EgyptrdquoGlobal Veterinaria vol 10 no 2 pp 103ndash115 2013

[48] F Yilmaz N Ozdemir A Demirak and A L Tuna ldquoHeavymetal levels in two fish species Leuciscus cephalus and Lepomisgibbosusrdquo Food Chemistry vol 100 no 2 pp 830ndash835 2007

[49] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Sup-plementary Guidance for Conducting Health Risk Assessmentof Chemical Mixtures EPA630R-00002 National Center forEnvironmental Assessment Washington DC USA 2000

[50] C Copat F Bella M Castaing R Fallico S Sciacca andM Ferrante ldquoHeavy metals concentrations in fish from Sicily(Mediterranean Sea) and evaluation of possible health risks

to consumersrdquo Bulletin of Environmental Contamination andToxicology vol 88 no 1 pp 78ndash83 2012

[51] FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations) ldquoFishery and aquaculture country profiles EgyptrdquoCountry Profile Fact Sheets FAO Fisheries and AquacultureDepartment Rome Italy 2010 httpwwwfaoorgfisherycountrysectornaso egypten

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

PainResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AntibioticsInternational Journal of

ToxicologyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

StrokeResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Drug DeliveryJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in Pharmacological Sciences

Tropical MedicineJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AddictionJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

Emergency Medicine InternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Autoimmune Diseases

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Anesthesiology Research and Practice

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Pharmaceutics

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION

of

4 Journal of Toxicology

ADD was calculated for a 70-year-old human the reportedequation was abbreviated to be

ADD (mgkgday) =119862119898times IR

BW (6)

Risk was assessed by calculating the hazard index (HI indexof adverse health effects from intake of specific contaminantin food) HI is expressed as the ratio of the ADD to theoral reference dose of the metal according to the followingequation proposed by USEPA [25]

Hazard Index = ADDOral RfD

(7)

where oral RfD is the oral reference dose of the metal(mgkgday) based on the safe upper level of metalrsquos oralintake for an adult human with average body weight of 70 kgThe oral RfD for Cu Zn Mn Cd and Fe is 004 03 0140001 and 07mgkgday respectively [26] while that for Pbis 0003mgkgday [27] HI values lt 10 indicate that adversehealth effects are not likely to occur However if the ADD ofcertain metal exceeds its oral RfD and thus the HI ge 10 itmay be presumed that adverse health effects are expected tooccur The cumulative risk effect of all metals was calculatedas the sum of HI values [28 29]

3 Results and Discussion

Assessing morphological parameters is one of the moststraightforward methods to study the effects of water con-tamination on fish because of the ease of recognition andexamination when compared with other types of biomarkers[30] Increasing the sample size by calculating the annualmean for each site and the seasonal mean among the studysites proved to be beneficial and gave a better idea about themeasured parameters The annual mean of both body totallength and body weight showed the following arrangementsite 3 gt site 1 gt site 4 gt site 2Meanwhile the seasonalmean ofboth parameters showed the following arrangement summergt winter gt spring gt autumn (Table 1) Body condition isa sensitive and reliable endpoint in chronic toxicologicalinvestigations In addition certain body indices such as thecondition factor (CF) can provide information on potentialpollution influence [31] but do not give information ofspecific responses to toxic substances in the media [32]Condition factor is used to evaluate the well-being or fitnessof fish as it is based on the hypothesis that heavier fish of agiven length are of best condition The pattern of seasonalvariation in values of condition factor ofO niloticus coincideswith that reported by Hirpo [33] for the same species inLake Babogaya Ethiopia where he attributed this variationto seasonal fluctuations in environmental factors food supplyand quality feeding rate stressors and reproductive activityToxic substances in the water may affect fish body conditionby directly changing metabolism and increasing the energyrequired to maintain homeostasis or they can indirectlyimpact growth by reducing food availability [34] Whilebody indices are not very sensitive and may be affected byother nonpollutant factors they still serve as initial screeningbiomarkers to indicate exposure and its effects on fish [35]

Any fluctuation in CF values may reflect the health con-dition of fish as well as their body protein and lipid contents[36] The scaled mass index (SMI) provides a novel indicatorof ecosystem health and proved to be a better indicator of therelative size of energy reserves and other body componentsthan the traditional CF [17 37] This is confirmed by thepresent findings where the pollution condition in the studiedsites did not show significant effect on fish CF but the effectwas clear on the SMI which showed significant decrease insites 2 and 4 Generally site 2 showed the lowest annualmean of both CF and SMI indicating the intricate pollutioncondition as well as themajor effect of specific anthropogenicactivities prevailing in this site (Table 1) Natural and anthro-pogenic disturbances are key forces governing the structureand functioning of aquatic communities Understanding howthese factors shape the organism performance can help toidentify the most vulnerable species and develop effectivemanagement strategies [37]The present findings indicate theminor effect of site variability on fish body condition indicesand confirm that seasonality including other related abioticand biotic factors affects greatly these indices

A preliminary survey (unpublished data) was conductedin the study area to investigate levels of commonmetalsThissurvey indicated that themost commonmetals in the studiedsites were copper zinc manganese cadmium lead and ironThemetal pollution index (MPI)was used to indicate the totalmetal load in vital organs ofO niloticus It is used to simplifythe data and to provide it as one value instead of many foreach studied organ when the measured metals are beyondfive in number [38] Results of MPI are given in Table 2 Thesequence of MPI in different organs followed the followingorder kidney gt liver gt gill gtmuscle which gives a better ideaabout the target organs for metal accumulation inO niloticusfish especially when using the annual and seasonal meansfor that purpose The results clearly indicate that each tissuehas different capacity of metal accumulation Generally thehighest values of MPI were recorded during spring seasonfor all studied vital organs Meanwhile the lowest values ofMPI were recorded during winter season for both fishmuscleand liver samples but in case of kidney and gill samplesthey were recorded during summer season Metals are notevenly distributed in the fish body but accumulate mainlyin metabolically active tissues such as kidney liver and gill[39] while muscle shows the least metal accumulation that ismostly due to its low levels of binding proteins and enzymaticactivities [40] Fish accumulate metals both by ingestionof contaminated food and by contact of their respiratorysurfaces with contaminated water [41] Metal distributionamong different tissues of aquatic organisms depends on themode of exposure and can serve as a pollution indicator [42]

Table 3 reveals the metal concentrations in muscle ofO niloticus (mgkg dry wt) which are generally arrangedin the following order Fe gt Zn gt Cu gt Mn gt Pb gt CdThis arrangement reflects the essentiality of these metalsfor fish body functions Some of these metals are classifiedbiochemically as essential elements in the bodies of livingorganisms and aquatic plants (such as Fe Zn and Cu)when present in trace amounts but when they are present inhigh concentrations they become toxic [43] The calculated

Journal of Toxicology 5

Table1Bo

dytotallengthbo

dyweightcond

ition

factorand

scaled

massind

exof

Oniloticus

Body

totallength(cm)

Body

weight(g)

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Winter

1700plusmn071

aB1333plusmn088

bB1830plusmn093

aB1423plusmn007

bB1572

11654plusmn1106a

A4988plusmn1320b

B13288plusmn1484a

B6357plusmn79

7bB

9072

Sprin

g1360plusmn032

cC1353plusmn022

cB1880plusmn036

aAB

1540plusmn040

bA1533

4522plusmn405

cB44

84plusmn056

cB1614

0plusmn751aA

B7556plusmn202

bA8176

Summer

2033plusmn088

abA

1630plusmn047

bcA

2320plusmn258

aA1557plusmn023

cA1885

15390plusmn2283a

A9452plusmn608

bA19276plusmn2206a

A7644plusmn421

bA1294

1Au

tumn

1330plusmn021

aC1460plusmn10

5aAB

1490plusmn031

aB1433plusmn017

aB1428

5068plusmn285

aB6783plusmn1725

aAB

7198plusmn431

aC5953plusmn212

aB6251

Ann

ualm

ean

1606

1444

1880

1488

1605

9159

6427

1397

66878

9110

Con

ditio

nfactor

(CF)

()

Scaled

massind

ex(SMI)(g)

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Winter

237plusmn015

aA201plusmn014

aAB

216plusmn008

aAB

220plusmn005

aA219

11626plusmn594

bA4774plusmn253

dA1319

0plusmn020

aAB

6354plusmn12

7cA

8986

Sprin

g17

9plusmn006

cB18

1plusmn007

bcB

243plusmn007

aA208plusmn012

bA201

7622plusmn323

bC4254plusmn218

cA1517

3plusmn357

aA4596plusmn341

cBC

7911

Summer

180plusmn006

aB218plusmn007

aA16

5plusmn031

aB202plusmn004

aA19

19927plusmn521

aB44

52plusmn225

bA11596plusmn429

aB4225plusmn222

bC7550

Autumn

215plusmn005

aA209plusmn008

aAB

218plusmn006

aAB

202plusmn002

aA211

9038plusmn249

bBC

4643plusmn209

dA114

62plusmn310

aB5691plusmn

249

cAB

7709

Ann

ualm

ean

201

202

211

208

205

9553

4531

12855

5217

8039

Dataa

rerepresentedas

means

of16

samplesplusmnSE

Statisticallysig

nificantd

ifferences(119875lt005)areshow

nwith

different

superscriptlow

ercase

lette

rsin

thes

amer

awanddifferent

superscriptcapita

llettersin

thes

amec

olum

nfore

achof

them

easuredparameters

Meanbo

dytotallengthvaluew

asused

as1198710forc

alculatingthes

caledmassind

ex

GG

izaMM

anyalIIm

babaand

KKa

nater

Them

eanof

allm

easurementsfore

achparameter

6 Journal of Toxicology

Table 2 Metal pollution index (MPI) of total trace metals in vital organs of O niloticus

MPISite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean

MuscleWinter 134 245 129 159 167Spring 585 314 259 247 351Summer 187 211 138 217 188Autumn 210 176 226 148 190Annual mean 279 237 188 193 224

LiverWinter 2062 2169 2540 1102 1968Spring 5205 1636 1351 1778 2493Summer 1603 2741 1447 3273 2266Autumn 2375 1938 2500 1882 2174Annual mean 2811 2121 1959 2009 2225

KidneyWinter 3182 3839 1690 1759 2617Spring 8211 3800 3774 3276 4766Summer 4289 2315 1111 2519 2559Autumn 2254 2401 2366 3595 2654Annual mean 4484 3089 2235 2787 3149

GillWinter 1015 1170 495 715 848Spring 1083 1374 837 877 1043Summer 596 763 549 749 664Autumn 959 610 1049 711 832Annual mean 913 979 732 763 847

G Giza M Manyal I Imbaba and K KanaterThemean of all measurements for each organ

bioaccumulation factor for different metals in fish musclegives a clear image about the concentration of these metalsin fish muscle relative to their concentration in water and theaffinity of fish muscle to accumulate these metals relative totheir abundance in water

As indicated in Table 4 metal concentrations in fishmuscle were several fold higher than their concentrationsin water The BAF in fish muscle shows the followingarrangement Zn gt Cu gt Fe gt Mn gt Cd and Pb There wasa great fluctuation in BAF of both Cd and Pb which were theleast accumulatedmetals in fishmuscle Generally BAF of Cdwas higher than Pb during summer season along all sites andthe case was reversed during autumn season whereas duringwinter and spring seasons its abundance was site dependentThis clearly indicates the effect of seasonality of natural oranthropogenic sources on metal abundance in aquatic mediaas well as the great effect of point and nonpoint sources ofpollution along the study sites Because many fish stay inrather confined regions of the river they will suffer by oneway or another if this aquatic system is contaminated by toxicsubstances [44]

Bioaccumulation of trace metals in tissues of aquaticorganisms has been identified as an indirect measure of theabundance and availability of thesemetals in the environment[45] For this reason monitoring fish tissue contaminationrepresents an important function as an early warning ofrelated water contamination problems and enables us totake appropriate action to protect public health and theenvironment [46]

Because fish respond with great sensitivity to changes inthe aquatic environment they are one of the most indicativefactors in aquatic environment for the estimation of metalpollution and risk potential of human consumption [47]Hence it is important to determine metal concentrations inedible tissues of commercial fish in order to evaluate thepossible risk of fish consumption [48]

The calculated hazard index (HI) is an integrated riskcalculation package that combines both the metal level infish edible tissues and the human consumption rate ofthese tissues to perform a risk characterization In hazardidentification available data on biological endpoints are usedto determine if a material is likely to pose a hazard to human

Journal of Toxicology 7

Table3Metalconcentrations

inmuscle

ofO

niloticus

(mgkg

drywt)

CuZn

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Winter

553plusmn12

3aA

402plusmn013

abAB

266plusmn032

bA324plusmn034

bA386

2557plusmn086

aB2945plusmn12

4aB

2584plusmn232

aAB

2783plusmn355

aA2717

Sprin

g889plusmn072

aB78

2plusmn232

abA

436plusmn065

bA467plusmn029

abA

644

5581plusmn

649

aA4268plusmn369

abA

3282plusmn568

bA3093plusmn254

bA40

56

Summer

437plusmn073

aB219plusmn043

aB267plusmn028

aA315plusmn18

2aA

310

3374plusmn13

9aB

3216plusmn027

aB2048plusmn068

cB2771plusmn

221

bA2852

Autumn

590plusmn062

aB470plusmn010

aAB

300plusmn071

bA237plusmn017

bA399

2783plusmn18

6abB

2555plusmn17

3abB

2261plusmn

173b

AB

2856plusmn14

5aA

2614

Ann

ualm

ean

617

468

317

336

435

3574

3246

2544

2876

3060

Mn

Cd

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Winter

292plusmn068

aAB

162plusmn069

aA274plusmn072

aA16

0plusmn031

aAB

222

001plusmn001

aB008plusmn004

aA003plusmn001

aB001plusmn001

aB0033

Sprin

g445plusmn034

aA081plusmn026

cA249plusmn074

bA246plusmn045

bA255

008plusmn004

aA005plusmn004

aA005plusmn001

aA007plusmn002

aA0063

Summer

036plusmn003

bC10

6plusmn030

aA089plusmn008

aA10

9plusmn006

aB085

005plusmn001

aAB

007plusmn002

aA006plusmn001

aA009plusmn001

aA006

8Au

tumn

149plusmn069

aBC

112plusmn018

aA310plusmn208

aA17

9plusmn023

aAB

188

005plusmn001

aAB

002plusmn001

bA005plusmn001

aA002plusmn001

bB0034

Ann

ualm

ean

231

115

231

174

187

004

80053

004

8004

80049

PbFe

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Winter

005plusmn003

aB053plusmn037

aB003plusmn001

aC036plusmn005

aAB

024

2846plusmn772a

B2690plusmn72

5aA

2744plusmn93

1aA3104plusmn555

aB2846

Sprin

g15

6plusmn052

aA207plusmn032

aA024plusmn004

bB018plusmn004

bB10

114503plusmn421

aA3426plusmn524

bA7136plusmn3382b

A5019plusmn804

bA7521

Summer

090plusmn025

aAB

053plusmn006

abB

017plusmn005

abB

048plusmn005

bA052

1770plusmn084

bB3202plusmn281

aA1376plusmn17

0bA

2569plusmn236

aB2229

Autumn

024plusmn008

abB

043plusmn007

aB046plusmn002

aA015plusmn010

bB032

2920plusmn290

aB2611plusmn220

aA2761plusmn

658

aA2865plusmn1195a

B2789

Ann

ualm

ean

069

089

023

029

052

5510

2982

3504

3389

3846

Dataa

rerepresentedas

means

of16

samplesplusmnSE

Statisticallysig

nificantd

ifferences(119875lt005)a

reshow

nwith

different

superscriptlow

ercase

lette

rsin

thes

amer

awanddifferent

superscriptcapita

llettersin

thes

amec

olum

nfore

achof

them

easuredmetals

GG

izaMM

anyalIIm

babaand

KKa

nater

Them

eanof

allm

easurementsfore

achmetal

8 Journal of Toxicology

Table 4 Bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of trace metals (lkg) in muscle of O niloticus

Cu ZnSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean

Winter 20481 36545 16625 29455 25777 79906 92031 89103 107038 92020Spring 98778 37238 18957 13735 42177 232542 194000 156286 147286 182528Summer 15069 6844 7026 10862 9950 99235 84632 51200 58957 73506Autumn 39333 47000 21429 19750 31878 163706 150294 173923 259636 186890Annual mean 43415 31907 16009 18450 27445 143847 130239 117628 143229 133736

Mn CdSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean

Winter 7892 4909 12455 4848 7526 250 2667 600 333 963Spring 13485 2531 9960 7455 8358 4000 1667 1667 3500 2708Summer 1333 2865 3296 4739 3058 5000 2333 6000 9000 5583Autumn 5960 4148 15500 6630 8059 1250 667 1250 667 958Annual mean 7168 3613 10303 5918 6750 2625 1833 2379 3375 2553

Pb FeSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean

Winter 556 4077 231 2769 1908 4089 6987 11433 19771 10570Spring 6000 6900 1000 720 3655 35634 9624 21624 9027 18977Summer 3333 1767 680 1846 1907 5655 9281 4047 6146 6282Autumn 1846 3071 2556 1364 2209 16133 12316 23398 23678 18881Annual mean 2934 3954 1117 1675 2420 15378 9552 15126 14655 13678

G Giza M Manyal I Imbaba and K KanaterThemean of all measurements for each metal

healthThese data are also used to define the type of potentialhazard In the dose-response assessment data are used toestimate the amount of material that may produce a giveneffect in humans The risk assessor may calculate a quanti-tative dose-response relationship and make it applicable forlow-dose exposure often by applying mathematical modelsto the data [49]

Fish consumption information is essential for assessingthe human health implications associated with the consump-tion of chemically contaminated fish [50] The calculatedHI for detected metals as indicated in Table 5 did notpose unacceptable risks at both proposed ingestion rates(for normal and habitual fish consumers) except for Pbin sites 1 and 2 for habitual fish consumers during springseason Both ingestion rates used in the present study werereported by USEPA [25] for generalized human populationbut if the normal ingestion rate of 00435 kgday proposedby FAO [51] specifically for adult Egyptians was used in thepresent HI calculations the resulting HI values at normalingestion rate would be even higher by a factor of 14 thanthe present findings This clearly indicates the significanceof incorporating the consumption rates in contaminantsrsquorisk assessments The metalsrsquo cumulative risk effects showedunacceptable risks for habitual fish consumers during springand winter seasons in site 2 as well as spring and summerseasons in site 1 Generally sites 1 and 2 were the mostpolluted sites especially during spring season which showsthat irregular domestic and touristic activities that prevailin these upstream sites during favorable weather conditions

had major effects on water pollution rather than the regularagricultural and industrial activities that prevail in the otherdownstream sites all over the year

4 Conclusion

The effect of different anthropogenic activities on metalload of fish edible tissues along the study period in allsites was evident and it was proved using the calculatedMPI and BAF and specially the HI Despite the low humanhealth hazards expected due to consumption of each metalseparately the fish edible tissues contain totally abundantquantity of differentmetals whichmay lead to human adversehealth effects That is to say the metalsrsquo cumulative riskeffects gave an alarming sign The present study affirms thatapplication of the proposed human risk assessment (doseand consumption dependent variables) is more reliable inpredicting the hazards posed on human consumers ratherthan the use of regular known permissible levels or theupper level of intake in food for human consumption whichare not consumption dependent variables Regular metalassessment surveys and advisories for fish consumption arerecommended for water bodies around densely populatedareas like Greater Cairo

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Journal of Toxicology 9

Table 5 Hazard index (HI) and the cumulative risk effect for normal and habitual fish consumers

Cu ZnSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 006 004 003 004 004 004 004 004Habitual 028 020 014 016 017 020 018 019

