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RRJoDST
Dairy Science & Technology
ISSN 2349-3704
Research & Reviews Journal of
www.stmjournals.com
May-August 2014
STM JOURNALSScientific Technical Medical
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Research & Reviews : Journal of Dairy Science & Technology
Research & Reviews : Journal of Dairy Science & Technology
(ISSN: 2349-3704)
?Dairy Science and Technology
?Biotechnology of milk
?Biochemistry of milk
?Transformation procedures and nutritional qualities of milk and dairy products
?Milk from Bovine or Non-Bovine species and human milk
? New products from milk using new technologies
?Breeding of high yielding cattle
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Industrial Tribology Machine Dynamics & Maintenance
Engineering Centre (ITMMEC)
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
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Alternative Energy Technology Laboratory,
Department of Physics,
Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
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School of Materials Science and Technology,
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Varanasi, India
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Applied Chemistry, BIT Mesra,
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Gargi Asha Jha
Nupur Anand
Priyanka Aswal
Sona Chahal
STM Journal (s) Advisory Board
Dr. Ashish RunthalaLecturer, Biological Sciences Group,
Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani Rajasthan, India.
Dr. Baldev Raj
Former Director, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, India.
Chairman, National Institute of Technology Puducherry, India.
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of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology Trichy, India.
Prof. Bankim Chandra RayProfessor and Head, Department of
Metallurgical and Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology,
Rourkela, India.
Prof. D. N. Rao Professor, Department of Biochemistry,
AIIMS, New Delhi, India.
Prof. Jugal KishoreProfessor, Department of Community
Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India.
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Pune, India.
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University, Baru Sahib, India.
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National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, India.
Dr. Shankargouda PatilAsst. Prof., Department of Oral
Pathology, KLE Society's Institute of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, India.
Prof. Subash Chandra MishraProfessor, Metallurgical & Materials
Engineering Department, NIT, Rourkela, India.
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Engineering department, PEC University of Technology,
Chandigarh, India.
STM Journal (s) Advisory Board & Editorial Board
Dr. S. K. SoodSenior Research Scientist
Animal Biochemistry DivisionNational Dairy Research Institute
Haryana India.
Dr. Chander DattSenior Scientist, Dairy Cattle Nutrition
Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Haryana
India.
Dr. R Senthil KumarDivision of Dairy Extension,
National Dairy Research Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Research,
Haryana, India.
Editorial Board
Dr. Narender Raju Panjagari Scientist Dairy Technology Division
National Dairy Research Institute Karnal India.
Dr. Rameshwar Singh Head National Dairy Research Institute,
Karnal, India.
Dr. Anupam Chatterjee Senior Scientist Eastern Regional Station
National Dairy Research Institute Nadia India.
Dr. Kaushik Khamrui National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal,
India.
Dr. Ajoy Mandal Senior Scientist Eastern Regional Station
National Dairy Research Institute, Nadia India.
Dr. Bimlesh Mann Principal Scientist, Dairy Chemistry Division National Dairy Research
Institute, Karnal, India.
Dr. Subrata Kumar Das Senior Scientist (Animal Biotechnology) Eastern Regional Station, National Dairy
Research Institute Nadia India.
Dr. Vivek Sharma Senior Scientist Dairy Chemistry Division National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal,
India.
Dr. Subrota hatiAssistant Professor
Department of Dairy MicrobiologyAnand Agricultural University
Gujarat India.
Dr. Suneeta PintoAssociate Professor
Dairy Technology DepartmentAnand Agricultural University
Gujarat India.
Dr. Surajit MandalScientist
Dairy Microbiology DivisionNational Dairy Research Institute,
Haryana India.
Dr. Rekha Chawla Assistant Professor
Dairy Technology/Food TechnologyGADVASU, Ludhiana
India.
Dr. Ramachandra RaoProfessor and Head
Dairy Technology dept.Dairy Science College, Bangalore.
Dr. Anil Kumar PuniyaPS & Nodal Officer
National Dairy Research InstituteHaryana
India.
