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Research Methods for Business and Management What is Research?Session 1 Andre Samuel http://www.samuellearning.org http://mobile.samuellearning.org

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Page 1: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

Research Methods for Business and ManagementWhat is Research?‐ Session 1

Andre Samuel

http://www.samuellearning.orghttp://mobile.samuellearning.org

Page 2: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding
Page 3: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding
Page 4: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding
Page 5: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding
Page 6: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

This Session• Purpose of the Module• The Research Process • What to Research?• Defining Research• Types of Research• Mind Map of Research

Page 7: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

Purpose of the Module

• To present and ensure full understanding of the different approaches to research used in business/management

• To assist you in preparation for:– Your Dissertation– Your Research for Business and Management Assignment

Page 8: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

Formulate and Clarify the Research Topic/Question

Critically Review the Literature

Formulate your Research Design

Research Proposal

Research Report

Conclusion and Recommendation

Data Collection and Preparation

Data Analysis and Interpretation

Address Ethical Issues

The Research Processadapted from: Saunders et al (2007, pg. 10) , Cooper and Schindler (2006, pg. 55)

Page 9: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

Your Dissy Process

Complete Research 

Proposal during  Research 

Methods for Bus and Mgtmodule

Selection of supervisor

form would be sent

SubmitResearch Ethics 

Application Form (Stage 1) to DREP

Attend Dissertation Workshop : 

Ethics Training

Assignment of Supervisor

Work with Supervisor 

to complete Dissy

SUBMIT

Page 10: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

Typical Dissertation Structure

• Chapter 1 Introduction‐ Research Topic, Aim and Objectives/Questions

• Chapter 2 Literature review• Chapter 3 Research Design and Methodology• Chapter 4 Findings and Analysis• Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommendations

Page 11: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

Your RM Assignment

• Research Poster (20%)• Research Proposal (80%):

– Chapter 1 Introduction– Chapter 2 Literature Review– Chapter 3 Research Design and Methodology– Research Timetable– 2500 words

Page 12: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

Stimulus for Research

Simple Fact Finding

Pressing business problem

When an opportunity arises

Personal Experience

Conduct and Findings of Research

Page 13: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

What to Research?

• Management Dilemma– Issues that requires a management decision

• Business Issues– Issues that can affect the competitiveness of an organization or industry

• Social issues– Issues that can impact the organization

Generally, the scope is Business Research 

Page 14: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

So where do you start?• With a business issue• Use your background and work experience• Think of issues that you encounter at work• Think of issues within the industry of sector• Consider your strengths:

– What’s my area of expertise– What’s my knowledge base – What’s my area of interest

• Look at trending areas in business research

Page 15: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

Latest Business Research Sources

• http://www.mckinsey.com/insights• http://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal‐of‐business‐research/recent‐articles

• http://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal‐of‐business‐research/most‐downloaded‐articles

Page 16: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

Key point

• Try to marry:1. Practice with your area of expertise or 

interest2. Trending issues with Practice3. Trending issues with you area of expertise

Page 17: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

Virtuous circle of Theory and Practice

• Research on managerial practice informs practically derived theory

• This in turn becomes best practice• Essentially adding to relevant and practical management knowledge

• The Researcher must engage in both worlds of theory and practice(PTP) Practice informs Theory which informs 

Practice 

Page 18: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

Let’s look at some Research areas• Leadership• Change management• Organizational transformation

• Innovation• Entrepreneurship• Consumer behaviour• Corporate Social Responsibility

• Human Resources• Production and Operations

• Information Systems• E Business and Internet Technologies

• Customer Relationship Management

Page 19: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

BA. vs M.B.A.

M.B.A

Area of Study

Depth of Study

BA.BA.

Narrow

Page 20: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

Narrowing your Research Idea• Aspect ‐ choose one lens through which to view the research problem, or look at just one facet of it

• Components ‐ determine if your initial variable or unit of analysis can be broken into smaller parts, which can then be analysed more precisely

• Place ‐ generally, the smaller the geographic unit of analysis, the more narrow the focus

• Type ‐ focus your topic in terms of a specific type or class of people, places, or phenomena 

Page 21: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

What about this tree would you research?