Spring Normal 010 009 005 005 008 006 005 005Habitual 045 040 022 024 038 029 022 021

Summer Normal 005 002 003 004 005 005 003 004Habitual 022 011 014 016 023 022 014 019

Autumn Normal 007 005 003 003 004 004 003 004Habitual 030 024 015 012 019 017 015 019

Mn CdSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 001 001 001 001 0004 004 001 0004Habitual 004 002 004 002 002 016 006 002

Spring Normal 001 0003 001 001 004 002 002 003Habitual 006 001 004 004 016 010 010 014

Summer Normal 0001 0003 0003 0003 002 003 003 004Habitual 001 002 001 002 010 014 012 018

Autumn Normal 0005 0004 001 001 002 001 002 001Habitual 002 002 005 003 010 004 010 004

Pb FeSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 001 008 0004 005 002 002 002 002Habitual 003 036 002 024 008 008 008 009

Spring Normal 023 031 004 003 009 002 005 003Habitual 106lowast 140lowast 016 012 042 010 021 015

Summer Normal 013 008 003 007 001 002 001 002Habitual 061 036 012 033 005 009 004 007

Autumn Normal 004 006 007 002 002 002 002 002Habitual 016 029 031 010 008 008 008 008

Cumulative risk effectSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 014 023 011 016Habitual 063 103lowast 051 073

Spring Normal 056 050 021 020Habitual 254lowast 230lowast 095 089

Summer Normal 027 021 012 021Habitual 122lowast 094 056 095

Autumn Normal 019 018 019 012Habitual 086 084 084 057

G Giza M Manyal I Imbaba and K KanaterlowastHI ge 10 which is the point at which adverse health effects are expected to occur

References

[1] S Sabry ldquoPoverty lines in greater Cairo underestimating andmisrepresenting povertyrdquo Human Settlements Working PaperSeries Poverty Reduction in Urban Areas Working Paper21 International Institute for Environment and Development(IIED) London UK 2009 httpwwwiiedorgpubsdisplayphpo=10572IIED

[2] V Velma and P B Tchounwou ldquoChromium-induced biochem-ical genotoxic and histopathologic effects in liver and kidney of

goldfish carassius auratusrdquoMutation Research vol 698 no 1-2pp 43ndash51 2010

[3] D G McNeil and J Fredberg ldquoEnvironmental water require-ments of native fishes in theMiddle River catchment KangarooIsland South Australiardquo SARDI Research Report Series No528 SA Department for Water South Australian Research andDevelopment Institute (Aquatic Sciences) Adelaide Australia2011 SARDI Publication No f2011000060-1

[4] K J Eder C M Leutenegger B W Wilson and I WernerldquoMolecular and cellular biomarker responses to pesticide

10 Journal of Toxicology

exposure in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchustshawytscha)rdquo Marine Environmental Research vol 58 no2-5 pp 809ndash813 2004

[5] N Mayon A Bertrand D Leroy et al ldquoMultiscale approach offish responses to different types of environmental contamina-tions a case studyrdquo Science of the Total Environment vol 367no 2-3 pp 715ndash731 2006

[6] A Mazet G Keck and P Berny ldquoConcentrations of PCBsorganochlorine pesticides and heavy metals (lead cadmiumand copper) in fish from the Drome river potential effects onotters (Lutra lutra)rdquo Chemosphere vol 61 no 6 pp 810ndash8162005

[7] E Has-Schon I Bogut and I Strelec ldquoHeavy metal profilein five fish species included in human diet domiciled in theend flow of river Neretva (Croatia)rdquo Archives of EnvironmentalContamination and Toxicology vol 50 no 4 pp 545ndash551 2006

[8] S Biswas R K Prabhu K J Hussain M Selvanayagam andK K Satpathy ldquoHeavy metals concentration in edible fishesfrom coastal region of Kalpakkam southeastern part of IndiardquoEnvironmental Monitoring and Assessment vol 184 no 8 pp5097ndash5104 2012

[9] S Tekin-Ozan ldquoDetermination of heavy metal levels in watersediment and tissues of tench (Tinca tinca L 1758) fromBeysehir Lake (Turkey)rdquo Environmental Monitoring and Assess-ment vol 145 no 1ndash3 pp 295ndash302 2008

[10] P A Lopes T Pinheiro M C Santos M Da Luz MathiasM J Collares-Pereira and A M Viegas-Crespo ldquoResponse ofantioxidant enzymes in freshwater fish populations (Leuciscusalburnoides complex) to inorganic pollutants exposurerdquo Scienceof the Total Environment vol 280 no 1ndash3 pp 153ndash163 2001

[11] C Dautremepuits S Paris-Palacios S Betoulle and G VernetldquoModulation in hepatic and head kidney parameters of carp(Cyprinus carpio L) induced by copper and chitosanrdquo Compar-ative Biochemistry and Physiology C vol 137 no 4 pp 325ndash3332004

[12] C Tigano B Tomasello V Pulvirenti et al ldquoAssessment of envi-ronmental stress in Parablennius sanguinolentus (Pallas 1814)of the Sicilian Ionian coastrdquo Ecotoxicology and EnvironmentalSafety vol 72 no 4 pp 1278ndash1286 2009

[13] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture edited byEditorial Group FAO Information Division Food and Agricul-ture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Rome Italy2000 ftpftpfaoorgdocrepfao003x8002ex8002e00pdf

[14] A-F M El-Sayed ldquoAlternative dietary protein sources forfarmed tilapia Oreochromis spprdquo Aquaculture vol 179 no 1ndash4 pp 149ndash168 1999

[15] C E Boyd Water Quality in Ponds for Aquaculture Birming-ham Publishing Birmingham Ala USA 1990

[16] C B Schreck andP BMoyleMethods of Fish Biology AmericanFisheries Society Bethesda Md USA 1990

[17] J Peig and A J Green ldquoNew perspectives for estimating bodycondition from masslength data the scaled mass index as analternative methodrdquo Oikos vol 118 no 12 pp 1883ndash1891 2009

[18] American Public Health Association (APHA) Standard Meth-ods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater AmericanWater Works Association New York NY USA 2005

[19] G Rejomon M Nair and T Joseph ldquoTrace metal dynamicsin fishes from the southwest coast of Indiardquo EnvironmentalMonitoring and Assessment vol 167 no 1ndash4 pp 243ndash255 2010

[20] R A Issac and J D Kerber ldquoAtomic absorption and flamephotometry Techniques and uses in soil plant and wateranalysisrdquo in Instrumental Methods for Analysis of Soil and PlantTissue pp 17ndash37 Soil Science Society of America AgronomySociety of America Madison Wis USA 1971

[21] Z-Y Hseu ldquoEvaluating heavy metal contents in nine compostsusing four digestion methodsrdquo Bioresource Technology vol 95no 1 pp 53ndash59 2004

[22] SAS SASSTAT Userrsquos Guide Version 91 Statistical AnalysisSystem Institute Cary NC USA 2006

[23] J Usero E Gonzalez-Regalado and I Gracia ldquoTrace metalsin the bivalve molluscs Ruditapes decussatus and Ruditapesphilippinarum from the Atlantic Coast of Southern SpainrdquoEnvironment International vol 23 no 3 pp 291ndash298 1997

[24] F A P C GobasW deWolf L P Burkhard E Verbruggen andK Plotzke ldquoRevisiting bioaccumulation criteria for POPs andPBT assessmentsrdquo Integrated Environmental Assessment andManagement vol 5 no 4 pp 624ndash637 2009

[25] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)Guidance for Assessing Chemical Contaminant Data for Use inFish Advisories vol 2 Risk Assessment and Fish ConsumptionLimit EPA823B-97009Office of Science andTechnology andOffice of Water Washington DC USA 3rd edition 2000

[26] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)ldquoHuman health risk assessment risk-based screening tableregional screening level (RSL) summary tablerdquo 2015 httpsemspubepagovwork032218434pdf

[27] WHO (World Health Organization) ldquoEvaluation of certainfood additives and contaminants seventy-third report of thejoint FAOWHO expert committee on food additivesrdquo WHOTechnical Report Series 960WHO 2011 httpwhqlibdocwhointtrsWHO TRS 960 engpdf

[28] A Pawełczyk ldquoAssessment of health risk associated with persis-tent organic pollutants in waterrdquo Environmental Monitoring andAssessment vol 185 no 1 pp 497ndash508 2013

[29] USEPA Region 9 Preliminary Remediation Goals Region9 PRGs Table 2002 Update United States EnvironmentalProtection Agency 2002 httpwastekygovSFBDocumentsRegion9PRGspdf

[30] P L Sun W E Hawkins R M Overstreet and N J Brown-Peterson ldquoMorphological deformities as biomarkers in fishfrom contaminated rivers in Taiwanrdquo International Journal ofEnvironmental Research and Public Health vol 6 no 8 pp2307ndash2331 2009

[31] M Lenhardt I Jaric P Cakic G Cvijanovic Z Gacic and JKolarevic ldquoSeasonal changes in condition factor hepatosomaticindex and parasitism in sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus L)rdquo TurkishJournal of Veterinary andAnimal Sciences vol 33 no 3 pp 209ndash214 2009

[32] A R Linde-Arias A F Inacio C de Alburquerque M MFreire and J C Moreira ldquoBiomarkers in an invasive fishspecies Oreochromis niloticus to assess the effects of pollutionin a highly degraded Brazilian Riverrdquo Science of the TotalEnvironment vol 399 no 1ndash3 pp 186ndash192 2008

[33] L A Hirpo ldquoBreeding season and condition factor ofOreochromis niloticus (Pisces Cichlidae) in Lake BabogayaEthiopiardquo International Journal of Agricultural Sciences vol 2no 3 pp 116ndash120 2012

[34] L Bervoets and R Blust ldquoMetal concentrations in watersediment and gudgeon (Gobio gobio) from a pollution gradientrelationship with fish condition factorrdquo Environmental Pollu-tion vol 126 no 1 pp 9ndash19 2003

Journal of Toxicology 11

[35] D Montenegro and M T Gonzalez ldquoEvaluation of somaticindexes hematology and liver histopathology of the fish Labri-somus philippiifrom san jorge bay northern Chile as associ-ated with environmental stressrdquo Revista de Biologia Marina yOceanografia vol 47 no 1 pp 99ndash107 2012

[36] A H Weatherley and H S Gill The Biology of Fish GrowthAcademic Press London UK 1987

[37] A Maceda-Veiga A J Green and A De Sostoa ldquoScaled body-mass index shows how habitat quality influences the conditionof four fish taxa in north-eastern Spain and provides a novelindicator of ecosystem healthrdquo Freshwater Biology vol 59 no6 pp 1145ndash1160 2014

[38] M Javed and N Usmani ldquoAssessment of heavy metals (Cu NiFe Co Mn Cr Zn) in rivulet water their accumulations andalterations in hematology of fish Channa punctatusrdquo AfricanJournal of Biotechnology vol 13 no 3 pp 492ndash501 2014

[39] A M Yacoub and N S Gad ldquoAccumulation of some heavymetals and biochemical alterations in muscles of Oreochromisniloticus from the River Nile in Upper Egyptrdquo InternationalJournal of Environmental Science and Engineering vol 3 pp 1ndash10 2012

[40] I Papagiannis I Kagalou J Leonardos D Petridis and VKalfakakou ldquoCopper and zinc in four freshwater fish speciesfrom Lake Pamvotis (Greece)rdquo Environment International vol30 no 3 pp 357ndash362 2004

[41] B Jovanovic E Mihaljev S Maletin and D Palic ldquoAssess-ment of heavy metal load in chub liver (Cyprinida Leuciscuscephalus) from the Nisava River (Serbia)rdquo Biologica Nyssanavol 2 no 1 pp 51ndash58 2011

[42] M Nair K V Jayalakshmy K K Balachandran and T JosephldquoBioaccumulation of toxic metals by fish in a semi-enclosedtropical ecosystemrdquo Environmental Forensics vol 7 no 3 pp197ndash206 2006

[43] S W Kotickhoff Pollutant Sorption in Environmental SystemsEPA- 600ID 80-83 NTTS Springfield Va USA 1983

[44] Y Ikeda J Koyama andHOzaki ldquoHeavymetal levels in tissuesof fish exposed to cadmiumrdquo Bulletin of the Japanese Society forthe Science of Fish vol 52 no 12 pp 2055ndash2059 1986

[45] F A Kucuksezgin A Kontas O Altay E Uluturhan andE Darılmaz ldquoAssessment of marine pollution in Izmir Baynutrient heavy metal and total hydrocarbon concentrationsrdquoEnvironment International vol 32 no 1 pp 41ndash51 2006

[46] B AMurtalaWO Abdul andA A Akinyemi ldquoBioaccumula-tion of heavy metals in fish (Hydrocynus forskahliiHyperopisusbebe occidentalis and Clarias gariepinus) organs in downstreamOgun coastal water Nigeriardquo Journal of Agricultural Science vol4 no 11 pp 51ndash59 2012

[47] M M N Authman S A Ibrahim M A El-Kasheif and HS Gaber ldquoHeavy metals pollution and their effects on gills andliver of the nile catfish Clarias gariepinus inhabiting El-Rahawydrain EgyptrdquoGlobal Veterinaria vol 10 no 2 pp 103ndash115 2013

[48] F Yilmaz N Ozdemir A Demirak and A L Tuna ldquoHeavymetal levels in two fish species Leuciscus cephalus and Lepomisgibbosusrdquo Food Chemistry vol 100 no 2 pp 830ndash835 2007

[49] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Sup-plementary Guidance for Conducting Health Risk Assessmentof Chemical Mixtures EPA630R-00002 National Center forEnvironmental Assessment Washington DC USA 2000

[50] C Copat F Bella M Castaing R Fallico S Sciacca andM Ferrante ldquoHeavy metals concentrations in fish from Sicily(Mediterranean Sea) and evaluation of possible health risks

to consumersrdquo Bulletin of Environmental Contamination andToxicology vol 88 no 1 pp 78ndash83 2012

[51] FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations) ldquoFishery and aquaculture country profiles EgyptrdquoCountry Profile Fact Sheets FAO Fisheries and AquacultureDepartment Rome Italy 2010 httpwwwfaoorgfisherycountrysectornaso egypten

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

PainResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AntibioticsInternational Journal of

ToxicologyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

StrokeResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Drug DeliveryJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in Pharmacological Sciences

Tropical MedicineJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AddictionJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

Emergency Medicine InternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Autoimmune Diseases

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Anesthesiology Research and Practice

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Pharmaceutics

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION

of

Journal of Toxicology 5

Table1Bo

dytotallengthbo

dyweightcond

ition

factorand

scaled

massind

exof

Oniloticus

Body

totallength(cm)

Body

weight(g)

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Winter

1700plusmn071

aB1333plusmn088

bB1830plusmn093

aB1423plusmn007

bB1572

11654plusmn1106a

A4988plusmn1320b

B13288plusmn1484a

B6357plusmn79

7bB

9072

Sprin

g1360plusmn032

cC1353plusmn022

cB1880plusmn036

aAB

1540plusmn040

bA1533

4522plusmn405

cB44

84plusmn056

cB1614

0plusmn751aA

B7556plusmn202

bA8176

Summer

2033plusmn088

abA

1630plusmn047

bcA

2320plusmn258

aA1557plusmn023

cA1885

15390plusmn2283a

A9452plusmn608

bA19276plusmn2206a

A7644plusmn421

bA1294

1Au

tumn

1330plusmn021

aC1460plusmn10

5aAB

1490plusmn031

aB1433plusmn017

aB1428

5068plusmn285

aB6783plusmn1725

aAB

7198plusmn431

aC5953plusmn212

aB6251

Ann

ualm

ean

1606

1444

1880

1488

1605

9159

6427

1397

66878

9110

Con

ditio

nfactor

(CF)

()

Scaled

massind

ex(SMI)(g)

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Winter

237plusmn015

aA201plusmn014

aAB

216plusmn008

aAB

220plusmn005

aA219

11626plusmn594

bA4774plusmn253

dA1319

0plusmn020

aAB

6354plusmn12

7cA

8986

Sprin

g17

9plusmn006

cB18

1plusmn007

bcB

243plusmn007

aA208plusmn012

bA201

7622plusmn323

bC4254plusmn218

cA1517

3plusmn357

aA4596plusmn341

cBC

7911

Summer

180plusmn006

aB218plusmn007

aA16

5plusmn031

aB202plusmn004

aA19

19927plusmn521

aB44

52plusmn225

bA11596plusmn429

aB4225plusmn222

bC7550

Autumn

215plusmn005

aA209plusmn008

aAB

218plusmn006

aAB

202plusmn002

aA211

9038plusmn249

bBC

4643plusmn209

dA114

62plusmn310

aB5691plusmn

249

cAB

7709

Ann

ualm

ean

201

202

211

208

205

9553

4531

12855

5217

8039

Dataa

rerepresentedas

means

of16

samplesplusmnSE

Statisticallysig

nificantd

ifferences(119875lt005)areshow

nwith

different

superscriptlow

ercase

lette

rsin

thes

amer

awanddifferent

superscriptcapita

llettersin

thes

amec

olum

nfore

achof

them

easuredparameters

Meanbo

dytotallengthvaluew

asused

as1198710forc

alculatingthes

caledmassind

ex

GG

izaMM

anyalIIm

babaand

KKa

nater

Them

eanof

allm

easurementsfore

achparameter

6 Journal of Toxicology

Table 2 Metal pollution index (MPI) of total trace metals in vital organs of O niloticus

MPISite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean

MuscleWinter 134 245 129 159 167Spring 585 314 259 247 351Summer 187 211 138 217 188Autumn 210 176 226 148 190Annual mean 279 237 188 193 224

LiverWinter 2062 2169 2540 1102 1968Spring 5205 1636 1351 1778 2493Summer 1603 2741 1447 3273 2266Autumn 2375 1938 2500 1882 2174Annual mean 2811 2121 1959 2009 2225

KidneyWinter 3182 3839 1690 1759 2617Spring 8211 3800 3774 3276 4766Summer 4289 2315 1111 2519 2559Autumn 2254 2401 2366 3595 2654Annual mean 4484 3089 2235 2787 3149

GillWinter 1015 1170 495 715 848Spring 1083 1374 837 877 1043Summer 596 763 549 749 664Autumn 959 610 1049 711 832Annual mean 913 979 732 763 847

G Giza M Manyal I Imbaba and K KanaterThemean of all measurements for each organ

bioaccumulation factor for different metals in fish musclegives a clear image about the concentration of these metalsin fish muscle relative to their concentration in water and theaffinity of fish muscle to accumulate these metals relative totheir abundance in water

As indicated in Table 4 metal concentrations in fishmuscle were several fold higher than their concentrationsin water The BAF in fish muscle shows the followingarrangement Zn gt Cu gt Fe gt Mn gt Cd and Pb There wasa great fluctuation in BAF of both Cd and Pb which were theleast accumulatedmetals in fishmuscle Generally BAF of Cdwas higher than Pb during summer season along all sites andthe case was reversed during autumn season whereas duringwinter and spring seasons its abundance was site dependentThis clearly indicates the effect of seasonality of natural oranthropogenic sources on metal abundance in aquatic mediaas well as the great effect of point and nonpoint sources ofpollution along the study sites Because many fish stay inrather confined regions of the river they will suffer by oneway or another if this aquatic system is contaminated by toxicsubstances [44]

Bioaccumulation of trace metals in tissues of aquaticorganisms has been identified as an indirect measure of theabundance and availability of thesemetals in the environment[45] For this reason monitoring fish tissue contaminationrepresents an important function as an early warning ofrelated water contamination problems and enables us totake appropriate action to protect public health and theenvironment [46]

