Reservoir Management Reservoir analysis Waterfloodfieldstudies Reservoirsimulation Gasfieldstudies Unitizationstudies Pressuretransienttestanalysis Enhancedoilrecovery Unconventionalresourceanalysisandvaluation Reservoirsurveillanceprograms Worsecasedischarge(WCD)modeling Waterfloodfeasibilityworkshops Gasstoragefieldplanningandevaluation CO2SequestrationcandidateevaluationFinancial Decisions Propertyevaluations Propertyacquisitions Propertysales Reserve estimates Investmentanalysisandeconomicevaluation DuediligenceGeological Evaluation and Reservoir Characterization Fielddevelopmentstudies Petrophysicalanalysis Coreinterpretation;SCALprogramdesignandoversight Formationevaluationprograms Explorationandevaluationprograms BasinstudiesTraining Waterflooding:PerformancePredictionsandSurveillance SimulationBasedWaterfloodAnalysisTechnical Representation Engineeringandmanagementcommittees Expertwitnesstestimony Mediation

Cobb & Associates Services Provided to Assist With:

Course Outline

•FactorsControllingWaterfloodRecovery

•ReviewofRockPropertiesandFluidFlow

•DeterminationofOilinPlace

•MechanismofImmiscibleFluidDisplacement (displacementsweep)

•FloodPatternsandArealSweepEfficiency

•ReservoirHeterogeneity

•InjectionRatesandPressures

•WaterfloodPerformancePrediction

•WaterfloodSurveillance

•PlanningaWaterflood

This five-day course covers the reservoir engineeringaspects of waterflooding. The seminar combines geology,rockandfluidproperties,andimmiscibledisplacementtheorytodevelopwaterfloodingpredictiontechniquesandtoaidinthe evaluation of actual waterflood performance behavior.Detailedpredictionsofoilandwaterproducingrates,waterinjection rates, and recovery efficiency (areal, vertical, anddisplacement), and an analysis of other variables whichcontrol recoveryefficiencyare included.Alsodiscussedarewaterfloodsurveillancetechniquessuchasproductionplots,WORanalysis,floodableporevolumeversusprimarydepletionpore volume, injection profile testing, pressure transienttesting,step-ratetesting,Hallplots,patternbalancing,bubblemaps,volumetricsweepevaluation,andinjectionefficiencydetermination. These surveillance techniques provide the

engineerwithdata requiredfor theefficientmanagementofboth new and mature waterfloods. Several waterflood casestudiesarereviewed.

Thecourseisideallysuitedforengineersandgeologistswith several years of waterflood experience; however, thecourse ispresented in amanner so thatbothbeginningandexperiencedpersonnelwillfindthematerialveryuseful.Thecoursecontentandexampleproblemshavebeenselectedtoteachandillustrateimportantconcepts.

This course is available to the public several times ayear;checkour scheduleatwww.wmcobb.comfor thenextupcoming course. Upon special request this course can betaughtinhouse,pleasecontactsusformoreinformation.

Instructor

Waterflooding: Performance Predictions and Surveillance

Michael L. Wiggins, Ph.D., P.E.

Illustration: Designs by Mote, Inc.

Course Outline

•Waterfloodtheoryandtraditionalevaluationtechniques

•Reservoirsimulationprinciplesandintroductiontothe Merlinsinglepatternsimulationmodel

•WorkingexampleproblemsinMerlin •Problem1–Buildmodelanddepleteunderprimary production. •Problem2–ConstructmodelwithDykstra-Parsons Vfactor(permeabilityvariation)of0.7andpredict waterfloodperformance. •Problem3–Constructpatternmodelandmake severalrunsvaryingoilviscositybetweenruns. •Problem4–Studysensitivitytovertical permeability.

•Studentsworkwaterfloodproblemsbroughttoclass.

Traditional waterflood evaluation methods can bequite good, but they can also be cumbersome to use. Thesecalculations are typically done by hand, or in spreadsheets,andtheyaretediousandtimeconsuming.Toolsexisttodaytoexpeditethewaterfloodevaluationprocesswhileincorporatingandenhancingtheoreticalwaterfloodprinciples.Onesuchtoolisreservoirsimulationusingasinglepatternmodeltopredictwaterfloodperformanceofatypicalfieldpattern.Suchmodelsare significant improvementsover traditionalmethods in thattheycanincorporatevariablereservoirrockandfluidproperties,fluidsaturations,andprimarydepletion.Patternmodelsallowtheusertotestsensitivitytounknownparameters.Asanaddedbonus,thesemodelsarefastandeasytouse.

