Research Report - UAUIM

UAUIM_FUResearch Workshop in Giurgiu, Ro 16-24 Nov.2017

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”Danube Urban Brand: a regional network building through tourism and education to strengthen the Danube cultural identity and solidarity”

Deliverable D 5.5.2

Research Report Student Workshop in Giurgiu

22 January 2018

Prepared by:

Angelica Stan, Assoc. Prof.Arch.Urb., PhD.

Working Team: - Mihaela Hărmănescu, Lect.Arch.Urb., PhD - Gabriel Pascariu, Assoc. Prof.Arch.Urb, PhD. - Mihaela Negulescu, Assoc. Prof.Arch.Urb, PhD. - Cristina Enache, Assoc. Prof.Arch.Urb, PhD. - Cerasella Crăciun, Assoc. Prof.Arch.Urb, PhD. ‐ Ana Opriș, Teaching Assist. Urb.Landsc.PhD. - Andreea Simion, Assist.Urb.Landsc., PhD candidate, - Laura Tucan, Assist.Urb. PhD candidate - Maria Bostenaru Dan, Researcher, Ing. Arch., PhD


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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the following people for their contribution in the internal student workshop carried in Giurgiu, in 16-24 November 2017, and preparation of this report:

Local representatives and experts as hosts: ‐CătălinaVărzaru, Arch., Municipality of Giurgiu, Chief Architect - Dana Bilașco, Consellor,Council of Giurgiu City - Mugur Tatu. Ing, Public officier, Municipality of Giurgiu, Urban Planning Department

Students (FU licence and Master program) -participants in workshop:

Thematic cluster 1: - Smaranda CENTEA - Daiana GHINTUIALA - Simona DOLANA - Larisa Cristina GONȚILĂ - Vlad NOUR - Ana PURECEL - Mihai SURDU - Loredana Andreea TRIFU

Thematic cluster 2: - Alexandra Carla CARAMIZARU - Mihai MAZGA - Ruxandra PUSCASU - Ioana SPIRESCU - Teodora-Maria STOICA

Thematic cluster 3: - Vladimir BERNICU - Emilian CALOTA - Mara Teodora CATARGIU - Valentin CLAPAN - Constantin DRAGHICI - Lucia DOBRE - Codrut PAPINA - Liviu SANTA - Bianca TITA

Thematic cluster 4: - Daiana GUSA - Marius ILIE - Diana NEAGU - Mara NICOLAESCU - Razvan Andrei SAVAN - Anemona UNTARU - Ana ZARIF


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Contents Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................. ii Figures ................................................................................................................................................... v Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................. vii Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................. 8 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 9

1.1 Research background ............................................................................................................. 9 1.2 Workshop background .......................................................................................................... 10 1.3 Objectives .............................................................................................................................. 14

2 Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 15 2.1 Research Questions .............................................................................................................. 15 2.2 Research Design ................................................................................................................... 15 2.3 Instruments ............................................................................................................................ 16 2.4 Sample .................................................................................................................................. 17 2.5 Data Collection ...................................................................................................................... 17 2.6 Data Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 18 2.7 Limitations ............................................................................................................................. 19

3 Results .......................................................................................................................................... 19 3.1 Research Question 1 (Cluster 1). ......................................................................................... 19 What is the real potential of developing the micro-region Giurgiu-Ruse pair-cities in relation to Bucharest and Danube axis? ............................................................................................................ 19

3.1.1 Methodology and research tools ................................................................................... 20 3.1.2 Sources ......................................................................................................................... 23 3.1.3 Diagnosis and premises for develop the studied territory ............................................. 24 3.1.4 Selection of proposed sites for cultural capitalization ................................................... 28 3.1.5 Scenarios and proposals for exploiting cultural sites .................................................... 29 3.1.6 Local urban actors identified in the implementation of projects .................................... 30

3.2 Research Question 2 (Cluster 2). ......................................................................................... 32 How can the potential connectivity elements of the city be exploited at regional and European level so that Giurgiu can become a tourist destination on the Danube? ................................................... 32

3.2.1 Clusters‘ approach ........................................................................................................ 32 3.2.2 Existing situation of public urban mobility in Giurgiu and premises of development .... 33 Accessibility context/ road, rail, velo, air, national and regional connections ....................... 33 Non-motorized traffic ............................................................................................................. 36 Public transport in Giurgiu ..................................................................................................... 37 3.2.3 Context of the tourist offer in spatial profile ................................................................... 37 3.2.4 Conclusions: the vocational profile of Giurgiu City for tourist development based on urban mobility resource.................................................................................................................. 38 3.2.5 Directions of action ........................................................................................................ 39 3.2.6 Projects ......................................................................................................................... 41

3.3 Research Question 3 (Cluster 3). ......................................................................................... 53 How can be transform the identified problems of the built heritage into architectural and artistic potential through unconventional ways? ........................................................................................... 53

3.3.1 Clusters‘ approach ........................................................................................................ 53 3.3.2 Data sources ................................................................................................................. 54 3.3.3 Diagnosis ....................................................................................................................... 55 3.3.4 Premises for development: ........................................................................................... 56 3.3.5 Selection of proposed sites for cultural valorisation ...................................................... 56 3.3.6 Scenarios and projects‘ proposals ................................................................................ 58 3.3.7 Local urban actors identified in the implementation of projects .................................... 61 3.3.8 Conclusions of thematic research of Cluster 3 ............................................................. 63


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3.4 Research Question 4 (Cluster 4). ......................................................................................... 63 How can be transform the identified problems of the built heritage into architectural and artistic potential through unconventional ways? ........................................................................................... 63

THE MULTI-LAYERSD ART INSTALLATION OF GIURGIU CULTURAL LANDSCAPE ..... 65 The Storytelling of Installation ............................................................................................... 68 THE LAYER OF THE ANTHROPOGENIC CULTURAL LANDSCAPE ................................ 74

4 Discussion .................................................................................................................................... 77 5 Recommendations ....................................................................................................................... 77 6 References .................................................................................................................................... 77 7 Appendix ....................................................................................................................................... 80


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Figures

Figure 1. Map showing a fragment of Danube in charge for UAUIM to focus the case-study &research in DANUrB project. .................................................................................................................................................................. 11 Figure 2. a) National Romanian territory and the position of capital (Bucharest), Giurgiu County and Giurgiu city/ b) map of Muntenia-Sud Region and the position of Giurgiu County and City/ ..................................................... 11 Figure 3. Map of physical structure of South Romanian – Bulgarian crossborder-territory and the relation between Giurgiu- Ruse and Bucharest. ............................................................................................................................... 11 Figure 4. Representative image of centre city of Giurgiu having in focus the historic tower .................................. 12 Figure 5. The relation between the Danube axis and the main axis of development in the Romanian South territory. Source: adaptation from THE AXIS OF TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT PLOIESTI – BUCHAREST - GIURGIU - STRUCTURAL AXIS OF THE SOUTH OF ROMANIA THE DEVELOPMENT, UAUIM-CCPEC- 2013. .............................................................................................................................................................................. 20 Figure 6. Longitudinal and transversal relations of the PBG Axis in the south of the country. Source: adaptation from THE AXIS OF TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT PLOIESTI -BUCHAREST - GIURGIU - STRUCTURAL AXIS OF THE SOUTH OF ROMANIA THE DEVELOPMENT, UAUIM-CCPEC- 2013. ................................................. 21 Figure 7. Map of Romania- Bulgaria- Serbia as Danube trans -border territory ................................................... 22 Figure 8. Representing the potential of urban poles adjacent to Bucharest and the implication for Giurgiu Ruse micro-region. Source: adaptation from THE AXIS OF TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT PLOIESTI - BUCHAREST - GIURGIU - STRUCTURAL AXIS OF THE SOUTH OF ROMANIA THE DEVELOPMENT and Strategic Concept Bucharest, CCECC, UAUIM, Expert Report The territorial dimension of Bucharest, www.csb2035.ro ................. 22 Figure 9. Excerpt from Natura2000 map showing the protected sites- SCI and SPA located in Giurgiu – Ruse micro-region. ......................................................................................................................................................... 25 Figure 10.Exploring the vast touristic potential of the Bucharest – Giurgiu – Ruse axis. ....................................... 25 Figure 11.Bridging tradition and innovation, within an integrating concept of development .................................. 27 Figure 12. The Bridge was taking into consideration as a symbolic element of the development of this territory, able to synthetize the idea of link between tradition and innovation. ..................................................................... 27 Figure 13.Existing cultural sites proposed to be exploited. New poles and amenities to strenghten existing values .............................................................................................................................................................................. 28 Figure 14.New tram line along the new cultural route that will connect the cultural facilities throughout the city .. 29 Figure 15.Revitalising the existing monuments and restoring the historical vibe of the city .................................. 29 Figure 16.Promoting the local traditions as part of the cultural heritage of the Danube region ............................. 29 Figure 17.New touristic amenities such as the Touristic port and the Multifunctional Centre ................................ 29 Figure 18.Development of new business infrastructure that will attract local and foreign investors ...................... 29 Figure 19.Sustainable economy and development of new research hubs based on ecological waste transformation and agriculture............................................................................................................................... 29 Figure 20.Rebuilding the waterfront in order to create direct contact between the city and its citizens and the Danube and providing pedestrian and bicycle acces to it ..................................................................................... 30 Figure 21.Preserving the local flora and fauna and promoting open air activities such as the Hot Air Balloon Festival or touristic boat rides on the Danube ....................................................................................................... 30 Figure 22.Exploiting the unicity of the natural areas and making them more accessible and enjoyable for citizens .............................................................................................................................................................................. 30 Figure 23. Methodological landmarks of the thematic study / cluster 2. ................................................................ 32 Figure 24. pan-European corridors. ...................................................................................................................... 33 Figure 25. Rhine-Danube Corridor in the Ten-T / Rhine Central Danube Corridor, within the Trans-European Core Network (source: European Commission, portal Mobility & Transport) ................................................................. 33 Figure 26. DN5 - Euro Trans Route - connection with border area (MPGT source, Romania) ............................. 34 Figure 27. Railway projects identified in MPGT for 2020-2030 (MPGT source, Romania). ................................... 34 Figure 28. European bicycle route - EuroVelo 6 ............................................................................................... 35 Figure 29. Road connections at the territorial level in Giurgiu City. ....................................................................... 35 Figure 30. Railway Infrastructure (Left: Existing Situation, Right: Proposals) ....................................................... 36 Figure 31. Trails favorable to non-motorized journeys (left: Bucharest Boulevard, right: Gara street). ................. 36 Figure 32 Public TransportExisting Situation in Giurgiu ........................................................................................ 37 Figure 33. Tourist offer of Giurgiu in the spatial profile (location of tourist interest objectives)- synthesis ............. 37 Figure 34. Non classified tourist attractions with potential for functional reconversion. Land and / or real estate opportunities for tourism development .................................................................................................................. 38