Because fish respond with great sensitivity to changes inthe aquatic environment they are one of the most indicativefactors in aquatic environment for the estimation of metalpollution and risk potential of human consumption [47]Hence it is important to determine metal concentrations inedible tissues of commercial fish in order to evaluate thepossible risk of fish consumption [48]

The calculated hazard index (HI) is an integrated riskcalculation package that combines both the metal level infish edible tissues and the human consumption rate ofthese tissues to perform a risk characterization In hazardidentification available data on biological endpoints are usedto determine if a material is likely to pose a hazard to human

Journal of Toxicology 7

Table3Metalconcentrations

inmuscle

ofO

niloticus

(mgkg

drywt)

CuZn

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Winter

553plusmn12

3aA

402plusmn013

abAB

266plusmn032

bA324plusmn034

bA386

2557plusmn086

aB2945plusmn12

4aB

2584plusmn232

aAB

2783plusmn355

aA2717

Sprin

g889plusmn072

aB78

2plusmn232

abA

436plusmn065

bA467plusmn029

abA

644

5581plusmn

649

aA4268plusmn369

abA

3282plusmn568

bA3093plusmn254

bA40

56

Summer

437plusmn073

aB219plusmn043

aB267plusmn028

aA315plusmn18

2aA

310

3374plusmn13

9aB

3216plusmn027

aB2048plusmn068

cB2771plusmn

221

bA2852

Autumn

590plusmn062

aB470plusmn010

aAB

300plusmn071

bA237plusmn017

bA399

2783plusmn18

6abB

2555plusmn17

3abB

2261plusmn

173b

AB

2856plusmn14

5aA

2614

Ann

ualm

ean

617

468

317

336

435

3574

3246

2544

2876

3060

Mn

Cd

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Winter

292plusmn068

aAB

162plusmn069

aA274plusmn072

aA16

0plusmn031

aAB

222

001plusmn001

aB008plusmn004

aA003plusmn001

aB001plusmn001

aB0033

Sprin

g445plusmn034

aA081plusmn026

cA249plusmn074

bA246plusmn045

bA255

008plusmn004

aA005plusmn004

aA005plusmn001

aA007plusmn002

aA0063

Summer

036plusmn003

bC10

6plusmn030

aA089plusmn008

aA10

9plusmn006

aB085

005plusmn001

aAB

007plusmn002

aA006plusmn001

aA009plusmn001

aA006

8Au

tumn

149plusmn069

aBC

112plusmn018

aA310plusmn208

aA17

9plusmn023

aAB

188

005plusmn001

aAB

002plusmn001

bA005plusmn001

aA002plusmn001

bB0034

Ann

ualm

ean

231

115

231

174

187

004

80053

004

8004

80049

PbFe

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Winter

005plusmn003

aB053plusmn037

aB003plusmn001

aC036plusmn005

aAB

024

2846plusmn772a

B2690plusmn72

5aA

2744plusmn93

1aA3104plusmn555

aB2846

Sprin

g15

6plusmn052

aA207plusmn032

aA024plusmn004

bB018plusmn004

bB10

114503plusmn421

aA3426plusmn524

bA7136plusmn3382b

A5019plusmn804

bA7521

Summer

090plusmn025

aAB

053plusmn006

abB

017plusmn005

abB

048plusmn005

bA052

1770plusmn084

bB3202plusmn281

aA1376plusmn17

0bA

2569plusmn236

aB2229

Autumn

024plusmn008

abB

043plusmn007

aB046plusmn002

aA015plusmn010

bB032

2920plusmn290

aB2611plusmn220

aA2761plusmn

658

aA2865plusmn1195a

B2789

Ann

ualm

ean

069

089

023

029

052

5510

2982

3504

3389

3846

Dataa

rerepresentedas

means

of16

samplesplusmnSE

Statisticallysig

nificantd

ifferences(119875lt005)a

reshow

nwith

different

superscriptlow

ercase

lette

rsin

thes

amer

awanddifferent

superscriptcapita

llettersin

thes

amec

olum

nfore

achof

them

easuredmetals

GG

izaMM

anyalIIm

babaand

KKa

nater

Them

eanof

allm

easurementsfore

achmetal

8 Journal of Toxicology

Table 4 Bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of trace metals (lkg) in muscle of O niloticus

Cu ZnSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean

Winter 20481 36545 16625 29455 25777 79906 92031 89103 107038 92020Spring 98778 37238 18957 13735 42177 232542 194000 156286 147286 182528Summer 15069 6844 7026 10862 9950 99235 84632 51200 58957 73506Autumn 39333 47000 21429 19750 31878 163706 150294 173923 259636 186890Annual mean 43415 31907 16009 18450 27445 143847 130239 117628 143229 133736

Mn CdSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean

Winter 7892 4909 12455 4848 7526 250 2667 600 333 963Spring 13485 2531 9960 7455 8358 4000 1667 1667 3500 2708Summer 1333 2865 3296 4739 3058 5000 2333 6000 9000 5583Autumn 5960 4148 15500 6630 8059 1250 667 1250 667 958Annual mean 7168 3613 10303 5918 6750 2625 1833 2379 3375 2553

Pb FeSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean

Winter 556 4077 231 2769 1908 4089 6987 11433 19771 10570Spring 6000 6900 1000 720 3655 35634 9624 21624 9027 18977Summer 3333 1767 680 1846 1907 5655 9281 4047 6146 6282Autumn 1846 3071 2556 1364 2209 16133 12316 23398 23678 18881Annual mean 2934 3954 1117 1675 2420 15378 9552 15126 14655 13678

G Giza M Manyal I Imbaba and K KanaterThemean of all measurements for each metal

healthThese data are also used to define the type of potentialhazard In the dose-response assessment data are used toestimate the amount of material that may produce a giveneffect in humans The risk assessor may calculate a quanti-tative dose-response relationship and make it applicable forlow-dose exposure often by applying mathematical modelsto the data [49]

Fish consumption information is essential for assessingthe human health implications associated with the consump-tion of chemically contaminated fish [50] The calculatedHI for detected metals as indicated in Table 5 did notpose unacceptable risks at both proposed ingestion rates(for normal and habitual fish consumers) except for Pbin sites 1 and 2 for habitual fish consumers during springseason Both ingestion rates used in the present study werereported by USEPA [25] for generalized human populationbut if the normal ingestion rate of 00435 kgday proposedby FAO [51] specifically for adult Egyptians was used in thepresent HI calculations the resulting HI values at normalingestion rate would be even higher by a factor of 14 thanthe present findings This clearly indicates the significanceof incorporating the consumption rates in contaminantsrsquorisk assessments The metalsrsquo cumulative risk effects showedunacceptable risks for habitual fish consumers during springand winter seasons in site 2 as well as spring and summerseasons in site 1 Generally sites 1 and 2 were the mostpolluted sites especially during spring season which showsthat irregular domestic and touristic activities that prevailin these upstream sites during favorable weather conditions

had major effects on water pollution rather than the regularagricultural and industrial activities that prevail in the otherdownstream sites all over the year

4 Conclusion

The effect of different anthropogenic activities on metalload of fish edible tissues along the study period in allsites was evident and it was proved using the calculatedMPI and BAF and specially the HI Despite the low humanhealth hazards expected due to consumption of each metalseparately the fish edible tissues contain totally abundantquantity of differentmetals whichmay lead to human adversehealth effects That is to say the metalsrsquo cumulative riskeffects gave an alarming sign The present study affirms thatapplication of the proposed human risk assessment (doseand consumption dependent variables) is more reliable inpredicting the hazards posed on human consumers ratherthan the use of regular known permissible levels or theupper level of intake in food for human consumption whichare not consumption dependent variables Regular metalassessment surveys and advisories for fish consumption arerecommended for water bodies around densely populatedareas like Greater Cairo

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Journal of Toxicology 9

Table 5 Hazard index (HI) and the cumulative risk effect for normal and habitual fish consumers

Cu ZnSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 006 004 003 004 004 004 004 004Habitual 028 020 014 016 017 020 018 019

Spring Normal 010 009 005 005 008 006 005 005Habitual 045 040 022 024 038 029 022 021

Summer Normal 005 002 003 004 005 005 003 004Habitual 022 011 014 016 023 022 014 019

Autumn Normal 007 005 003 003 004 004 003 004Habitual 030 024 015 012 019 017 015 019

Mn CdSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 001 001 001 001 0004 004 001 0004Habitual 004 002 004 002 002 016 006 002

Spring Normal 001 0003 001 001 004 002 002 003Habitual 006 001 004 004 016 010 010 014

Summer Normal 0001 0003 0003 0003 002 003 003 004Habitual 001 002 001 002 010 014 012 018

Autumn Normal 0005 0004 001 001 002 001 002 001Habitual 002 002 005 003 010 004 010 004

Pb FeSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 001 008 0004 005 002 002 002 002Habitual 003 036 002 024 008 008 008 009

Spring Normal 023 031 004 003 009 002 005 003Habitual 106lowast 140lowast 016 012 042 010 021 015

Summer Normal 013 008 003 007 001 002 001 002Habitual 061 036 012 033 005 009 004 007

Autumn Normal 004 006 007 002 002 002 002 002Habitual 016 029 031 010 008 008 008 008

Cumulative risk effectSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 014 023 011 016Habitual 063 103lowast 051 073

Spring Normal 056 050 021 020Habitual 254lowast 230lowast 095 089

Summer Normal 027 021 012 021Habitual 122lowast 094 056 095

Autumn Normal 019 018 019 012Habitual 086 084 084 057

G Giza M Manyal I Imbaba and K KanaterlowastHI ge 10 which is the point at which adverse health effects are expected to occur

References

[1] S Sabry ldquoPoverty lines in greater Cairo underestimating andmisrepresenting povertyrdquo Human Settlements Working PaperSeries Poverty Reduction in Urban Areas Working Paper21 International Institute for Environment and Development(IIED) London UK 2009 httpwwwiiedorgpubsdisplayphpo=10572IIED

[2] V Velma and P B Tchounwou ldquoChromium-induced biochem-ical genotoxic and histopathologic effects in liver and kidney of

goldfish carassius auratusrdquoMutation Research vol 698 no 1-2pp 43ndash51 2010

[3] D G McNeil and J Fredberg ldquoEnvironmental water require-ments of native fishes in theMiddle River catchment KangarooIsland South Australiardquo SARDI Research Report Series No528 SA Department for Water South Australian Research andDevelopment Institute (Aquatic Sciences) Adelaide Australia2011 SARDI Publication No f2011000060-1

[4] K J Eder C M Leutenegger B W Wilson and I WernerldquoMolecular and cellular biomarker responses to pesticide

10 Journal of Toxicology

exposure in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchustshawytscha)rdquo Marine Environmental Research vol 58 no2-5 pp 809ndash813 2004

[5] N Mayon A Bertrand D Leroy et al ldquoMultiscale approach offish responses to different types of environmental contamina-tions a case studyrdquo Science of the Total Environment vol 367no 2-3 pp 715ndash731 2006

[6] A Mazet G Keck and P Berny ldquoConcentrations of PCBsorganochlorine pesticides and heavy metals (lead cadmiumand copper) in fish from the Drome river potential effects onotters (Lutra lutra)rdquo Chemosphere vol 61 no 6 pp 810ndash8162005

[7] E Has-Schon I Bogut and I Strelec ldquoHeavy metal profilein five fish species included in human diet domiciled in theend flow of river Neretva (Croatia)rdquo Archives of EnvironmentalContamination and Toxicology vol 50 no 4 pp 545ndash551 2006

[8] S Biswas R K Prabhu K J Hussain M Selvanayagam andK K Satpathy ldquoHeavy metals concentration in edible fishesfrom coastal region of Kalpakkam southeastern part of IndiardquoEnvironmental Monitoring and Assessment vol 184 no 8 pp5097ndash5104 2012

[9] S Tekin-Ozan ldquoDetermination of heavy metal levels in watersediment and tissues of tench (Tinca tinca L 1758) fromBeysehir Lake (Turkey)rdquo Environmental Monitoring and Assess-ment vol 145 no 1ndash3 pp 295ndash302 2008

[10] P A Lopes T Pinheiro M C Santos M Da Luz MathiasM J Collares-Pereira and A M Viegas-Crespo ldquoResponse ofantioxidant enzymes in freshwater fish populations (Leuciscusalburnoides complex) to inorganic pollutants exposurerdquo Scienceof the Total Environment vol 280 no 1ndash3 pp 153ndash163 2001

[11] C Dautremepuits S Paris-Palacios S Betoulle and G VernetldquoModulation in hepatic and head kidney parameters of carp(Cyprinus carpio L) induced by copper and chitosanrdquo Compar-ative Biochemistry and Physiology C vol 137 no 4 pp 325ndash3332004

[12] C Tigano B Tomasello V Pulvirenti et al ldquoAssessment of envi-ronmental stress in Parablennius sanguinolentus (Pallas 1814)of the Sicilian Ionian coastrdquo Ecotoxicology and EnvironmentalSafety vol 72 no 4 pp 1278ndash1286 2009

[13] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture edited byEditorial Group FAO Information Division Food and Agricul-ture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Rome Italy2000 ftpftpfaoorgdocrepfao003x8002ex8002e00pdf

[14] A-F M El-Sayed ldquoAlternative dietary protein sources forfarmed tilapia Oreochromis spprdquo Aquaculture vol 179 no 1ndash4 pp 149ndash168 1999

[15] C E Boyd Water Quality in Ponds for Aquaculture Birming-ham Publishing Birmingham Ala USA 1990

[16] C B Schreck andP BMoyleMethods of Fish Biology AmericanFisheries Society Bethesda Md USA 1990

[17] J Peig and A J Green ldquoNew perspectives for estimating bodycondition from masslength data the scaled mass index as analternative methodrdquo Oikos vol 118 no 12 pp 1883ndash1891 2009

[18] American Public Health Association (APHA) Standard Meth-ods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater AmericanWater Works Association New York NY USA 2005

[19] G Rejomon M Nair and T Joseph ldquoTrace metal dynamicsin fishes from the southwest coast of Indiardquo EnvironmentalMonitoring and Assessment vol 167 no 1ndash4 pp 243ndash255 2010

[20] R A Issac and J D Kerber ldquoAtomic absorption and flamephotometry Techniques and uses in soil plant and wateranalysisrdquo in Instrumental Methods for Analysis of Soil and PlantTissue pp 17ndash37 Soil Science Society of America AgronomySociety of America Madison Wis USA 1971

[21] Z-Y Hseu ldquoEvaluating heavy metal contents in nine compostsusing four digestion methodsrdquo Bioresource Technology vol 95no 1 pp 53ndash59 2004

[22] SAS SASSTAT Userrsquos Guide Version 91 Statistical AnalysisSystem Institute Cary NC USA 2006

[23] J Usero E Gonzalez-Regalado and I Gracia ldquoTrace metalsin the bivalve molluscs Ruditapes decussatus and Ruditapesphilippinarum from the Atlantic Coast of Southern SpainrdquoEnvironment International vol 23 no 3 pp 291ndash298 1997

[24] F A P C GobasW deWolf L P Burkhard E Verbruggen andK Plotzke ldquoRevisiting bioaccumulation criteria for POPs andPBT assessmentsrdquo Integrated Environmental Assessment andManagement vol 5 no 4 pp 624ndash637 2009

[25] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)Guidance for Assessing Chemical Contaminant Data for Use inFish Advisories vol 2 Risk Assessment and Fish ConsumptionLimit EPA823B-97009Office of Science andTechnology andOffice of Water Washington DC USA 3rd edition 2000

[26] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)ldquoHuman health risk assessment risk-based screening tableregional screening level (RSL) summary tablerdquo 2015 httpsemspubepagovwork032218434pdf

[27] WHO (World Health Organization) ldquoEvaluation of certainfood additives and contaminants seventy-third report of thejoint FAOWHO expert committee on food additivesrdquo WHOTechnical Report Series 960WHO 2011 httpwhqlibdocwhointtrsWHO TRS 960 engpdf

[28] A Pawełczyk ldquoAssessment of health risk associated with persis-tent organic pollutants in waterrdquo Environmental Monitoring andAssessment vol 185 no 1 pp 497ndash508 2013

[29] USEPA Region 9 Preliminary Remediation Goals Region9 PRGs Table 2002 Update United States EnvironmentalProtection Agency 2002 httpwastekygovSFBDocumentsRegion9PRGspdf

[30] P L Sun W E Hawkins R M Overstreet and N J Brown-Peterson ldquoMorphological deformities as biomarkers in fishfrom contaminated rivers in Taiwanrdquo International Journal ofEnvironmental Research and Public Health vol 6 no 8 pp2307ndash2331 2009

[31] M Lenhardt I Jaric P Cakic G Cvijanovic Z Gacic and JKolarevic ldquoSeasonal changes in condition factor hepatosomaticindex and parasitism in sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus L)rdquo TurkishJournal of Veterinary andAnimal Sciences vol 33 no 3 pp 209ndash214 2009

[32] A R Linde-Arias A F Inacio C de Alburquerque M MFreire and J C Moreira ldquoBiomarkers in an invasive fishspecies Oreochromis niloticus to assess the effects of pollutionin a highly degraded Brazilian Riverrdquo Science of the TotalEnvironment vol 399 no 1ndash3 pp 186ndash192 2008

[33] L A Hirpo ldquoBreeding season and condition factor ofOreochromis niloticus (Pisces Cichlidae) in Lake BabogayaEthiopiardquo International Journal of Agricultural Sciences vol 2no 3 pp 116ndash120 2012

[34] L Bervoets and R Blust ldquoMetal concentrations in watersediment and gudgeon (Gobio gobio) from a pollution gradientrelationship with fish condition factorrdquo Environmental Pollu-tion vol 126 no 1 pp 9ndash19 2003

Journal of Toxicology 11

[35] D Montenegro and M T Gonzalez ldquoEvaluation of somaticindexes hematology and liver histopathology of the fish Labri-somus philippiifrom san jorge bay northern Chile as associ-ated with environmental stressrdquo Revista de Biologia Marina yOceanografia vol 47 no 1 pp 99ndash107 2012

[36] A H Weatherley and H S Gill The Biology of Fish GrowthAcademic Press London UK 1987

[37] A Maceda-Veiga A J Green and A De Sostoa ldquoScaled body-mass index shows how habitat quality influences the conditionof four fish taxa in north-eastern Spain and provides a novelindicator of ecosystem healthrdquo Freshwater Biology vol 59 no6 pp 1145ndash1160 2014

[38] M Javed and N Usmani ldquoAssessment of heavy metals (Cu NiFe Co Mn Cr Zn) in rivulet water their accumulations andalterations in hematology of fish Channa punctatusrdquo AfricanJournal of Biotechnology vol 13 no 3 pp 492ndash501 2014

[39] A M Yacoub and N S Gad ldquoAccumulation of some heavymetals and biochemical alterations in muscles of Oreochromisniloticus from the River Nile in Upper Egyptrdquo InternationalJournal of Environmental Science and Engineering vol 3 pp 1ndash10 2012

[40] I Papagiannis I Kagalou J Leonardos D Petridis and VKalfakakou ldquoCopper and zinc in four freshwater fish speciesfrom Lake Pamvotis (Greece)rdquo Environment International vol30 no 3 pp 357ndash362 2004

[41] B Jovanovic E Mihaljev S Maletin and D Palic ldquoAssess-ment of heavy metal load in chub liver (Cyprinida Leuciscuscephalus) from the Nisava River (Serbia)rdquo Biologica Nyssanavol 2 no 1 pp 51ndash58 2011

[42] M Nair K V Jayalakshmy K K Balachandran and T JosephldquoBioaccumulation of toxic metals by fish in a semi-enclosedtropical ecosystemrdquo Environmental Forensics vol 7 no 3 pp197ndash206 2006

[43] S W Kotickhoff Pollutant Sorption in Environmental SystemsEPA- 600ID 80-83 NTTS Springfield Va USA 1983