This five-day course covers waterflood theory and thetraditional waterflood evaluation techniques. Attendees willalso learn basic reservoir simulation skills, after which they

will use a singlepattern simulationmodel to solvenumerouswaterflood evaluation problems. The example problems arespecificallydesignedtoaddressreal-worldsituationsandtheyalso reinforce theoretical waterflood principles. The specificsoftware used in the course is Merlin, a black oil reservoirsimulationmodel createdandmarketedbyGeminiSolutions,Inc. Thereareothersimulationmodelsavailablewhichhavesimilarcapabilities.Attendeeswillreceiveacomplimentary45dayevaluationlicenseoftheMerlinpatternmodelsoftware.

Individualcomputersandsoftwarewillbeprovided,aswellasdailylunches.

Attendeeswhocompletethecoursewillreceiveacertificatefor4.0ContinuingEducationCredits(CEU)whichisequivalentto40ProfessionalDevelopmentHours(PDH).

Instructor

Simulation Based Waterflood Analysis

Frank J. “Deacon” Marek, P.E

12770 Coit RoadSuite 907 Dallas, Texas 75251Phone: 972.385.0354Fax: 972.788.5165www.wmcobb.com

United StatesAlabamaAlaska(CookInlet;NorthSlope)Arkansas*ArizonaCalifornia(SteamFlood;Offshore;Onshore) ColoradoFloridaIllinois IndianaKansas

InternationalAngolaArgentinaAustraliaAzerbaijanBangladeshBarbadosBelize Bolivia Brazil Canada(includingoilshale)ColombiaCongoDubai

KentuckyLouisiana(includingGulfofMexico)*Michigan(includingCO2 EOR)*Mississippi(includingDeepSourGas)*Montana*NebraskaNewMexico* NewYorkNorthDakota*Ohio*

EquatorialGuineaEgyptFrance GuatemalaHondurasIndonesiaMalaysia Mexico NewZealandNigeriaOmanPeruQatar

Oklahoma*OregonPennsylvania*SouthDakotaTexas(includingGulfofMexico)*Utah*Virginia*WestVirginia*Wyoming*

RussiaSaudiArabiaSouthAfrica(Offshore)Syria ThailandTrinidadTunisiaUnitedKingdomUnitedArabEmiratesVenezuelaWesternSiberiaVietnam Yemen

Areas Worked

*UnconventionalOilandGas.

Frank J. “Deacon” MarekisPresidentatWilliamM.Cobb&Associates,Inc.(Cobb&Associates).Hehas over 39years of industry experiencewith a focuson reservoirengineeringandfieldstudies.HehasbeenaconsultingreservoirengineersincejoiningWilliamM.Cobb&Associates,Inc.in1985.

AtCobb&Associates,Deaconhasperformedoilandgasreservestudiesandfieldstudiesforindependent,majorandnationaloilcompanies.Varioustypesofstudiesincludeyear-endreservestudies,acquisition/divestitureanalysis,litigationandregulatorysupport,andenhancedrecoverystudies.WaterfloodfeasibilityandoptimizationstudieshavebecomeaspecialtyofDeacon’s.Hehasconductedmorethan130waterfloodworkshopsinrecentyears,assistingclientsinquicklyidentifyingandquantifyingthewaterfloodpotentialoftheiroilproperties.Deaconhasalsoconductednumerousfield-widewaterfloodstudiesfordomesticandinternationalprojects.

Deacon also has considerable experiencewith producing oil and gas properties in theGulfofMexico,ontheshelfandindeepwater.Hehasassistedseveralclientswithwellpermittingissues,specificallywithworsecasedischarge(WCD)calculationsrequiredbytheBureauofOceanEnergyManagement.

Deacon is amember of theSociety ofPetroleumEngineers (SPE) and theSociety ofPetroleumEvaluationEngineers(SPEE).HehasservedasChairmanoftheDallassectionofbothorganizations,andhewasGeneralChairmanofSPE’sHydrocarbonEconomicsandEvaluationSymposiumin1999.DeaconhasreceivedSPE’sSectionandRegionalServiceAwards,andhewasSPEDallasSectionOutstandingEngineerin2005.

DeaconisaregisteredprofessionalengineerinthestateofTexas.

EDUCATION

B.S.,PetroleumEngineeringTexasA&MUniversity,May1977

Randal M. “Randy” BrushisChiefOperatingOfficerofWilliamM.Cobb&Associates,Inc.(Cobb&Associates),hasover34yearsofpetroleumindustryexperience,bothasareservoirengineeringconsultantwithCobb&Associatessince1995andasanengineerandmanageratAtlanticRichfieldCompany from1980 to1995. Heusesengineeringanalysis,mathematicalmodeling,andappropriatedatacollectionandanalysistechniquestoevaluatetheinjectionofgasandwaterintoundergroundgeologicformationsandtheproductionofoil,gas,andwaterfromthoseformations.

