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RESEARCH TRENDS
September 2013 Fuel Cells Bulletin15
fuel cell electric vehicles. Last year, Aegis Wind also integrated wind turbines into a hydrogen fueling station utilising PEM electrolysis to fuel a fleet of cars in Hempstead, New York.
On a commercial scale, existing gasoline fueling stations could be utilised as a retail point of sale, by incorporating a hydrogen dispenser alongside the gasoline pumps.
‘In the near term, hydrogen energy storage is going to continue to be a tough sell, unless it can be demonstrated that the stored hydrogen gas can be utilised for other needs like refueling vehicles, making ammonia, and producing synthetic natural gas,’ says NREL’s Kevin Harrison. ‘The ability to be used for various needs will tip the balance.’
Huge potential, plenty of hurdlesThe potential for hydrogen energy storage systems is huge. As Auer has noted:[1] ‘[Electrochemical storage has] the greatest potential, thanks to its high energy density and versatile employability. In the next two decades, the capital investment requirement for new energy storage systems in Germany alone will total around E30 billion [US$40 billion].’
The International Energy Agency has forecast how much energy storage will be necessary as Western Europe, China, and the US begin
implementing renewable energy sources. It predicts the world will need to be able to store 189 GW of electricity by 2050 to keep up with the growth of the wind and solar PV industries. That would require more than 94 000 of our M-Series generators to facilitate.
There is much work to do. More product development must be done, coupled with cost reductions to hit aggressive CAPEX (capital expenditure) targets for some applications. To make that happen we all need to work together, on an international scale. But the technology is commercially proven, and its potential is well documented by independent validation experts such as NREL.
As NREL’s Kevin Harrison says: ‘One of the big challenges for PEM electrolysis is to reduce capital costs. To do that, we need to start seeing PEM MW-scale hydrogen generators being produced. Then, once those are on the market, production costs will be driven down, efficiencies will improve, and ultimately the price of hydrogen, therefore the price of stored energy, will fall.’
References1. Josef Auer and Jan Keil: State-of-the-art
electricity storage systems: Indispensable elements of the energy revolution. Deutsche Bank Research report, 8 March
2012. Download PDF: http://tinyurl.com/DBR-elec-storage
2. 2020 Strategic analysis of energy storage in California. California Energy Commission, Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) Program final project report, November 2011. Download PDF: www.law.berkeley.edu/files/bccj/CEC-500-2011-047.pdf
3. Stanford scientists calculate the carbon footprint of grid-scale battery technolo-gies. Stanford Report, 5 March 2013. Link: http://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/march/store-electric-grid-030513.html
4. World of Energy Solutions 2013: Batteries and hydrogen have immense potential as energy storage media. Press release, 22 August 2013. Link: www.f-cell.de/english/press/press-releases/detail/?=&newsid=212
5. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Wind-to-Hydrogen Project: www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/proj_wind_hydrogen.html
6. ISO 22734-1:2008 standard: Hydrogen generators using water electrolysis process – Part 1: Industrial and commercial applica-tions.
For more information, contact: Mark Schiller, VP of Product Development, Proton OnSite, 10 Technology Drive, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA. Tel: +1 203 678 2000, Email: [email protected], Web: www.ProtonOnSite.com
Research TrendsReview of diffusion and diffusivity measurement of gas transport in porous SOFC electrodesW. He et al.: J. Power Sources 237 64–73 (1 September 2013).http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.02.089
Review of cathode-supported tubular SOFC technologyK. Huang and S.C. Singhal: J. Power Sources 237 84–97 (1 September 2013).http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.001
Review of fabrication and modification of SOFC anodes via wet impregnation/infiltrationZ. Liu et al.: J. Power Sources 237 243–259 (1 September 2013).http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.025
Effect of Al3+ contaminant on PEMFC performance
J. Qi et al.: J. Electrochem. Soc. 160(9) F916–922 (September 2013).http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.022309jes
Molten carbonates as oxygen reduction catalyst for IT-SOFCsY. Gong et al.: J. Electrochem. Soc. 160(9) F958–964 (September 2013).http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.031309jes
Effect of volatile boron species on microstructure and composition of LSM and LSCF SOFC cathodesK. Chen et al.: J. Electrochem. Soc. 160(9) F1033–1039 (September 2013).http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.090309jes
PEM fuel cell stack design for improved fuel utilisation without hydrogen recirculationI.-S. Han et al.: Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 38(27) 11996–12006 (10 September 2013).http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.06.136
Sc-doped PrBaCoScO oxides as IT-SOFC cathode material
X. Li et al.: Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 38(27) 12035–12042 (10 September 2013).http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.07.024
Novel branched SPEEK membranes for DMFCsY. Li et al.: Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 38(27) 12051–12059 (10 September 2013).http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.06.090
Preparation of anion exchange membranes by chloromethylation method and homogeneous quaternisation/crosslinkingW. Lu et al.: Solid State Ionics 245–246 8–18 (1 September 2013).http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2013.05.005
Design and experimental investigation of heat pipe supported external cooling system for HTPEMFCsJ. Supra et al.: J. Fuel Cell Sci. & Tech. 10(5) 051002 (September 2013).http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4025052