[44] Y Ikeda J Koyama andHOzaki ldquoHeavymetal levels in tissuesof fish exposed to cadmiumrdquo Bulletin of the Japanese Society forthe Science of Fish vol 52 no 12 pp 2055ndash2059 1986

[45] F A Kucuksezgin A Kontas O Altay E Uluturhan andE Darılmaz ldquoAssessment of marine pollution in Izmir Baynutrient heavy metal and total hydrocarbon concentrationsrdquoEnvironment International vol 32 no 1 pp 41ndash51 2006

[46] B AMurtalaWO Abdul andA A Akinyemi ldquoBioaccumula-tion of heavy metals in fish (Hydrocynus forskahliiHyperopisusbebe occidentalis and Clarias gariepinus) organs in downstreamOgun coastal water Nigeriardquo Journal of Agricultural Science vol4 no 11 pp 51ndash59 2012

[47] M M N Authman S A Ibrahim M A El-Kasheif and HS Gaber ldquoHeavy metals pollution and their effects on gills andliver of the nile catfish Clarias gariepinus inhabiting El-Rahawydrain EgyptrdquoGlobal Veterinaria vol 10 no 2 pp 103ndash115 2013

[48] F Yilmaz N Ozdemir A Demirak and A L Tuna ldquoHeavymetal levels in two fish species Leuciscus cephalus and Lepomisgibbosusrdquo Food Chemistry vol 100 no 2 pp 830ndash835 2007

[49] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Sup-plementary Guidance for Conducting Health Risk Assessmentof Chemical Mixtures EPA630R-00002 National Center forEnvironmental Assessment Washington DC USA 2000

[50] C Copat F Bella M Castaing R Fallico S Sciacca andM Ferrante ldquoHeavy metals concentrations in fish from Sicily(Mediterranean Sea) and evaluation of possible health risks

to consumersrdquo Bulletin of Environmental Contamination andToxicology vol 88 no 1 pp 78ndash83 2012

[51] FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations) ldquoFishery and aquaculture country profiles EgyptrdquoCountry Profile Fact Sheets FAO Fisheries and AquacultureDepartment Rome Italy 2010 httpwwwfaoorgfisherycountrysectornaso egypten

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of

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AntibioticsInternational Journal of

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StrokeResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in Pharmacological Sciences

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Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of

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AddictionJournal of

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Emergency Medicine InternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Autoimmune Diseases

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Anesthesiology Research and Practice

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Pharmaceutics

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION

of

6 Journal of Toxicology

Table 2 Metal pollution index (MPI) of total trace metals in vital organs of O niloticus

MPISite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean

MuscleWinter 134 245 129 159 167Spring 585 314 259 247 351Summer 187 211 138 217 188Autumn 210 176 226 148 190Annual mean 279 237 188 193 224

LiverWinter 2062 2169 2540 1102 1968Spring 5205 1636 1351 1778 2493Summer 1603 2741 1447 3273 2266Autumn 2375 1938 2500 1882 2174Annual mean 2811 2121 1959 2009 2225

KidneyWinter 3182 3839 1690 1759 2617Spring 8211 3800 3774 3276 4766Summer 4289 2315 1111 2519 2559Autumn 2254 2401 2366 3595 2654Annual mean 4484 3089 2235 2787 3149

GillWinter 1015 1170 495 715 848Spring 1083 1374 837 877 1043Summer 596 763 549 749 664Autumn 959 610 1049 711 832Annual mean 913 979 732 763 847

G Giza M Manyal I Imbaba and K KanaterThemean of all measurements for each organ

bioaccumulation factor for different metals in fish musclegives a clear image about the concentration of these metalsin fish muscle relative to their concentration in water and theaffinity of fish muscle to accumulate these metals relative totheir abundance in water

As indicated in Table 4 metal concentrations in fishmuscle were several fold higher than their concentrationsin water The BAF in fish muscle shows the followingarrangement Zn gt Cu gt Fe gt Mn gt Cd and Pb There wasa great fluctuation in BAF of both Cd and Pb which were theleast accumulatedmetals in fishmuscle Generally BAF of Cdwas higher than Pb during summer season along all sites andthe case was reversed during autumn season whereas duringwinter and spring seasons its abundance was site dependentThis clearly indicates the effect of seasonality of natural oranthropogenic sources on metal abundance in aquatic mediaas well as the great effect of point and nonpoint sources ofpollution along the study sites Because many fish stay inrather confined regions of the river they will suffer by oneway or another if this aquatic system is contaminated by toxicsubstances [44]

Bioaccumulation of trace metals in tissues of aquaticorganisms has been identified as an indirect measure of theabundance and availability of thesemetals in the environment[45] For this reason monitoring fish tissue contaminationrepresents an important function as an early warning ofrelated water contamination problems and enables us totake appropriate action to protect public health and theenvironment [46]

Because fish respond with great sensitivity to changes inthe aquatic environment they are one of the most indicativefactors in aquatic environment for the estimation of metalpollution and risk potential of human consumption [47]Hence it is important to determine metal concentrations inedible tissues of commercial fish in order to evaluate thepossible risk of fish consumption [48]

The calculated hazard index (HI) is an integrated riskcalculation package that combines both the metal level infish edible tissues and the human consumption rate ofthese tissues to perform a risk characterization In hazardidentification available data on biological endpoints are usedto determine if a material is likely to pose a hazard to human

Journal of Toxicology 7

Table3Metalconcentrations

inmuscle

ofO

niloticus

(mgkg

drywt)

CuZn

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Winter

553plusmn12

3aA

402plusmn013

abAB

266plusmn032

bA324plusmn034

bA386

2557plusmn086

aB2945plusmn12

4aB

2584plusmn232

aAB

2783plusmn355

aA2717

Sprin

g889plusmn072

aB78

2plusmn232

abA

436plusmn065

bA467plusmn029

abA

644

5581plusmn

649

aA4268plusmn369

abA

3282plusmn568

bA3093plusmn254

bA40

56

Summer

437plusmn073

aB219plusmn043

aB267plusmn028

aA315plusmn18

2aA

310

3374plusmn13

9aB

3216plusmn027

aB2048plusmn068

cB2771plusmn

221

bA2852

Autumn

590plusmn062

aB470plusmn010

aAB

300plusmn071

bA237plusmn017

bA399

2783plusmn18

6abB

2555plusmn17

3abB

2261plusmn

173b

AB

2856plusmn14

5aA

2614

Ann

ualm

ean

617

468

317

336

435

3574

3246

2544

2876

3060

Mn

Cd

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Winter

292plusmn068

aAB

162plusmn069

aA274plusmn072

aA16

0plusmn031

aAB

222

001plusmn001

aB008plusmn004

aA003plusmn001

aB001plusmn001

aB0033

Sprin

g445plusmn034

aA081plusmn026

cA249plusmn074

bA246plusmn045

bA255

008plusmn004

aA005plusmn004

aA005plusmn001

aA007plusmn002

aA0063

Summer

036plusmn003

bC10

6plusmn030

aA089plusmn008

aA10

9plusmn006

aB085

005plusmn001

aAB

007plusmn002

aA006plusmn001

aA009plusmn001

aA006

8Au

tumn

149plusmn069

aBC

112plusmn018

aA310plusmn208

aA17

9plusmn023

aAB

188

005plusmn001

aAB

002plusmn001

bA005plusmn001

aA002plusmn001

bB0034

Ann

ualm

ean

231

115

231

174

187

004

80053

004

8004

80049

PbFe

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Winter

005plusmn003

aB053plusmn037

aB003plusmn001

aC036plusmn005

aAB

024

2846plusmn772a

B2690plusmn72

5aA

2744plusmn93

1aA3104plusmn555

aB2846

Sprin

g15

6plusmn052

aA207plusmn032

aA024plusmn004

bB018plusmn004

bB10

114503plusmn421

aA3426plusmn524

bA7136plusmn3382b

A5019plusmn804

bA7521

Summer

090plusmn025

aAB

053plusmn006

abB

017plusmn005

abB

048plusmn005

bA052

1770plusmn084

bB3202plusmn281

aA1376plusmn17

0bA

2569plusmn236

aB2229

Autumn

024plusmn008

abB

043plusmn007

aB046plusmn002

aA015plusmn010

bB032

2920plusmn290

aB2611plusmn220

aA2761plusmn

658

aA2865plusmn1195a

B2789

Ann

ualm

ean

069

089

023

029

052

5510

2982

3504

3389

3846

Dataa

rerepresentedas

means

of16

samplesplusmnSE

Statisticallysig

nificantd

ifferences(119875lt005)a

reshow

nwith

different

superscriptlow

ercase

lette

rsin

thes

amer

awanddifferent

superscriptcapita

llettersin

thes

amec

olum

nfore

achof

them

easuredmetals

GG

izaMM

anyalIIm

babaand

KKa

nater

Them

eanof

allm

easurementsfore

achmetal

8 Journal of Toxicology

Table 4 Bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of trace metals (lkg) in muscle of O niloticus

Cu ZnSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean

Winter 20481 36545 16625 29455 25777 79906 92031 89103 107038 92020Spring 98778 37238 18957 13735 42177 232542 194000 156286 147286 182528Summer 15069 6844 7026 10862 9950 99235 84632 51200 58957 73506Autumn 39333 47000 21429 19750 31878 163706 150294 173923 259636 186890Annual mean 43415 31907 16009 18450 27445 143847 130239 117628 143229 133736

Mn CdSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean

Winter 7892 4909 12455 4848 7526 250 2667 600 333 963Spring 13485 2531 9960 7455 8358 4000 1667 1667 3500 2708Summer 1333 2865 3296 4739 3058 5000 2333 6000 9000 5583Autumn 5960 4148 15500 6630 8059 1250 667 1250 667 958Annual mean 7168 3613 10303 5918 6750 2625 1833 2379 3375 2553

Pb FeSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean

Winter 556 4077 231 2769 1908 4089 6987 11433 19771 10570Spring 6000 6900 1000 720 3655 35634 9624 21624 9027 18977Summer 3333 1767 680 1846 1907 5655 9281 4047 6146 6282Autumn 1846 3071 2556 1364 2209 16133 12316 23398 23678 18881Annual mean 2934 3954 1117 1675 2420 15378 9552 15126 14655 13678

G Giza M Manyal I Imbaba and K KanaterThemean of all measurements for each metal

healthThese data are also used to define the type of potentialhazard In the dose-response assessment data are used toestimate the amount of material that may produce a giveneffect in humans The risk assessor may calculate a quanti-tative dose-response relationship and make it applicable forlow-dose exposure often by applying mathematical modelsto the data [49]

Fish consumption information is essential for assessingthe human health implications associated with the consump-tion of chemically contaminated fish [50] The calculatedHI for detected metals as indicated in Table 5 did notpose unacceptable risks at both proposed ingestion rates(for normal and habitual fish consumers) except for Pbin sites 1 and 2 for habitual fish consumers during springseason Both ingestion rates used in the present study werereported by USEPA [25] for generalized human populationbut if the normal ingestion rate of 00435 kgday proposedby FAO [51] specifically for adult Egyptians was used in thepresent HI calculations the resulting HI values at normalingestion rate would be even higher by a factor of 14 thanthe present findings This clearly indicates the significanceof incorporating the consumption rates in contaminantsrsquorisk assessments The metalsrsquo cumulative risk effects showedunacceptable risks for habitual fish consumers during springand winter seasons in site 2 as well as spring and summerseasons in site 1 Generally sites 1 and 2 were the mostpolluted sites especially during spring season which showsthat irregular domestic and touristic activities that prevailin these upstream sites during favorable weather conditions

had major effects on water pollution rather than the regularagricultural and industrial activities that prevail in the otherdownstream sites all over the year

4 Conclusion

The effect of different anthropogenic activities on metalload of fish edible tissues along the study period in allsites was evident and it was proved using the calculatedMPI and BAF and specially the HI Despite the low humanhealth hazards expected due to consumption of each metalseparately the fish edible tissues contain totally abundantquantity of differentmetals whichmay lead to human adversehealth effects That is to say the metalsrsquo cumulative riskeffects gave an alarming sign The present study affirms thatapplication of the proposed human risk assessment (doseand consumption dependent variables) is more reliable inpredicting the hazards posed on human consumers ratherthan the use of regular known permissible levels or theupper level of intake in food for human consumption whichare not consumption dependent variables Regular metalassessment surveys and advisories for fish consumption arerecommended for water bodies around densely populatedareas like Greater Cairo

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Journal of Toxicology 9

Table 5 Hazard index (HI) and the cumulative risk effect for normal and habitual fish consumers

Cu ZnSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 006 004 003 004 004 004 004 004Habitual 028 020 014 016 017 020 018 019

Spring Normal 010 009 005 005 008 006 005 005Habitual 045 040 022 024 038 029 022 021

Summer Normal 005 002 003 004 005 005 003 004Habitual 022 011 014 016 023 022 014 019

Autumn Normal 007 005 003 003 004 004 003 004Habitual 030 024 015 012 019 017 015 019

Mn CdSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 001 001 001 001 0004 004 001 0004Habitual 004 002 004 002 002 016 006 002

Spring Normal 001 0003 001 001 004 002 002 003Habitual 006 001 004 004 016 010 010 014

Summer Normal 0001 0003 0003 0003 002 003 003 004Habitual 001 002 001 002 010 014 012 018

Autumn Normal 0005 0004 001 001 002 001 002 001Habitual 002 002 005 003 010 004 010 004

Pb FeSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 001 008 0004 005 002 002 002 002Habitual 003 036 002 024 008 008 008 009

Spring Normal 023 031 004 003 009 002 005 003Habitual 106lowast 140lowast 016 012 042 010 021 015

Summer Normal 013 008 003 007 001 002 001 002Habitual 061 036 012 033 005 009 004 007

Autumn Normal 004 006 007 002 002 002 002 002Habitual 016 029 031 010 008 008 008 008

Cumulative risk effectSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 014 023 011 016Habitual 063 103lowast 051 073

Spring Normal 056 050 021 020Habitual 254lowast 230lowast 095 089

Summer Normal 027 021 012 021Habitual 122lowast 094 056 095

Autumn Normal 019 018 019 012Habitual 086 084 084 057

G Giza M Manyal I Imbaba and K KanaterlowastHI ge 10 which is the point at which adverse health effects are expected to occur

References

[1] S Sabry ldquoPoverty lines in greater Cairo underestimating andmisrepresenting povertyrdquo Human Settlements Working PaperSeries Poverty Reduction in Urban Areas Working Paper21 International Institute for Environment and Development(IIED) London UK 2009 httpwwwiiedorgpubsdisplayphpo=10572IIED

[2] V Velma and P B Tchounwou ldquoChromium-induced biochem-ical genotoxic and histopathologic effects in liver and kidney of

goldfish carassius auratusrdquoMutation Research vol 698 no 1-2pp 43ndash51 2010

[3] D G McNeil and J Fredberg ldquoEnvironmental water require-ments of native fishes in theMiddle River catchment KangarooIsland South Australiardquo SARDI Research Report Series No528 SA Department for Water South Australian Research andDevelopment Institute (Aquatic Sciences) Adelaide Australia2011 SARDI Publication No f2011000060-1

[4] K J Eder C M Leutenegger B W Wilson and I WernerldquoMolecular and cellular biomarker responses to pesticide

10 Journal of Toxicology

exposure in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchustshawytscha)rdquo Marine Environmental Research vol 58 no2-5 pp 809ndash813 2004

[5] N Mayon A Bertrand D Leroy et al ldquoMultiscale approach offish responses to different types of environmental contamina-tions a case studyrdquo Science of the Total Environment vol 367no 2-3 pp 715ndash731 2006

[6] A Mazet G Keck and P Berny ldquoConcentrations of PCBsorganochlorine pesticides and heavy metals (lead cadmiumand copper) in fish from the Drome river potential effects onotters (Lutra lutra)rdquo Chemosphere vol 61 no 6 pp 810ndash8162005

[7] E Has-Schon I Bogut and I Strelec ldquoHeavy metal profilein five fish species included in human diet domiciled in theend flow of river Neretva (Croatia)rdquo Archives of EnvironmentalContamination and Toxicology vol 50 no 4 pp 545ndash551 2006

[8] S Biswas R K Prabhu K J Hussain M Selvanayagam andK K Satpathy ldquoHeavy metals concentration in edible fishesfrom coastal region of Kalpakkam southeastern part of IndiardquoEnvironmental Monitoring and Assessment vol 184 no 8 pp5097ndash5104 2012

[9] S Tekin-Ozan ldquoDetermination of heavy metal levels in watersediment and tissues of tench (Tinca tinca L 1758) fromBeysehir Lake (Turkey)rdquo Environmental Monitoring and Assess-ment vol 145 no 1ndash3 pp 295ndash302 2008

[10] P A Lopes T Pinheiro M C Santos M Da Luz MathiasM J Collares-Pereira and A M Viegas-Crespo ldquoResponse ofantioxidant enzymes in freshwater fish populations (Leuciscusalburnoides complex) to inorganic pollutants exposurerdquo Scienceof the Total Environment vol 280 no 1ndash3 pp 153ndash163 2001

[11] C Dautremepuits S Paris-Palacios S Betoulle and G VernetldquoModulation in hepatic and head kidney parameters of carp(Cyprinus carpio L) induced by copper and chitosanrdquo Compar-ative Biochemistry and Physiology C vol 137 no 4 pp 325ndash3332004

[12] C Tigano B Tomasello V Pulvirenti et al ldquoAssessment of envi-ronmental stress in Parablennius sanguinolentus (Pallas 1814)of the Sicilian Ionian coastrdquo Ecotoxicology and EnvironmentalSafety vol 72 no 4 pp 1278ndash1286 2009

[13] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture edited byEditorial Group FAO Information Division Food and Agricul-ture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Rome Italy2000 ftpftpfaoorgdocrepfao003x8002ex8002e00pdf

[14] A-F M El-Sayed ldquoAlternative dietary protein sources forfarmed tilapia Oreochromis spprdquo Aquaculture vol 179 no 1ndash4 pp 149ndash168 1999

[15] C E Boyd Water Quality in Ponds for Aquaculture Birming-ham Publishing Birmingham Ala USA 1990

[16] C B Schreck andP BMoyleMethods of Fish Biology AmericanFisheries Society Bethesda Md USA 1990

[17] J Peig and A J Green ldquoNew perspectives for estimating bodycondition from masslength data the scaled mass index as analternative methodrdquo Oikos vol 118 no 12 pp 1883ndash1891 2009

[18] American Public Health Association (APHA) Standard Meth-ods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater AmericanWater Works Association New York NY USA 2005

[19] G Rejomon M Nair and T Joseph ldquoTrace metal dynamicsin fishes from the southwest coast of Indiardquo EnvironmentalMonitoring and Assessment vol 167 no 1ndash4 pp 243ndash255 2010

[20] R A Issac and J D Kerber ldquoAtomic absorption and flamephotometry Techniques and uses in soil plant and wateranalysisrdquo in Instrumental Methods for Analysis of Soil and PlantTissue pp 17ndash37 Soil Science Society of America AgronomySociety of America Madison Wis USA 1971

[21] Z-Y Hseu ldquoEvaluating heavy metal contents in nine compostsusing four digestion methodsrdquo Bioresource Technology vol 95no 1 pp 53ndash59 2004

[22] SAS SASSTAT Userrsquos Guide Version 91 Statistical AnalysisSystem Institute Cary NC USA 2006

[23] J Usero E Gonzalez-Regalado and I Gracia ldquoTrace metalsin the bivalve molluscs Ruditapes decussatus and Ruditapesphilippinarum from the Atlantic Coast of Southern SpainrdquoEnvironment International vol 23 no 3 pp 291ndash298 1997