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Figure 35. Touristic Mobility Scheme .................................................................................................................... 42 Figure 36. Road connectivity of Giurgiu City into micro-region. ............................................................................ 43 Figure 37. Gara de Nord - analysis of the existing situation .................................................................................. 44 Figure 38. Giurgiu North Train Station – Proposals – The Intermodal ―Heart‖ of the City. .................................... 45 Figure 39. North Railway Station - Illustrations of the types of interventions (before and after) -1 ....................... 46 Figure 40. North Railway Station - Illustrations of the types of interventions (before and after) - 2 ...................... 47 Figure 41. North Railway Station Giurgu _workshop presentation panel. ............................................................ 48 Figure 42. Non-motorized axle between Central Station and the port and non-motorized bridge over the Cama Canal. .................................................................................................................................................................... 49 Figure 43. Illustrations - bicycle trail and bridge for un-motorized travel over the ―Cama‖ channel. ...................... 50 Figure 44. Bicycle and Belvedere Infrastructure along the Friendship Bridge - 2 .................................................. 51 Figure 45. Proposal of Eco-Park - 1 ...................................................................................................................... 52 Figure 46. Unconventional working methodology proposed by Cluster 3 team ..................................................... 54 Figure 47. "Moebius" mini-brochure showing the result of research methodology applied in cluster 3 approach- ―Changing and eolving‖ ......................................................................................................................................... 55 Figure 48. Sites location 1. The industrial site near the train station 2. The sugar factory 3. The shipyard .......... 56 Figure 49. Aerial view of the main construction - existent ..................................................................................... 59 Figure 50. Section view of the main construction - proposal ................................................................................. 59 Figure 51. Proposal of intervention on the main construction found inside the former Sugar factory, Giurgiu ...... 59 Figure 52 Intervention Plan site and details .......................................................................................................... 60 Figure 53. Student project proposal on how to transform the former equipment of naval shipyard ....................... 62 Figure 54. Explanation regarding the complexity of the urban metabolic system of urban cultural landscape, expressed by the interactive / layered model ........................................................................................................ 66 Figure 55. The interactive / layered model expressing the complexity of the urban metabolic system of urban cultural landscape ................................................................................................................................................. 67 Figure 56. Landmarks / important elements of urban form in Giurgiu City, transformed into jewels that may form the basis of a Giurgiu brand. ................................................................................................................................. 69 Figure 57. The Clock Tower is a landmark for Giurgiu City- approach .................................................................. 69 Figure 58. The Clock Tower brief history .............................................................................................................. 70 Figure 59 Exploring and expressing artistically the main landmarks of Giurgiu -Stud. Urb. Anemona Untaru, Stud. Urb. Razvan Savan ............................................................................................................................................... 70 Figure 60. Exploring a multi-sensitive art installation of cultural landscape at Giurgiu .......................................... 71 Figure 61. The model has a QR code attached, that can be read with a QR Code Reader/ Contribution of stud. Urb. Ana Zarif. ....................................................................................................................................................... 73 Figure 62. Working process image on the art installation- to make visible the Genius Loci of Giurgiu Landscape 73 Figure 63. Working process Image on the art installation- to make visible and understandable the anthropogenic cultural landscape of Giurgiu. ................................................................................................................................ 74 Figure 64. Working process image on the art installation- to make visible the natural elements of the cultural landscape of Giurgiu/ Stud. Urb. Mara Nicolaescu, Stud. Urb. Ilie Marius ........................................................... 74 Figure 65. Images from the final presentation of Giurgiu workshop result – UAUIM, Bucharest – Council Hall, 24. Nov. 2017 .............................................................................................................................................................. 75 Figure 66 Insights from the artistic working process. ............................................................................................ 76


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Acronyms

EU European Union Ws Workshop UAUIM ―Ion Mincu‖ University of Architecture and Urban Planning, Bucharest


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Executive Summary Background

The spatial development of the Danube territory cannot be viewed separately from the cultural one. For both, the local resource capital is important to be addressedcreatively. The research carried out by the DANUrB team of UAUIM/Faculty of Urbanism has demonstrated that, on all four thematic clusters, the development potential is possible to be highlighted, put into value and imagined within an integrative and coherent system.The value of local cultural heritage is rarely understandable without a greater context, and in a interdisciplinary approach, therefore cannot be exploited for tourism. New narratives are needed to improve attractiveness of many of the obsolete places in Giurgiu, and the study conclude with suggestions about new possibilities to connect the very local reality, to the larger context of the entire Danube.

Methodology The research in Giurgiu used only qualitative methods to answer the research

questions, and each thematic cluster approached a specific method and toolsin order to achieve the maximum of results. However, several guidelines have been established in addressing specific research methods, these being correlated with the basic elements of the DANUrB study methodology (as it was set up in Krems, Austria, 6-10 March 2017).

Key Findings

New relations that can be established at the territorial level between Giurgiu as a pivotal point for the revival of development in the micro-region of the Giurgiu-Ruse Danube

Developing a conceptual scheme of sustainable urban mobility in consensus with the opportunities existing in the European context, with emphasis on connectivity and gentle mobility

Identifying and illustrating the architectural and landscape design of new possibilities of capitalizing on the ex-industrial heritage of Giurgiu

Re-interpreting the cultural landscape as the resource that appeals to sensitivity and creativity for finding the (lost) cultural identity of the city.

Key Recommendations

correlating of these results with those of the workshop that led to the identification of the culture stakeholders in Giurgiu

presenting these results at Giurgiu in a local exhibition with local and international participation

collecting these work in a complete presentation brochure


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1 Introduction 1.1 Research background

The European Constitution defines territorial cohesion as a competence shared between the Union and the Member States.The European Spatial Development Perspective's advocacy of polycentrism and how territorial cohesion has given new impetus to pursuing this agenda(Faludi, 2006).Latest EU documents focus on development opportunities to encourage cooperation and networking and also to pay attention to strengths of areas and to the more effective targeting of policy instruments. This relates to the Lisbon Strategy of turning Europe into the most competitive area of sustainable growth in the world to which territorial cohesion policy should contribute. The Lisbon Strategy comes through loud and clear in the third Cohesion Report. In addition to competitiveness, territorial cohesion relates to sustainability (including the prevention of natural risks).

In a statement on territorial cohesion, the EU Commissioner Michel Barnier (Barnier, 2004) emphasizes that EU policy already embraces aspects of territorial cohesion, and then he outlines the new directions to this policy:

- Exploiting opportunities, and not just addressing problems. - Encouraging cooperation and networking. - Building on existing strengths so as to improve the targeting of cohesion policy. - Ensuring the incorporation of the sustainability agenda, including addressing the

issue of natural risks. - More coherence and coordination between regional and local policies.

The Danube was the major element connecting cultures, commerce and allowing travel in the history of CCE. Today, the elements of culture and the built environment testifying these rich connections are present in all settlements by the Danube, but their communities are still isolated one from the other, not fostering a better cultural understanding between the different nationalities present in the region.

The large capital cities by the Danube are preferred tourist destinations in themselves, and many tourists visit more than one of these in one journey (Vienna, Bratislava, and Budapest). However, these cities do not brand themselves together as one destination, nor do they have common strategy for waterfront development. Danube‘ cruises are the only successful tourism products connecting this outstanding chain of cities, but without a common strategy these work only by their isolated business models, insignificantly contributing to the economic and cultural cohesion.

Between the ―main cores‖ smaller towns benefit even less from their spatial-cultural position, these often have much less cultural and economic possibilities than large cities nearby. The limited development possibilities of ―rural urban‖ areas along the Danube makes the sustainability of the region quite a big challenge. In smaller towns the elements of cultural heritage cannot contribute to the socio-economic development. The value of local

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00343400600868937


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culture and heritage is rarely understandable without a greater context (industrial heritage, communist heritage, traces of commerce...), therefore cannot be exploited for tourism. New narratives are needed to improve attractiveness of these places.

The coherent reading of the similarities, connections and differences in the cultural heritage and contemporary needs of these communities could make considerable impact on the consolidation of this region, becoming also one of the richest and most visited tourist destinations of Europe provided by the Danube.

The DANUrB cultural network aims to strengthen the Danube regional cultural identity and to create a common brand by fostering transnational cultural ties between the settlements along the Danube, and by exploring the unused or hidden cultural and social capital resources for a better economic and cultural return. The main goal of the project is to create a comprehensive spatio-cultural network, a “European cultural promenade” connecting all communities along the Danube, unifying these into one tourism destination brand, offering thematic routes and development possibilities that can increase the number of visitors and can prolong their stay in the region. (excerpt from the project's brief:http://www.interreg-danube.eu/approved-projects/danurb).

1.2 Workshop background In our research, Giurgiu was chosen as a case study for several reasons:

- it reveals, by reference to the national territory, a situation of marginality, but also a centrality regarding its historical evolution and the cultural influences - it‘s a typical case of a pair-city representing, together with Ruse, at the level of the whole Danube, a strong element of specificity - it‘s a shrinking city (in an economic and demographic decline), requiring urgent interventions on many levels, and revealing a huge unexploited & unknown potential The city of Giurgiu is located in the southern part of the Romanian country, on the left

bank of the Danube, at the altitude of 23-26. Its territory is crossed by the parallel of 43°53'north latitude and the meridian of 25°58' eastern longitude. Old commercial node of the Danube, Giurgiu is located 64 km from Bucharest, at the intersection of important communication networks: road and rail on the European IV and IX corridors, as well as naval corridor- Giurgiu port being located on the pan-European VII corridor.

Giurgiu is a Rang II locality in the network of localities (municipality of county Giurgiu) and is an urban centre in the South Muntenia Region.According to the latest official data, the stable population of Giurgiu municipality is 61,353 inhabitants.

The Google coordinate for Giurgiu are: 43°53'56.8"N 25°57'54.9"E. IN the logic of

DANUrB, the case study at Giurgiu is included in a zone defined in the Danube path, between Calarasi – Silistra (East) and Zimnicea (West).


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Figure 1. Map showing a fragment of Danube in charge for UAUIM to focus the case-study &research in DANUrB project.

Figure 2. a) National Romanian territory and the position of capital (Bucharest), Giurgiu County and Giurgiu city/ b) map of Muntenia-South Region and the position of Giurgiu County and City/

Figure 3. Map of physical structure of SouthRomanian – Bulgarian cross-border-territory and the relation between Giurgiu- Ruse and Bucharest.


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Figure 4. Representative image of centre city of Giurgiu having in focus the historic tower

From the LANDSCAPE ATLAS - LANDSCAPES IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTER ASSESMENT IN THE ROMANIA - BULGARIA CROSS BORDER AREA, we found out that Giurgiu Ruse micro-region is situated into a landscape composed by different units wuth different characters determined by several key elements: 1-Valleysas very important communication axis due to the historical connections with the area main element/ Danube. A special focus has been made on the waterscape (lakes, rivers, sea) and on important points of connectivity along the Danube (twins cities) 2-The limits of the landscape units are sometimes very clear lines linked with geographical elements, but they can also be a blurred and imprecise, 3-Different scales of landscapes has been illustrated such as «macro/mezzo landscapes» and «micro landscape”. 4-strong cultural or historical specific landscapes or with a strong tourism potential.


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Figure 5. Excerpts from the LANDSCAPE ATLAS - LANDSCAPES IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTER ASSESMENT IN THE ROMANIA - BULGARIA CROSS BORDER AREA, showing the Landscape Units ihttp://www.spatial.mdrap.ro/files/Project%20results/Work%20Package%206/Metrodology%20Landscapes.pdf

http://www.spatial.mdrap.ro/files/Project%20results/Work%20Package%206/Metrodology%20Landscapes.pdf


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1.3 Objectives The objectives of the whole research realized by UAUIM- DANUrB team and related to

the Giurgiu workshop are: To appropriately use the potential of the Danube within the regional context for the

city development, striking the already shrinking tendencies affirmed To identify the potential for cultural scopes of the pair-cities‘ specific evolution To identify and select places of unexploited recent architectural and landscape

heritage coming from the post-war /post-industrial or recent period To identify the relevant stakeholders in the evaluation of current challenges and inthe

creation of new solutions for development To re-conceptualize the mobility concept according to the EU objectives of

sustainable urban mobility in order to enhance the touristic accessibility and visibility on Danube

To find a non-conventional and more creative way of valorising the immaterial cultural heritage of the city, starting from its deep identity

The workshop entitled ―The Different DANUBE‖- the main axis of this research-

guides students towards a thematic analysis and investigation of an important part of the Danube on the cross-border territory Giurgiu - Ruse, in order to make visible the hidden potential of urban development, based on valorisation of local cultural heritage created by Danube.

The objectives affirmed above have been divided into more specific objectives, following the 4 thematic clusters on which the research was designed:

CLUSTER 1. Giurgiu - Ruse micro-region- between sprawl and shrinking THE REGIONAL DANUBE AND THE LOCAL DEVELOPMENT

Host tutor: PhD Architect Professor Gabriel Pascariu Assistant teacher: PhD candidate Urb. Laura Tucan

CLUSTER 2. New and sustainable mobility solutions for Giurgiu and Ruse THE DANUBE URBAN RIVERSIDE

Host tutor: PhD Architect Professor Mihaela Negulescu Assistant teacher: PhD Urb. Soc. Andreea Acasandre

CLUSTER 3. Hidden architectural and postindustiral heritage at Giurgiu ART & ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE ALONG THE DANUBE

Host tutor: PhD Architect Professor Cristina Enache Assistant teacher: PhD candidate Urb. Andreea Simion

CLUSTER 4. Cross-border Urban & Cultural Landscape Heritage THE DANUBE RELATED CULTURAL LANDSCAPE

Host tutor: PhD Architect Professor Cerasella Craciun Assistant teacher: PhD Urb. Ana Opris


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2 Methodology 2.1 Research Questions

The research questions to be answered by this research are correlated with the 4 thematic cluster (each main research question for each cluster) and they are:

Question 1 (Cluster 1). What is the real potential for developing this micro-region formed by the Giurgiu-Ruse town pair in relation to the processes of demographic decline and high unemployment that are registered?

