Research Methods

Research

Research METHODSAMA Computer College - Makati CampusGraduate Studies ProgramMasters in Business Administration1st Trimester 2014-2015

Professor Ivy M. Boca, MPA1. Systematic investigation to establish facts.2. A search for knowledge.

RESEARCHRESEARCHSystematic investigative process employed to increase or revise current knowledge by discovering new facts. A detailed study of a subject, especially in order to discover (new) information or reach a (new) understanding.Scientific investigation of phenomena which includes collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts that links an individuals speculation with reality.

3Professor Ivy M. Boca6/8/2014






9Professor Ivy M. Boca6/8/2014KNOW THE PARTS OF A RESEARCH PAPER



12Professor Ivy M. Boca6/8/2014Characteristics of research1. Empirical Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher.2. Logical Research is based on valid procedures and principles.3. Cyclical Research is cyclical because it starts with a problem and ends with a problem.4. Analytical- Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering data.Professor Ivy M. Boca136/8/2014Characteristics of research cont..5. Critical Research exhibits careful and precise judgment. A high level of confidence must be satisfied.6. Methodical Research is conducted in methodical manner without bias using systematic methods and procedures.7. Replicability The research design and procedures are replicated or repeatedto enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.Professor Ivy M. Boca146/8/2014Importance of researchResearch helps us learn more about things, people, and events. In doing research, we are able to make smart decisions.Research helps us understand how anything works or how anything is made.Research determines the success or failure of change in any process or work flow.



17Professor Ivy M. Boca6/8/2014Qualities of a good researcher R- ESEARCH ORIENTEDE- FFICIENTS - CIENTIFICE - FFECTIVEA - CTIVER - ESOURCEFULC - REATIVEH - ONESTE - CONOMICALR - ELIGIOUS6/8/2014Professor Ivy M. Boca183 Types of research1. Basic Research 2. Applied Research3. Developmental Research

Basic Research Also called as Fundamental Research or Pure Research .Seeks to discover basic truths or principles.It is intended to add to the body of scientific knowledge by exploring the unknown to extend the boundaries of knowledge as well as to discover new facts, and learn more accurately the characteristics of known without any particular thought as to immediate practical utility.6/8/2014Professor Ivy M. Boca191. Basic research is inquiry aimed at increasing scientific knowledge.

is experimental and theoretical work undertaken to acquire new knowledge without looking for long-term benefits other than the advancement of knowledge.

Basic (aka fundamental or pure ) research is driven by a scientist's curiosity or interest in a scientific question. The main motivation is to expand man's knowledge , not to create or invent something.

3 types of research cont20Professor Ivy M. Boca6/8/2014 2) Applied research is effort aimed at using basic research for solving problems or developing new processes, products, or techniques.is designed to solve practical problems of the modern world, rather than to acquire knowledge for knowledge's sake. One might say that the goal of the applied scientist is to improve the human condition . Produces knowledge of practical use to man.

21Professor Ivy M. Boca6/8/2014Produces knowledge of practical use to man.

21 Applied researchers may investigate ways to:improve agricultural crop production treat or cure a specific disease improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices, or modes of transportation.

22Professor Ivy M. Boca6/8/20143. Developmental ResearchDecision oriented research involving the application of the steps of the scientific method in response to immediate need to improve existing practices.Researcher continues to find practical application from theoretical knowledge and use this existing knowledge to produce useful products.

6/8/2014Professor Ivy M. Boca23Classification of ResearchLibrary Research done in the library.The historical method of research lends itself to library research because the study is focused on the past and much of the secondary sources are found in the library.2. Field Research Research here is conducted in a natural setting.Is both applicable to descriptive survey and experimental methods.

6/8/2014Professor Ivy M. Boca243. Laboratory ResearchConducted in artificial or controlled conditions isolating the study in a thoroughly specified equipped area;the purposes are:To test hypotheses derived from theoryTo control variance under research conditions.To discover the relations between the independent and dependent variable.Laboratory research is applicable to experimental, descriptive and case study methods.

6/8/2014Professor Ivy M. Boca25The variableMeaning of VariableIs defined as a quantity susceptible of fluctuation or change in value or magnitude under different conditions.Numerical values or categories represent these qualities.Types of Variable

1. Independent Variable this is the stimulus variable which is chosen by the researcher to determine its relationship to an observed phenomenon.6/8/2014Professor Ivy M. Boca262. Dependent VariableIs the response variable which is observed and measured to determine the effect of the independent variable.3. Moderate VariableIs the secondary or special type of independent variable chosen by the researcher to determine if it changes or modifies the relationships between the IV and DV.Example: if an investigator wishes to determine the effects of the independent variable A on the dependent variable B, but suspects that a third factor C changes or modifies the relationship between A and B, the C is considered as the moderator variable.6/8/2014Professor Ivy M. Boca274. Control Variable A variable that is controlled by the investigator in which the effects can be neutralized by eliminating or removing the variable.

Example: the investigator wishes to determine the effects of independent variable A on dependent variable B. He may control Z ( control variable) because he cannot do many variables simultaneously.

In other words he may eliminate D to neutralize the effects.CV will guarantee that it will not have a moderating effect on the relationship between A and B.

6/8/2014Professor Ivy M. Boca285. Intervening VariableA variable which interferes with the IV and DV,but its effects can either strengthen or weaken the IV and DV.Example : A researcher wishes determine how A (IV) will affect B ( DV) .It is possible that F(intervening variable) might have an effect on B.6/8/2014Professor Ivy M. Boca29Components of Research processProblem/Objectives The investigator has identified, researchable and has implications to government thrusts.Based on the major problem identified,he formulates specific problems/objectives of the study.2. HypothesesUsing the specific problems/objectives as basis to test the hypotheses.Either null(H) or Alternative ( H1), to have a scientific conclusion of the study either to reject or accept it.

6/8/2014Professor Ivy M. Boca303. Theoretical or Conceptual FrameworkConstructs a theoretical or conceptual framework as basis for describing properly relationships of variables to be used in the study.4. AssumptionsStates the assumptions clearly to provide the foundations of the study.5. Review of Related Literature and StudiesTo determine the similarities and differences of the findings to past studies and to gain insights into the aspects of the problem that are critical and controversial.

6/8/2014Professor Ivy M. Boca316. Research DesignUse the most appropriate research design7. Data Collection From the research design, you can decide the definite research instrument for collecting data and these data are processed either manually or by machine, whichever is more convenient, economical and accurate.8. Data Processing and Statistical StatementUse the correct statistical tools 9. Analysis & Interpretationin order that a reasonable precise analysis and interpretation of results can be attained.

6/8/2014Professor Ivy M. Boca3210. Summary,Conclusions and RecommendationsFinally summarizes the whole study.Draw conclusions based on the findings and hypotheses tested.Make recommendations for further research.Be sure that recommendations should be dovetail with the conclusion.6/8/2014Professor Ivy M. Boca33References:Ariola, Mariano M. (2006).Principles and Methods of Research. Manila,Philippines: REX Book Store, Inc.Calmorin,Laurentina P., & Calmorin,Melchor A.(2012)Research Methods and Thesis Writing: Manila Philippines.Manila,Philippines: REX Book Store,Inc.6/8/2014Professor Ivy M. Boca34

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Research Methods