Research Article Phytoplankton and Eutrophication Degree ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2013/436965.pdf · for Cryptophyta, and species (genus) for Chrysophyta, accounting

Hindawi Publishing CorporationThe Scientific World JournalVolume 2013 Article ID 436965 8 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552013436965

Research ArticlePhytoplankton and Eutrophication Degree Assessment ofBaiyangdian Lake Wetland China

Xing Wang12 Yu Wang12 Lusan Liu12 Jianmin Shu1 Yanzhong Zhu12 and Juan Zhou12

1 State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment Chinese Research Academy of Environmental SciencesBeijing 100012 China

2 State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment Chinese Research Academy of EnvironmentalSciences Beijing 100012 China

Correspondence should be addressed to Lusan Liu liulscraesorgcn

Received 27 April 2013 Accepted 30 June 2013

Academic Editors J Bai and A Li

Copyright copy 2013 Xing Wang et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

Eight typical sampling sites were chosen to investigate the phytoplankton community structure and to assess the eutrophicationdegree of Baiyangdian Lake in 2009 Our results showed that among the total 133 species identified Cyanophyta Chlorophytaand Bacillariophyta dominated the phytoplankton community In spring Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta were the dominantphyla and the dominant species included Chlorella sp Chroomonas acuta Uterm and Microcystis incerta Lemm the density ofthe phytoplankton ranged from 496 times 104 to 6256 times 104 cellsL with an average of 2384 times 104 cellsL However Chlorophyta andCyanophyta became the dominant phyla in summer and the dominant species were Chlorella sp Leptolyngbya valderianaAnagnandNephrocytium agardhianumNageli the density of the phytoplankton varied from 318times104 to 4630times104 cellsL with an averageof 1785 times 104 cellsLThe density of the phytoplankton has increased significantly compared to the previous investigations in 2005The index of Carlson nutritional status (TSIM) and the dominant genus assessment indicated that themajority of Baiyangdian Lakewas in eutrophic state

1 Introduction

Eutrophication is a phenomenon in which the excess trophicsubstances (ie nitrogen and phosphorus) in lakes reser-voirs estuaries rivers and certain coastal waters cause agreat increase in algae and a decrease in dissolved oxygenthus leading to serious death of a lot of fishes and otherhydrophytes A lot of freshwater water bodies have occurredeutrophication in the 1990s [1] and it was the first timefor eutrophication began to become the major pollutionproblem of lakes and reservoirs in most countries such asEurope and North America An investigation showed thateutrophication took place in 54 of Asian lakes 53 ofEuropean lakes 48 of lakes in North America 41 oflakes in South America and even 28 of lakes in Africa [2]For example Japanrsquos second largest lake (Lake Kasumigaura)once played a very important role in irrigation humanlife industry inland fishery recreation and so on howeverserious eutrophication has been observed in this lake since

the early 1900 and this once well-known tourist attractionwas forced to shut down due to the deteriorative water quality[3]

There are in total 2759 lakes with the area of morethan 1 km2 in China which covers an area of 91019 km2and makes up 095 of land area in China About one-third of these lakes is fresh water lake and they are mainlylocated in eastern coastal area and the lower-middle reachesof Yangtze River In recent years the rapid developmentof economy the inappropriate development and utilizationof water resources and the worsening agriculture nonpointpollution have resulted in serious eutrophication most ofthese lakes have been plagued by eutrophication or are inthe course of eutrophication development [4] the structureand function of the lake ecosystems have degenerated withthe frequent occurrence of blue-green algae blooms andpollution-induced water shortage These water problemsseriously affect the production activities and life of people inthe lake region limit the sustainable development of regional

2 The Scientific World Journal

social economy and cause great financial losses and socialproblems [5]

Phytoplankton including many species is widely dis-tributed in the aquatic ecosystem which maintains thestructural functions of ecosystem and plays an important andirreplaceable role of indicator and purifier on lake pollutionthrough participating in material cycle and energy flow inlakes [6 7] In recent years the species and communitystructure characteristics of phytoplankton combined withthe chemical detection of water quality have been generallyaccepted as environmental assessment indicators [8] Amongthem the index of Carlson nutritional status (TSIM) and thedominant genus assessment have been widely applied for theassessment of eutrophication in lakes and reservoirs [9 10]

Baiyangdian Lake located in the eastern part of NorthChina Plain is the largest fresh water lake in Haihe RiverBasin It is also the largest inland shallow lake in NorthChina and is historically given the name of ldquothe Pearl ofNorth Chinardquo because of its excellent water quality and greatbiodiversity However in the highly populated BaiyangdianLake area industrial effluents and domestic sewage flowdirectly into the lake through surface runoff [11] upstreamwater supply declines and water level drops which resultsin low self-purifying capacity of this lake As a result thewater quality of this lake is increasingly more worse [12] withserious eutrophication [13]

The objectives of this paper were to identify the speciescomposition and spatial distribution of the phytoplanktonand to evaluate the eutrophication degree in BaiyangdianLake