Question 2 (Cluster 2). How can the potential connectivity elements of the city be exploited at regional and European level so that Giurgiu can become a tourist destination on the Danube?

Question 3 (Cluster 3). How can be transform the identified problems of the built heritage into architectural and artistic potential through unconventional ways?

Question 4 (Cluster 4). On what elements of the immaterial heritage could rely for a cultural strategy of Giurgiu in order to creatively develop and promote new values and unexploited resources?

2.2 Research Design

The research in Giurgiu used only qualitative methods to answer the research questions, and each cluster-work have the choice to approach a specific method for this. However, several guidelines have been established in addressing specific research methods and tools, these being correlated with the basic elements of the DANUrB study methodology (as it was set up in Krems, Austria, 6-10 March 2017):

• Spatial exploration on research site (spatial research lab) • Use the appropriate scale of study according to the thematic purpose, and if

necessary work simulationiously on a multiscale level • Work in mixed teams • Exchange with external experts and stakeholders • Presentation and exchange of ideas • Iterative development processes including falsification and verification • Visualisation of informations (plans, maps) • Creation of a variety of concluding scenarios (testing ideas) • Multilingual approach • Usage of multicode representation (pictures, words and numbers). Besides this, during Giurgiu workshop, the teams of students and tutors have been

invited and encouraged to develop creative tools and unnconventional methods as they need in order to atteind the seached answers.


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The following table summarizes the methods used to answer each question:

Table 1 Methods used to answer research questions Research Question Method Used to Answer Question

1. What is the real potential for developing this micro-region formed by the Giurgiu-Ruse town pair in relation to the processes of demographic decline and high unemployment that are registered?

Multi-criteriaanalysis at the regional scale Comparing analysis between different regional situation on pair-cities development on Danube

2. How can the potential connectivity elements of the city be exploited at regional and European level so that Giurgiu can become a tourist destination on the Danube?

Specific method UM developed within the thematic cluster 2 Scenario planning

3. How can be transform the identified problems of the built heritage into architectural and artistic potential through unconventional ways?

Multi-criteria analysis at the local scale Visual urban analysis

4. Question 4 (Cluster 4). On what elements of the immaterial heritage could rely for a cultural strategy of Giurgiu in order to creatively develop and promote new values and unexploited resources?

Specific method developed within the thematic cluster 4 Unconventional method (dynamic/ interactive model, video, sensory mapping)

2.3 Instruments There are 2 categories of instruments used: 1) The instruments used by all teams and within any of the methods adopted (e.g. site-

vist surveys, checklists, interview guides, photo/visual essay).


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2) The specific instruments developed by each thematic cluster according to the inside necessities of research. This instruments are described inside each research cluster description of activities and are highlithed in corresponding results.

2.4 Sample

Each thematic cluster have its own sample as it approaches at different scales and in different way the research issues. There are three scale levels to approach the study, conforming the DANUrB Methodology agreed by the project consortium.

a) regional planning scale(regional/interregional)- macro scale

b) urban and landscape planning scale(urban)- macro and mezzo scale

c) urban design scale (local)- mezzo and micro scale

All analysis clusters are suited for any of the 3 spatial scales, depending on the approach of each project.

Thematic cluster 1 - the sample is the Giurgiu and the county territory.This sample, provided by official documents, is used to compare the settlements development within the entire Danube corridor. Thematic cluster 2 - the sample, in this case, is the city mobility layout /scheme This sample is used to discuss the potential for new connectivity and openings toward the touristic development, and it‘s provided by official data (local development plans, urbanistic documents) Thematic cluster 3 - the sample is the morphological pattern of ex-industrial architecture, having a strong relevance for the entire city form. This sample could have different size and limits according to the parcel of industry chosen. The sample is provided by the official topographic plan. Thematic cluster 4 – the sample is urban fabric of Giurgiu, as bearer of a hidden cultural potential linked to retrieval / re-discovery of micro-local identities and specificity of urban landscape. The sample is provided by the official topographic plan, satellit imagery, and personal photos.

2.5 Data Collection The data collection was structured into several categories:

Data provided from the municipality (urban planning department) // collected directly, in Romanian language:

- General Urban Plan of Giurgiu,


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- topographic plan of Giurgiu in dwg, - list of disused industrial sites, railways, etc which are no longer used and have

potential for conversion / regeneration, - list of buildings without functional facilities - areas with landscaping potential - either as planted areas or as markets, pedestrian

areas - areas with pedestrian or velo potential - architectural objects which are not protected, but which could / should be - places where the community carries out specific local activities (fishing, spontaneous

leisure, fairs, etc.) - in Giurgiu or in the surroundings - houses of local writers or cultural personalities with the potential to become memorial

houses - community gardens – green areas provided by residents' care, etc.

Data provided by the site visit// collected directly, in Romanian language: - Photographic essays - Interviews with local peoples - Discussion with cultural stakeholders (ex-director of Giurgiu Museum of History, host

of County Library, Mayor, etc.)

Data provided by the internet research// collected virtually, in Romanian and English language:

- Giurgiu municipality website - Official regional development plan (ADR Muntenia South) - Euro region Master plan - Giurgiu Mobility Plan (PMUD) - Local Strategy if development 2014-2020(SIDU) - Landscape Atlas of Danube Cross border territory - Action Plan Danube Strategy EU

Data provided from previous students’ work within UAUIM- FU schedule// from

institution archive, in Romanian language: - Diploma projects and dissertations from 2009-2010 academic year (when Giurgiu city

have been chosen as case-study for all students from The Landscape & Territory Master program of Faculty of Urbanism).

Data provided by the DANUrB partners - Bulgarian- Ruse city data base/ provided by CHI

2.6 Data Analysis

All categories of data have been transparently communicated toward all members of DANUrB team, through a Facebook group created for this scope, and by email.

The data analysis has been done by engaging contextual mapping, putting in correlation different level of information, interpreting the arguments for different


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solutioncontained in different plans and documents, creating scenarios starting from premises and preliminary conclusions.

2.7 Limitations

The proposed objectives did not have how to reach a more structured and quantitatively relevant database. The qualitative data obtained during the work allowed project objectives to be achieved, but for more precise results, a larger collection of quantitative data is needed, by using a GIS format - which was not possible at this time.

3 Results 3.1 Research Question 1 (Cluster 1)1.

What is the real potential of developing the micro-region Giurgiu-Ruse pair-cities in relation to Bucharest and Danube axis?

Although it's a powerful natural element which favored the development of all human activities along its basin, the Danube is also a space of social and economic gaps and disparities, being still tributary of the influences due to local economies and of the borders between the different states crossed by it.

Both in terms of city development, as well as accessibility, tourism development, energy production and protection of natural environment, the disparities of the Danube region are still visible, and its resources are unevenly exploited. At the same time, there is a rupture between the vision of development contained in the Danube's European Strategy, having a strong integrating character, and the local strategies of the medium and small Danube towns, centered more on the regaining /strengthening of local identities, and the survival of internal values. Also, from a demographic and socio-economic point of view, there are imbalances between the Danube regions and cities that develop and continue to grow spatially and economically, and those that shrink under the effect of depopulation, facing a real decline or shrinkage. This section aims to creatively and productively translate the strategies and development visions of the entire Danube to the particular situation of Giurgiu - Ruse, imagining different scenarios and finding optimal solutions for minimizing these discrepancies and maximizing the local heritage.

1Prepared by Assoc.prof.Gabriel Pascariu, PhD & Assist. Urb. Laura Tucan, PHD candidate.


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3.1.1 Methodology and research tools

The methodology applied for Cluster 1 involved the following steps:

1. Study visit to the territory (Giurgiu County) in order to understand its main characteristics and discover the identity of its cities and villages along its major development axes and their potentials that can be exploited.

2. Visiting the main city of the county, Giurgiu municipality, and its surrounding rural area, in order to identify connections and urban-rural relationships in the periurban area.

3. Interacting with local actors (local administration, cultural institutions, local experts etc.) during the study visit and on other occasions.

4. Study of the international, national, regional and county planning documents, which analysed the studied territory and made proposals for its development.

Figure 6. The relation between the Danube axis and the main axis of development in the Romanian South

territory.Source: adaptation from THE AXIS OF TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT PLOIESTI – BUCHAREST - GIURGIU - STRUCTURAL AXIS OF THE SOUTH OF ROMANIA THE DEVELOPMENT, UAUIM-CCPEC- 2013.

The analysis of Giurgiu County in a national and regional context is extremely relevant due to its location on a very important development axis for the Southern part of Romania, the Ploiești – Bucharest – Giurgiu structural axis. Moreover, this axis is a connector for other significant axes for Southern Romania such as: the west – east one from Craiova to Bucharest and Constanța (Black Sea), the Eastern diagonal Bucharest - Iasi (Moldova) axis, and the Southern Danube axis part of the 7th Pan-European transport corridors, as can be seen from the previous and below figures (fig. 5, 6).


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Figure 7.Longitudinal and transversal relations of the PBG Axis in the south of the country. Source: adaptation from THE AXIS OF TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT PLOIESTI -BUCHAREST - GIURGIU - STRUCTURAL AXIS

OF THE SOUTH OF ROMANIA THE DEVELOPMENT, UAUIM-CCPEC- 2013.

Also, from the analysis of the Strategic Concept Bucharest 2035, as can be seen from the figure belowthe twin cities Giurgiu-Ruse are proposed to be major urban poles. Because of their national / regional importance, thesetwin-cities have to co-operate with all main and secondary poles in order to coherently develop the whole cross-border region.

Due to the location of the Giurgiu-Ruse twin cities (at one end of the axis Ploiesti - Bucharest-Giurgiu), all the spatial planning documentations achieved so far at the national and regional level suggest a specialization of these two poles by capitalizing on the most important distinctive competence: location on both sides of the Danube River. The implication for Giurgiu Ruse micro-region is quite important, and it seeks several aspects:

- Connectivity in the territorial system of roads, railways, bridges, etc - Connectivity in the system of cities and urban poles - The integration into economic concept of re-balancing the North and the South parts

of Romania / Bucharest region– imposing new developing inputs for the South territory (less developed)

- The connectivity in terms of natural habitats and natural biodiversity coming from the Danube Corridor and related important natural areas as Comana Natural Park

- The re-cohesion of landscapes- rural, agricultural, natural and urban- in order to redefine a territorial identity, and overpass the difficulties coming with the post-industrial landscapes (still remaining to re-integrate into the Danube overall landscape)


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Figure 8. Map of Romania- Bulgaria- Serbia as Danube trans -border territory and the connection of pair city Giurgi – Ruse with Bucharest and the Black Sea

Figure 9. Representing the potential of urban poles adjacent to Bucharest and the implication for Giurgiu Ruse micro-region.Source: adaptation from THE AXIS OF TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT PLOIESTI -

BUCHAREST - GIURGIU - STRUCTURAL AXIS OF THE SOUTH OF ROMANIA THE DEVELOPMENT and


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Strategic Concept Bucharest, CCECC, UAUIM, Expert Report The territorial dimension of Bucharest, www.csb2035.ro

Next steps2 of the methodological approach were:

1. To defining working groups (studios) where the students met with the teachers and summarized all the information gathered and interpreted. During the first working groups the students identified the main strengths and weaknesses of the territory and defined certain economic, cultural or touristic specificities of certain areas. Next two WG were dedicated to developing and understanding of the potential of the territory and developing proposals for the area (focusing on Giurgiu municipality and its surroundings).During the last working group, the students outlined a development concept for Giurgiu County, which exploited all the cultural and natural elements identified.

2. The next step consisted in studying successful projects that have been achieved so far in similar areas at international and national level and which may be relevant for the development of key areas in the territory. However, the short time allocated to the workshop did not allow to make efficient use of this step.

3. Finally, the students prepared all the materials necessary to present the results of the workshop: posters and power point presentation for the oral presentation that took place during the final meeting on the 28th of November 2017.