[24] F A P C GobasW deWolf L P Burkhard E Verbruggen andK Plotzke ldquoRevisiting bioaccumulation criteria for POPs andPBT assessmentsrdquo Integrated Environmental Assessment andManagement vol 5 no 4 pp 624ndash637 2009

[25] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)Guidance for Assessing Chemical Contaminant Data for Use inFish Advisories vol 2 Risk Assessment and Fish ConsumptionLimit EPA823B-97009Office of Science andTechnology andOffice of Water Washington DC USA 3rd edition 2000

[26] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)ldquoHuman health risk assessment risk-based screening tableregional screening level (RSL) summary tablerdquo 2015 httpsemspubepagovwork032218434pdf

[27] WHO (World Health Organization) ldquoEvaluation of certainfood additives and contaminants seventy-third report of thejoint FAOWHO expert committee on food additivesrdquo WHOTechnical Report Series 960WHO 2011 httpwhqlibdocwhointtrsWHO TRS 960 engpdf

[28] A Pawełczyk ldquoAssessment of health risk associated with persis-tent organic pollutants in waterrdquo Environmental Monitoring andAssessment vol 185 no 1 pp 497ndash508 2013

[29] USEPA Region 9 Preliminary Remediation Goals Region9 PRGs Table 2002 Update United States EnvironmentalProtection Agency 2002 httpwastekygovSFBDocumentsRegion9PRGspdf

[30] P L Sun W E Hawkins R M Overstreet and N J Brown-Peterson ldquoMorphological deformities as biomarkers in fishfrom contaminated rivers in Taiwanrdquo International Journal ofEnvironmental Research and Public Health vol 6 no 8 pp2307ndash2331 2009

[31] M Lenhardt I Jaric P Cakic G Cvijanovic Z Gacic and JKolarevic ldquoSeasonal changes in condition factor hepatosomaticindex and parasitism in sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus L)rdquo TurkishJournal of Veterinary andAnimal Sciences vol 33 no 3 pp 209ndash214 2009

[32] A R Linde-Arias A F Inacio C de Alburquerque M MFreire and J C Moreira ldquoBiomarkers in an invasive fishspecies Oreochromis niloticus to assess the effects of pollutionin a highly degraded Brazilian Riverrdquo Science of the TotalEnvironment vol 399 no 1ndash3 pp 186ndash192 2008

[33] L A Hirpo ldquoBreeding season and condition factor ofOreochromis niloticus (Pisces Cichlidae) in Lake BabogayaEthiopiardquo International Journal of Agricultural Sciences vol 2no 3 pp 116ndash120 2012

[34] L Bervoets and R Blust ldquoMetal concentrations in watersediment and gudgeon (Gobio gobio) from a pollution gradientrelationship with fish condition factorrdquo Environmental Pollu-tion vol 126 no 1 pp 9ndash19 2003

Journal of Toxicology 11

[35] D Montenegro and M T Gonzalez ldquoEvaluation of somaticindexes hematology and liver histopathology of the fish Labri-somus philippiifrom san jorge bay northern Chile as associ-ated with environmental stressrdquo Revista de Biologia Marina yOceanografia vol 47 no 1 pp 99ndash107 2012

[36] A H Weatherley and H S Gill The Biology of Fish GrowthAcademic Press London UK 1987

[37] A Maceda-Veiga A J Green and A De Sostoa ldquoScaled body-mass index shows how habitat quality influences the conditionof four fish taxa in north-eastern Spain and provides a novelindicator of ecosystem healthrdquo Freshwater Biology vol 59 no6 pp 1145ndash1160 2014

[38] M Javed and N Usmani ldquoAssessment of heavy metals (Cu NiFe Co Mn Cr Zn) in rivulet water their accumulations andalterations in hematology of fish Channa punctatusrdquo AfricanJournal of Biotechnology vol 13 no 3 pp 492ndash501 2014

[39] A M Yacoub and N S Gad ldquoAccumulation of some heavymetals and biochemical alterations in muscles of Oreochromisniloticus from the River Nile in Upper Egyptrdquo InternationalJournal of Environmental Science and Engineering vol 3 pp 1ndash10 2012

[40] I Papagiannis I Kagalou J Leonardos D Petridis and VKalfakakou ldquoCopper and zinc in four freshwater fish speciesfrom Lake Pamvotis (Greece)rdquo Environment International vol30 no 3 pp 357ndash362 2004

[41] B Jovanovic E Mihaljev S Maletin and D Palic ldquoAssess-ment of heavy metal load in chub liver (Cyprinida Leuciscuscephalus) from the Nisava River (Serbia)rdquo Biologica Nyssanavol 2 no 1 pp 51ndash58 2011

[42] M Nair K V Jayalakshmy K K Balachandran and T JosephldquoBioaccumulation of toxic metals by fish in a semi-enclosedtropical ecosystemrdquo Environmental Forensics vol 7 no 3 pp197ndash206 2006

[43] S W Kotickhoff Pollutant Sorption in Environmental SystemsEPA- 600ID 80-83 NTTS Springfield Va USA 1983

[44] Y Ikeda J Koyama andHOzaki ldquoHeavymetal levels in tissuesof fish exposed to cadmiumrdquo Bulletin of the Japanese Society forthe Science of Fish vol 52 no 12 pp 2055ndash2059 1986

[45] F A Kucuksezgin A Kontas O Altay E Uluturhan andE Darılmaz ldquoAssessment of marine pollution in Izmir Baynutrient heavy metal and total hydrocarbon concentrationsrdquoEnvironment International vol 32 no 1 pp 41ndash51 2006

[46] B AMurtalaWO Abdul andA A Akinyemi ldquoBioaccumula-tion of heavy metals in fish (Hydrocynus forskahliiHyperopisusbebe occidentalis and Clarias gariepinus) organs in downstreamOgun coastal water Nigeriardquo Journal of Agricultural Science vol4 no 11 pp 51ndash59 2012

[47] M M N Authman S A Ibrahim M A El-Kasheif and HS Gaber ldquoHeavy metals pollution and their effects on gills andliver of the nile catfish Clarias gariepinus inhabiting El-Rahawydrain EgyptrdquoGlobal Veterinaria vol 10 no 2 pp 103ndash115 2013

[48] F Yilmaz N Ozdemir A Demirak and A L Tuna ldquoHeavymetal levels in two fish species Leuciscus cephalus and Lepomisgibbosusrdquo Food Chemistry vol 100 no 2 pp 830ndash835 2007

[49] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Sup-plementary Guidance for Conducting Health Risk Assessmentof Chemical Mixtures EPA630R-00002 National Center forEnvironmental Assessment Washington DC USA 2000

[50] C Copat F Bella M Castaing R Fallico S Sciacca andM Ferrante ldquoHeavy metals concentrations in fish from Sicily(Mediterranean Sea) and evaluation of possible health risks

to consumersrdquo Bulletin of Environmental Contamination andToxicology vol 88 no 1 pp 78ndash83 2012

[51] FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations) ldquoFishery and aquaculture country profiles EgyptrdquoCountry Profile Fact Sheets FAO Fisheries and AquacultureDepartment Rome Italy 2010 httpwwwfaoorgfisherycountrysectornaso egypten

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of

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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AntibioticsInternational Journal of

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StrokeResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of

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AddictionJournal of

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Emergency Medicine InternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Autoimmune Diseases

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ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Pharmaceutics

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION

of

Journal of Toxicology 7

Table3Metalconcentrations

inmuscle

ofO

niloticus

(mgkg

drywt)

CuZn

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Winter

553plusmn12

3aA

402plusmn013

abAB

266plusmn032

bA324plusmn034

bA386

2557plusmn086

aB2945plusmn12

4aB

2584plusmn232

aAB

2783plusmn355

aA2717

Sprin

g889plusmn072

aB78

2plusmn232

abA

436plusmn065

bA467plusmn029

abA

644

5581plusmn

649

aA4268plusmn369

abA

3282plusmn568

bA3093plusmn254

bA40

56

Summer

437plusmn073

aB219plusmn043

aB267plusmn028

aA315plusmn18

2aA

310

3374plusmn13

9aB

3216plusmn027

aB2048plusmn068

cB2771plusmn

221

bA2852

Autumn

590plusmn062

aB470plusmn010

aAB

300plusmn071

bA237plusmn017

bA399

2783plusmn18

6abB

2555plusmn17

3abB

2261plusmn

173b

AB

2856plusmn14

5aA

2614

Ann

ualm

ean

617

468

317

336

435

3574

3246

2544

2876

3060

Mn

Cd

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Winter

292plusmn068

aAB

162plusmn069

aA274plusmn072

aA16

0plusmn031

aAB

222

001plusmn001

aB008plusmn004

aA003plusmn001

aB001plusmn001

aB0033

Sprin

g445plusmn034

aA081plusmn026

cA249plusmn074

bA246plusmn045

bA255

008plusmn004

aA005plusmn004

aA005plusmn001

aA007plusmn002

aA0063

Summer

036plusmn003

bC10

6plusmn030

aA089plusmn008

aA10

9plusmn006

aB085

005plusmn001

aAB

007plusmn002

aA006plusmn001

aA009plusmn001

aA006

8Au

tumn

149plusmn069

aBC

112plusmn018

aA310plusmn208

aA17

9plusmn023

aAB

188

005plusmn001

aAB

002plusmn001

bA005plusmn001

aA002plusmn001

bB0034

Ann

ualm

ean

231

115

231

174

187

004

80053

004

8004

80049

PbFe

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Site1(G)

Site2(M

)Site3(I)

Site4(K

)Season

almean

Winter

005plusmn003

aB053plusmn037

aB003plusmn001

aC036plusmn005

aAB

024

2846plusmn772a

B2690plusmn72

5aA

2744plusmn93

1aA3104plusmn555

aB2846

Sprin

g15

6plusmn052

aA207plusmn032

aA024plusmn004

bB018plusmn004

bB10

114503plusmn421

aA3426plusmn524

bA7136plusmn3382b

A5019plusmn804

bA7521

Summer

090plusmn025

aAB

053plusmn006

abB

017plusmn005

abB

048plusmn005

bA052

1770plusmn084

bB3202plusmn281

aA1376plusmn17

0bA

2569plusmn236

aB2229

Autumn

024plusmn008

abB

043plusmn007

aB046plusmn002

aA015plusmn010

bB032

2920plusmn290

aB2611plusmn220

aA2761plusmn

658

aA2865plusmn1195a

B2789

Ann

ualm

ean

069

089

023

029

052

5510

2982

3504

3389

3846

Dataa

rerepresentedas

means

of16

samplesplusmnSE

Statisticallysig

nificantd

ifferences(119875lt005)a

reshow

nwith

different

superscriptlow

ercase

lette

rsin

thes

amer

awanddifferent

superscriptcapita

llettersin

thes

amec

olum

nfore

achof

them

easuredmetals

GG

izaMM

anyalIIm

babaand

KKa

nater

Them

eanof

allm

easurementsfore

achmetal

8 Journal of Toxicology

Table 4 Bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of trace metals (lkg) in muscle of O niloticus

Cu ZnSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean

Winter 20481 36545 16625 29455 25777 79906 92031 89103 107038 92020Spring 98778 37238 18957 13735 42177 232542 194000 156286 147286 182528Summer 15069 6844 7026 10862 9950 99235 84632 51200 58957 73506Autumn 39333 47000 21429 19750 31878 163706 150294 173923 259636 186890Annual mean 43415 31907 16009 18450 27445 143847 130239 117628 143229 133736

Mn CdSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean

Winter 7892 4909 12455 4848 7526 250 2667 600 333 963Spring 13485 2531 9960 7455 8358 4000 1667 1667 3500 2708Summer 1333 2865 3296 4739 3058 5000 2333 6000 9000 5583Autumn 5960 4148 15500 6630 8059 1250 667 1250 667 958Annual mean 7168 3613 10303 5918 6750 2625 1833 2379 3375 2553

Pb FeSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean

Winter 556 4077 231 2769 1908 4089 6987 11433 19771 10570Spring 6000 6900 1000 720 3655 35634 9624 21624 9027 18977Summer 3333 1767 680 1846 1907 5655 9281 4047 6146 6282Autumn 1846 3071 2556 1364 2209 16133 12316 23398 23678 18881Annual mean 2934 3954 1117 1675 2420 15378 9552 15126 14655 13678

G Giza M Manyal I Imbaba and K KanaterThemean of all measurements for each metal

healthThese data are also used to define the type of potentialhazard In the dose-response assessment data are used toestimate the amount of material that may produce a giveneffect in humans The risk assessor may calculate a quanti-tative dose-response relationship and make it applicable forlow-dose exposure often by applying mathematical modelsto the data [49]

Fish consumption information is essential for assessingthe human health implications associated with the consump-tion of chemically contaminated fish [50] The calculatedHI for detected metals as indicated in Table 5 did notpose unacceptable risks at both proposed ingestion rates(for normal and habitual fish consumers) except for Pbin sites 1 and 2 for habitual fish consumers during springseason Both ingestion rates used in the present study werereported by USEPA [25] for generalized human populationbut if the normal ingestion rate of 00435 kgday proposedby FAO [51] specifically for adult Egyptians was used in thepresent HI calculations the resulting HI values at normalingestion rate would be even higher by a factor of 14 thanthe present findings This clearly indicates the significanceof incorporating the consumption rates in contaminantsrsquorisk assessments The metalsrsquo cumulative risk effects showedunacceptable risks for habitual fish consumers during springand winter seasons in site 2 as well as spring and summerseasons in site 1 Generally sites 1 and 2 were the mostpolluted sites especially during spring season which showsthat irregular domestic and touristic activities that prevailin these upstream sites during favorable weather conditions

had major effects on water pollution rather than the regularagricultural and industrial activities that prevail in the otherdownstream sites all over the year

4 Conclusion

The effect of different anthropogenic activities on metalload of fish edible tissues along the study period in allsites was evident and it was proved using the calculatedMPI and BAF and specially the HI Despite the low humanhealth hazards expected due to consumption of each metalseparately the fish edible tissues contain totally abundantquantity of differentmetals whichmay lead to human adversehealth effects That is to say the metalsrsquo cumulative riskeffects gave an alarming sign The present study affirms thatapplication of the proposed human risk assessment (doseand consumption dependent variables) is more reliable inpredicting the hazards posed on human consumers ratherthan the use of regular known permissible levels or theupper level of intake in food for human consumption whichare not consumption dependent variables Regular metalassessment surveys and advisories for fish consumption arerecommended for water bodies around densely populatedareas like Greater Cairo

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Journal of Toxicology 9

Table 5 Hazard index (HI) and the cumulative risk effect for normal and habitual fish consumers

Cu ZnSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 006 004 003 004 004 004 004 004Habitual 028 020 014 016 017 020 018 019

Spring Normal 010 009 005 005 008 006 005 005Habitual 045 040 022 024 038 029 022 021

Summer Normal 005 002 003 004 005 005 003 004Habitual 022 011 014 016 023 022 014 019

Autumn Normal 007 005 003 003 004 004 003 004Habitual 030 024 015 012 019 017 015 019

Mn CdSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 001 001 001 001 0004 004 001 0004Habitual 004 002 004 002 002 016 006 002

Spring Normal 001 0003 001 001 004 002 002 003Habitual 006 001 004 004 016 010 010 014

Summer Normal 0001 0003 0003 0003 002 003 003 004Habitual 001 002 001 002 010 014 012 018

Autumn Normal 0005 0004 001 001 002 001 002 001Habitual 002 002 005 003 010 004 010 004

Pb FeSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 001 008 0004 005 002 002 002 002Habitual 003 036 002 024 008 008 008 009

Spring Normal 023 031 004 003 009 002 005 003Habitual 106lowast 140lowast 016 012 042 010 021 015

Summer Normal 013 008 003 007 001 002 001 002Habitual 061 036 012 033 005 009 004 007

Autumn Normal 004 006 007 002 002 002 002 002Habitual 016 029 031 010 008 008 008 008

Cumulative risk effectSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 014 023 011 016Habitual 063 103lowast 051 073

Spring Normal 056 050 021 020Habitual 254lowast 230lowast 095 089

Summer Normal 027 021 012 021Habitual 122lowast 094 056 095

Autumn Normal 019 018 019 012Habitual 086 084 084 057

G Giza M Manyal I Imbaba and K KanaterlowastHI ge 10 which is the point at which adverse health effects are expected to occur

References

[1] S Sabry ldquoPoverty lines in greater Cairo underestimating andmisrepresenting povertyrdquo Human Settlements Working PaperSeries Poverty Reduction in Urban Areas Working Paper21 International Institute for Environment and Development(IIED) London UK 2009 httpwwwiiedorgpubsdisplayphpo=10572IIED

[2] V Velma and P B Tchounwou ldquoChromium-induced biochem-ical genotoxic and histopathologic effects in liver and kidney of

goldfish carassius auratusrdquoMutation Research vol 698 no 1-2pp 43ndash51 2010

[3] D G McNeil and J Fredberg ldquoEnvironmental water require-ments of native fishes in theMiddle River catchment KangarooIsland South Australiardquo SARDI Research Report Series No528 SA Department for Water South Australian Research andDevelopment Institute (Aquatic Sciences) Adelaide Australia2011 SARDI Publication No f2011000060-1

[4] K J Eder C M Leutenegger B W Wilson and I WernerldquoMolecular and cellular biomarker responses to pesticide

10 Journal of Toxicology

exposure in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchustshawytscha)rdquo Marine Environmental Research vol 58 no2-5 pp 809ndash813 2004

[5] N Mayon A Bertrand D Leroy et al ldquoMultiscale approach offish responses to different types of environmental contamina-tions a case studyrdquo Science of the Total Environment vol 367no 2-3 pp 715ndash731 2006

[6] A Mazet G Keck and P Berny ldquoConcentrations of PCBsorganochlorine pesticides and heavy metals (lead cadmiumand copper) in fish from the Drome river potential effects onotters (Lutra lutra)rdquo Chemosphere vol 61 no 6 pp 810ndash8162005

[7] E Has-Schon I Bogut and I Strelec ldquoHeavy metal profilein five fish species included in human diet domiciled in theend flow of river Neretva (Croatia)rdquo Archives of EnvironmentalContamination and Toxicology vol 50 no 4 pp 545ndash551 2006

[8] S Biswas R K Prabhu K J Hussain M Selvanayagam andK K Satpathy ldquoHeavy metals concentration in edible fishesfrom coastal region of Kalpakkam southeastern part of IndiardquoEnvironmental Monitoring and Assessment vol 184 no 8 pp5097ndash5104 2012

[9] S Tekin-Ozan ldquoDetermination of heavy metal levels in watersediment and tissues of tench (Tinca tinca L 1758) fromBeysehir Lake (Turkey)rdquo Environmental Monitoring and Assess-ment vol 145 no 1ndash3 pp 295ndash302 2008

[10] P A Lopes T Pinheiro M C Santos M Da Luz MathiasM J Collares-Pereira and A M Viegas-Crespo ldquoResponse ofantioxidant enzymes in freshwater fish populations (Leuciscusalburnoides complex) to inorganic pollutants exposurerdquo Scienceof the Total Environment vol 280 no 1ndash3 pp 153ndash163 2001

[11] C Dautremepuits S Paris-Palacios S Betoulle and G VernetldquoModulation in hepatic and head kidney parameters of carp(Cyprinus carpio L) induced by copper and chitosanrdquo Compar-ative Biochemistry and Physiology C vol 137 no 4 pp 325ndash3332004

[12] C Tigano B Tomasello V Pulvirenti et al ldquoAssessment of envi-ronmental stress in Parablennius sanguinolentus (Pallas 1814)of the Sicilian Ionian coastrdquo Ecotoxicology and EnvironmentalSafety vol 72 no 4 pp 1278ndash1286 2009