2 Materials and Methods

21 Study Area Baiyangdian Lake with an area of about366 km2 is a typical plant-dominated shallow freshwater lakeconsisting of about 143 lake parks with a maximum depthof 40m Reeds and cattails are the dominant macrophytecovering about 22 of the lake area Raised fields withreeds and cattails coverings are divided into multiple blocksby more than 3700 artificial ditches These ditches areregarded as multiple connected corridors in the reed wetlandlandscape It has the semiarid monsoon climate with theaverage annual precipitation of 5702mm and the averageannual evaporation in this region is 1369mm which is farhigher than the average annual precipitation [14]Meanwhilethe reduction of lake surface area and depth worsens theeutrophic situation

22 Sample Collection and Analysis Eight sampling siteswere chosen in the Baiyangdian Lake (115∘561015840 to 116∘061015840E38∘491015840 to 38∘571015840N Figure 1) and phytoplankton and relevantenvironment factors were investigated in the early April(spring) and in the middle of June (summer) of 2009Quantitative sample collection of phytoplankton is as followsorganic glass hydrophore was used to collect water samplesthe volume of water sample was 1000mL for water whichwas no more than 3 meters deep and the water masses ofwhich were well mixed one sample of 1000mL needed to be

collected from the surface (05 meter) while for water whichwas 3 to 10 meters deep one sample of 500mL from thesurface and one sample of 500mL from the bottom neededto be collected and mixed Lugolrsquos solution was used to fixsamples and 1 (vol) formalin solution was used to preservesamples The treatment analysis method and water qualityanalysis method of the phytoplankton samples were carriedout according to the standard methods from Lake EcosystemObservation Method [15]

23 Data Processing Data were proceeded using SPSS andPRIMER V6 software packages [16] to get ecological indica-tors such as species number density Shannon-Weiner indexand richness index of phytoplankton

Shannon-Weiner index is calculated using formula (1)

1198671015840= minus

119904

sum

119894=1

119875119894ln119875119894 (1)

where 119875119894represents the percentage of species 119894 in the samples

for example if the total number of species is 119873 and thenumber of species 119894 is 119899

119894 then 119875

119894= 119899119894119873

Richness index is calculated using formula (2)

119889 =(119878 minus 1)

log2119872 (2)

where 119878 is the number of species in the samples collected fromcertain sampling sites and119872 is the number of individuals ofall the species in this sampling site

Uniformity is calculated using formula (3)

1198691015840=1198671015840

ln 119878 (3)

where1198671015840 is the Shannon-Weiner index and 119878 is the number ofspecies in the samples collected from certain sampling sites

3 Results and Discussion

31 Community Composition and Biodiversity All the phyto-plankton collected in both dates could be categorized into 8phyla and 133 species (genus) Amongst them 8 phyla and78 species (genus) were observed in spring and Chloro-phyta Cyanophyta and Bacillariophyta were the dominatephytoplankton community with the greatest number ofChlorophyta including 33 species (genus) which accountedfor 423 of the total number of algae Fifteen species (genus)of Bacillariophyta and 11 species (genus) of Cyanophytawere observed accounting for 192 and 141 of the totalnumber of algae respectively There were 7 species (genus)for Euglenophyta and 5 species (genus) for Cryptophytaaccounting for 90 and 64 of the total number of algaerespectively However there were only 2 species (genus) forPyrrophyta 2 species (genus) for Xanthophyta and 3 species(genus) for Chrysophyta accounting for 26 26 and38 of the total number of algae respectively (Figure 2(a))

Eight phyla and 133 species (genus) were observed insummer and Chlorophyta Cyanophyta and Euglenophyta

The Scientific World Journal 3

1

2

3

45

6

7

8

NPu River

Xiaobai River

Cao River

Tang River

Xiaoyi River

Sample sites

RiverBaiyangdian Lake

0 1 2 4 6 8(km)

38∘55998400N

38∘50998400N

115∘50998400E 115

∘55998400E 116∘00998400E 116

∘05998400E

Figure 1 Sampling sites of the Baiyangdian Lake in Hebei Province China

Chlorophyta423

Bacillariophyta192

Pyrrophyta26

Xanthophyta26

Euglenophyta90

Cryptophyta64

Cyanophyta141

Chrysophyta38

(a)

Chlorophyta523

Bacillariophyta55Pyrrophyta

28Xanthophyta18

Euglenophyta138

Cryptophyta37

Cyanophyta193

Chrysophyta09

(b)