I take the privilege to present the hard copy compilation for the Volume 3 Issue (2) of Research &
Reviews : Journal of Dairy Science & Technology (RRJoDST). The intension of RRJoDST is to
create an atmosphere that stimulates creativeness, research and growth in the area of Dairy Science
& Technology
The development and growth of the mankind is the consequence of brilliant Research done by
eminent Scientists and Engineers in every field. RRJoDST provides an outlet for Research findings
and reviews in areas of Dairy Science & Technology found to be relevant for National and
International recent developments & research initiative.
The aim and scope of the Journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for
the advancement and dissemination of Research results that support high level learning, teaching and
research in the domain of Dairy Science & Technology.
Finally, I express my sincere gratitude and thanks to our Editorial/ Reviewer board and Authors for
their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring write-
ups/ reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With
regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality
Research/Reviesw findings for our customers base.
I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.
Dr. Archana Mehrotra
Director
STM Journals
Director's Desk
STM JOURNALS
1. Probiotics (Functional Bio-Ingredient in Food): Novel Applications to Human Health Subrota Hati, Surajit Mandal, J. B. Prajapati 1
2. Effect of Addition of Low and High Molecular Weight Water Soluble Chitosan on Whole Milk Powder Oxidation Wesam Al-Jeddawi, Paul Dawson, Inyee Han 9
3. Effect of Prepartum Body Condition Score on Dairy Cattle PerformanceDawod A., Helal M.A., Mahboub H.D. 22
4. Remodeling of High Yielding Dairy Holsteins Culling Strategies upon Their Prefresh Body Condition Score and Parity NumberDawod A 30
5. Risk Factors Associated with Galactophagia and Its Impacts on Some Productive and Reproductive Traits in Dairy Cows and BuffaloesAhmed . A., Helal M. A., Ramadan S. G., Mahboub H.D., Byomi A.M., Reddy P.G. 43
ContentsResearch & Reviews : Journal of Dairy Science & Technology
RRJoDST (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved
Research & Reviews: Journal of Dairy Science and Technology ISSN: 2319-3409 (online), ISSN: 2349-3704 (print)
Volume 3, Issue 2
www.stmjournals.com
Probiotics (Functional Bio-Ingredient in Food): Novel
Applications to Human Health
Subrota Hati1*, Surajit Mandal
2, J. B. Prajapati
1
1Dairy Microbiology Department, S.M.C. College of Dairy Science, Anand Agricultural University,
Gujarat, India 2Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
Abstract Bacteria have a bad reputation for causing disease and food poisoning and food
intoxication. However, Scientists working in this field suggests that probiotics can prevent
and even treat some illnesses along with foods or as supplements. Probiotic microbes are considered safe and most of them are normal habitants of digestive system. Since the mid-
1990s, clinical studies have established that probiotic therapy can help treat several gastrointestinal ills, delay the development of allergies in children, and treat and prevent
vaginal and urinary infections in women and stimulating immunomodulatory cells.
Taking probiotics regularly with foods can boost the immune system in a specific way which helps the body against different diseases such as influenza A, cancers, HIV,
obesity.