[13] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture edited byEditorial Group FAO Information Division Food and Agricul-ture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Rome Italy2000 ftpftpfaoorgdocrepfao003x8002ex8002e00pdf

[14] A-F M El-Sayed ldquoAlternative dietary protein sources forfarmed tilapia Oreochromis spprdquo Aquaculture vol 179 no 1ndash4 pp 149ndash168 1999

[15] C E Boyd Water Quality in Ponds for Aquaculture Birming-ham Publishing Birmingham Ala USA 1990

[16] C B Schreck andP BMoyleMethods of Fish Biology AmericanFisheries Society Bethesda Md USA 1990

[17] J Peig and A J Green ldquoNew perspectives for estimating bodycondition from masslength data the scaled mass index as analternative methodrdquo Oikos vol 118 no 12 pp 1883ndash1891 2009

[18] American Public Health Association (APHA) Standard Meth-ods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater AmericanWater Works Association New York NY USA 2005

[19] G Rejomon M Nair and T Joseph ldquoTrace metal dynamicsin fishes from the southwest coast of Indiardquo EnvironmentalMonitoring and Assessment vol 167 no 1ndash4 pp 243ndash255 2010

[20] R A Issac and J D Kerber ldquoAtomic absorption and flamephotometry Techniques and uses in soil plant and wateranalysisrdquo in Instrumental Methods for Analysis of Soil and PlantTissue pp 17ndash37 Soil Science Society of America AgronomySociety of America Madison Wis USA 1971

[21] Z-Y Hseu ldquoEvaluating heavy metal contents in nine compostsusing four digestion methodsrdquo Bioresource Technology vol 95no 1 pp 53ndash59 2004

[22] SAS SASSTAT Userrsquos Guide Version 91 Statistical AnalysisSystem Institute Cary NC USA 2006

[23] J Usero E Gonzalez-Regalado and I Gracia ldquoTrace metalsin the bivalve molluscs Ruditapes decussatus and Ruditapesphilippinarum from the Atlantic Coast of Southern SpainrdquoEnvironment International vol 23 no 3 pp 291ndash298 1997

[24] F A P C GobasW deWolf L P Burkhard E Verbruggen andK Plotzke ldquoRevisiting bioaccumulation criteria for POPs andPBT assessmentsrdquo Integrated Environmental Assessment andManagement vol 5 no 4 pp 624ndash637 2009

[25] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)Guidance for Assessing Chemical Contaminant Data for Use inFish Advisories vol 2 Risk Assessment and Fish ConsumptionLimit EPA823B-97009Office of Science andTechnology andOffice of Water Washington DC USA 3rd edition 2000

[26] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)ldquoHuman health risk assessment risk-based screening tableregional screening level (RSL) summary tablerdquo 2015 httpsemspubepagovwork032218434pdf

[27] WHO (World Health Organization) ldquoEvaluation of certainfood additives and contaminants seventy-third report of thejoint FAOWHO expert committee on food additivesrdquo WHOTechnical Report Series 960WHO 2011 httpwhqlibdocwhointtrsWHO TRS 960 engpdf

[28] A Pawełczyk ldquoAssessment of health risk associated with persis-tent organic pollutants in waterrdquo Environmental Monitoring andAssessment vol 185 no 1 pp 497ndash508 2013

[29] USEPA Region 9 Preliminary Remediation Goals Region9 PRGs Table 2002 Update United States EnvironmentalProtection Agency 2002 httpwastekygovSFBDocumentsRegion9PRGspdf

[30] P L Sun W E Hawkins R M Overstreet and N J Brown-Peterson ldquoMorphological deformities as biomarkers in fishfrom contaminated rivers in Taiwanrdquo International Journal ofEnvironmental Research and Public Health vol 6 no 8 pp2307ndash2331 2009

[31] M Lenhardt I Jaric P Cakic G Cvijanovic Z Gacic and JKolarevic ldquoSeasonal changes in condition factor hepatosomaticindex and parasitism in sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus L)rdquo TurkishJournal of Veterinary andAnimal Sciences vol 33 no 3 pp 209ndash214 2009

[32] A R Linde-Arias A F Inacio C de Alburquerque M MFreire and J C Moreira ldquoBiomarkers in an invasive fishspecies Oreochromis niloticus to assess the effects of pollutionin a highly degraded Brazilian Riverrdquo Science of the TotalEnvironment vol 399 no 1ndash3 pp 186ndash192 2008

[33] L A Hirpo ldquoBreeding season and condition factor ofOreochromis niloticus (Pisces Cichlidae) in Lake BabogayaEthiopiardquo International Journal of Agricultural Sciences vol 2no 3 pp 116ndash120 2012

[34] L Bervoets and R Blust ldquoMetal concentrations in watersediment and gudgeon (Gobio gobio) from a pollution gradientrelationship with fish condition factorrdquo Environmental Pollu-tion vol 126 no 1 pp 9ndash19 2003

Journal of Toxicology 11

[35] D Montenegro and M T Gonzalez ldquoEvaluation of somaticindexes hematology and liver histopathology of the fish Labri-somus philippiifrom san jorge bay northern Chile as associ-ated with environmental stressrdquo Revista de Biologia Marina yOceanografia vol 47 no 1 pp 99ndash107 2012

[36] A H Weatherley and H S Gill The Biology of Fish GrowthAcademic Press London UK 1987

[37] A Maceda-Veiga A J Green and A De Sostoa ldquoScaled body-mass index shows how habitat quality influences the conditionof four fish taxa in north-eastern Spain and provides a novelindicator of ecosystem healthrdquo Freshwater Biology vol 59 no6 pp 1145ndash1160 2014

[38] M Javed and N Usmani ldquoAssessment of heavy metals (Cu NiFe Co Mn Cr Zn) in rivulet water their accumulations andalterations in hematology of fish Channa punctatusrdquo AfricanJournal of Biotechnology vol 13 no 3 pp 492ndash501 2014

[39] A M Yacoub and N S Gad ldquoAccumulation of some heavymetals and biochemical alterations in muscles of Oreochromisniloticus from the River Nile in Upper Egyptrdquo InternationalJournal of Environmental Science and Engineering vol 3 pp 1ndash10 2012

[40] I Papagiannis I Kagalou J Leonardos D Petridis and VKalfakakou ldquoCopper and zinc in four freshwater fish speciesfrom Lake Pamvotis (Greece)rdquo Environment International vol30 no 3 pp 357ndash362 2004

[41] B Jovanovic E Mihaljev S Maletin and D Palic ldquoAssess-ment of heavy metal load in chub liver (Cyprinida Leuciscuscephalus) from the Nisava River (Serbia)rdquo Biologica Nyssanavol 2 no 1 pp 51ndash58 2011

[42] M Nair K V Jayalakshmy K K Balachandran and T JosephldquoBioaccumulation of toxic metals by fish in a semi-enclosedtropical ecosystemrdquo Environmental Forensics vol 7 no 3 pp197ndash206 2006

[43] S W Kotickhoff Pollutant Sorption in Environmental SystemsEPA- 600ID 80-83 NTTS Springfield Va USA 1983

[44] Y Ikeda J Koyama andHOzaki ldquoHeavymetal levels in tissuesof fish exposed to cadmiumrdquo Bulletin of the Japanese Society forthe Science of Fish vol 52 no 12 pp 2055ndash2059 1986

[45] F A Kucuksezgin A Kontas O Altay E Uluturhan andE Darılmaz ldquoAssessment of marine pollution in Izmir Baynutrient heavy metal and total hydrocarbon concentrationsrdquoEnvironment International vol 32 no 1 pp 41ndash51 2006

[46] B AMurtalaWO Abdul andA A Akinyemi ldquoBioaccumula-tion of heavy metals in fish (Hydrocynus forskahliiHyperopisusbebe occidentalis and Clarias gariepinus) organs in downstreamOgun coastal water Nigeriardquo Journal of Agricultural Science vol4 no 11 pp 51ndash59 2012

[47] M M N Authman S A Ibrahim M A El-Kasheif and HS Gaber ldquoHeavy metals pollution and their effects on gills andliver of the nile catfish Clarias gariepinus inhabiting El-Rahawydrain EgyptrdquoGlobal Veterinaria vol 10 no 2 pp 103ndash115 2013

[48] F Yilmaz N Ozdemir A Demirak and A L Tuna ldquoHeavymetal levels in two fish species Leuciscus cephalus and Lepomisgibbosusrdquo Food Chemistry vol 100 no 2 pp 830ndash835 2007

[49] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Sup-plementary Guidance for Conducting Health Risk Assessmentof Chemical Mixtures EPA630R-00002 National Center forEnvironmental Assessment Washington DC USA 2000

[50] C Copat F Bella M Castaing R Fallico S Sciacca andM Ferrante ldquoHeavy metals concentrations in fish from Sicily(Mediterranean Sea) and evaluation of possible health risks

to consumersrdquo Bulletin of Environmental Contamination andToxicology vol 88 no 1 pp 78ndash83 2012

[51] FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations) ldquoFishery and aquaculture country profiles EgyptrdquoCountry Profile Fact Sheets FAO Fisheries and AquacultureDepartment Rome Italy 2010 httpwwwfaoorgfisherycountrysectornaso egypten

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

PainResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AntibioticsInternational Journal of

ToxicologyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

StrokeResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Drug DeliveryJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in Pharmacological Sciences

Tropical MedicineJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AddictionJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

Emergency Medicine InternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Autoimmune Diseases

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Anesthesiology Research and Practice

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Pharmaceutics

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION

of

8 Journal of Toxicology

Table 4 Bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of trace metals (lkg) in muscle of O niloticus

Cu ZnSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean

Winter 20481 36545 16625 29455 25777 79906 92031 89103 107038 92020Spring 98778 37238 18957 13735 42177 232542 194000 156286 147286 182528Summer 15069 6844 7026 10862 9950 99235 84632 51200 58957 73506Autumn 39333 47000 21429 19750 31878 163706 150294 173923 259636 186890Annual mean 43415 31907 16009 18450 27445 143847 130239 117628 143229 133736

Mn CdSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean

Winter 7892 4909 12455 4848 7526 250 2667 600 333 963Spring 13485 2531 9960 7455 8358 4000 1667 1667 3500 2708Summer 1333 2865 3296 4739 3058 5000 2333 6000 9000 5583Autumn 5960 4148 15500 6630 8059 1250 667 1250 667 958Annual mean 7168 3613 10303 5918 6750 2625 1833 2379 3375 2553

Pb FeSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Seasonal mean

Winter 556 4077 231 2769 1908 4089 6987 11433 19771 10570Spring 6000 6900 1000 720 3655 35634 9624 21624 9027 18977Summer 3333 1767 680 1846 1907 5655 9281 4047 6146 6282Autumn 1846 3071 2556 1364 2209 16133 12316 23398 23678 18881Annual mean 2934 3954 1117 1675 2420 15378 9552 15126 14655 13678

G Giza M Manyal I Imbaba and K KanaterThemean of all measurements for each metal

healthThese data are also used to define the type of potentialhazard In the dose-response assessment data are used toestimate the amount of material that may produce a giveneffect in humans The risk assessor may calculate a quanti-tative dose-response relationship and make it applicable forlow-dose exposure often by applying mathematical modelsto the data [49]

Fish consumption information is essential for assessingthe human health implications associated with the consump-tion of chemically contaminated fish [50] The calculatedHI for detected metals as indicated in Table 5 did notpose unacceptable risks at both proposed ingestion rates(for normal and habitual fish consumers) except for Pbin sites 1 and 2 for habitual fish consumers during springseason Both ingestion rates used in the present study werereported by USEPA [25] for generalized human populationbut if the normal ingestion rate of 00435 kgday proposedby FAO [51] specifically for adult Egyptians was used in thepresent HI calculations the resulting HI values at normalingestion rate would be even higher by a factor of 14 thanthe present findings This clearly indicates the significanceof incorporating the consumption rates in contaminantsrsquorisk assessments The metalsrsquo cumulative risk effects showedunacceptable risks for habitual fish consumers during springand winter seasons in site 2 as well as spring and summerseasons in site 1 Generally sites 1 and 2 were the mostpolluted sites especially during spring season which showsthat irregular domestic and touristic activities that prevailin these upstream sites during favorable weather conditions

had major effects on water pollution rather than the regularagricultural and industrial activities that prevail in the otherdownstream sites all over the year

4 Conclusion

The effect of different anthropogenic activities on metalload of fish edible tissues along the study period in allsites was evident and it was proved using the calculatedMPI and BAF and specially the HI Despite the low humanhealth hazards expected due to consumption of each metalseparately the fish edible tissues contain totally abundantquantity of differentmetals whichmay lead to human adversehealth effects That is to say the metalsrsquo cumulative riskeffects gave an alarming sign The present study affirms thatapplication of the proposed human risk assessment (doseand consumption dependent variables) is more reliable inpredicting the hazards posed on human consumers ratherthan the use of regular known permissible levels or theupper level of intake in food for human consumption whichare not consumption dependent variables Regular metalassessment surveys and advisories for fish consumption arerecommended for water bodies around densely populatedareas like Greater Cairo

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Journal of Toxicology 9

Table 5 Hazard index (HI) and the cumulative risk effect for normal and habitual fish consumers

Cu ZnSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 006 004 003 004 004 004 004 004Habitual 028 020 014 016 017 020 018 019

Spring Normal 010 009 005 005 008 006 005 005Habitual 045 040 022 024 038 029 022 021

Summer Normal 005 002 003 004 005 005 003 004Habitual 022 011 014 016 023 022 014 019

Autumn Normal 007 005 003 003 004 004 003 004Habitual 030 024 015 012 019 017 015 019

Mn CdSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 001 001 001 001 0004 004 001 0004Habitual 004 002 004 002 002 016 006 002

Spring Normal 001 0003 001 001 004 002 002 003Habitual 006 001 004 004 016 010 010 014

Summer Normal 0001 0003 0003 0003 002 003 003 004Habitual 001 002 001 002 010 014 012 018

Autumn Normal 0005 0004 001 001 002 001 002 001Habitual 002 002 005 003 010 004 010 004

Pb FeSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 001 008 0004 005 002 002 002 002Habitual 003 036 002 024 008 008 008 009

Spring Normal 023 031 004 003 009 002 005 003Habitual 106lowast 140lowast 016 012 042 010 021 015

Summer Normal 013 008 003 007 001 002 001 002Habitual 061 036 012 033 005 009 004 007

Autumn Normal 004 006 007 002 002 002 002 002Habitual 016 029 031 010 008 008 008 008

Cumulative risk effectSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 014 023 011 016Habitual 063 103lowast 051 073

Spring Normal 056 050 021 020Habitual 254lowast 230lowast 095 089

Summer Normal 027 021 012 021Habitual 122lowast 094 056 095

Autumn Normal 019 018 019 012Habitual 086 084 084 057

G Giza M Manyal I Imbaba and K KanaterlowastHI ge 10 which is the point at which adverse health effects are expected to occur

References

[1] S Sabry ldquoPoverty lines in greater Cairo underestimating andmisrepresenting povertyrdquo Human Settlements Working PaperSeries Poverty Reduction in Urban Areas Working Paper21 International Institute for Environment and Development(IIED) London UK 2009 httpwwwiiedorgpubsdisplayphpo=10572IIED

[2] V Velma and P B Tchounwou ldquoChromium-induced biochem-ical genotoxic and histopathologic effects in liver and kidney of

goldfish carassius auratusrdquoMutation Research vol 698 no 1-2pp 43ndash51 2010

[3] D G McNeil and J Fredberg ldquoEnvironmental water require-ments of native fishes in theMiddle River catchment KangarooIsland South Australiardquo SARDI Research Report Series No528 SA Department for Water South Australian Research andDevelopment Institute (Aquatic Sciences) Adelaide Australia2011 SARDI Publication No f2011000060-1

[4] K J Eder C M Leutenegger B W Wilson and I WernerldquoMolecular and cellular biomarker responses to pesticide

10 Journal of Toxicology

exposure in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchustshawytscha)rdquo Marine Environmental Research vol 58 no2-5 pp 809ndash813 2004

[5] N Mayon A Bertrand D Leroy et al ldquoMultiscale approach offish responses to different types of environmental contamina-tions a case studyrdquo Science of the Total Environment vol 367no 2-3 pp 715ndash731 2006

[6] A Mazet G Keck and P Berny ldquoConcentrations of PCBsorganochlorine pesticides and heavy metals (lead cadmiumand copper) in fish from the Drome river potential effects onotters (Lutra lutra)rdquo Chemosphere vol 61 no 6 pp 810ndash8162005

[7] E Has-Schon I Bogut and I Strelec ldquoHeavy metal profilein five fish species included in human diet domiciled in theend flow of river Neretva (Croatia)rdquo Archives of EnvironmentalContamination and Toxicology vol 50 no 4 pp 545ndash551 2006

[8] S Biswas R K Prabhu K J Hussain M Selvanayagam andK K Satpathy ldquoHeavy metals concentration in edible fishesfrom coastal region of Kalpakkam southeastern part of IndiardquoEnvironmental Monitoring and Assessment vol 184 no 8 pp5097ndash5104 2012

[9] S Tekin-Ozan ldquoDetermination of heavy metal levels in watersediment and tissues of tench (Tinca tinca L 1758) fromBeysehir Lake (Turkey)rdquo Environmental Monitoring and Assess-ment vol 145 no 1ndash3 pp 295ndash302 2008

[10] P A Lopes T Pinheiro M C Santos M Da Luz MathiasM J Collares-Pereira and A M Viegas-Crespo ldquoResponse ofantioxidant enzymes in freshwater fish populations (Leuciscusalburnoides complex) to inorganic pollutants exposurerdquo Scienceof the Total Environment vol 280 no 1ndash3 pp 153ndash163 2001

[11] C Dautremepuits S Paris-Palacios S Betoulle and G VernetldquoModulation in hepatic and head kidney parameters of carp(Cyprinus carpio L) induced by copper and chitosanrdquo Compar-ative Biochemistry and Physiology C vol 137 no 4 pp 325ndash3332004

[12] C Tigano B Tomasello V Pulvirenti et al ldquoAssessment of envi-ronmental stress in Parablennius sanguinolentus (Pallas 1814)of the Sicilian Ionian coastrdquo Ecotoxicology and EnvironmentalSafety vol 72 no 4 pp 1278ndash1286 2009

[13] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture edited byEditorial Group FAO Information Division Food and Agricul-ture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Rome Italy2000 ftpftpfaoorgdocrepfao003x8002ex8002e00pdf

[14] A-F M El-Sayed ldquoAlternative dietary protein sources forfarmed tilapia Oreochromis spprdquo Aquaculture vol 179 no 1ndash4 pp 149ndash168 1999

[15] C E Boyd Water Quality in Ponds for Aquaculture Birming-ham Publishing Birmingham Ala USA 1990

[16] C B Schreck andP BMoyleMethods of Fish Biology AmericanFisheries Society Bethesda Md USA 1990

[17] J Peig and A J Green ldquoNew perspectives for estimating bodycondition from masslength data the scaled mass index as analternative methodrdquo Oikos vol 118 no 12 pp 1883ndash1891 2009

[18] American Public Health Association (APHA) Standard Meth-ods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater AmericanWater Works Association New York NY USA 2005

[19] G Rejomon M Nair and T Joseph ldquoTrace metal dynamicsin fishes from the southwest coast of Indiardquo EnvironmentalMonitoring and Assessment vol 167 no 1ndash4 pp 243ndash255 2010

[20] R A Issac and J D Kerber ldquoAtomic absorption and flamephotometry Techniques and uses in soil plant and wateranalysisrdquo in Instrumental Methods for Analysis of Soil and PlantTissue pp 17ndash37 Soil Science Society of America AgronomySociety of America Madison Wis USA 1971