Figure 2 Composition percentage of the main phytoplankton in the study area in spring (a) and summer (b)

were the dominate phytoplankton community with the great-est number of Chlorophyta including 57 species (genus)which accounted for 523 of the total number of algaeTwenty-one species (genus) of Cyanophyta and 15 species(genus) of Euglenophyta were observed accounting for 193and 138 of the total number of algae respectively Therewere 6 species (genus) for Bacillariophyta and 3 species(genus) for Pyrrophyta accounting for 55 and 28 ofthe total number of algae respectively However there wereonly 2 species (genus) for Xanthophyta 4 species (genus)

for Cryptophyta and 1 species (genus) for Chrysophytaaccounting for 18 37 and 09 of the total number ofalgae respectively (Figure 2(b)) In spring the first dominantspecies in Baiyangdian Lake is Chlorella sp which belongs tothe Chlorophyta phylum with the occurrence frequency of100 The second dominant species are Chroomonas acutaUterm and Microcystis incerta Lemm which belong to theCryptophyta and Cyanophyta phyla with the occurrence fre-quency of 875 and 100 respectively In summer the firstdominant species in Baiyangdian Lake is Chlorella sp which


000050100150200250300350400450

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Biod

iver

sity

inde

x

Sampling sites

H998400

d

J998400

(a)

000

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Biod

iver

sity

inde

x

Sampling sites

H998400

d

J998400

(b)

Figure 3 Biodiversity index of the phytoplankton in different sampling sites in Baiyangdian Lake in spring (a) and summer (b)

belongs to the Chlorophyta phylum with the occurrencefrequency of 100 The second dominant species are Lep-tolyngbya valderianaAnagn andNephrocytium agardhianumNageli which belongs to the Cyanophyta and Chlorophytaphyla with occurrence frequency of 70 and 88 respec-tively

Figure 3 shows the biodiversity index of the phytoplank-ton in Baiyangdian Lake sampling sites in spring (a) andsummer (b) As shown in Figure 3(a) the Shannon-Weinerindex of phytoplankton was 143sim282 with an average of209 and the species richness index of phytoplankton was215sim389 with an average of 288The Shannon-Weiner indexfor Site 5 was the lowest (143) and the richness index is215 the Shannon-Weiner index for Site 1 was the highest(282) and the richness index is 389 It is obvious thatthe space distribution tendency of Shannon-Weiner indexand species richness index was consistent The uniformityindex was 044sim080 with an average of 062 In summerthe Shannon-Weiner index of phytoplankton was 142sim329with an average of 250 and the species richness indexof phytoplankton was 205sim578 with an average of 411(Figure 3(b)) The Shannon-Weiner index for Site 5 was thelowest (142) and the richness index is 205 the Shannon-Weiner index for Site 8was the highest (329) and the richnessindex is 578 The space distribution tendency of Shannon-Weiner index and species richness index was consistent Theuniformity index of phytoplankton was 051sim082 with anaverage of 068 According to this in Baiyangdian Lakethere were more species of phytoplankton in summer thanin spring but there was no dominant group Chlorophytaand Cyanophyta dominated the community in both springand summer In sampling sites close to residential area fishculturing cages livestock and poultry farms which wereunder great influence of human activities there were morevarieties of phytoplankton while in sampling sites whichwere situated in lake outlets and in standing water there werefewer varieties of phytoplankton This is consistent with the

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Sampling sites

SpringSummer

Den

sity

(times104

cells

L)

Figure 4 Comparison of phytoplankton density in different sam-pling sites in Baiyangdian Lake in spring and summer

results in previous studies of phytoplankton in BaiyangdianLake [17]

32 Phytoplankton Density The number of phytoplankton inBaiyangdian Lake varied greatly between spring and summerIn spring the density of phytoplankton varied from 496times104to 6256times104 cellsL with an average of 2384times104 cellsL thedensity varied greatly between different sampling sites thedensity of phytoplankton cells in Sites 5 and 7 was high whilethe density of Sites 1 and 8 was low In summer the densityof phytoplankton varied from 318 times 104 to 4630 times 104 cellsLwith an average of 1785 times 104 cellsL (Figure 4) the densityvaried greatly between different sampling sites the densityof phytoplankton cells in Sites 4 and 6 was high while the


Table 1 Variations of phytoplankton density and dominant species

Year Number(species)

Density(times104 cellsL)

Dominantspecies

Number(species) Percentage Dominant

speciesNumber(species) Percentage Data resource

2005 152 6644 Chlorophyta 80 526 Cyanophyta 28 184 [20]2006 155 5182 Chlorophyta 81 523 Cyanophyta 29 187 [20]2009 133 20846 Chlorophyta 65 489 Cyanophyta 22 165 This study

Table 2 Correlation analysis between phytoplankton density and environmental factors of Baiyangdian Lake in spring

T DO COD CODMn pH TN TP Chla SD DensityT 1DO 0024 1COD 0760lowast minus0454 1CODMn 0867lowastlowast minus0285 0948lowastlowast 1pH 0458 0753lowast 0022 0108 1TN 0274 minus0476 0566 0602 minus0249 1TP 0286 minus0428 0550 0600 minus0207 0998lowastlowast 1Chla 0627 0513 0442 0492 0851lowastlowast 0057 0089 1SD minus0069 minus0212 minus0264 minus0220 minus0439 minus0382 minus0399 minus0687 1Density 0644 minus0132 0651 0543 0308 minus0223 minus0241 0512 minus0067 1lowastSignificant correlation at the level of 119875 lt 005 lowastlowastsignificant correlation at the level of 119875 lt 001

density of Sites 5 and 7 was low Generally speaking thedensity of phytoplankton and dominant species can indicatethe eutrophication degree of certain water As species ofhigh pollution tolerant if Cyanophyta increases sharply andfinally becomes the dominant species it indicates that thewater is eutrophic that is to say the higher the density ofCyanophyta cells is the more serious the eutrophication is[18] According to this survey cyanophyta and Chlorophytabecame dominant in the phytoplankton community thatmaybe caused by the increased organic matters after organicmatters in industrial wastewater and domestic sewage cameinto Baiyangdian Lake [19] and resulted in the increaseof varieties and number of phytoplankton especially thesespecies with high pollution tolerance