Keywords: Probiotics, human, health, obesity, immune, HIV
RRJoDST (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved
Research & Reviews: Journal of Dairy Science and Technology ISSN: 2319-3409 (online), ISSN: 2349-3704 (print)
Volume 3, Issue 2
www.stmjournals.com
Effect of Addition of Low and High Molecular Weight
Water Soluble Chitosan on Whole Milk Powder Oxidation
Wesam Al-Jeddawi1*, Paul Dawson
2, Inyee Han
2
1University of Baghdad, College of Agriculture, Department of Food Science and
Biotechnology, Baghdad, Iraq 2Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University,
Clemson, SC 29634, USA
Abstract Autoxidation significantly decreases the shelf life of whole milk powder (WMP) due to
primary and secondary oxidation products such as hydroperoxides, aldehydes, ketones,
alcohols and hydrocarbons. Water soluble chitosan has been shown to reduce oxidation
by chelating metals or combining with lipids resulting in a significant antioxidative effect. The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidative effects of different
concentrations of low (L) and high (H) molecular weight water soluble chitosan (9 and 90 kDa, respectively) on WMP. Commercially dried WMP was obtained and rehydrated
50% (wt/wt) with various aqueous chitosan solutions (2%L2, 4%L4, 2%H2, 4%H4) (L2 =
Freeze-dried WMP with 2% low molecular weight chitosan added; L4 = Freeze-dried WMP with 4% low molecular weight chitosan added; H2 = Freeze-dried WMP with 2%
high molecular weight chitosan added; H4 = Freeze-dried WMP with 4% high molecular weight chitosan added) yielding approximately 50% solids concentration. A control was
prepared with no addition of chitosan. Rehydrated WMP was freeze-dried and then all
samples were stored at 45 °C for 48 days. Samples were evaluated for moisture content, water activity, color, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and peroxide value
(PV) after an interval of every 8 day up to 48 days. Moisture and water activity was not
affected by storage or by the addition of chitosan while chitosan did affect the lightness and color attributes of the WMP. All treatments of chitosan exhibited a significant
increase in TBARS and PV during storage. However, 4% of the low molecular weight chitosan inhibited oxidation as measured by TBARS and PV when compared to all other
treatments and the control.
Keywords: Autoxidation, shelf life, whole milk powder, TBARS, chitosan
RRJoDST (2014) © STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved
Research & Reviews: Journal of Dairy Science and Technology ISSN: 2319-3409 (online), ISSN: 2349-3704 (print)
Volume 3, Issue 2 www.stmjournals.com
Effect of Prepartum Body Condition Score on Dairy
Cattle Performance
Dawod A.*, Helal M.A., Mahboub H.D.
Department of Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Sadat City University, Egypt
Abstract The present study was conducted to detect the effect of prepartum body condition score (BCS) on dairy cattle performance. Throughout the study, a total of 7956 dairy records
were collected from six Holstein Friesian farms. According to the prepartum BCS, dairy
cows were grouped into three main categories— low, medium, and over condition score cows for BCS values of 2–3, 3–4 and 4–5, respectively. Dairy cattles with BCS values
under the level of 2 were culled as a part of culling policy in these farms. Productive
parameters of milk yield (daily yield, 305-day yield and total yield), milk curve (days to peak, initial milk yield, peak milk yield and lactation persistency [LP]), milk somatic cell
count (SCC) and somatic cell score (SCS), as well as some reproductive parameters (days to first estrus and days open) were determined to indicate the best dairy cattle prepartum
BCS sustained high dairy performance. Prevalence of lameness and metabolic diseases
(milk fever, abomasum displacement [DA] and ketosis) were also investigated in dairy cattle among different prepartum BCS. The best prepartum BCS was elucidated to reduce
the prevalence of such diseases. Results of the present study revealed that the medium
condition score cows produce more milk as compared to the over condition score cows. Medium condition score cows showed improved udder health and reproductive
parameters. On the other hand, they showed decreased prevalence of lameness, milk
fever, DA and ketosis. In contrast, it was obvious that over condition score cows suffered
more from these metabolic disorders than low and medium BCS cows. The prevalence of
lameness was more evident in low than in medium and over condition score cows.