Page 22: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

• So say you’ve decided to research the area of INNOVATION

• First you would have to define it i.e. what is innovation.– “If you cannot define it you cannot analyse it”

• Secondly, what aspect of Innovation e.g. product, process, system

• Thirdly, what’s the scale of the research e.g. is it all departments, 3 companies, 2 branches

• Which industry? Type of product? • The idea is that you should research ONE issue

Page 23: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

• Business research is a systematic inquiry that provides information to guide managerial decisions in ways that mobilize the organization to take appropriate actions that in turn maximize business performance 

Cooper and Schindler (2006, pg. 4)

• The requirement for the research to have some practical consequence, the potential for taking some action

Saunders et al (2007,pg. 5‐6)

Page 24: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

Consider this scenario:– Assume that  you are the manager of full service restaurant. You are experiencing significant turnover in your waiter/waitress pool and some long‐time customers have commented that the friendly atmosphere is changing.

– Where will you begin in trying to solve this problem?

– Is this a problem for which business research should be used?

– YES but this seems to be an OPERATIONAL issue or problem, Not suited for MBA research

Page 25: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

So what then Is Expected?• Strategic Orientation

– Dealing with issues that can change the direction of the organization or industry

– Research that leads to an organization implementing action in order to adapt to the environment

– Research that leads to managers making decisions that would have a Large impact on the business

– Research that lead to an organization gaining competitive advantage, growth

Page 26: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

Strategic orientation cont’d

– Research that leads an organization to taking advantage of a business opportunity

– Research that develop strategies to address organizational weaknesses

– Research that can shed light on how to develop core competencies in HR, R&D, Innovation etc

Page 27: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

Type of Work• Your project should be STRATEGIC in nature• That is your work must have implications for top level managers or executives

• How will they use your outcome to make some decision that can have a strategic impact on the organization or even industry? – Resolve an issue/s that plague the organization– Help to gain competitive advantage by grasping market opportunity

– Develop new…….. framework, method, policy or procedure

Page 28: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

Further Expectations

• Issue should be suitable for high level analysis• Should be managerial• Research should solve a high level problem or issue

• Should explore new business opportunities

Page 29: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

• Research is defined “as something that people undertake in order to find out things in a systematic way thereby increasing their knowledge” Saunders et al (2007, pg. 5)

• “The good researcher is not one who knows the right answer but one who is struggling to find out the what the right questions might be” Phillips and Pugh (2000, pg. 48‐49)

Some what exactly is Research?

Page 30: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

Why is it important to ask questions?

Page 31: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

Other Definitions

• Research is the process through which new knowledge is discovered” Salkind (2003, pg. 3)

• Research is defined as an “original investigation undertaken in order to gain knowledge and understanding” HEFCE (1998)

Page 32: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

Knowledge Gain• Research should actually lead to a contribution to knowledge

Your knowledge and understanding

Your learning and development

Contributions to knowledge

Boundary of world knowledge

Page 33: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

Knowledge in Business Context• Knowledge is information that is contextual, relevant and actionable

• Having knowledge implies that it can be exercised to solve business problems

• The ability to act is an integral part of being knowledgeable 

• For example, two organizations in the same context with the same information may not have the same ability to use information to the same degree of success

Page 34: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

Key Points to Note

• Research:– Is a process of inquiry and investigation– Is systematic and methodical– Has a clear purpose– Increases knowledge– Is original

Page 35: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

• Collis and Hussey (2003) summarize the purpose research as:– To investigate some existing situation or problem– To provide solutions to a problem– To construct or create a new procedure or system– To explain a new phenomenon– To generate new knowledge

• Essentially what all of this is saying to us is simply, our research must produce a meaningful OUTCOME

Page 36: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

• Cryer (1996, pg.147) identifies originality from the perspective of the results of the research. Thus original outcomes might include:– A New product– A new theory– A new model– A new method– A new procedure/policy

• Also by‐products might still represent originality e.g. why an experiment failed, why a particular technique did not work in a new era