To get a general understanding of the change of phy-toplankton community in Baiyangdian Lake data of thethree times surveys of phytoplankton since 2005 were com-pared (Table 1) and dynamic variations of phytoplanktonin Baiyangdian Lake in recent years were analyzed fromthe aspects of species composition density and dominantspecies The data of the years 2005 and 2006 were averagesfrom the 8 sampling sites in Baiyangdian Lake in spring andsummer and the data of the year 2009 were averages fromthe current survey in 8 sampling sites in Baiyangdian Lake inspring and summer The survey methods were the same

Table 1 shows the variations of phytoplankton densityand dominant species in Baiyangdian Lake in recent yearsTaking the year 2005 as the reference point the averagephytoplankton density decreased 022 times in 2006 whereasthe average phytoplankton density increased 241 times in2009 In the three surveys Chlorophyta and Cyanophytawere the mainly dominant species The annual variationstendency of different algae phylums were different thephytoplankton variety number tended to decrease while

the phytoplankton density tended to increase In the cur-rent survey the phytoplankton density increased observablybecause the nutrient load in Baiyangdian Lake changedwhen sampling algae were growing and blooming andas the temperature became higher and the light becamestronger the water environment became more favorable forthe growth of phytoplankton which abundance increased as aresult Generally speaking in mesotrophic lakes PyrrophytaCryptophyta and Bacillariophyta are the dominant speciesand in eutrophic lakes Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta are thedominant species [21] From this a conclusion can be drawnthatChlorella sp andMicrocystis incerta Lemmwhich belongto the Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta phyla respectively arebecoming the dominant species indicating that BaiyangdianLake had become eutrophic and organic matters tended toincrease year by year

33 Relationship between Phytoplankton and Environmen-tal Factors Nine environment factors chemical oxygendemand (COD) potassium permanganate index (CODMn)total nitrogen (TN) total phosphorus (TP) chlorophyll a(Chla) pH dissolved oxygen (DO) secchi depth (SD)and temperature were selected in the eight sampling sitesThe Pearson correlation analysis showed that no significantcorrelation was observed between phytoplankton cell densityand environmental factors in spring (Table 2) In summer(Table 3) phytoplankton cell density was greatly influencedby DO (119903 = 0813 119875 = 0014) Chla (119903 = 0818 119875 =0024) and TP (119903 = 0833 119875 = 0010) and there wasa positive correlation between them According to this thebest environment factor combination could not be identifiedwhich influenced the space distribution of phytoplanktonin Baiyangdian Lake in summer and DO Chla and TP


Table 3 Correlation analysis between phytoplankton density and environmental variables of Baiyangdian Lake in summer

T DO COD CODMn pH TN TP Chla SD DensityT 1DO minus0321 1COD minus0617 0295 1CODMn 0087 0518 0100 1pH 0241 0329 minus0070 0484 1TN minus0814lowast 0472 0555 0455 0107 1TP minus0522 0930lowastlowast 0424 0423 0267 0645 1Chla minus0454 0930lowastlowast 0337 0669 0313 0687 0982lowastlowast 1SD 0339 minus0089 minus0342 minus0556 minus0364 minus0724lowast minus0318 minus0622 1Density minus0245 0813lowast minus0011 0498 0630 0505 0833lowast 0818lowast minus0357 1lowastSignificant correlation at the level of 119875 lt 005 lowastlowastsignificant correlation at the level of 119875 lt 001

were probably the important factors which influenced thespace distribution of phytoplankton in Baiyangdian Lakein summer The main reason for this is that summer isusually the time for algal bloom occurrence in eutrophiclakes In the sampling Sites 3 and 7 because breeding industryand crop farming were flourishing the concentration ofnutrients in water was high while algae bloom DO and thephytoplankton cell density were low In the sampling Sites5 and 1 because the water was open and far from pollutionsource the water quality was good and the phytoplankton celldensity was low