3.1.2 Sources

In the second phase of the workshop the students consulted mainly the following documents:

Common strategy for territorial development of the cross-border area Romania - Bulgaria (2012-2015) – Available at: <http://www.spatial.mdrap.ro/; http://www.spatial.mdrap.ro/projectresults>

Hungary-Slovakia Cross-border Co-operation Programme 2014-2020 – Available at: <http://www.husk-cbc.eu/uploads/editors/3_draft_OP_2014-2020%20%20JUN%202014.pdf>

The Territorial development strategy of Romania, 2035 – Available at: <http://www.sdtr.ro/;

http://www.mdrap.ro/proiectul-de-lege-privind-strategia-de-dezvoltare-teritoriala-a-romaniei->

The Romanian General Master Plan of Transport – Available at: <http://ampost.ro/pagini/master-plan-general-de-transport>

2The thematic research area on the territorial – regional scale is still under development within the Master program Urban Management for Competitive Cities coordinated by Prof. Gabriel Pascariu. The program is attached as appendix to this Report, and the students work will be included into the final DANUrB Student Projects Catalog.

http://www.csb2035.ro/

http://www.spatial.mdrap.ro/

http://www.spatial.mdrap.ro/projectresults

http://www.husk-cbc.eu/uploads/editors/3_draft_OP_2014-2020%20%20JUN%202014.pdf

http://www.husk-cbc.eu/uploads/editors/3_draft_OP_2014-2020%20%20JUN%202014.pdf

http://www.sdtr.ro/

http://www.mdrap.ro/proiectul-de-lege-privind-strategia-de-dezvoltare-teritoriala-a-romaniei-

http://www.mdrap.ro/proiectul-de-lege-privind-strategia-de-dezvoltare-teritoriala-a-romaniei-

http://ampost.ro/pagini/master-plan-general-de-transport


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Regional Development Plan for the South - Muntenia Development Region – Available at:

<http://www.fonduri-structurale.ro/Document_Files/Stiri/00013480/hj6kd_pdr20142020regiuneasudmunteniadraft31iulie.pdf>

Lower Danube Green Corridor Atlas (2009) – Available at: <http://www.wwf.de/fileadmin/fm-wwf/Publikationen-PDF/Donauatlas_Gesamt.pdf>

The Territory planning documentation for Ploiești - Bucharest – Giurgiu (2013-2014) - Ploiești axis (research study elaborated by a consortium led by UAUIM for the Ministry of Regional Development and Public Administration.

List of historical monuments – Available at: <http://clasate.cimec.ro/lista.asp (http://www.cimec.ro/Arhitectura.html; http://www.cimec.ro/Monumente/PatrimoniuIndustrial/default.htm; http://ghidulmuzeelor.cimec.ro/>

European projects – Available at: <http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/projects/map/>

As can be seen from the sources consulted, most of them are about the Romanian territory, because documents for the Bulgarian territory were less available during the workshop interval. Thus, in order to complete the students‘ proposal for this workshop, some other documents would be needed in order to outline a better and more comprehensive picture of the directions of development for the adjacent territory of Ruse.

3.1.3 Diagnosis and premises for develop the studied territory

Considering the protected natural areas of the territory as well as other natural areas with potential to accommodate the recreation areas, the concentration of valuable historical elements (concentrations of archaeological sites, historical monuments, etc.), concentration of villages that have preserved the traditions and still practice them, the team of students developed proposals for specific routes to connect these areas.

http://www.wwf.de/fileadmin/fm-wwf/Publikationen-PDF/Donauatlas_Gesamt.pdf

http://clasate.cimec.ro/lista.asp

http://www.cimec.ro/Arhitectura.html

http://www.cimec.ro/Monumente/PatrimoniuIndustrial/default.htm

http://ghidulmuzeelor.cimec.ro/



http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/projects/map/


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Figure 10. Excerpt from Natura2000 map showing the protected sites- SCI and SPA located in Giurgiu – Ruse micro-region.

Exploring the vast touristic potential of the Bucharest – Giurgiu – Ruse axis is including not only the existing cultural facilities in the surrounding towns and villages, but also including natural zones protected by Natura 2000 (RO SCI and RO-SPA) and creating new connections between them in the form of cultural and recreational touristic routes.

Figure 11.Exploring the vast touristic potential of the Bucharest – Giurgiu – Ruse axis.


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Capitalizing on the micro-region's opportunities - related to the natural environment, to the links with other localities and cultural objectives in the broader territory, to the Danube connection and to the national and cross-border road and ferry connections, it can be highlighted a development scenario on thematic in a number of routes, as set forth hereinafter.

Based on the cultural and valuable elements identified and located along the various routes, thematic and cultural itineraries were proposed:

Recreational route, which exploits protected natural elements and natural elements that can become relaxation and recreation places for tourists;

Historical route / Cultural route, that exploits the built heritage: historical monuments and archaeological sites, museums, churches, villages with traditional architecture, etc.;

A trail of tradition, which harnesses the villages where traditional handicrafts and customs have been preserved.

The general concept of territorial development proposed by the students who participated in the workshop was: "unlocking the potential of the Giurgiu-Ruse region by exploring the local cultural heritage and natural resources." The key word proposed to define development of the area was METAMORPHOSIS, as Giurgiu County will radically transform its present image, following the innovative proposals. At the same time, the tradition will be a significant component that will generate the development of the territory, and Giurgiu will create a new brand based on the cooperation between traditional and modern. Thus, students proposed that tradition will be capitalized by innovative proposals targeting 3 major categories of intervention:

1. Revitalising culture (exploiting build heritage): new cultural facilities alongside with the existing ones will be included in cultural routes to exploit untapped potential of cultural heritage;

2. Developing economy: new territorial economic poles will reborn from declining industrial areas.

3. Reconnecting With nature (exploiting natural areas): untapped potential of natural heritage will be valorised and promoted.


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Figure 12.Bridging tradition and innovation, within an integrating concept of development

Figure 13. The Bridge was taking into consideration as a symbolic element of the development of this territory, able to synthetize the idea of link between tradition and innovation.


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3.1.4 Selection of proposed sites for cultural capitalization

Figure 14.Existing cultural sites proposed to be exploited. New poles and amenities to strenghten existing values

The proposed cultural sites to be exploited are inside and outside Giurgiu City. Part of traditional elements are proposed to be kept as they are and others traditional and cultural elements are proposed to be restored. Others existing elements as economic centres or natural area are also proposed to be exploited.

Also, to strengthen the role of existing cultural sites, students have made proposals for new poles and facilities nearby these elements.


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3.1.5 Scenarios and proposals for exploiting cultural sites

The result of proposed interventions will be:

Revitalising culture new Tram Line connecting the cultural facilities within the city (fig. 12)

new Interactive Museum (fig. 14)

new Multifunctional Centre (fig. 15)

Figure 15.New tram line along the new cultural route that will connect the cultural facilities throughout the city

Figure 16.Revitalising the existing monuments and restoring the historical vibe of the city

Figure 17.Promoting the local traditions as part of the cultural heritage of the Danube region

Developing economy upgraded harbour infrastructure and new touristic port (fig. 15)

new business infrastructure (fig. 16)

new research hubs (fig. 17)

Figure 18.New touristic amenities such as the Touristic port and the Multifunctional Centre

Figure 19.Development of new business infrastructure that will attract local and foreign investors

Figure 20.Sustainable economy and development of new research hubs based on ecological waste transformation and agriculture

Reconnecting with nature new recreational areas (fig. 18, 19)

new amusement park (fig. 20)

outdoor thematic festivals


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Figure 21.Rebuilding the waterfront in order to create direct contact between the city and its citizens and the Danube and providing pedestrian and bicycle acces to it

Figure 22.Preserving the local flora and fauna and promoting open air activities such as the Hot Air Balloon Festival or touristic boat rides on the Danube

Figure 23.Exploiting the unicity of the natural areas and making them more accessible and enjoyable for citizens

3.1.6 Local urban actors identified in the implementation of projects

Urban actors who should be involved in project implementation are both public and private, as follows:

Public urban actors:

- Ministry of Culture and National Identity;

- Giurgiu County Council;

- National Company Administration of Danube River Ports;

- National Agency for Environmental Protection;

- National Administration of Romanian Waters";

- The City Hall of Giurgiu Municipality;

- Town and Village halls of Giurgiu County;

- Research Institute in the field of agriculture and ecological waste transformation;

Private urban actors:

- Community;

- International and national investors;

- Local economic agents.


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3.2 Research Question 2 (Cluster 2)3.

How can the potential connectivity elements of the city be exploited at regional and European level so that Giurgiu can become a tourist destination on the Danube?

3.2.1 Clusters’ approach

The study aims at identifying and capitalizing on Giurgiu's vocation and development potential in the Danube context and is based on a 4-stage approach methodology:

A) In the first stage, the vocational profile of the city was identified in the larger Danube context, by evaluating the results of the studies, the projects, the relevant existing data and the field study ("Giurgiu - Tourist Destination on the Danube", with special address for the Bucharest City Agglomeration)

B) In the second stage, an integrated analysis - Urbanism and Mobility (MU) was conducted - oriented to the diagnosis of the existing situation, with reference to the potential for capitalizing on the identified vocational profile that ended with a positive and negative diagnosis in quantitative and qualitative terms .

C) In the third stage was developed a strategic concept for capitalizing on the vocation and potential of the locality, setting the general directions of action (improvement of the internal and external accessibility and improvement of the tourist city‘s offer).

D) In the fourth stage there was detailed a scheme of tourist mobilityand projects for its materialization and for improving the tourist offer of the city.

Figure 24. Methodological landmarks of the thematic study / cluster 2.

3The report of this cluster have been coordinated by assoc.proff. PhD Arch. Mihaela Negulescu


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3.2.2 Existing situation of public urban mobility in Giurgiu and premises of development

Accessibility context/ road, rail, velo, air, national and regional connections

Giurgiu Municipality is located at the intersection of two pan-European corridors: IX (router and railway) and VII (river - Danube corridor). Of these, only Corridor VII is included in the core network of the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T), on the Rhin-Danube corridor (road, rail, and river) with funding priority by the European Commission 2014-2020.

Figure 25. pan-European corridors.

Figure 26. Rhine-Danube Corridor in the Ten-T / Rhine Central Danube Corridor, within the Trans-European Core Network (source: European Commission, portal Mobility & Transport)

Fig. 2 Coridoarele Pan-Europene de Transport


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Giurgiu is well connected at the territorial and regional level through a road network, consisting of 3 national roads and 3 county roads. The most important road relationship is DN5 - Euro Trans to the capital, to the north and to the city of Ruse, to the south.

Figure 27. DN5 - Euro Trans Route - connection with border area (MPGT source, Romania)

The main railway link between Bucharest and Giurgiu, is the first railway from the Romanian United Principalities in 1869, which became inoperative since 2015, with the collapse of the Grădiştea railway bridge (whose reconstruction is planned to be completed in 2019). At present, the rail link between the capital and Giurgiu takes place on a detour by Videle, with a double length, increasing considerably the travel time to 2h30'. At the horizon of 2030, the Master Plan for Transport envisages the rehabilitation of the Bucharest-Giurgiu connection by a high-speed railway (belonging to the 9th railway corridor).

Figure 28. Railway projects identified in MPGT for 2020-2030 (MPGT source, Romania).

fig. 4 . DN5 – Drum Euro Trans - conexiune cu localitate de frontieră (sursa

MPGT, România


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The south of Romania benefits from the (planned) European bicycle route - EuroVelo 6 which sums up between Bazias and the Black Sea 1075 km representing more than one third of the total length of the Danube.

The road infrastructure of the city has a (semi) radial structure, starting from a circular central market, which is preserved almost intact in the old town. The main thoroughfare is the North - South major axis, which extends the DN 5 route within the locality to the Danube Harbor. On this route, the traffic flows over the St. George Canal on the newly built 4-lane bridge, replacing the Bizet Road Bridge.

Another major traffic direction leads to the transit of the settlement either from Teleorman County to the Giurgiu Border Crossing Point and from there further to the Near East or to the Danube Bridge, which was used since 1954. (PMUD Giurgiu).

Figure 30. Road connections at the territorial level in Giurgiu City.

The railway traffic is present in Giurgiu since 1869, when the first railway from Wallachia was launched, between Bucharest Filaret and Giurgiu City. The city is served by

Figure 29. European bicycle route - EuroVelo 6


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four railway stations divided into different functions (passenger and wares). Of these, two are more important: North Railway Station and Giurgiu Railway Station.

Figure 31. Railway Infrastructure (Left: Existing Situation, Right: Proposals)

Non-motorized traffic

In Giurgiu town, good conditions for pedestrian traffic are especially in the city center. Bucharest Boulevard is the main axis for non-motorized trips, arranged with wide sidewalks, bicycle tracks and tree alignments. Also, Gara Street was recently redeveloped as a commercially predominant pedestrian. And Mircea cel Bătrăn Street is closed to motorized traffic at the end of the week.