[21] Z-Y Hseu ldquoEvaluating heavy metal contents in nine compostsusing four digestion methodsrdquo Bioresource Technology vol 95no 1 pp 53ndash59 2004

[22] SAS SASSTAT Userrsquos Guide Version 91 Statistical AnalysisSystem Institute Cary NC USA 2006

[23] J Usero E Gonzalez-Regalado and I Gracia ldquoTrace metalsin the bivalve molluscs Ruditapes decussatus and Ruditapesphilippinarum from the Atlantic Coast of Southern SpainrdquoEnvironment International vol 23 no 3 pp 291ndash298 1997

[24] F A P C GobasW deWolf L P Burkhard E Verbruggen andK Plotzke ldquoRevisiting bioaccumulation criteria for POPs andPBT assessmentsrdquo Integrated Environmental Assessment andManagement vol 5 no 4 pp 624ndash637 2009

[25] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)Guidance for Assessing Chemical Contaminant Data for Use inFish Advisories vol 2 Risk Assessment and Fish ConsumptionLimit EPA823B-97009Office of Science andTechnology andOffice of Water Washington DC USA 3rd edition 2000

[26] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)ldquoHuman health risk assessment risk-based screening tableregional screening level (RSL) summary tablerdquo 2015 httpsemspubepagovwork032218434pdf

[27] WHO (World Health Organization) ldquoEvaluation of certainfood additives and contaminants seventy-third report of thejoint FAOWHO expert committee on food additivesrdquo WHOTechnical Report Series 960WHO 2011 httpwhqlibdocwhointtrsWHO TRS 960 engpdf

[28] A Pawełczyk ldquoAssessment of health risk associated with persis-tent organic pollutants in waterrdquo Environmental Monitoring andAssessment vol 185 no 1 pp 497ndash508 2013

[29] USEPA Region 9 Preliminary Remediation Goals Region9 PRGs Table 2002 Update United States EnvironmentalProtection Agency 2002 httpwastekygovSFBDocumentsRegion9PRGspdf

[30] P L Sun W E Hawkins R M Overstreet and N J Brown-Peterson ldquoMorphological deformities as biomarkers in fishfrom contaminated rivers in Taiwanrdquo International Journal ofEnvironmental Research and Public Health vol 6 no 8 pp2307ndash2331 2009

[31] M Lenhardt I Jaric P Cakic G Cvijanovic Z Gacic and JKolarevic ldquoSeasonal changes in condition factor hepatosomaticindex and parasitism in sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus L)rdquo TurkishJournal of Veterinary andAnimal Sciences vol 33 no 3 pp 209ndash214 2009

[32] A R Linde-Arias A F Inacio C de Alburquerque M MFreire and J C Moreira ldquoBiomarkers in an invasive fishspecies Oreochromis niloticus to assess the effects of pollutionin a highly degraded Brazilian Riverrdquo Science of the TotalEnvironment vol 399 no 1ndash3 pp 186ndash192 2008

[33] L A Hirpo ldquoBreeding season and condition factor ofOreochromis niloticus (Pisces Cichlidae) in Lake BabogayaEthiopiardquo International Journal of Agricultural Sciences vol 2no 3 pp 116ndash120 2012

[34] L Bervoets and R Blust ldquoMetal concentrations in watersediment and gudgeon (Gobio gobio) from a pollution gradientrelationship with fish condition factorrdquo Environmental Pollu-tion vol 126 no 1 pp 9ndash19 2003

Journal of Toxicology 11

[35] D Montenegro and M T Gonzalez ldquoEvaluation of somaticindexes hematology and liver histopathology of the fish Labri-somus philippiifrom san jorge bay northern Chile as associ-ated with environmental stressrdquo Revista de Biologia Marina yOceanografia vol 47 no 1 pp 99ndash107 2012

[36] A H Weatherley and H S Gill The Biology of Fish GrowthAcademic Press London UK 1987

[37] A Maceda-Veiga A J Green and A De Sostoa ldquoScaled body-mass index shows how habitat quality influences the conditionof four fish taxa in north-eastern Spain and provides a novelindicator of ecosystem healthrdquo Freshwater Biology vol 59 no6 pp 1145ndash1160 2014

[38] M Javed and N Usmani ldquoAssessment of heavy metals (Cu NiFe Co Mn Cr Zn) in rivulet water their accumulations andalterations in hematology of fish Channa punctatusrdquo AfricanJournal of Biotechnology vol 13 no 3 pp 492ndash501 2014

[39] A M Yacoub and N S Gad ldquoAccumulation of some heavymetals and biochemical alterations in muscles of Oreochromisniloticus from the River Nile in Upper Egyptrdquo InternationalJournal of Environmental Science and Engineering vol 3 pp 1ndash10 2012

[40] I Papagiannis I Kagalou J Leonardos D Petridis and VKalfakakou ldquoCopper and zinc in four freshwater fish speciesfrom Lake Pamvotis (Greece)rdquo Environment International vol30 no 3 pp 357ndash362 2004

[41] B Jovanovic E Mihaljev S Maletin and D Palic ldquoAssess-ment of heavy metal load in chub liver (Cyprinida Leuciscuscephalus) from the Nisava River (Serbia)rdquo Biologica Nyssanavol 2 no 1 pp 51ndash58 2011

[42] M Nair K V Jayalakshmy K K Balachandran and T JosephldquoBioaccumulation of toxic metals by fish in a semi-enclosedtropical ecosystemrdquo Environmental Forensics vol 7 no 3 pp197ndash206 2006

[43] S W Kotickhoff Pollutant Sorption in Environmental SystemsEPA- 600ID 80-83 NTTS Springfield Va USA 1983

[44] Y Ikeda J Koyama andHOzaki ldquoHeavymetal levels in tissuesof fish exposed to cadmiumrdquo Bulletin of the Japanese Society forthe Science of Fish vol 52 no 12 pp 2055ndash2059 1986

[45] F A Kucuksezgin A Kontas O Altay E Uluturhan andE Darılmaz ldquoAssessment of marine pollution in Izmir Baynutrient heavy metal and total hydrocarbon concentrationsrdquoEnvironment International vol 32 no 1 pp 41ndash51 2006

[46] B AMurtalaWO Abdul andA A Akinyemi ldquoBioaccumula-tion of heavy metals in fish (Hydrocynus forskahliiHyperopisusbebe occidentalis and Clarias gariepinus) organs in downstreamOgun coastal water Nigeriardquo Journal of Agricultural Science vol4 no 11 pp 51ndash59 2012

[47] M M N Authman S A Ibrahim M A El-Kasheif and HS Gaber ldquoHeavy metals pollution and their effects on gills andliver of the nile catfish Clarias gariepinus inhabiting El-Rahawydrain EgyptrdquoGlobal Veterinaria vol 10 no 2 pp 103ndash115 2013

[48] F Yilmaz N Ozdemir A Demirak and A L Tuna ldquoHeavymetal levels in two fish species Leuciscus cephalus and Lepomisgibbosusrdquo Food Chemistry vol 100 no 2 pp 830ndash835 2007

[49] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Sup-plementary Guidance for Conducting Health Risk Assessmentof Chemical Mixtures EPA630R-00002 National Center forEnvironmental Assessment Washington DC USA 2000

[50] C Copat F Bella M Castaing R Fallico S Sciacca andM Ferrante ldquoHeavy metals concentrations in fish from Sicily(Mediterranean Sea) and evaluation of possible health risks

to consumersrdquo Bulletin of Environmental Contamination andToxicology vol 88 no 1 pp 78ndash83 2012

[51] FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations) ldquoFishery and aquaculture country profiles EgyptrdquoCountry Profile Fact Sheets FAO Fisheries and AquacultureDepartment Rome Italy 2010 httpwwwfaoorgfisherycountrysectornaso egypten

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

PainResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AntibioticsInternational Journal of

ToxicologyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

StrokeResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Drug DeliveryJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in Pharmacological Sciences

Tropical MedicineJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AddictionJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

Emergency Medicine InternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Autoimmune Diseases

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Anesthesiology Research and Practice

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Pharmaceutics

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION

of

Journal of Toxicology 9

Table 5 Hazard index (HI) and the cumulative risk effect for normal and habitual fish consumers

Cu ZnSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 006 004 003 004 004 004 004 004Habitual 028 020 014 016 017 020 018 019

Spring Normal 010 009 005 005 008 006 005 005Habitual 045 040 022 024 038 029 022 021

Summer Normal 005 002 003 004 005 005 003 004Habitual 022 011 014 016 023 022 014 019

Autumn Normal 007 005 003 003 004 004 003 004Habitual 030 024 015 012 019 017 015 019

Mn CdSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 001 001 001 001 0004 004 001 0004Habitual 004 002 004 002 002 016 006 002

Spring Normal 001 0003 001 001 004 002 002 003Habitual 006 001 004 004 016 010 010 014

Summer Normal 0001 0003 0003 0003 002 003 003 004Habitual 001 002 001 002 010 014 012 018

Autumn Normal 0005 0004 001 001 002 001 002 001Habitual 002 002 005 003 010 004 010 004

Pb FeSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K) Site 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 001 008 0004 005 002 002 002 002Habitual 003 036 002 024 008 008 008 009

Spring Normal 023 031 004 003 009 002 005 003Habitual 106lowast 140lowast 016 012 042 010 021 015

Summer Normal 013 008 003 007 001 002 001 002Habitual 061 036 012 033 005 009 004 007

Autumn Normal 004 006 007 002 002 002 002 002Habitual 016 029 031 010 008 008 008 008

Cumulative risk effectSite 1 (G) Site 2 (M) Site 3 (I) Site 4 (K)

Winter Normal 014 023 011 016Habitual 063 103lowast 051 073

Spring Normal 056 050 021 020Habitual 254lowast 230lowast 095 089

Summer Normal 027 021 012 021Habitual 122lowast 094 056 095

Autumn Normal 019 018 019 012Habitual 086 084 084 057

G Giza M Manyal I Imbaba and K KanaterlowastHI ge 10 which is the point at which adverse health effects are expected to occur

References

[1] S Sabry ldquoPoverty lines in greater Cairo underestimating andmisrepresenting povertyrdquo Human Settlements Working PaperSeries Poverty Reduction in Urban Areas Working Paper21 International Institute for Environment and Development(IIED) London UK 2009 httpwwwiiedorgpubsdisplayphpo=10572IIED

[2] V Velma and P B Tchounwou ldquoChromium-induced biochem-ical genotoxic and histopathologic effects in liver and kidney of

goldfish carassius auratusrdquoMutation Research vol 698 no 1-2pp 43ndash51 2010

[3] D G McNeil and J Fredberg ldquoEnvironmental water require-ments of native fishes in theMiddle River catchment KangarooIsland South Australiardquo SARDI Research Report Series No528 SA Department for Water South Australian Research andDevelopment Institute (Aquatic Sciences) Adelaide Australia2011 SARDI Publication No f2011000060-1

[4] K J Eder C M Leutenegger B W Wilson and I WernerldquoMolecular and cellular biomarker responses to pesticide

10 Journal of Toxicology

exposure in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchustshawytscha)rdquo Marine Environmental Research vol 58 no2-5 pp 809ndash813 2004

[5] N Mayon A Bertrand D Leroy et al ldquoMultiscale approach offish responses to different types of environmental contamina-tions a case studyrdquo Science of the Total Environment vol 367no 2-3 pp 715ndash731 2006

[6] A Mazet G Keck and P Berny ldquoConcentrations of PCBsorganochlorine pesticides and heavy metals (lead cadmiumand copper) in fish from the Drome river potential effects onotters (Lutra lutra)rdquo Chemosphere vol 61 no 6 pp 810ndash8162005

[7] E Has-Schon I Bogut and I Strelec ldquoHeavy metal profilein five fish species included in human diet domiciled in theend flow of river Neretva (Croatia)rdquo Archives of EnvironmentalContamination and Toxicology vol 50 no 4 pp 545ndash551 2006

[8] S Biswas R K Prabhu K J Hussain M Selvanayagam andK K Satpathy ldquoHeavy metals concentration in edible fishesfrom coastal region of Kalpakkam southeastern part of IndiardquoEnvironmental Monitoring and Assessment vol 184 no 8 pp5097ndash5104 2012

[9] S Tekin-Ozan ldquoDetermination of heavy metal levels in watersediment and tissues of tench (Tinca tinca L 1758) fromBeysehir Lake (Turkey)rdquo Environmental Monitoring and Assess-ment vol 145 no 1ndash3 pp 295ndash302 2008

[10] P A Lopes T Pinheiro M C Santos M Da Luz MathiasM J Collares-Pereira and A M Viegas-Crespo ldquoResponse ofantioxidant enzymes in freshwater fish populations (Leuciscusalburnoides complex) to inorganic pollutants exposurerdquo Scienceof the Total Environment vol 280 no 1ndash3 pp 153ndash163 2001

[11] C Dautremepuits S Paris-Palacios S Betoulle and G VernetldquoModulation in hepatic and head kidney parameters of carp(Cyprinus carpio L) induced by copper and chitosanrdquo Compar-ative Biochemistry and Physiology C vol 137 no 4 pp 325ndash3332004

[12] C Tigano B Tomasello V Pulvirenti et al ldquoAssessment of envi-ronmental stress in Parablennius sanguinolentus (Pallas 1814)of the Sicilian Ionian coastrdquo Ecotoxicology and EnvironmentalSafety vol 72 no 4 pp 1278ndash1286 2009

[13] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture edited byEditorial Group FAO Information Division Food and Agricul-ture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Rome Italy2000 ftpftpfaoorgdocrepfao003x8002ex8002e00pdf

[14] A-F M El-Sayed ldquoAlternative dietary protein sources forfarmed tilapia Oreochromis spprdquo Aquaculture vol 179 no 1ndash4 pp 149ndash168 1999

[15] C E Boyd Water Quality in Ponds for Aquaculture Birming-ham Publishing Birmingham Ala USA 1990

[16] C B Schreck andP BMoyleMethods of Fish Biology AmericanFisheries Society Bethesda Md USA 1990

[17] J Peig and A J Green ldquoNew perspectives for estimating bodycondition from masslength data the scaled mass index as analternative methodrdquo Oikos vol 118 no 12 pp 1883ndash1891 2009

[18] American Public Health Association (APHA) Standard Meth-ods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater AmericanWater Works Association New York NY USA 2005

[19] G Rejomon M Nair and T Joseph ldquoTrace metal dynamicsin fishes from the southwest coast of Indiardquo EnvironmentalMonitoring and Assessment vol 167 no 1ndash4 pp 243ndash255 2010

[20] R A Issac and J D Kerber ldquoAtomic absorption and flamephotometry Techniques and uses in soil plant and wateranalysisrdquo in Instrumental Methods for Analysis of Soil and PlantTissue pp 17ndash37 Soil Science Society of America AgronomySociety of America Madison Wis USA 1971

[21] Z-Y Hseu ldquoEvaluating heavy metal contents in nine compostsusing four digestion methodsrdquo Bioresource Technology vol 95no 1 pp 53ndash59 2004

[22] SAS SASSTAT Userrsquos Guide Version 91 Statistical AnalysisSystem Institute Cary NC USA 2006

[23] J Usero E Gonzalez-Regalado and I Gracia ldquoTrace metalsin the bivalve molluscs Ruditapes decussatus and Ruditapesphilippinarum from the Atlantic Coast of Southern SpainrdquoEnvironment International vol 23 no 3 pp 291ndash298 1997

[24] F A P C GobasW deWolf L P Burkhard E Verbruggen andK Plotzke ldquoRevisiting bioaccumulation criteria for POPs andPBT assessmentsrdquo Integrated Environmental Assessment andManagement vol 5 no 4 pp 624ndash637 2009

[25] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)Guidance for Assessing Chemical Contaminant Data for Use inFish Advisories vol 2 Risk Assessment and Fish ConsumptionLimit EPA823B-97009Office of Science andTechnology andOffice of Water Washington DC USA 3rd edition 2000

[26] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)ldquoHuman health risk assessment risk-based screening tableregional screening level (RSL) summary tablerdquo 2015 httpsemspubepagovwork032218434pdf

[27] WHO (World Health Organization) ldquoEvaluation of certainfood additives and contaminants seventy-third report of thejoint FAOWHO expert committee on food additivesrdquo WHOTechnical Report Series 960WHO 2011 httpwhqlibdocwhointtrsWHO TRS 960 engpdf

[28] A Pawełczyk ldquoAssessment of health risk associated with persis-tent organic pollutants in waterrdquo Environmental Monitoring andAssessment vol 185 no 1 pp 497ndash508 2013

[29] USEPA Region 9 Preliminary Remediation Goals Region9 PRGs Table 2002 Update United States EnvironmentalProtection Agency 2002 httpwastekygovSFBDocumentsRegion9PRGspdf

[30] P L Sun W E Hawkins R M Overstreet and N J Brown-Peterson ldquoMorphological deformities as biomarkers in fishfrom contaminated rivers in Taiwanrdquo International Journal ofEnvironmental Research and Public Health vol 6 no 8 pp2307ndash2331 2009

[31] M Lenhardt I Jaric P Cakic G Cvijanovic Z Gacic and JKolarevic ldquoSeasonal changes in condition factor hepatosomaticindex and parasitism in sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus L)rdquo TurkishJournal of Veterinary andAnimal Sciences vol 33 no 3 pp 209ndash214 2009

[32] A R Linde-Arias A F Inacio C de Alburquerque M MFreire and J C Moreira ldquoBiomarkers in an invasive fishspecies Oreochromis niloticus to assess the effects of pollutionin a highly degraded Brazilian Riverrdquo Science of the TotalEnvironment vol 399 no 1ndash3 pp 186ndash192 2008

[33] L A Hirpo ldquoBreeding season and condition factor ofOreochromis niloticus (Pisces Cichlidae) in Lake BabogayaEthiopiardquo International Journal of Agricultural Sciences vol 2no 3 pp 116ndash120 2012

[34] L Bervoets and R Blust ldquoMetal concentrations in watersediment and gudgeon (Gobio gobio) from a pollution gradientrelationship with fish condition factorrdquo Environmental Pollu-tion vol 126 no 1 pp 9ndash19 2003

Journal of Toxicology 11

[35] D Montenegro and M T Gonzalez ldquoEvaluation of somaticindexes hematology and liver histopathology of the fish Labri-somus philippiifrom san jorge bay northern Chile as associ-ated with environmental stressrdquo Revista de Biologia Marina yOceanografia vol 47 no 1 pp 99ndash107 2012

[36] A H Weatherley and H S Gill The Biology of Fish GrowthAcademic Press London UK 1987

[37] A Maceda-Veiga A J Green and A De Sostoa ldquoScaled body-mass index shows how habitat quality influences the conditionof four fish taxa in north-eastern Spain and provides a novelindicator of ecosystem healthrdquo Freshwater Biology vol 59 no6 pp 1145ndash1160 2014

[38] M Javed and N Usmani ldquoAssessment of heavy metals (Cu NiFe Co Mn Cr Zn) in rivulet water their accumulations andalterations in hematology of fish Channa punctatusrdquo AfricanJournal of Biotechnology vol 13 no 3 pp 492ndash501 2014

[39] A M Yacoub and N S Gad ldquoAccumulation of some heavymetals and biochemical alterations in muscles of Oreochromisniloticus from the River Nile in Upper Egyptrdquo InternationalJournal of Environmental Science and Engineering vol 3 pp 1ndash10 2012

[40] I Papagiannis I Kagalou J Leonardos D Petridis and VKalfakakou ldquoCopper and zinc in four freshwater fish speciesfrom Lake Pamvotis (Greece)rdquo Environment International vol30 no 3 pp 357ndash362 2004