Phytoplankton cell density varied greatly from season toseason mainly due to the water temperature Environmentfactors have different influences on the community structureand species number of phytoplankton in different lakesSONG Xiao-lanrsquos study on the community structure of phy-toplankton in Taihu Lake and Wulihe River found that windwave and eutrophication degree were the restrictive con-ditions for growth of phytoplankton species [22] Jeppesenpointed out that in lakes the density of filtering-feeding fishwas a factor closely correlated with the variety and numberof phytoplankton [23] However other unknown physicalchemical and biological factors can probably directly orindirectly influence the number of phytoplankton in a certainway because the growth of phytoplankton is also relatedto many other factors (eg water stability climate lakearea lake depth spatial distribution of organic matter andheavy metals in wetland soils the community structureand density of hydrophyte) [24ndash35] Therefore it is difficultto do ldquodose-effect analysisrdquo of the interaction between thenumber of phytoplankton and the abovementioned factorsIt is suggested that in the future research more effortsshould be made to study lake type climate characteristicsand surrounding environment and simulated experimentsshould be also included to the impact factors on variation ofphytoplankton number

34 Eutrophication Degree Assessment Generally the exces-sive growth of phytoplankton is the characterization ofeutrophication Chla SD and dominant species are usuallyregarded as the most important indicators for the assessmentof eutrophication degree In this paper the index of TSIM

Table 4 Assessment results of trophic status index of BaiyangdianLake in 2009

Item TSIM Trophic statusTP 7700 EutrophicChla 476 MesotrophicSD 6924 Eutrophic

and the dominant genus assessment were used to assess thetrophic status of Baiyangdian Lake [36]The index of Carlsonnutritional status (TSIM) can elaborately describe the changeof water trophic status and can also improve water qualitymonitoring and assessment The method is to grade the laketrophic status with numbers from 0 to 100 according to therelation between SD Chla and TP Index under 30 indicatesoligotrophic water index from 30 to 50 indicatesmesotrophicwater and index from 50 to 100 indicates eutrophic waterUnder the same trophic status the higher the index isthe more serious the eutrophication is According to thisassessment result (Table 4) water in Baiyangdian Lake ismesotrophic and eutrophicconsider the following

TSIM (Chl 119886) = 10 times (246 + lnChl 119886ln 25)

TSIM (TP) = 10 times [246 + (671 + 115 times lnTP)ln 25

]

TSIM (SD) = 10 times [246 + (369 minus 153 times lnSD)ln 25

]

(4)

In this formula Chl 119886 is the content of chlorophyll a SD issecchi depth TP is total Phosphorus

According to the dominant genus assessment dominantphytoplankton genus observed in this survey included notonly indicator species for eutrophication such as Chlorellasp but also indicator species for serious eutrophication suchas Microcystis incerta Lemm and Chroomonas acuta Utermwith indicator species for eutrophication as the dominantspecies According to these two methods Baiyangdian Lakewas at eutrophic status which was consistent with SHENHui-taorsquos [19] research conclusion in the year 2006 in which


the majority of Baiyangdian Lake was at eutrophic status andthe eutrophication tended to be aggravated

4 Conclusions

Eutrophication degree assessing methods can be broadlydivided into two types biological monitoring method andcomprehensive indicatorsmethodThis study was carried outby combing the dominant genus assessment and the index ofTSIM to assess comprehensively the eutrophication degreeof Baiyangdian Lake Generally the species composition ofphytoplankton in Baiyangdian Lake changed significantlyand the density tended to increase compared to the results ofcomprehensive ecological surveys in recent years Baiyang-dian Lake tended to become seriously eutrophic now It isnecessary to use different approaches to assess eutrophicationdue to the limitation of these approaches Moreover bothmethods for eutrophication degree assessment in this studyare convenient and applicable and it can be used to assessthe impacts of organic matter pollution in other similar casesacross China The finding of this study provides necessarytheoretical and data support for the control of eutrophicationin Baiyangdian LakeHowever further studies are still neededon the species composition quantity characteristics and dis-tribution characteristics of the phytoplankton in BaiyangdianLake for eutrophication prevention and control and for theconservation of biodiversity

References

[1] W Rodhe ldquoCrystallization of eutrophication concepts in NorthEuroperdquo in Eutrophication Causes Consequences Correctivespp 50ndash64 National Academy of Sciences 1969

[2] ILECLake Biwa Research Institute 1988ndash1993 Survey of theState of the Worldrsquos Lakes vol 1ndash4 International Lake Envi-ronment Committee and United Nations Environment Pro-gramme 1993

[3] Z X Liu G P Wu and J F Tu ldquoEutrophication status andgovernance of major lakes in Japanrdquo Express Water Resourcesand Hydropower Information vol 28 no 11 pp 5ndash13 2007(Chinese)

[4] B Q Qin ldquoApproaches to mechanisms and control of eutroph-ication of shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of theYangze Riverrdquo Journal of Sciences vol 14 no 3 pp 193ndash2022002 (Chinese)

[5] M Shao X Y Tang Y H Zhang and W Li ldquoCity clusters inChina air and surface water pollutionrdquo Frontiers in Ecology andthe Environment vol 4 no 7 pp 353ndash361 2006

[6] S V Mize and D K Demcheck ldquoWater quality and phyto-plankton communities in Lake Pontchartrain during and afterthe Bonnet Carre Spillway opening April to October 2008 inLouisiana USArdquoGeo-Marine Letters vol 29 no 6 pp 431ndash4402009