Page 37: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

Classification of Types of ResearchCollis and Hussey (2003, pg. 10)

Type of Research• Descriptive, Explanatory, 

Exploratory Research

• Quantitative and Qualitative Research

• Deductive and Inductive Approaches

• Basic and Applied Research

Basis of ClassificationPurpose of the

Research

Process of the Research

Logic to the Research

Outcome of the Research

Page 38: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

Descriptive, Explanatory and Exploratory Research

• Descriptive‐ describes phenomena as they exist. It is used to identify and obtain information on a particular problem. E.g. what is profile of staff have a high absentee rate?

• Explanatory‐ goes beyond describing, to analyzing and explaining why or how . E.g. how can team work reduce employee absenteeism ?

• Exploratory‐ seeks out new insights and assess phenomena in a new light. Likened to the activities of a traveller or explorer E.g. how can employee absenteeism be reduced? 

Page 39: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

Quantitative and Qualitative Research

• Quantitative Research‐ objective in nature and concentrates on measuring a phenomena. It involves collecting and analyzing numerical data and performing statistical tests.

• Qualitative Research‐ subjective in nature and involves examining and reflecting on perceptions in order to gain understanding.

Much more will be discussed on this later  in the syllabus

Page 40: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

What Comes First, Theory or Data?

Page 41: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

Two alternate views

1. Theory is something that guides and influences the collection and analysis of data. That is, the research is done in order to answer questions posed by theoretical considerations. 

2. Theory as something that occurs after the collection and analysis of some or all data associated with the research

Page 42: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

Research Approaches1. Deductive‐• In the sense that we have developed a theory 

that we want to prove – in simple terms deduction amounts to a valid argument

• The researcher on the basis of theoretical considerations deduces  a hypothesis that must be subjected to empirical scrutiny

• E.g. The introduction of loyalty cards will reduce the probability of customers switching to a competitor. 

Page 43: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

The Process of Deduction Bryman (2008,pg.10)

1. Theory

2. Hypothesis

3. Data Collection

4. Findings

5. Hypothesis confirmed or Rejected

6. Revision of theory

Page 44: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

2. Inductive‐• In the sense that one hopes that the theory 

emerges from the data analysis as we go along

• The researcher infers the implications of his or her findings for the theory that prompted the research. 

Page 45: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

Deductive and Inductive Approaches

Theory 

Theory 

Data Collection/Findings 

Data Collection/Findings 

Deductive

Inductive

Page 46: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

RESEARCH

Purpose

Strategic Outcome

Process

Exploratory Explanatory Descriptive

Design

Methods

Methodology

Data Collection Data 

Analysis

Paradigm/Approach/Philosophy

Positivistic Phenomenological

Researcher

Experience Skill

Theoretical Framework

Research Question

Page 47: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

Bibliography• Collis. J,, Hussey R (2003) Business Research 2ndedition, Palgarve Macmillan

• Cryer, P. (1996) The research student’s guide to success, Open University Press, Buckingham, Uk

• HEFCE (1998) Higher Education Funding Council for Engalnd– http://www.niss.ac.uk/education/hefc/rae2001/1_98cd.html#annc

– 14 August 1998• Bryman. A (2008) Social Research Methods, 3rdedition, Oxford University Press

Page 48: Research Methods Business and Management - Samuel …samuellearning.org/Research_Methods/Session_1_WhatisResearch.pdf · Purpose of the Module •To present and ensure full understanding

• Phillips, E.m. and Pugh, D.S. (2000) How toget a PhD: a handbook for students and their supervisors, 3rdedition, Open University Press, Buckingham, Uk

• Saunders, M., Lewis, P., Thornhill, A. (2007) Research Methods for Business Students, 4th edition, Prentice Hall 

• Salkind, N. (2003) Exploring Research, 5th Edition, Prentice Hall

• Cooper, D.R., Schindler, P.S. (2006) Business Research Methods, McGraw‐Hill

• Ghauri, P and GrØnhaug, K. (2005) Research Methods in Business Studies, 3rd Edition, Pearson Education Limited