Figure 32. Trails favorable to non-motorized journeys (left: Bucharest Boulevard, right: Gara street).


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Public transport in Giurgiu

Public transport has 4 main bus routes, being less developed in the west of the city.

Figure 33Public TransportExisting Situation in Giurgiu

3.2.3 Context of the tourist offer in spatial profile

The city of Giurgiu has numerous objectives of cultural interest: cultural, religious and recreational, spatially disposed mainly in the central area of the city.

Figure 34. Tourist offer of Giurgiu in the spatial profile (location of tourist interest objectives)- synthesis


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Old industrial sites, partially or totally decommissioned, buildings left out of activities as unstructured land constitute opportunities for intervention and development-completion of the tourist offer of the city.

Figure 35. Non classified tourist attractions with potential for functional reconversion. Land and / or real estate opportunities for tourism development

3.2.4 Conclusions: the vocational profile of Giurgiu City for tourist development based on urban mobility resource

The city of Giurgiu benefits from tourist resources that bring together a diverse architectural and cultural heritage and an important and very valuable natural heritage, mainly made up of the Danube River and the Cama - Plants Canal - St. George.

In the conditions of restoring the Bucharest-Giurgiu railway connection, especially in the high-speed transport mode, the external accessibility of Giurgiu will be significantly improved, with a significant distance-time reduction effect between the capital city and Giurgiu. 40-60 minutes. (Figure 15)

The "re-approach" in terms of time by Bucharest Municipality and its area of influence, coupled with accessibility to the river and its specific landscape, indicates a high


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potential for transformation of Giurgiu into an attractive "tourist destination on the Danube" for a large demographic pool totaling 2.4 million inhabitants.

Fig. 15"Approaching" the cities of Giurgiu and Bucharest by reducing the time distance by rebuilding the Grădiştea Bridge and refunctioning the railway (of high speed).

3.2.5 Directions of action

In order to capitalize on this particular and valuable potential, we identified two important directions of action: 1. DEVELOPMENT OF A TOURISM MOBILITY SCHEME, pursuing two general objectives:- Improving the external and internal accessibility of the locality in terms of time, travel options, comfort and ambience. - Improving the accessibility of various categories of tourism resources of the city (cultural, sports and leisure objectives, sports, accommodation infrastructure and bussiness tourism infrastructure, etc.)


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2. IMPROVING THE TOURIST OFFER (cultural, recreational, business, housing, etc.), highlighting the unprofitable and anthropogenic potential (regenerative sites, prospects and valuable landscapes). An important asset of the city is the perspective on the river landscape, which can be capitalized by setting up belvedere points, including hanging from the structure of some bridges. Particular emphasis is placed on the creation or redevelopment of transport infrastructure so, in addition to their functional hypostasis, they will have aesthetic value (becoming urban art elements) or even identity (becoming urban landmarks) and contribute to increasing quality and the attractiveness of the city's landscape. The completion and development of the tourist offer implies the creation of areas of tourist interest in the proximity of the urban gates, which take into account the special accessibility of these areas and in some cases the privileged prospects for the river landscape: - Accommodation, leisure, business, near the road bridge of the Friendship Bridge, to speculate on a view of the canal and / or the Danube (competitiveness in relation to the accommodation offer in Ruse). There is also a good connection with the rest of the city's tourist offer. -Accommodation, leisure, business infrastructure in the vicinity of the passenger port and in the vicinity of the North Railway Station. Improving external accessibility is based on:

➔ Improvement of the road and especially railway connections at the territorial level through the implementation of planned national and European projects: the reconstruction of the Grădiştea Bridge and the creation of the high-speed railway corridor in the N-S direction.

➔ Improving the functional and environmental quality of the road, railway (railway) and river ports (ports) of the city so that they are well connected to the local mobility offer and their areas become "showcase", representative of the community, attractive for tourists.

➔ Improving the accessibility of various categories of city sights (cultural, leisure, sports, accommodation, etc.) is based on:

▪ Creating connections between them (for motorized and especially non-motorized journeys) so as to create a coherent, legible and accessible tourist cluster.

▪ Creating comfortable trails with a pleasant ambience, suitable for the tourist interest routes

▪ Creating a mobility offer (travel and transport options) appropriate to the exigencies of the tourist function, as well as the exigencies of highlighting


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the anthropic and natural heritage through the quality of public spaces. This implies contextualizing the tourism mobility scheme by carefully matching it to the characteristics and exigencies of different urban areas.

▪ Creating or redefining infrastructure elements, especially transport, so that, in addition to their functional hypostasis, they will gain aesthetic value (as an element of urban art) or even identity (becoming an urban landmark) and contribute to increasing the quality of the city's landscape.

3.2.6 Projects

A. The Tourist Mobility Scheme

Project’s achievements: Improving the accessibility of the city as a whole and to improve the

accessibility of the tourist offer of the city, it is necessary: (Re) organization of the road, railway, harbors, harbors of the city to improve

their functional and environmental quality: - As intermodal points linking transport at the territorial (regional, national and

European) level with the local transport offer and providing conditions for transfer between comfortable, safe and fast means of transport: local public transport, taxis, services car-sharing, car-rental, bike-sharing. It offers parking (park & ride and bike & ride)

- As urban contact areas with the city, representative, to capitalize on the local specifics.

→ - Creation of tourist and leisure routes favorable to non-motorized (pedestrian and bicycle) trips connecting the objectives and areas of tourist interest

→ - Creation of a central area with public streets and urban squares - arranged for non-motorized journeys: pedestrian or shared-space routes. The role of this arrangement is to improve the ambience of the area that groups, to build more monument buildings and to enhance them, increasing the tourist attractiveness of the city.

→ - Connecting railway and road gates to the tourist offer (motorized and non-motorized connections (eg connecting the Central Railway Station with the Giurgiu Tourist Port through a non-motorized route with a bicycle track).

B. Reorganizing the north train station as the main intermodal point of the city and

remaining their area as urban representative space Project’s achievements: Creating bike-sharing and car-sharing systems, especially as an offer for tourist

mobility (e.g., railway station - tourist port, train station, port-centre, etc.) Treating traffic and transport infrastructures in an aesthetic way with good

integration into the landscape and even as urban landmarks of tourist interest


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Developing, in the proximity of the urban gates, road, port, railway, areas of touristic interest (leisure, business), given the existing land opportunities.

Figure 36. Touristic Mobility Scheme

In the context of the rehabilitation of the high-speed railway (on the TEN-T railway), the North Railway Station becomes the main railroad of the city, the point of its connection to the national and European flows. In this perspective it requires:

→ (Re) organizing it as an intermodal node by creating comfortable, fast and safe conditions between transport at territorial level and a complex offer of modes of local level transport: public transport, taxi, bicycle sharing, car-sharing, car-rental, parking and transfer parking (park & ride and bike & ride).


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→ Improving its road connection with the city (Gloria street is undersized) viaDN5. For this purpose, a suitable road connection between the train station and DN5 should be made. (It also recommends extending the Gloria Street)

→ Creation of an area ("Railway station") with aesthetic qualities, "window display area", representative of city, favourable for pedestrians. It is proposed to develop it also as on the eastern side of the railways, through an underground (passage) connection to the railway station building.

→ Making the railway station building worth, which has an architectural value.

C. Creating bicycle lanes between the central railway and the tourist port - the axis of un-motorized deposits which enhancethe tourist interest objectives above sf. Gheorghe canal

The existing situation shows a inconvenient dis-connection between the railway station

and the passenger port along the existing railways. The relation with te centre of the city and with the Danube shore is not existing.

It is proposed to create a "green axle" for non-motorized journeys and in particular a bicycle ribbon between the station and the passenger port along the existing railways. It will connect various tourist interest objectives, created on sites between the Sf. Gheorghe Canal and the Danube, which are now Land Opportunities and for which are proposed urban regeneration operations (degraded industrial sites, GROAPA CENUSA). The shaft will cross the Cama Channel on an exclusive non-motorized bridge.

Figure 37. Road connectivity of Giurgiu City into micro-region.


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Figure 38. Gara de Nord - analysis of the existing situation


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Figure 39. Giurgiu North Train Station – Proposals – The Intermodal ―Heart‖ of the City.


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Figure 40. North Railway Station - Illustrations of the types of interventions (before and after) -1


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Figure 41. North Railway Station - Illustrations of the types of interventions (before and after) - 2


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Figure 42. North Railway Station Giurgiu _workshop presentation panel.


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Figure 43. Non-motorized axle between Central Station and the port and non-motorized bridge over the Cama

Canal.


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Figure 44. Illustrations - bicycle trail and bridge for un-motorized travel over the ―Cama‖ channel.

D . Infrastructure for bicycles hanged by the framework of the friendship bridge, as a trans-fluvial segment of the european eurovelo corporate It is proposed to hang a bicycle track on a lightweight metallic structure by the massive structure of the Friendship Bridge (road and rail) to create the possibility to safely cross the Danube on a bicycle between Giurgiu and Ruse, as the volumes of motorized traffic are very high on the existing infrastructure. An example of such a technical solution is that of the Jubilee Bridge in London. Where Cama Channel is and the segment that crosses the Danube, it is also proposed to provide some of viewpoints platforms with accessibility from the bicycle track.


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Figure 45. Bicycle and Belvedere Infrastructure along the Friendship Bridge - 2

E.ECO PARK (Clean Energy Park)

An Eco-Park is proposed on the Ash Pit site, a former rubbish pit, an unconstructed area. It will use and generate green energy using the solar and wind potential of the area. A photovoltaic garden will help increase the attractiveness of the nightlife of the south of the city, near the tourist harbor.


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Figure 46.Proposal of Eco-Park - 1


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How can be transform the identified problems of the built heritage into architectural and artistic potential through unconventional ways?

Considering the recent history of the city developed as an industrial centre due to the location - both in terms of location on Danube River and as a border town - Giurgiu offers a vast heritage of mostly non-functional and abandoned sites and buildings that can become an important potential and also shaping a new identity

3.3.1 Clusters’ approach

The main objective of this cluster was to investigate the typological and morphological variety of the built heritage especially architectural and post-industrial by looking at the layers that time left in the city‘s structure. Looking at a transversal section through the history – post-war/ post-industrial/ contemporary this workshop investigate cases/ examples of good practices and also propose new solution for compatible integration of modern activities into existing culture and landscape.

Considering the intention to identify unconventional ways to transform the revealed problems into architectural and artistic potential, the working methodology specifically based on techniques and tactics such as:

0. Preparation for research in situ - analysis of existing documents and data - presentation and discussion the study cases

1. Visual identification of the territory – a trip to explore on foot the city and identify the

―focus‖ points and also see the context of each element in the city‘s structure. - make an inventory of the actual situation based on photos - observed the people and/or the activities around them - feel the ―energy‖ of this places - understand the landscape

2. Debates and discussions – start of the ―active‖ days of the workshop

- pin on the map the interest / ―neuralgic‖ points - discuss the feedback that every student take from the in situ research ???

4Reportd by Assoc.pProf.PhD Cristina I. Enache (cluster‘s tutore) & Urb. Landsc. Andreea Simion (assitant teacher)


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Figure 47. Unconventionalworking methodology proposed by Cluster 3 team

- choose 3 of them based on diversity and their location in the city and also due to the structure of the cluster: 2 teams of 2 students and 1 team of 1 student.

3. Desk work – sketches, plans, schemes etc. - use actual / old plans and photos to extract more information - develop a general concept that integrate all the site take in discussion - re-think the use of them and develop new ways of re-activation

4. Results – ideas of potential and representations of design solutions

- 3 project ideas of re-activation the identify potential - posters with graphic elements - one mini brochure

3.3.2 Data sources

The main sources that provided information necessary for the projects:

www.primariagiurgiu.ro – for city plans Google earth Pro - for satellite imagines Data required – Initial industrial site projects, Building destination, information, runtime history, reason and time of decommissioning etc

http://www.primariagiurgiu.ro/


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3.3.3 Diagnosis

As the theme of this cluster says the focus of the students was to bring to front the built heritage that can be re-activated on the Danube river and revealed the hidden architectural and post-industrial sites by putting them to another level in the city‘s history.

So they had sorted out areas which best represent the city and which could possibly have the highest impact after interventions. The selected areas were:

1. The textile factory – near the north train station that is a historic monument (and part

of the Orient Express Route since 1883) this industrial site from showed a great potential in vitalizing the north part of Giurgiu. Goal: multifunctional area / put in the spot light the train station

2. The sugar factory – located on the Danube shore has a strong relationship with the river, the Park and the Museum of the city. Goal: creative industry / recycle & reuse

3. The naval shipyard – a pivot between the city and the Danube Goal: local landmark / cultural link The answer they found for the questions they deal with at the beginning was “Changing and evolving” so they imagine that the elements in the city had to function inspired by Moebius spiral.