[7] H Lei Y Q Liang A M Zhu et al ldquoPhytoplankton and waterquality in the Tongzhuang River of Three Gorges ReservoirrdquoJournal of Lake Science vol 22 no 2 pp 195ndash200 2010(Chinese)

[8] P Y Guo Y Z Lin and Y X Li ldquoStudy on phytoplankton andevaluation of water quality in Dongping Lakerdquo Transaction ofOceanology and Limnology no 4 pp 37ndash42 1997 (Chinese)

[9] L Ren Z C Dong and S H Li ldquoResearch on phytoplanktonandwater eutrophication ofXuanwuLakerdquoWater Resources andPower vol 26 no 4 pp 31ndash32 2008 (Chinese)

[10] M Cao Q H Cai R Q Liu X D Qu and L Ye ldquoComparativeresearch on physicohemical factors between Xiangxi Bay andthe front region ofThreeGorges ReservoirrdquoActaHydrobiologicaSinica vol 30 no 1 pp 20ndash25 2006 (Chinese)

[11] H F Gao J H Bai R Xiao P P Liu W Jiang and J JWang ldquoLevels sources and risk assessment of trace elementsin wetland soils of a typical shallow freshwater lake ChinardquoStochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment vol 27no 1 pp 275ndash284 2013

[12] X Liu M Xu Z Yang et al ldquoSources and risk of polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons in Baiyangdian Lake North ChinardquoJournal of Environmental Science and Health A vol 45 no 4pp 413ndash420 2010

[13] C Y Chen P C Pickhardt M Q Xu and C L FoltldquoMercury and arsenic bioaccumulation and eutrophication inBaiyangdian Lake Chinardquo Water Air and Soil Pollution vol190 no 1ndash4 pp 115ndash127 2008

[14] C L Liu G D Xie and H Q Huang ldquoShrinking and dryingup of Baiyangdian Lake wetland a natural or human causerdquoChinese Geographical Science vol 16 no 4 pp 314ndash319 2006

[15] W M Chen X F Huang and W P Zhou Lake EcosystemObservation Methods China Environmental Science Press2005

[16] K R Clarke and R M Warwick ldquoChange in marine commu-nities an approach to statistical analysis and interpretationrdquoNatural Environment Research Council pp 24ndash36 1994

[17] H T Shen and C Q Liu ldquoCanonical correspondence analysisof phytoplankton community and its environmental factors inthe Lake Baiyangdianrdquo Journal of Lake Science vol 20 no 1 pp773ndash779 2008 (Chinese)

[18] ZHWangQQ Lin RHu C L Fan and B PHan ldquoPollutionby blue-green algae (Cyanophyta) in reservoirs of GuangdongProvince and water quality evaluationrdquo Journal of Tropical andSubtropical Botany vol 12 no 2 pp 117ndash123 2004 (Chinese)

[19] Y H Li B S Cui and Z F Yang ldquoInfluence of hydrologicalcharacteristic change of Baiyangdian on the ecological environ-ment in wetlandrdquo Journal of Natural Resources vol 19 no 1 pp62ndash68 2004 (Chinese)

[20] H T Shen The Ecological Study of Phytoplankton Communityin the Baiyangdian Lake Hebei University 2007

[21] Q Q Pang and B Y Li ldquoEutrophication degree assessment ofDongping Lake ChinardquoWater Resources Protection vol 19 no5 pp 42ndash44 2003 (Chinese)

[22] X L Song Z W Liu H K Pan G J Yang and Y W ChenldquoPhytoplankton community structure inMeiliang Bay and LakeWuli of Lake Taihurdquo Journal of Lake Science vol 19 no 6 pp643ndash651 2007 (Chinese)

[23] E JeppesenM SoslashndergaardO Sortkjoaeligr EMortensen andPKristensen ldquoInteractions between phytoplankton zooplanktonand fish in a shallow hypertrophic lake a study of phytoplank-ton collapses in Lake Soslashbygard Denmarkrdquo Hydrobiologia vol191 no 1 pp 149ndash164 1990

[24] M X Zhao and B P Han ldquoAnalysis of factors affectingcyanobacteria bloom in a tropical reservoir (Tangxi ReservoirChina)rdquoActa Ecologica Sinica vol 25 no 7 pp 1554ndash1561 2005(Chinese)

[25] G B Arhonditsis M Winder M T Brett and D E SchindlerldquoPatterns and mechanisms of phytoplankton variability in Lake


Washington (USA)rdquo Water Research vol 38 no 18 pp 4013ndash4027 2004

[26] U Gaedke ldquoThe size distribution of plankton biomass in a largelake and its seasonal variabilityrdquo Limnology and Oceanographyvol 37 no 6 pp 1202ndash1220 1992

[27] L B Huang J H Bai H F Gao R Xiao P P Liu and B ChenldquoSoil organic carbon content and storage of raised fieldwetlandsin different functional zones of a typical shallow freshwater lakeChinardquo Soil Research vol 50 no 8 pp 664ndash671 2012