Keywords Prepartum body condition score, dairy cows, lameness, lactation
persistency, holstein friesian
RRJoDST (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved
Research & Reviews: Journal of Dairy Science and Technology ISSN: 2319-3409 (online), ISSN: 2349-3704 (print)
Volume 3, Issue 2
www.stmjournals.com
Remodeling of High Yielding Dairy Holsteins Culling
Strategies upon Their Prefresh Body Condition
Score and Parity Number
Dawod A.* Department of Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Sadat City University, Egypt
Abstract The present study was conducted to detect the relationship between prefresh body
condition score (BCS), lactation parity and their interactions to remodel the culling
strategies and detect the best BCS for each lactation parity number which sustained high performance in high yielding dairy Holstein cows. A total of 1138 dairy records of
private high producing Holstein Friesian farm (8000 kg milk/ season) were collected throughout the study. Dairy cows were grouped into three main categories according to
their prefresh BCS, as low, medium, and over condition score cows for BCS values of 2–
3, 3–4, and 4–5, respectively. Dairy cattle which were under the level of 2 point BCS were culled as a part of culling policy in these farms. Dairy cows were regrouped again
according to their parity number into three groups 1st; 2
nd, and 3
rd for lactation parity of
<3, 4–5, and >5, respectively. Both productive and some reproductive variables were used in this study such as milk yield (daily, 305 day yield, and total yield), milk curve
(days to peak, initial milk yield, peak milk yield, and lactation persistency (LP)), and some reproductive variables (days to first estrus, and days open) were determined to
indicate the best dairy cattle prefresh BCS per each lactation parity number sustained
maximum dairy performance with little reproductive problems. The results of this study revealed that the medium condition score cows produced much milk as the same as over
condition score cows. Moreover, young dairy cows of lactation parity <3 produced more milk than older ones. Old dairy cows with lactation parity >5 had high milk yield which
is comparable with younger ones, if rigid culling programs was followed. Young dairy
cows, which had lactation parity <3 needs no more than medium BCS value of 3–4 point to produce same milk as fatty ones. Old dairy cows need high BCS value of over 4 points
during their prefresh phase to sustain high productive and reproductive performance.
The culling programs in the high yielding Holstein dairy farms must be remodeled and directed to moderate (lactation parity 4–5) and old age (lactation parity >5) dairy cows
which had poor body condition during their prefresh phase. Efficient body conditioning programs were followed, as these cows cannot produce or reproduce well. Old dairy
cows must not be culled on the basis of their age alone, as these cows can produce as
well as younger ones, if a firm culling policy was followed. Old dairy cows must not be
culled from dairy herds if their economic values are still high, as the economic base must
be put in front of all the bases.
Keywords: Prefresh body condition score, dairy cows, lactation parity, lactation
persistency, holstein friesian
RRJoDST (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved
Research and Reviews: Journal of Dairy Science and Technology ISSN: 2319-3409 (online), ISSN: 2349-3704 (print)
Volume 3, Issue 2
www.stmjournals.com
Risk Factors Associated with Galactophagia and Its
Impacts on Some Productive and Reproductive
Traits in Dairy Cows and Buffaloes
Ahmed I. A.1*
, Helal M. A.1, Ramadan S. G.
1, Mahboub H.D.
1, Byomi A.M.
1 , Reddy P.G.
2
1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sadat City University, Egypt 2College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, USA
Abstract The incidence of galactophagia (self and intersuckling vices in dairy animals) may lead to
great loss in milk production, injuries and shape defect in teats as well as serious mastitis
which reflect on general health condition of animals. Our field survey was carried out to spot the light on the relationship between galactophagia (self or intersucking), breed,
housing system and parity on some productive, reproductive traits and udder health condition in dairy cows and buffaloes. The results revealed that, the average milk losses
due to these vices reached to (33.42±0.51, 36.35±0.60 and 24.70±0.78 % of the total milk
yield) for Holstein-Friesian, Baladi cow and Buffalo, respectively. Not only the amount of milk production decreased, but also the lactation period decreased significantly (P<0.01)
while, days open and calving interval (CI) increased significantly (P<0.01). The
incidence of self and intersucking could be a main cause of mastitis, which occurred more frequently in forequarters than hind quarters in suckled animals. In conclusion, self and
intersucking considered as great economic problems in dairy cattle and buffaloes not only due to milk loss, but also other productive and reproductive traits in the herd and
can cause serious mastitis.
Keywords: Galactophagia, mastitis, productive traits, reproductive traits, cows,
buffalos