Figure 48. "Moebius" mini-brochure showing the result of research methodology applied in cluster 3 approach- ―Changing and eolving‖


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3.3.4 Premises for development:

- The existence of the industrial heritage and some structures made during the communist period – abandoned structures inside the city – which can be valorised and used as potential local elements - Consideration of former industrial sites as important land reserves and constructions – the halls and structures – heritage that can be reused, transformed, adapted, capitalized in a sustainable approach - Location of the city – a harbor town on the Danube, a border town – it itself a premise for a cultural-identity approach to geographical, ethnic and cultural confluence. Thus, the proposal was directed to a predominantly cultural intervention

3.3.5 Selection of proposed sites for cultural valorisation

Figure 49. Sites location 1. The industrial site near the train station 2. The sugar factory 3. The shipyard


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01_textile factory- “DUNAREANA”- Established in 1970, the Danube Confectionery Company was the Giurgiu factory with the largest number of employees, about 7,000. It was built at the entrance of the city stretching over several thousand square meters. People worked in several weavers in three laps. After the Revolution, the company restricted its activity, some of the buildings being leased to the various companies. At this time there are about 100 employees. Other giurgiuvens "factories and factories" from communism: Sugar Factory, ICMUG, Chemical Combinator, Giurgiu CET, Beer Factory, Fructonil. All these are today ruins.

02_Giurgiu sugar factory- The site has good visual connections with the water, and also great accessibility from the river and from the city(local and regional routes).The site is near to the town center, and also located in a relative populated district of the city. The industrial site is a local and a regional landmark.The site has a potential of becoming an urban park because it represents a great resource of terrain wich is not used and also it can be an example of what one community can do with the resources they have.Converting this site into a park would be a good thing for the community, the city economy and also for the enviroment and the landscape of Danube.

03_Danube - naval shipyard - At the moment the naval shipyard is a large complex of buildings which block any view or possible direct relation with the Danube, resulting in a deficitary link between the city of Giurgiu and it‘s most prised possession. The complex envelops a potentially optimistic view of the riverbank due to it‘s positioning, large plot, highly usable existing buildings (metallic structure ), and it‘s tangential relation with the 2 active areas (Cama Canal and Danube riverbank [east of the industrial area ] [leisure activities ] ). Everything in Giurgiu (which is a shrinking city at the moment) speaks industrial, and with the actual trend developing, regarding the beauty of the industrial architecture does mean a


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variety of possibilities in the conversion of the naval shipyard and also the industrial areas interspersed in the entire Giurgiu city.

3.3.6 Scenarios and projects’ proposals

Sugar Factory intervention

The project represents a conversion of an abandoned industrial complex on the riverside of ―Plants‖ Canal, close to Danube river. It‘s located in the outskirts, on the limit of the city and agriculture land. The site has very good connectivity with the city, at 20 minutes walking distance from the town center, and it's also located near a very populated residential district.

The project has a strategic approach for the whole industrial complex. It was proposed a conversion of 60% percent for the industrial buildings, some of that can accommodate intensive activities and others are oriented for light activities. The macro zoning of the site is composed of 7 zones: education area, events area, creativity/creation area, leisure area oriented for teenagers, leisure area for all ages, promenade and an open air museum.

The other part of the project represents the detailed conversion of one building, in the creation/creativity area. This building is part of the first stage of the strategy, the rest of the site remained opened for exploration. The brand of the building is Creative Industry. It contains workshops, offices, open spaces that are flexible, events/ conference rooms, game rooms and a sky bar.

The silhouette of the building is very special and it represents a local landmark so this characteristic was promoted in the inside space too by the way the partitioning was realized.


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Figure 50.Aerial view of the main construction - existent

Figure 51. Section view of the main construction - proposal

Figure 52. Proposal of intervention on the main construction found inside the former Sugar factory, Giurgiu


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Figure 53Intervention Plan site and details

``DUNAREANA`` Textile Factory Project

The concept was based on changing park typology, from an industrial park to an active and dynamic cultural park that sustains and promotes educational activities, creative industries and art in all its forms. Thus, it was proposed a zoning based on activity typologies, and creating a unitary path of the park. In the south area we proposed the conversion of the three former water reservoirs in constructions meant to support theatrical performances, exhibitions and contemporary art exhibitions. Also in the entrance area, it was proposed a space for the exhibition to sell in order to economically support the ensemble and the small artisans who can promote and valorise their work.

The central space is intended for a museum in memory of the first railway in Romania, Bucharest-Giurgiu and is provided with both an exhibition space and an interactive space where visitors can understand the mechanism of a train. A significant proportion of buildings are proposed for conversion, resulting in an interactive entertainment park that will serve as the main attraction point that will support other activities. The green spaces are meant to create a living atmosphere and to anime the industrial area. Also, these spaces can serve outdoor cultural activities. We believe that this conversion of the park can bring a significant, both economic and qualitative increase of the Giurgiu north area and can serve as an important point of attraction both for the inhabitants and for those outside the city.


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The naval shipyard

The intervention in the naval shipyard tried to envision a multifunctional space which was meant to connect the broken link between Giurgiu- Russe- Bucharest.

In this sense the main base of the proposal was to bring at first ‗some‘ activities that suited best Bucharest and also the citizens of Giurgiu. Due to Bucharest‘s lack of sustaining classic concerts such as Enescu festival, one of the first ideas was to convert the building of the naval shipyard into a place in which these festivals can be held. This could eventually lead to more jobs and to a better understanding of the importance of the relation between Giurgiu and Bucharest.

At the same time the place needed to add such a function in the naval shipyard so that the activities held here could potentially bring tourist from Bulgaria and even Hungary, action that is a great potential regarding the trans-borderrelations. This being said, the idea of an annual festival sound fair but this only activates the area at specific times in the year so a multifunctional space tries to maintain the entire area of study active through the whole year. In this sense also added a few business activities which are meant to offer jobs all the year around. The proximity of the large industrial building will be public space, encouraging people to use it as a park and also to get a more direct and clear image of the Danube River and it‘s importance to Giurgiu. The interventions are meant to close the circle of the south area of the city.

The industrial building (naval industry) will be kept as it is. The building itself is large and geometrical which eventually lead to the idea of keeping it as a shell for the new intervention. The punctual intervention though as mimicking water was placed on top of the building as a roof which can also sustain leisure activities and can be used as a rooftop park. From the interior of the building the sub-dividing tried to envelop a park inside the walls of the naval giant making the dialog between the exterior and the interior more obvious.

The relation between industrial architecture and natural elements goes well together and is a sign of the time passing by the old and used function of the area.

3.3.7 Local urban actors identified in the implementation of projects

The proposals can be made within an intervention scenario supported by a public-private partnership where the main actors could be both the public authorities and the current owners of industrial structures and site, as well as private investors interested in developing a dynamic pole – with cultural, recreational and commercial activities, educational as well, creative industries, start up hub etc. In this way, diversity can attract a group of investors and the uniqueness of approach and localization offers an element of regional attractiveness.


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Figure 54. Student project proposal on how to transform the former equipment of naval shipyard


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3.3.8 Conclusions of thematic research of Cluster 3

The study of the abandoned / unused / unfinished heritage (especially oriented on post-industrial sites) which occupies a considerable area within Giurgiu territory, has led to a network – based strategy that exploits both affected area and part of existing structures (industrial structures, halls). Starting from a sustainable approach the existing built heritage is preserved and capitalized, in the first place and abandoned production sites are made greener, in the second– because of their passive and polluting presence in the city‘s structure.

The concept of continuity starts from the idea of sustainability, preserving the architecture of the post-industrial sites, (also considering a continuity at the level of urban memory), by revitalizing some elements - part of the regional economic specific of Giurgiu.

The vision of sustainable development aims to highline the possibility of further evolution by connecting the other post-industrial areas or unfinished structures in the cultural, social and leisure network. Another important aspect is represented by correlation of functional levels of the urban organism – like mobility (pedestrian, cyclable, railway, naval), natural and urban landscape. The proposal will also contribute as a social binder, becoming a dynamic network activity, and at the same time capitalizing on the cultural valence of the city as part of the process of creating a new regional identity.


How can be transform the identified problems of the built heritage into architectural and artistic potential through unconventional ways?

3.4.1. Coontext and premises of approaching The cultural landscape of the Danube is the most direct and eloquent form of

manifestation of the life diversity, being expressed in a language able to transcend borders and ensure the identity integration necessary for a brand. However, the Danube identity cannot be reduced to a single emblem without the risk of undoing the intrinsic richness of content deriving from its massive diversity. More than the material heritage, ultimately reducible to a series of spatial and functional typologies, the immaterial heritage of the Danube is a layer whose depth has not yet been fully explored. The more necessary it is to do this today, as what is essential and particular for a community is increasingly threatened by the logic of consumerism, mass tourism and uniformity, mirroring the global models and trends intensively promoted by information and communication technology. The cultural landscape of the Danube – synthetizing the natural, and the manmade aspects- is a fragile,

5Reported by Assoc. Prof. Arch. Cerasella CRĂCIUN,PhD&Assist. Urb. Land. Ana OPRIȘ, PhD


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and yet powerful layer that needs to be researched into the past, present and future lives of its inhabitants, through their different ages, mentalities, habits, activities etc., that coexist. In the aim of the DANUrB main scope, to create a common brand by fostering transnational cultural ties between the settlements along the Danube, the workshop goes for exploring the intangible cultural landscape connected to the river, consisting of unused, less known or hidden socio-cultural capital resources.

3.4.2. Methodological aspects The analysis of the cultural landscape is subject to specific research methods and

methodologies, of the trans-disciplinary heuristic and meta-heuristic epistemological typologies, including sensible methods of landscape analysis.

The landscape is a repository of evolutionary ancestral knowledge, evolving history and the memory of a place in sense of genius-loci, of tradition, culture and handcrafts, of the material landscape and of local customs, but also of the orally or immaterial landscape.

Generally, these cultural landscape typologies have inscribed elements that have developed in parallel and are similar in Danubian space, as well as cross-border specific landscape in a similar form, which did not necessarily take into account the existing administrative boundaries of countries, counties, etc.

Thus, the landscape is not only "the surface, the human perception of which is the

result of the actions and interactions of natural and / or antropic factors", according to the European Landscape Convention (Florence, 2000), but also a cultural construction.

The landscape does not only design of "a part of the territory perceived as such by the population, the character of which is the result of the action and interaction of natural and / or human factors", but also a cultural participative product, as a result of the interaction between natural / between nature / culture, the evolution of knowledge, but also technological knowledge.

A cultural landscape is founded on culture, but it contains specific and particular

typologies that make the knowledge of the human possesses about his natural or anthropic / built environment, which leads to a diverse landscape, or different cultures, which develop a system of complex significance, developed by many theorists in domain (Rosario Assunto, Auguste Berque, Christian Norberg Schulz).

Thus, from a cultural point of view, the Landscape creates complex microstructures and defines a significant order of distinct singular locations/site/area. It is a form of synthesis of the particular characteristics of a territory that have evolved over time and are subjected of a dynamic processes, perceived differently in space and time, forming spatial-temporal landscape units, within the territorial, economic, social, cultural development and specific economic issues.

At the same time, the Cultural Landscape is a social and natural fact, subjective and

objective, material and cultural, real and symbolic product, as well as a specific and particular morpho-structural seed/germ, including in the Danube Basin, at European level.