[28] L B Huang J H Bai R Xiao H F Gao and P P Liu ldquoSpatialdistribution of Fe Cu Mn in the surface water system andtheir effects on wetland vegetation in the Pearl River Estuary ofChinardquo CleanmdashSoil Air Water vol 40 no 10 pp 1085ndash10922012

[29] E H Na and S S Park ldquoA hydrodynamic and water qualitymodeling study of spatial and temporal patterns of phytoplank-ton growth in a stratified lake with buoyant incoming flowrdquoEcological Modelling vol 199 no 3 pp 298ndash314 2006

[30] J H Bai R Xiao K J Zhang andH F Gao ldquoArsenic and heavymetal pollution in wetland soils from tidal freshwater and saltmarshes before and after the flow-sediment regulation regime inthe Yellow River Delta Chinardquo Journal of Hydrology vol 450-451 pp 244ndash253 2012

[31] J H Bai B S Cui B Chen et al ldquoSpatial distribution andecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sedimentsfrom a typical plateau lake wetland Chinardquo Ecological Mod-elling vol 222 no 2 pp 301ndash306 2011

[32] F X Kong and G Gao ldquoHypothesis on cyanobacteria bloom-forming mechanism in large shallow eutrophic lakesrdquo ActaEcologica Sinica vol 25 no 3 pp 589ndash595 2005 (Chinese)

[33] C G Liu X C Jin L Sun et al ldquoTemporal and spatialdistribution of nutrients and algae in urban small artificial lakeenclosuresrdquo Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae vol 24 no 6 pp1039ndash1045 2004 (Chinese)

[34] J H Bai Q G Wang K J Zhang et al ldquoTrace elementcontaminations of roadside soils from two cultivated wetlandsafter abandonment in a typical plateau lakeshore ChinardquoStochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment vol 25no 1 pp 91ndash97 2011

[35] Q G Wang S B Li P Jia C C Qi and F Dang ldquoA review ofsurface water quality modelsrdquoThe Scientific World Journal vol2013 Article ID 231768 7 pages 2013

[36] Z S Zhang ldquoMacrophyte-phytoplankton relationship and laketrophic statusrdquo Journal of Lake Science vol 10 no 4 pp 83ndash861998 (Chinese)

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Environmental and Public Health

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Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

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OceanographyInternational Journal of


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Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


ClimatologyJournal of


social economy and cause great financial losses and socialproblems [5]

Phytoplankton including many species is widely dis-tributed in the aquatic ecosystem which maintains thestructural functions of ecosystem and plays an important andirreplaceable role of indicator and purifier on lake pollutionthrough participating in material cycle and energy flow inlakes [6 7] In recent years the species and communitystructure characteristics of phytoplankton combined withthe chemical detection of water quality have been generallyaccepted as environmental assessment indicators [8] Amongthem the index of Carlson nutritional status (TSIM) and thedominant genus assessment have been widely applied for theassessment of eutrophication in lakes and reservoirs [9 10]

Baiyangdian Lake located in the eastern part of NorthChina Plain is the largest fresh water lake in Haihe RiverBasin It is also the largest inland shallow lake in NorthChina and is historically given the name of ldquothe Pearl ofNorth Chinardquo because of its excellent water quality and greatbiodiversity However in the highly populated BaiyangdianLake area industrial effluents and domestic sewage flowdirectly into the lake through surface runoff [11] upstreamwater supply declines and water level drops which resultsin low self-purifying capacity of this lake As a result thewater quality of this lake is increasingly more worse [12] withserious eutrophication [13]

The objectives of this paper were to identify the speciescomposition and spatial distribution of the phytoplanktonand to evaluate the eutrophication degree in BaiyangdianLake

2 Materials and Methods

21 Study Area Baiyangdian Lake with an area of about366 km2 is a typical plant-dominated shallow freshwater lakeconsisting of about 143 lake parks with a maximum depthof 40m Reeds and cattails are the dominant macrophytecovering about 22 of the lake area Raised fields withreeds and cattails coverings are divided into multiple blocksby more than 3700 artificial ditches These ditches areregarded as multiple connected corridors in the reed wetlandlandscape It has the semiarid monsoon climate with theaverage annual precipitation of 5702mm and the averageannual evaporation in this region is 1369mm which is farhigher than the average annual precipitation [14]Meanwhilethe reduction of lake surface area and depth worsens theeutrophic situation

22 Sample Collection and Analysis Eight sampling siteswere chosen in the Baiyangdian Lake (115∘561015840 to 116∘061015840E38∘491015840 to 38∘571015840N Figure 1) and phytoplankton and relevantenvironment factors were investigated in the early April(spring) and in the middle of June (summer) of 2009Quantitative sample collection of phytoplankton is as followsorganic glass hydrophore was used to collect water samplesthe volume of water sample was 1000mL for water whichwas no more than 3 meters deep and the water masses ofwhich were well mixed one sample of 1000mL needed to be

collected from the surface (05 meter) while for water whichwas 3 to 10 meters deep one sample of 500mL from thesurface and one sample of 500mL from the bottom neededto be collected and mixed Lugolrsquos solution was used to fixsamples and 1 (vol) formalin solution was used to preservesamples The treatment analysis method and water qualityanalysis method of the phytoplankton samples were carriedout according to the standard methods from Lake EcosystemObservation Method [15]