[41] B Jovanovic E Mihaljev S Maletin and D Palic ldquoAssess-ment of heavy metal load in chub liver (Cyprinida Leuciscuscephalus) from the Nisava River (Serbia)rdquo Biologica Nyssanavol 2 no 1 pp 51ndash58 2011

[42] M Nair K V Jayalakshmy K K Balachandran and T JosephldquoBioaccumulation of toxic metals by fish in a semi-enclosedtropical ecosystemrdquo Environmental Forensics vol 7 no 3 pp197ndash206 2006

[43] S W Kotickhoff Pollutant Sorption in Environmental SystemsEPA- 600ID 80-83 NTTS Springfield Va USA 1983

[44] Y Ikeda J Koyama andHOzaki ldquoHeavymetal levels in tissuesof fish exposed to cadmiumrdquo Bulletin of the Japanese Society forthe Science of Fish vol 52 no 12 pp 2055ndash2059 1986

[45] F A Kucuksezgin A Kontas O Altay E Uluturhan andE Darılmaz ldquoAssessment of marine pollution in Izmir Baynutrient heavy metal and total hydrocarbon concentrationsrdquoEnvironment International vol 32 no 1 pp 41ndash51 2006

[46] B AMurtalaWO Abdul andA A Akinyemi ldquoBioaccumula-tion of heavy metals in fish (Hydrocynus forskahliiHyperopisusbebe occidentalis and Clarias gariepinus) organs in downstreamOgun coastal water Nigeriardquo Journal of Agricultural Science vol4 no 11 pp 51ndash59 2012

[47] M M N Authman S A Ibrahim M A El-Kasheif and HS Gaber ldquoHeavy metals pollution and their effects on gills andliver of the nile catfish Clarias gariepinus inhabiting El-Rahawydrain EgyptrdquoGlobal Veterinaria vol 10 no 2 pp 103ndash115 2013

[48] F Yilmaz N Ozdemir A Demirak and A L Tuna ldquoHeavymetal levels in two fish species Leuciscus cephalus and Lepomisgibbosusrdquo Food Chemistry vol 100 no 2 pp 830ndash835 2007

[49] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Sup-plementary Guidance for Conducting Health Risk Assessmentof Chemical Mixtures EPA630R-00002 National Center forEnvironmental Assessment Washington DC USA 2000

[50] C Copat F Bella M Castaing R Fallico S Sciacca andM Ferrante ldquoHeavy metals concentrations in fish from Sicily(Mediterranean Sea) and evaluation of possible health risks

to consumersrdquo Bulletin of Environmental Contamination andToxicology vol 88 no 1 pp 78ndash83 2012

[51] FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations) ldquoFishery and aquaculture country profiles EgyptrdquoCountry Profile Fact Sheets FAO Fisheries and AquacultureDepartment Rome Italy 2010 httpwwwfaoorgfisherycountrysectornaso egypten

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

PainResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AntibioticsInternational Journal of

ToxicologyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

StrokeResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Drug DeliveryJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in Pharmacological Sciences

Tropical MedicineJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AddictionJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

Emergency Medicine InternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Autoimmune Diseases

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Anesthesiology Research and Practice

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Pharmaceutics

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION

of

10 Journal of Toxicology

exposure in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchustshawytscha)rdquo Marine Environmental Research vol 58 no2-5 pp 809ndash813 2004

[5] N Mayon A Bertrand D Leroy et al ldquoMultiscale approach offish responses to different types of environmental contamina-tions a case studyrdquo Science of the Total Environment vol 367no 2-3 pp 715ndash731 2006

[6] A Mazet G Keck and P Berny ldquoConcentrations of PCBsorganochlorine pesticides and heavy metals (lead cadmiumand copper) in fish from the Drome river potential effects onotters (Lutra lutra)rdquo Chemosphere vol 61 no 6 pp 810ndash8162005

[7] E Has-Schon I Bogut and I Strelec ldquoHeavy metal profilein five fish species included in human diet domiciled in theend flow of river Neretva (Croatia)rdquo Archives of EnvironmentalContamination and Toxicology vol 50 no 4 pp 545ndash551 2006

[8] S Biswas R K Prabhu K J Hussain M Selvanayagam andK K Satpathy ldquoHeavy metals concentration in edible fishesfrom coastal region of Kalpakkam southeastern part of IndiardquoEnvironmental Monitoring and Assessment vol 184 no 8 pp5097ndash5104 2012

[9] S Tekin-Ozan ldquoDetermination of heavy metal levels in watersediment and tissues of tench (Tinca tinca L 1758) fromBeysehir Lake (Turkey)rdquo Environmental Monitoring and Assess-ment vol 145 no 1ndash3 pp 295ndash302 2008

[10] P A Lopes T Pinheiro M C Santos M Da Luz MathiasM J Collares-Pereira and A M Viegas-Crespo ldquoResponse ofantioxidant enzymes in freshwater fish populations (Leuciscusalburnoides complex) to inorganic pollutants exposurerdquo Scienceof the Total Environment vol 280 no 1ndash3 pp 153ndash163 2001

[11] C Dautremepuits S Paris-Palacios S Betoulle and G VernetldquoModulation in hepatic and head kidney parameters of carp(Cyprinus carpio L) induced by copper and chitosanrdquo Compar-ative Biochemistry and Physiology C vol 137 no 4 pp 325ndash3332004

[12] C Tigano B Tomasello V Pulvirenti et al ldquoAssessment of envi-ronmental stress in Parablennius sanguinolentus (Pallas 1814)of the Sicilian Ionian coastrdquo Ecotoxicology and EnvironmentalSafety vol 72 no 4 pp 1278ndash1286 2009

[13] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture edited byEditorial Group FAO Information Division Food and Agricul-ture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Rome Italy2000 ftpftpfaoorgdocrepfao003x8002ex8002e00pdf

[14] A-F M El-Sayed ldquoAlternative dietary protein sources forfarmed tilapia Oreochromis spprdquo Aquaculture vol 179 no 1ndash4 pp 149ndash168 1999

[15] C E Boyd Water Quality in Ponds for Aquaculture Birming-ham Publishing Birmingham Ala USA 1990

[16] C B Schreck andP BMoyleMethods of Fish Biology AmericanFisheries Society Bethesda Md USA 1990

[17] J Peig and A J Green ldquoNew perspectives for estimating bodycondition from masslength data the scaled mass index as analternative methodrdquo Oikos vol 118 no 12 pp 1883ndash1891 2009

[18] American Public Health Association (APHA) Standard Meth-ods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater AmericanWater Works Association New York NY USA 2005

[19] G Rejomon M Nair and T Joseph ldquoTrace metal dynamicsin fishes from the southwest coast of Indiardquo EnvironmentalMonitoring and Assessment vol 167 no 1ndash4 pp 243ndash255 2010

[20] R A Issac and J D Kerber ldquoAtomic absorption and flamephotometry Techniques and uses in soil plant and wateranalysisrdquo in Instrumental Methods for Analysis of Soil and PlantTissue pp 17ndash37 Soil Science Society of America AgronomySociety of America Madison Wis USA 1971

[21] Z-Y Hseu ldquoEvaluating heavy metal contents in nine compostsusing four digestion methodsrdquo Bioresource Technology vol 95no 1 pp 53ndash59 2004

[22] SAS SASSTAT Userrsquos Guide Version 91 Statistical AnalysisSystem Institute Cary NC USA 2006

[23] J Usero E Gonzalez-Regalado and I Gracia ldquoTrace metalsin the bivalve molluscs Ruditapes decussatus and Ruditapesphilippinarum from the Atlantic Coast of Southern SpainrdquoEnvironment International vol 23 no 3 pp 291ndash298 1997

[24] F A P C GobasW deWolf L P Burkhard E Verbruggen andK Plotzke ldquoRevisiting bioaccumulation criteria for POPs andPBT assessmentsrdquo Integrated Environmental Assessment andManagement vol 5 no 4 pp 624ndash637 2009

[25] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)Guidance for Assessing Chemical Contaminant Data for Use inFish Advisories vol 2 Risk Assessment and Fish ConsumptionLimit EPA823B-97009Office of Science andTechnology andOffice of Water Washington DC USA 3rd edition 2000

[26] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)ldquoHuman health risk assessment risk-based screening tableregional screening level (RSL) summary tablerdquo 2015 httpsemspubepagovwork032218434pdf

[27] WHO (World Health Organization) ldquoEvaluation of certainfood additives and contaminants seventy-third report of thejoint FAOWHO expert committee on food additivesrdquo WHOTechnical Report Series 960WHO 2011 httpwhqlibdocwhointtrsWHO TRS 960 engpdf

[28] A Pawełczyk ldquoAssessment of health risk associated with persis-tent organic pollutants in waterrdquo Environmental Monitoring andAssessment vol 185 no 1 pp 497ndash508 2013

[29] USEPA Region 9 Preliminary Remediation Goals Region9 PRGs Table 2002 Update United States EnvironmentalProtection Agency 2002 httpwastekygovSFBDocumentsRegion9PRGspdf

[30] P L Sun W E Hawkins R M Overstreet and N J Brown-Peterson ldquoMorphological deformities as biomarkers in fishfrom contaminated rivers in Taiwanrdquo International Journal ofEnvironmental Research and Public Health vol 6 no 8 pp2307ndash2331 2009

[31] M Lenhardt I Jaric P Cakic G Cvijanovic Z Gacic and JKolarevic ldquoSeasonal changes in condition factor hepatosomaticindex and parasitism in sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus L)rdquo TurkishJournal of Veterinary andAnimal Sciences vol 33 no 3 pp 209ndash214 2009

[32] A R Linde-Arias A F Inacio C de Alburquerque M MFreire and J C Moreira ldquoBiomarkers in an invasive fishspecies Oreochromis niloticus to assess the effects of pollutionin a highly degraded Brazilian Riverrdquo Science of the TotalEnvironment vol 399 no 1ndash3 pp 186ndash192 2008

[33] L A Hirpo ldquoBreeding season and condition factor ofOreochromis niloticus (Pisces Cichlidae) in Lake BabogayaEthiopiardquo International Journal of Agricultural Sciences vol 2no 3 pp 116ndash120 2012

[34] L Bervoets and R Blust ldquoMetal concentrations in watersediment and gudgeon (Gobio gobio) from a pollution gradientrelationship with fish condition factorrdquo Environmental Pollu-tion vol 126 no 1 pp 9ndash19 2003

Journal of Toxicology 11

[35] D Montenegro and M T Gonzalez ldquoEvaluation of somaticindexes hematology and liver histopathology of the fish Labri-somus philippiifrom san jorge bay northern Chile as associ-ated with environmental stressrdquo Revista de Biologia Marina yOceanografia vol 47 no 1 pp 99ndash107 2012

[36] A H Weatherley and H S Gill The Biology of Fish GrowthAcademic Press London UK 1987

[37] A Maceda-Veiga A J Green and A De Sostoa ldquoScaled body-mass index shows how habitat quality influences the conditionof four fish taxa in north-eastern Spain and provides a novelindicator of ecosystem healthrdquo Freshwater Biology vol 59 no6 pp 1145ndash1160 2014

[38] M Javed and N Usmani ldquoAssessment of heavy metals (Cu NiFe Co Mn Cr Zn) in rivulet water their accumulations andalterations in hematology of fish Channa punctatusrdquo AfricanJournal of Biotechnology vol 13 no 3 pp 492ndash501 2014

[39] A M Yacoub and N S Gad ldquoAccumulation of some heavymetals and biochemical alterations in muscles of Oreochromisniloticus from the River Nile in Upper Egyptrdquo InternationalJournal of Environmental Science and Engineering vol 3 pp 1ndash10 2012

[40] I Papagiannis I Kagalou J Leonardos D Petridis and VKalfakakou ldquoCopper and zinc in four freshwater fish speciesfrom Lake Pamvotis (Greece)rdquo Environment International vol30 no 3 pp 357ndash362 2004

[41] B Jovanovic E Mihaljev S Maletin and D Palic ldquoAssess-ment of heavy metal load in chub liver (Cyprinida Leuciscuscephalus) from the Nisava River (Serbia)rdquo Biologica Nyssanavol 2 no 1 pp 51ndash58 2011

[42] M Nair K V Jayalakshmy K K Balachandran and T JosephldquoBioaccumulation of toxic metals by fish in a semi-enclosedtropical ecosystemrdquo Environmental Forensics vol 7 no 3 pp197ndash206 2006

[43] S W Kotickhoff Pollutant Sorption in Environmental SystemsEPA- 600ID 80-83 NTTS Springfield Va USA 1983

[44] Y Ikeda J Koyama andHOzaki ldquoHeavymetal levels in tissuesof fish exposed to cadmiumrdquo Bulletin of the Japanese Society forthe Science of Fish vol 52 no 12 pp 2055ndash2059 1986

[45] F A Kucuksezgin A Kontas O Altay E Uluturhan andE Darılmaz ldquoAssessment of marine pollution in Izmir Baynutrient heavy metal and total hydrocarbon concentrationsrdquoEnvironment International vol 32 no 1 pp 41ndash51 2006

[46] B AMurtalaWO Abdul andA A Akinyemi ldquoBioaccumula-tion of heavy metals in fish (Hydrocynus forskahliiHyperopisusbebe occidentalis and Clarias gariepinus) organs in downstreamOgun coastal water Nigeriardquo Journal of Agricultural Science vol4 no 11 pp 51ndash59 2012

[47] M M N Authman S A Ibrahim M A El-Kasheif and HS Gaber ldquoHeavy metals pollution and their effects on gills andliver of the nile catfish Clarias gariepinus inhabiting El-Rahawydrain EgyptrdquoGlobal Veterinaria vol 10 no 2 pp 103ndash115 2013

[48] F Yilmaz N Ozdemir A Demirak and A L Tuna ldquoHeavymetal levels in two fish species Leuciscus cephalus and Lepomisgibbosusrdquo Food Chemistry vol 100 no 2 pp 830ndash835 2007

[49] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Sup-plementary Guidance for Conducting Health Risk Assessmentof Chemical Mixtures EPA630R-00002 National Center forEnvironmental Assessment Washington DC USA 2000

[50] C Copat F Bella M Castaing R Fallico S Sciacca andM Ferrante ldquoHeavy metals concentrations in fish from Sicily(Mediterranean Sea) and evaluation of possible health risks

to consumersrdquo Bulletin of Environmental Contamination andToxicology vol 88 no 1 pp 78ndash83 2012

[51] FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations) ldquoFishery and aquaculture country profiles EgyptrdquoCountry Profile Fact Sheets FAO Fisheries and AquacultureDepartment Rome Italy 2010 httpwwwfaoorgfisherycountrysectornaso egypten

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

PainResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AntibioticsInternational Journal of

ToxicologyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

StrokeResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Drug DeliveryJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in Pharmacological Sciences

Tropical MedicineJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AddictionJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

Emergency Medicine InternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Autoimmune Diseases

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Anesthesiology Research and Practice

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Pharmaceutics

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION

of

Journal of Toxicology 11

[35] D Montenegro and M T Gonzalez ldquoEvaluation of somaticindexes hematology and liver histopathology of the fish Labri-somus philippiifrom san jorge bay northern Chile as associ-ated with environmental stressrdquo Revista de Biologia Marina yOceanografia vol 47 no 1 pp 99ndash107 2012

[36] A H Weatherley and H S Gill The Biology of Fish GrowthAcademic Press London UK 1987

[37] A Maceda-Veiga A J Green and A De Sostoa ldquoScaled body-mass index shows how habitat quality influences the conditionof four fish taxa in north-eastern Spain and provides a novelindicator of ecosystem healthrdquo Freshwater Biology vol 59 no6 pp 1145ndash1160 2014

[38] M Javed and N Usmani ldquoAssessment of heavy metals (Cu NiFe Co Mn Cr Zn) in rivulet water their accumulations andalterations in hematology of fish Channa punctatusrdquo AfricanJournal of Biotechnology vol 13 no 3 pp 492ndash501 2014

[39] A M Yacoub and N S Gad ldquoAccumulation of some heavymetals and biochemical alterations in muscles of Oreochromisniloticus from the River Nile in Upper Egyptrdquo InternationalJournal of Environmental Science and Engineering vol 3 pp 1ndash10 2012

[40] I Papagiannis I Kagalou J Leonardos D Petridis and VKalfakakou ldquoCopper and zinc in four freshwater fish speciesfrom Lake Pamvotis (Greece)rdquo Environment International vol30 no 3 pp 357ndash362 2004

[41] B Jovanovic E Mihaljev S Maletin and D Palic ldquoAssess-ment of heavy metal load in chub liver (Cyprinida Leuciscuscephalus) from the Nisava River (Serbia)rdquo Biologica Nyssanavol 2 no 1 pp 51ndash58 2011

[42] M Nair K V Jayalakshmy K K Balachandran and T JosephldquoBioaccumulation of toxic metals by fish in a semi-enclosedtropical ecosystemrdquo Environmental Forensics vol 7 no 3 pp197ndash206 2006

[43] S W Kotickhoff Pollutant Sorption in Environmental SystemsEPA- 600ID 80-83 NTTS Springfield Va USA 1983

[44] Y Ikeda J Koyama andHOzaki ldquoHeavymetal levels in tissuesof fish exposed to cadmiumrdquo Bulletin of the Japanese Society forthe Science of Fish vol 52 no 12 pp 2055ndash2059 1986

[45] F A Kucuksezgin A Kontas O Altay E Uluturhan andE Darılmaz ldquoAssessment of marine pollution in Izmir Baynutrient heavy metal and total hydrocarbon concentrationsrdquoEnvironment International vol 32 no 1 pp 41ndash51 2006

[46] B AMurtalaWO Abdul andA A Akinyemi ldquoBioaccumula-tion of heavy metals in fish (Hydrocynus forskahliiHyperopisusbebe occidentalis and Clarias gariepinus) organs in downstreamOgun coastal water Nigeriardquo Journal of Agricultural Science vol4 no 11 pp 51ndash59 2012

[47] M M N Authman S A Ibrahim M A El-Kasheif and HS Gaber ldquoHeavy metals pollution and their effects on gills andliver of the nile catfish Clarias gariepinus inhabiting El-Rahawydrain EgyptrdquoGlobal Veterinaria vol 10 no 2 pp 103ndash115 2013

[48] F Yilmaz N Ozdemir A Demirak and A L Tuna ldquoHeavymetal levels in two fish species Leuciscus cephalus and Lepomisgibbosusrdquo Food Chemistry vol 100 no 2 pp 830ndash835 2007

[49] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Sup-plementary Guidance for Conducting Health Risk Assessmentof Chemical Mixtures EPA630R-00002 National Center forEnvironmental Assessment Washington DC USA 2000

[50] C Copat F Bella M Castaing R Fallico S Sciacca andM Ferrante ldquoHeavy metals concentrations in fish from Sicily(Mediterranean Sea) and evaluation of possible health risks

to consumersrdquo Bulletin of Environmental Contamination andToxicology vol 88 no 1 pp 78ndash83 2012

[51] FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations) ldquoFishery and aquaculture country profiles EgyptrdquoCountry Profile Fact Sheets FAO Fisheries and AquacultureDepartment Rome Italy 2010 httpwwwfaoorgfisherycountrysectornaso egypten

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

PainResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AntibioticsInternational Journal of

ToxicologyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

StrokeResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Drug DeliveryJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in Pharmacological Sciences

Tropical MedicineJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AddictionJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

Emergency Medicine InternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Autoimmune Diseases

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Anesthesiology Research and Practice

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Pharmaceutics

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION

of

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

PainResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AntibioticsInternational Journal of

ToxicologyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

StrokeResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Drug DeliveryJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in Pharmacological Sciences

Tropical MedicineJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AddictionJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

Emergency Medicine InternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Autoimmune Diseases

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Anesthesiology Research and Practice

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Pharmaceutics

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION

of