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3.4.3. The Research Workshop Results

THE MULTI-LAYERSD ART INSTALLATION OF GIURGIU CULTURAL LANDSCAPE

In the applied exercise / workshop as a case study for the Giurgiu City from Romania, the students coordinated by Bucharest ―Ion Mincu‖ University of Architecture and Urban Planning teachers from Urban Faculty, developed a methodology for sensible analysis of the cultural landscape, focused on several layers, visual represented by an artistic installation. The installation integrates several layers, which are components of the multi-criteria sensitivity analysis of the cultural landscape, namely: LAYER 1. The history and the initial evolution of the site - from macro- and mezzo-landscape to landscape detail of the different scale, from the relationship with the water front to the Danube River, to the relationship with the developed cities in the adjacent area of the present city of Giurgiu and the relationship cross-border with the city of Ruse in Bulgaria LAYER 2. Quasi- and semi-natural landscape – limits, boundaries and particular elements (green areas and natural heritage areas, wetlands, beach areas, development directions with the urban water front, vegetation species, etc.) LAYER 3. Urban and Architectural Landscape - evolutionary plans of Giurgiu City, through successive plans for development and evolution of urban history, including monuments, harbor port, industrial areas, communication ways (railways, traffic and road networks, pedestrian crossing over the Danube, etc.), urban altimetry that has developed spatially and temporally in historic evolution of the town. LAYER 4. The Cultural Landscape - the memory of the place / genius loci (the central area "the plate", the fortresses in this area, the historical trails, the churches as areas that have focused the community development, the tower from the central area, the existing bridges, etc.), symbolic and significant elements of aesthetic, spirituality and religion level, agricultural crops in the area, etc.), the local personalities and their works with direct reference to the town, the stories and legends of the place, the agricultural rural landscape, etc.

These elements of analysis, have resulted in urban and rural morpho-typologies that have developed in the city of Giurgiu, as well as in the rural area adjacent to it outside the city, within the administrative boundary.

These real elements was transposed into an artistic elements, through plexiglass

transparent layouts that overlaps in an unconventional form, the multiple sensitivity criteria for the site, integrate symbolic images, sound, ambiance, chromatic of the city, textures, particular elements that are specific and preserve stored and integrated memory space / genius loci, characteristic of Giurgiu.


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From the point of view of the "artistic representation" within the installation model, this emphasized symbolic representation of the perceptual type of landscape, through "extracts" interpreted in the artistic unconventional form, photographs and film, schemes and graphics that transpose invisible landscape elements into visible, overlaid photographs, sections and charts, collages, specific textures, characteristic objects, urban altimetry silhouettes transformable into objects that can become the brand of the city, seeds, flowers, leaves, soundscape transposed quantitatively through places correlated with sounds and noises (sound of water in different areas of children's voices in playgrounds and in the vicinity of educational units, train noise in the monument area, industrial and port areas, heavy traffic areas, etc.).

The Model has used different materials and textures, a symbolic render in an artistic

form, to explain and express the complexity of the urban metabolic system, the existing urban life, as well as the metabolism ofprocesses and phenomena in the city and its adjacent area, integrated into the perception of people and the community of the landscape

Figure 55.Explanation regarding thecomplexity of the urban metabolic system of urban cultural landscape,

expressed by the interactive / layered model

The first stage in the construction of the installation model was developed by the entire team of students and it was based on drawing five old plans ( 1790, 1829, 1830, 1864, 1939), which, placing one on top of the other, offered the viewer a sight of the historical evolution of Giurgiu (from city stronghold to modern day urban sprawl).

To facilitate individual study of each historical layer and overlaying the five plans, the drawings were brought to the same graphic scale, positioned one on top of the other and engraved on pieces of plexiglass for transparency.


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Figure 56. The interactive / layered model expressing the complexity of the urban metabolic system of urban

cultural landscape


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The Storytelling of Installation

1. CITY SHAPE

‖The objective of this layer was twofold: model Giurgiu‘s city shape to show the height differences of the urban tissue and of its functions, and model the land influenced by the presence of the Danube. To construct the model, I made sequential sections in order to also highlight the radial structure of the city. The topographic map used as a base for this layer helps in identifying and understanding the city silhouette. I also marked the main attractions, landmarks, and some of the historical monuments (the Bizetz Bridge, the Friendship Bridge, the Captaincy, the Clock Tower, the shipyard cranes, and the St. George Church) by over dimensioning them, and I highlighted their distribution in the depth of the urban tissue. These oversized objects could be turned into jewels that may form the basis of a Giurgiu brand. The supplies and tools I used to make this model were memory wire, glue, Plexiglass, self-adhesive paper, and bending and modelling tools.‖ Stud. Urb. Diana Neagu.


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2. LANDMARK

Figure 57. Landmarks / important elements of urban form in Giurgiu City, transformed into jewels that may form the basis of a Giurgiu brand.

Figure 58. The Clock Tower is a landmark for Giurgiu City- approach

The Clock Tower is a landmark for Giurgiu City, it is a national heritage monument and has cultural potential, due to evolution and historical events.


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Figure 59. The Clock Tower brief history

Figure 60.Exploring and expressing artistically the main landmarks of Giurgiu -Stud. Urb. Anemona Untaru, Stud. Urb. Razvan Savan


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NSORIAL CULTURAL LANDSCAPE

Giurgiu's sensory experience of sounds

Figure 61. Exploring a multi-sensitive art installation of cultural landscape at Giurgiu

In this cluster there has also been conducted a sensory analysis, which has developed in sound representation of some of the most iconic urban landmarks in Giurgiu, by associating the landmark to sound, both physically ( the sound map ) and virtually (Youtube online platform ).

The purpose of this sensory experience is to make known the specific environment of the city, to allow people to discover from a distance the atmosphere of some of the key places in the city through deciphering sound intensity and the way they intertwine. Also, the sound map encourages participants to appreciate the balance or imbalance created in each area presented.

The audience is given access to an audio archive by viewing a movie uploaded on

Youtube ( https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=N096TIPKPLs). The model has a QR code attached, that can be read with a QR Code Reader app and which grants anybody, no matter of the location, access to this sound stroll. Every sound has attached a photo of the place which is framed by a form generated by the sound wave.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N096TIPKPLs


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Acoustic maps offer people a new method of discovering the world that surrounds them and the possibility of connecting to an environment unknown or forgotten over the years. This maps keep the sound of a place before it disappears.

1) Waterfront 2) Bizetz bridge- pedestrian path

3) Bizetz bridge- auto path

4) Alei Park

5) „Ion Maiorescu‖ high school

6) Train station


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7)Fishing on danube river

8) Fishing boat along the Danube

Figure 62. The model has a QR code attached, that can be read with a QR Code Reader/ Contribution of stud.

Urb. Ana Zarif.

Figure 63. Working process image on the art installation- to make visible the Genius Loci of Giurgiu Landscape


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THE LAYER OF THE ANTHROPOGENIC CULTURAL LANDSCAPE

The anthropogenic cultural landscape collage of Giurgiu is based on steps, representative cultural moments. This layer contains the evolution of the city banner, newspaper headlines published over the years, texts, folk costumes from Vlasca region, modified pictures meant to observe the evolution of the architecture of buildings throughout the city. I have marked the main city landmarks, such as The Tower Clock, Friendship Bridge and House of the Youth.

Figure 64. Working process Image on the art installation- to make visible and understandable the anthropogenic cultural landscape of Giurgiu.

To make whole this anthropogenic cultural landscape collage I have added famous

people who originated from Giurgiu and had a national impact. Tudor Vianu, who was a literary critic and historian, poet, philosopher and Romanian translator. Teohari Antonescu who was an archaeologist, historian, university teacher and member of the "Junimea" society. Maria Teohari, the first Romanian astronomer and Constantin Artachino who was a painter and one of the founding members of the "Tinerimea artistica" society.

The natural cultural landscape layer of the installation captures samples of natural elements found on site, on the Danube's shore and in other parts of Giurgiu. The elements that were placed in the model are branches, leafs, seeds and fruits of the trees and other type of vegetation that we have encountered on site. All these elements represent the essence of the place, the ground base of Giurgiu

Figure 65. Working process image on the art installation- to make visible the natural elements of the cultural

landscape of Giurgiu/ Stud. Urb. Mara Nicolaescu, Stud. Urb. Ilie Marius


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The thought process and actual construction of the model-installation overlap with data collection, therefor the structure shape adapted and changed with every brainstorming. Assembling the model was thought as a sliding / drawers modules that can be decomposed or reassembled as a compact module or each layer shown individually. Team 4 presentation can be seen in a physical 3D model, the students explaining the importance of each layer. the presentation was accompanied by a collage video of the project. The guests/viewers are free to interact with it, decomposing the model each layer for a better understanding of its message.

Figure 66. Images from the final presentation of Giurgiu workshop result – UAUIM, Bucharest – Council Hall, 24.

Nov. 2017


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Figure 67 Insights from the artistic working process.


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4 Discussion The research workshop, thought and implemented by the UAUIM‘s DANUrB team of researcher – teachers and students - brought to light not only an extremely rich range of new insights on the development potential of the city, and on the places that can be valorized in a cultural sense, but also a new methodological possibility to establish a common language with the municipality staff and local people, and other cultural stakeholders. The final presentation of these results, taking place in the presence and with the participation of the mayor and representatives of the city's municipality, had a certain success especially in the sphere of indented and non-conventional ways of representing the existing situation. This also shows a potential to establish a dialogue on a creative and less standardized path.

5 Recommendations Based on the results expressed above of each thematic cluster approached, the

following recommendations are made, in the direction of possible ways to continue this work:

correlating of these results with those of the workshop that led to the identification of the culture stakeholders in Giurgiu

presenting these results at Giurgiu in a local exhibition with local and international participation

collecting these work in a complete presentation brochure a wider dissemination of the results of this workshop, including within the DANUrB

consortium.

6 References - Barnier, M. (2004) ―Preface‖. In Innovative City and Business Regions, Bollschweil: Hagbarth. Structural Change in Europe No. 3, 1 [Google Scholar]) - Bălan Ş. et al. (2014) Scenarios for Local Seismic Effects of Tulcea (Romania) Crustal Earthquakes—Preliminary Approach of the Seismic Risk Characterization for Tulcea City. In: Bostenaru Dan M., Armas I., Goretti A. (eds) Earthquake Hazard Impact and Urban Planning. Environmental Hazards. Springer, Dordrecht https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-7981-5_5 - Boștenaru Dan, M. and Gheorghe, D. (2015) Workshop summary: "Floods, state, dams and dykes in modern times: Ecological and socio-economic transformations of the rural world", Web Ecol., 15, 29-31, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-15-29-2015, - Crăciun, C. (2014) The Vulnerability of Fragile Landscape and Complex Hazards. In: Bostenaru Dan M., Armas I., Goretti A. (eds) Earthquake Hazard Impact and Urban Planning. Environmental Hazards. Springer, Dordrecht https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-007-7981-5_4

http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?hl=en&publication_year=2004&author=M.+Barnier&title=+Innovative+City+and+Business+Regions+&

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-7981-5_5

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-7981-5_5

https://doi.org/10.5194/we-15-29-2015

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https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14649357.2016.1154657

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- Negulescu MH (2014) INTEGRATE REMODELING OF MOBILITY AND PUBLIC SPACES, in proceedings of ―PUBLIC SPACE and MOBILITY‖, National Conference of the Romanian Academy of Technical Sciences, ―Ion Mincu University of Architecture and Urban Planning. Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Bucharest, AGIR Publishing Househttp://www.buletinulagir.agir.ro/articol.php?id=2090 - Sarbu, C. and Popa, A.(eds.)(2013) Development opportunities for areas related to the Danube and the Danube Delta, Editura Universitara ―Ion Mincu‖; Bucharest - Stan, A. (2014) "The City‘s Creative Writing: From Morphology to Virtual Landscape" in " Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences‖, Elsevier Publishing, pp.45-53.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042814049921 - Stan, A. (2014). "The landscape of the urban peripheries-an alternative therapy" in Bostenaru, M., and Craciun, C. (Eds.), "Planning the landscape - Conservation and Intervention", Springer, pp.117-126, http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-017-8536-5_9 - Stan, A.,(2012). ―A vulnerable urban landscape- Brăila, România‖ in Conference proceedings "ICAR- Re-writing history‖, http://icar2012.uauim.ro/dld/ICAR2012_accepted_papers.pdf - Whitehand, J.W.R. (2001) `The physical form of cities: a historico-geographical approach', in Paddison, R. (ed.) Handbook of urban studies Sage, London - Schönwandt, Walter;Walter; Voigt, Andreas: ―Embedding Education in Strategic Planning in Planning Curricula‖. In: HESP- Higher Education in Spatial Planning, ETH Zürich 2012, p. 86f., 90, 93 - SUMP - Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan Guidelines - Developing and Implementing a Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan, Project Eltisplus, IEE , 2011. - TRANSDANUBE - Sustainable Transport and Tourism along the Danube, Project Code: SEE/D/0060/3.1./X, Programm: SEE - South East Europe Transnational Cooperation Programm - European Comission, URBAN MOBILITY PACKAGE, EC- Mobility and Transport, Bruxelles, dec. 2013 - European Comission, TEN-T GUIDELINES, Bruxelles, dec. 2013 - European Comission, ACTION PLAN ON URBAN MOBILITY, Bruxelles, 2009 - European Comission, GREEN PAPER -TOWARDS A NEW CULTURE FOR URBAN MOBILITY, Bruxelles, 2007 - European Commison 1999, European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP), Potsdam. - European Commison 2008, The Green Paper on Territorial Cohesion, http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/ - European Commison 2010, Peri-urban Land Use Relationships - Strategies and Sustainability Assessment Tools for Urban-Rural Linkages, http://www.plurel.net. - The Master Plan for the National Territory – Section 1, 2006 - SUSTAINABLE URBAN MOBILITY PLAN – Giurgiu, 2015, http://www.primariagiurgiu.ro - TRANSPORT MASTER PLAN of Romania, 2015, http://www.mmediu.ro/app/webroot/uploads/files/2015-05-04_EN_Nontechnical_summary.pdf http://www.primariagiurgiu.ro http://www.southeast-europe.net/en/projects/approved_projects/?id=267 http://www.urbanform.org/ http://www.ucl.ac.uk/urbanlab https://www.academia.edu/5015896/Acqua_come_patrimonio_Water_as_Heritage_UE_Culture_Programme._Education_and_Culture_DG_ http://www.spatial.mdrap.ro/files/Project%20results/Work%20Package%206/Metrodology%20Landscapes.pdf http://rpr.ro/index.php/test/261-pro_2013_12_LANDSCAPE_ATLAS https://www.slideshare.net/AmineBenabdallah1/landscape-atlas-of-the-romania-bulgaria-cross-border-area