23 Data Processing Data were proceeded using SPSS andPRIMER V6 software packages [16] to get ecological indica-tors such as species number density Shannon-Weiner indexand richness index of phytoplankton

Shannon-Weiner index is calculated using formula (1)

1198671015840= minus

119904

sum

119894=1

119875119894ln119875119894 (1)

where 119875119894represents the percentage of species 119894 in the samples

for example if the total number of species is 119873 and thenumber of species 119894 is 119899

119894 then 119875

119894= 119899119894119873

Richness index is calculated using formula (2)

119889 =(119878 minus 1)

log2119872 (2)

where 119878 is the number of species in the samples collected fromcertain sampling sites and119872 is the number of individuals ofall the species in this sampling site

Uniformity is calculated using formula (3)

1198691015840=1198671015840

ln 119878 (3)

where1198671015840 is the Shannon-Weiner index and 119878 is the number ofspecies in the samples collected from certain sampling sites

3 Results and Discussion

31 Community Composition and Biodiversity All the phyto-plankton collected in both dates could be categorized into 8phyla and 133 species (genus) Amongst them 8 phyla and78 species (genus) were observed in spring and Chloro-phyta Cyanophyta and Bacillariophyta were the dominatephytoplankton community with the greatest number ofChlorophyta including 33 species (genus) which accountedfor 423 of the total number of algae Fifteen species (genus)of Bacillariophyta and 11 species (genus) of Cyanophytawere observed accounting for 192 and 141 of the totalnumber of algae respectively There were 7 species (genus)for Euglenophyta and 5 species (genus) for Cryptophytaaccounting for 90 and 64 of the total number of algaerespectively However there were only 2 species (genus) forPyrrophyta 2 species (genus) for Xanthophyta and 3 species(genus) for Chrysophyta accounting for 26 26 and38 of the total number of algae respectively (Figure 2(a))

Eight phyla and 133 species (genus) were observed insummer and Chlorophyta Cyanophyta and Euglenophyta


1

2

3

45

6

7

8

NPu River

Xiaobai River

Cao River

Tang River

Xiaoyi River

Sample sites


0 1 2 4 6 8(km)

38∘55998400N

38∘50998400N

115∘50998400E 115

∘55998400E 116∘00998400E 116

∘05998400E


Chlorophyta423

Bacillariophyta192

Pyrrophyta26

Xanthophyta26

Euglenophyta90

Cryptophyta64

Cyanophyta141

Chrysophyta38

(a)

Chlorophyta523


28Xanthophyta18

Euglenophyta138

Cryptophyta37

Cyanophyta193

Chrysophyta09

(b)





000050100150200250300350400450

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Biod

iver

sity

inde

x

Sampling sites

H998400

d

J998400

(a)

000

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Biod

iver

sity

inde

x

Sampling sites

H998400

d

J998400

(b)




0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000


SpringSummer

Den

sity

(times104

cells

L)








Dominantspecies






















]


]

(4)





4 Conclusions


References











































Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics















1

2

3

45

6

7

8

NPu River

Xiaobai River

Cao River

Tang River

Xiaoyi River

Sample sites


0 1 2 4 6 8(km)

38∘55998400N

38∘50998400N

115∘50998400E 115

∘55998400E 116∘00998400E 116

∘05998400E


Chlorophyta423

Bacillariophyta192

Pyrrophyta26

Xanthophyta26

Euglenophyta90

Cryptophyta64

Cyanophyta141

Chrysophyta38

(a)

Chlorophyta523


28Xanthophyta18

Euglenophyta138

Cryptophyta37

Cyanophyta193

Chrysophyta09

(b)





000050100150200250300350400450

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Biod

iver

sity

inde

x

Sampling sites

H998400

d

J998400

(a)

000

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Biod

iver

sity

inde

x

Sampling sites

H998400

d

J998400

(b)




0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000


SpringSummer

Den

sity

(times104

cells

L)








Dominantspecies






















]


]

(4)





4 Conclusions


References











































Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics















000050100150200250300350400450

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Biod

iver

sity

inde

x

Sampling sites

H998400

d

J998400

(a)

000

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Biod

iver

sity

inde

x

Sampling sites

H998400

d

J998400

(b)




0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000


SpringSummer

Den

sity

(times104

cells

L)








Dominantspecies






















]


]

(4)





4 Conclusions


References











































Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics


















Dominantspecies






















]


]

(4)





4 Conclusions


References











































Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics

























]


]

(4)





4 Conclusions


References











































Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics
















4 Conclusions


References











































Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics































Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics


















Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics














Documents

Research Article Phytoplankton and Eutrophication Degree ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2013/436965.pdf · for Cryptophyta, and species (genus) for Chrysophyta, accounting