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Research in Nursing: Evidence Based
PracticeAssociate Professor Dianne Roy – 11 August 2015
Session Outline
• Evidence based practice• Research• Identifying research reports
• Types of literature • Research articles• Scholarly opinion articles
• Finding research
Evidence Based Practice• “the integration of the best research evidence with clinical
expertise and patient values” (Sackett and others, 2000, as cited in White, 2013, p. 10)
• A competency requirement for registered nurses in NZ• Evidence based decision making is fundamental to providing high
quality care to clients• Informed by an evaluation of the available evidence• An active process involving:
• Recognised information need• Forming a focused clinical question• Searching for most appropriate evidence• Critically appraising the retrieved evidence• Incorporating the evidence into action/practice• Evaluating the effects
• (See McCormack & Crisp, 2013; Thompson et al., 2004)
Research
• “A systematic process used to confirm and refine existing knowledge and to build new knowledge” (Usher & Mills, 2012, p. 11).
• Research knowledge sits alongside other forms of knowledge in guiding nursing practice: Tradition and custom Authority Trial and error Personal experience Intuition Reasoning
(Review: Usher & Mills, 2012, pp. 7-12)
Linking the domains of research, knowledge, and evidence-based practise
(Source: Usher & Mills, 2012, p. 6)
Research
• “Research must be critically read and evaluated, as well as aligned with other forms of professional evidence before it can be implemented and practice changed” (Schneider &
Whitehead, 2007, p. 5).
• So what does research look like?
Types of research
Within research there are several paradigms that are grounded in different philosophical approaches. Two main approaches:
Qualitative• incorporates a range of methods of inquiry that, in the main,
seek to explore the behaviour, perspectives and experiences of people through a systematic process of listening to and/or observing them
• Data primarily words (but may also be pictorial)Quantitative• Incorporates a systematic, objective process used to gather
and analyse information that has been measured by some kind of instrument. Instruments are used to convert information into numbers. Statistics are used to manage those numbers. The statistics may describe or analyse the numbers.
Types of literature
How do we access research?• News items• Commentaries• Scholarly opinion article• Research report/article• Systematic reviews
• The type of article and the journal editorial policy dictates what an article looks like
• Let’s compare:• Scholarly Quantitative Qualitative
Abstract
Scholarly (Patrick & Wicklin, 2012) Quantitative (van De Mortel et al., 2012)
Qualitative (Lee, 2013)
No headings Aim No headings
Words that indicate: Background Words that indicate:
More a matter of what not said
Methods: includes date, design, sample, setting
Data were recorded verbalising
Results Results - themes
Conclusion
Sample indicated
Key words - research
Recognising Research Articles• Know the parts of a journal article
• Abstract - the first clue lies here, but you can be fooled• Introduction/background• Literature review• Aim of the study/research question• Study design• Ethical considerations• Sample/participants• Data collection• Data analysis• Findings/results• Discussion• Summary/conclusionsScholarly Quantitative Qualitative
How do we find research articles?• Hard copy – journal holdings (Unitec Library)• Databases – e.g. Ebsco > CINAHL, Medline etc.
• Specialist data bases (accessed through Unitec Library database list)
• Joanna Briggs – see example• Cochrane Collaboration – access example
• Websites – check quality of information:• Trusted websites• Origin (.com, .org, .govt, .ac or .edu)
• E.g. Health Navigator
(See, Fitzgerald & Stokes, 2012; Ribbons, 2012 )
ReferencesBorbasi, S., Hengstberger-Sims, C., & Jackson, D. (2012). Quantitative research:
Summing it up. In S. Borbasi & D. Jackson (Eds.), Navigating the maze of research: Enhancing nursing and midwifery practice (3rd ed., pp. 79-122). Chatswood, NSW: Mosby Elsevier.
Fitzgerald, L., & Stokes, J. (2012). Using library resources: What, when and how! In S. Borbasi & D. Jackson (Eds.), Navigating the maze of research: Enhancing nursing and midwifery practice (3rd ed., pp. 27-43). Chatswood, NSW: Mosby Elsevier.
Jackson, D., & Borbasi, S. (2012). Qualitative research: The whole picture. In S. Borbasi & D. Jackson (Eds.), Navigating the maze of research: Enhancing nursing and midwifery practice (3rd ed., pp. 123-145). Chatswood, NSW: Mosby Elsevier.
Lee, K. (2013). Student and infection prevention and control nurses’ hand hygiene decision making in simulated clinical scenarios: A qualitative research study of hand washing, gel and glove use choices. Journal of Infection Prevention, 14(3), 96-103. doi: 10.1177/1757177413484784
McCormack, B., & Crisp, J. (2013). Critical inquiry and practice development. In J. Crisp, C. Taylor, C. Douglas & G. Rebeiro (Eds.), Potter and Perry's Fundamentals of Nursing (4th Australian ed., pp. 55-71). Chatswood, NSW: Elsevier Australia.
Osborne, S. (2013). Infection control. In J. Crisp, C. Taylor, C. Douglas & G. Rebeiro (Eds.), Potter and Perry's Fundamentals of Nursing (4th Australian ed., pp. 703-755). Chatswood, NSW: Elsevier Australia.
References (cont.)
Patrick, M., & Van Wicklin, S. A. (2012). Implementing AORN recommended practices for hand hygiene. AORN Journal, 95(4), 492-509. doi: 10.1016/j.aorn.2012.01.019
Ribbons, B. (2012). Navigating the net: A source of nursing and midwifery knowledge. In S. Borbasi & D. Jackson (Eds.), Navigating the maze of research: Enhancing nursing and midwifery practice (3rd ed., pp. 45-78). Chatswood, NSW: Mosby Elsevier.
Thompson, C., Cullum, N., McCaughan, D., Sheldon, T., & Raynor, P. (2004). Nurses, information use, and clinical decision making: The real world potential for evidence-based decisions in nursing. Evidence Based Nursing, 7(3), 68-72. doi: 10.1136/ebn.7.3.68
Usher, K., & Mills, J. (2012). Introduction to nursing and midwifery research. In S. Borbasi & D. Jackson (Eds.), Navigating the maze of research: Enhancing nursing and midwifery practice (3rd ed., pp. 3-26). Chatswood, NSW: Mosby Elsevier.
van De Mortel, T. F., Kermode, S., Progano, T., & Sansoni, J. (2012). A comparison of the hand hygiene knowledge, beliefs and practices of Italian nursing and medical students. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68(3), 569-579. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05758.x
White, J. (2013). Nursing today. In J. Crisp, C. Taylor, C. Douglas & G. Rebeiro (Eds.), Potter and Perry's Fundamentals of Nursing (4th Australian ed., pp. 2-18). Chatswood, NSW: Elsevier Australia.