http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-017-8536-5_9

http://icar2012.uauim.ro/dld/ICAR2012_accepted_papers.pdf

http://www.plurel.net/

http://www.southeast-europe.net/en/projects/approved_projects/?id=267

http://www.urbanform.org/

http://www.ucl.ac.uk/urbanlab

https://www.academia.edu/5015896/Acqua_come_patrimonio_Water_as_Heritage_UE_Culture_Programme._Education_and_Culture_DG_

https://www.academia.edu/5015896/Acqua_come_patrimonio_Water_as_Heritage_UE_Culture_Programme._Education_and_Culture_DG_



http://rpr.ro/index.php/test/261-pro_2013_12_LANDSCAPE_ATLAS

https://www.slideshare.net/AmineBenabdallah1/landscape-atlas-of-the-romania-bulgaria-cross-border-area

https://www.slideshare.net/AmineBenabdallah1/landscape-atlas-of-the-romania-bulgaria-cross-border-area


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7 Appendix UAUIM / Faculty of Urban Planning Master Programme Urban Management for Competitive Cities (MUMCC) Academic Year 2017-2018, 2nd graduation year An exercise for the Romania – Bulgaria Cross-border Area: COMPETITIVE DANUBIAN REGIONS

INTRODUCTION

The Master Programme Urban Management for Competitive Cities (MUMCC) is one of the 6 (six) postgraduate programmes developed within the Faculty of Urban Planning of UAUIM (https://www.uauim.ro/facultati/urbanism/moc/). The programme is focused on the issue of urban development in Romania and abroad and is aiming to provide advanced knowledge in strategic planning processes and practices of urban management. The programme has a duration of 4 (four) semesters (2 years) and is opened to graduates from Urban Planning, Architecture, Sociology, Civil Engineering, Geography, Public Administration, Law a.o. The curriculum includes general and specific disciplines, theoretical and practical ones (studios). Among the specific disciplines can be mentioned: Integrated Urban Planning, Management if Urban Development and Urban Indicators, Urban Development Programmes, Community Planning, Economic Policies, Land Policies, Local Economic Development, Public Services, Urban Expansion. One of the specific courses is related to Regional Development in EU and in Romania (https://www.uauim.ro/en/faculties/urbanism/moc/compulsory-courses/).

The main objective of this latter course is to get students familiar with the cohesion and regional development policies of the European Union by providing the knowledge and understanding of their mechanisms, legal and institutional framework, specific tools and their evolution at both levels of the European Union and national. The course is also aiming to develop capacities and skills to make use of the adequate terminology, concepts, theories, models and specific methods to explain, interpret and elaborate strategies, policies, programmes, projects and regional development studies.

During the 1st semester of the current academic year, as part of the final evaluation of the course, the 2nd year of the MUMCC must accomplish a task related to DANUrB. The task consists in a practical exercise whose final output should be a number of papers describing in a comparative way the competitive potential of the twin territories of Romanian and Bulgaria, along the Danube (7 Romanian counties and 9 Bulgarian districts). At the beginning of January 2018, the exercise is still undergoing, reaching its final stage by the end of the month. Below, the requirements for the exercise are presented with a sample of some preliminary achievements of the teams of students.

COMPETITIVE DANUBIAN REGIONS

1. General problems and context The exercise is to be part of the activities developed by students of the Faculty of Urban Planning during the academic semester, and which can be connected to the DANUrB project, which is a European project developed within the INTERREG Programme for the Danube: Danube Transnational Programme (http://www.interreg-danube.eu/about-dtp/programme-presentation). DANUrB is an acronime for ―Danube Urban Brand: a regional network building through tourism and education to strengthen the Danube cultural identity and solidarity‖ (http://www.interreg-danube.eu/approved-projects/danurb), and has as a primary objective the promotion of the cultural integration of the Danubian cities and towns by making use of their architectural and urbanistic heritage and by the development of a sustainable tourism in the

https://www.uauim.ro/facultati/urbanism/moc/

https://www.uauim.ro/en/faculties/urbanism/moc/compulsory-courses/

https://www.uauim.ro/en/faculties/urbanism/moc/compulsory-courses/

http://www.interreg-danube.eu/about-dtp/programme-presentation

http://www.interreg-danube.eu/about-dtp/programme-presentation

http://www.interreg-danube.eu/approved-projects/danurb


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Danube region. The project involves several academic institutions, research centres, NGOs, municipalities and other partners who will create a common platform for collaboration and support of the general objective of the project: to set up a Cultural Danubian Promenade. UAUIM is involved in the project together with other universities form Austria, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Serbia, Hungary a.o. The project has an important teaching and learning component. The Romanian – Bulgarian cross-border area has been supported by EU programmes since 2007 since territorial cooperation is an important part of the EU cohesion policy and includes the development of transnational, cross-border and interregional strategies, actions, projects in areas such as: environment, transports, economic development, intercommunity actions (people to people). The main financial instrument of the EU, to support cross-border cooperation is the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). To foster the Ro / Bg cooperation a Regional Office for Cross-Border Cooperation was set up in the city of Călărași. 2. Objectives and study area The students are required to approach the Romanian – Bulgarian cross-border area from a perspective that can be common to 3 (three) elements: the master programme, the discipline (Regional Development in EU and Romania) and the DANUrB project. In this respect, the exercise which is proposed is a comparative analysis of the competitive regional potential of the riparian Danubian territories, which are:

on the Romanian side, the counties: Mehedinți, Dolj, Olt, Teleorman, Giurgiu, Călărași, Constanța;

on the Bulgarian side, the districts: Vidin, Vratsa, Montana, Pleven, VelikoTarnovo, Ruse, Silistra, Dobrich and Razgrad.

(sursa: http://www.spatial.mdrap.ro/project) Both Romanian counties and Bulgarian districts are NUTS III regions and are included in larger territorial areas, which are NUTS II regions (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/nuts/nuts-maps-.pdf-), but without an administrative status. However, they are all functional territories and are object to planning and programming for regional and cohesion policies of the EU. 3. Requirements

The 7 Romanian counties and the 9 Bulgarian districts will be documented and analysed from the point of view of their competitive potential, based on a set of criteria, descriptors and indicators (primary ones, composed, aggregated ones etc.) which will be included in a synthetic fiche. The final fiches will include> a schematic image of the territories analysed,

http://www.spatial.mdrap.ro/project

http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/nuts/nuts-maps-.pdf-

http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/nuts/nuts-maps-.pdf-


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geographical location, a general description based on some global indicators (population, surface, municipalities etc.), several thematic analyses areas including descriptors and indicators and a synthesis that will point out the main strengths and weaknesses of the analysed area from a competitive perspective and approach.

In view of the analyse and evaluation, the students will use the concept of territorial capital and will focus on the following typologies: natural capital, human capital, economic capital, infrastructure capital, institutional capital. The teams will search for and propose adequate descriptors and indicators for the diverse types of territorial capital. A final common list will be set up during the seminars and the tutoring process. For general references, one team will collect indicators at country and EU levels. One fiche (for one territory) could be extended up to 3-5 pages. In the end it ti s expected a final synthetic output of around 15 pages for the cross-border area. 4. Elaboration and evaluation The exercise will be accomplished in small teams of 2 or 3 students who will undertake the analysis of the following cross-border areas: Mehedinți (RO) – Vidin (BG) Dolj (RO)-Montana (BG)-Vraca (BG) Olt (RO)-Pleven (BG) Teleorman (RO)-Veliko Tarnovo (BG) Giurgiu (RO)-Ruse (BG)-Razgrad (BG) Călărași (RO)-Silistra (BG) Constanța (RO)-Dobric (BG)

There will be 2 stages of the elaboration process: 1st stage refers to the territorial comparative analysis, whereas the 2nd one will be focused on the thematic and global syntheses. The final outputs will be evaluated and will represent 40% of the final grade of the discipline (the rest being covered by the final examination during the winter session).

Evaluation criteria: diversity and quality of the information, capacity for synthesis, accuracy of the analysis and clarity of comments and interpretation, quality of graphical elements. 5. Main deadlines:

end of October: setting up the teams end of November: setting up the method, list of indicators, documentation and

collecting of data beginning of December: 1st draft of the analysis (delivering the 1st output) mid-January 2018 – delivering final output


1

6. References Camagni, R., (2008) Towards a Concept of Territorial Capital [in:] R. Capello, R.

Camagni, B. Chizzolini and U. Fratesi, Modelling regional scenarios for the enlarged Europe, Berlin: Springer http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-540-74737-6_3

Roberta Capello, Andrea Caragliu, Peter Nijkamp (2009) Territorial Capital and Regional Growth: Increasing Returns in Cognitive Knowledge Use http://papers.tinbergen.nl/09059.pdf

CE (2017) My Region, My Europe, Our Future Seventh report on economic, social and territorial cohesion (http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/information/cohesion-report/)

CE (2014) Investment for jobs and growth. Sixth report on economic, social and territorial cohesion (http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/information/publications/reports/2014/6th-report-on-economic-social-and-territorial-cohesion)

CE (2010) EUROPE 2020 – A Strategy for Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Growth Internet links for cross-border programmes, regional policies and statistical data:

- http://www.spatial.mdrap.ro/ - http://www.spatial.mdrap.ro/projectresults - http://www.wwf.de/fileadmin/fm-wwf/Publikationen-PDF/Donauatlas_Gesamt.pdf - http://www.mdrap.ro/dezvoltare-regionala/-4970/-7572 - http://www.mdrap.ro/dezvoltare-regionala/-4970/-7572/-3475 - http://www.mdrap.ro/dezvoltare-regionala/-4970/-7572/-7498 - http://www.mdrap.ro/dezvoltare-regionala/-2257/programe-de-cooperare-teritoriala-

europeana/-7488 - http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/atlas/bulgaria - http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/nuts - http://statistici.insse.ro/shop/

http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-540-74737-6_3

http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-540-74737-6_3

http://papers.tinbergen.nl/09059.pdf

http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/information/cohesion-report/

http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/information/publications/reports/2014/6th-report-on-economic-social-and-territorial-cohesion

http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/information/publications/reports/2014/6th-report-on-economic-social-and-territorial-cohesion

http://www.spatial.mdrap.ro/

http://www.spatial.mdrap.ro/projectresults

http://www.wwf.de/fileadmin/fm-wwf/Publikationen-PDF/Donauatlas_Gesamt.pdf

http://www.mdrap.ro/dezvoltare-regionala/-4970/-7572

http://www.mdrap.ro/dezvoltare-regionala/-4970/-7572/-3475

http://www.mdrap.ro/dezvoltare-regionala/-4970/-7572/-7498

http://www.mdrap.ro/dezvoltare-regionala/-2257/programe-de-cooperare-teritoriala-europeana/-7488

http://www.mdrap.ro/dezvoltare-regionala/-2257/programe-de-cooperare-teritoriala-europeana/-7488

http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/atlas/bulgaria

http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/nuts

http://statistici.insse.ro/shop/

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