Randyspecializesinreservoirevaluation,management,andsimulationstudiestoestimateoil and gas reserves, and provides ultimate recovery estimates by predicting reservoirperformanceunderalternatedevelopmentplansandvariousreservoirdrivemechanisms.These evaluations typically relate to water injection projects, enhanced oil recoveryprojects(suchasthoseusingCO2,hydrocarbongas,polymer,andsteaminjection),gasstorageprojects,field redevelopment, andCO2 sequestration. Recentprojects includeseveral simulation-based redevelopment evaluations of both sandstone and carbonatereservoirs;gasstorageevaluationsinKansas,Texas,Colorado,andWyoming;domesticandinternationalreservescertificationsusingbothdeterministicandprobabilistictechniques;CO2 miscible and immiscible flood evaluations of both domestic and internationalproperties;reviewingoilandgasreservoirsforCO2sequestration;analyticalscreeningstudiesofwaterfloodcandidates;andthesuccessfulunitizationproceedingsforseveralTexaswaterfloodprojects.

Randy has served as an expert witness on a number of domestic and internationalprojects,andhastestifiedbeforeseveralstateandFederalcourts,regulatoryagencies,andlegislativebodies.HeisamemberoftheSocietyofPetroleumEngineers(SPE),wherehehasbeenatechnicalreviewcommitteememberandSessionChairmanoftheAnnualTechnicalConferenceandExhibitionsince1999,andtheSocietyofPetroleumEvaluationEngineers.RandyhasseveralSPEtechnicalpapersandpublications,andisaregisteredprofessionalengineerinTexas.

EDUCATION

M.S.,PetroleumEngineeringStanfordUniversity,January1981

B.S.,ChemicalEngineering,withhonorsRiceUniversity,May1978

Donald L. Bailey is Senior Vice President of Geosciences forWilliam M. Cobb &Associates,Inc.(Cobb&Associates).Donhasover35yearsofcontinuousprofessionalexperienceintheupstreampetroleumindustry,includingexplorationandproductioninvariousbasinsworldwide.Hehasbeenageosciencesconsultantforover20years.

BeforejoiningCobb&Associatesin1996,DonwasemployedbyChevroninCalifornia,Houston, and SaudiArabia. During his tenurewithChevron, hewas responsible forexploration evaluation and lease management for offshore California, reservoirdevelopmentforonshoreCaliforniaandTexas,andreservoirdescriptionandwaterfloodmaintenancefortheeasternonshorereservoirsofSaudiArabia.Donhasexperienceinawiderangeofcarbonate,siliciclastic,andunconventionalreservoirs.

Don specializes in reservoir characterization through integrated interpretation of logand core analysis data, subsurface and seismic mapping, and cross section studies.His geoscience expertise includes: reservoir characterization, geostatistics, and 3DearthmodelingusingPetrelsoftware;siliciclastic,carbonate,andshalysandformationevaluation/loganalysis;2Dand3Dseismicinterpretation;structuralmappinginavarietyofregimes;regionalstratigraphicstudiesandsequencestratigraphyapplications;fracturedreservoir analysis; siliceous shale oil recovery; waterflood and enhanced recoveryevaluation andmanagement; gas storage evaluation andmanagement; and explorationeconomicevaluationanddecisionanalysis.

Don also has extensive legal support experience in equity disputes, arbitration, andlitigation,includingexpertwitnesstestimony.HeisaregisteredprofessionalgeologistinthestateofTexas.DonisamemberoftheAmericanAssociationofPetroleumGeologists(AAPG)andtheSocietyofPetroleumEngineers(SPE).

EDUCATION

M.B.A.CaliforniaStateUniversity,Bakersfield,June1996

CompletedM.S.Coursework,GeologyUniversityofSouthwesternLouisianaMay1980

B.S.,GeologyMillsapsCollege,May1978

Dr. Michael L. WigginsisDirectorofTechnologyandTrainingandSeniorVicePresidentofWilliamM.Cobb&Associates, Inc.(Cobb&Associates).Prior tohiscurrentrole,MikewaspresidentofanindependentoilandgasproducerandservedasaSeniorVicePresident (2006-2010) and President (2011-2013) ofWilliamM. Cobb&Associates,Inc.Hehasover35yearsofprofessionalexperienceinacademiaandtheupstreamoilandgasindustryincludingdrilling,production,andreservoirengineering.Hisindustryexperience includes employmentwithmajor and independent E&P companies and hehasbeenofferingpetroleumengineeringconsultingservicestotheindustryforover20years.Histechnicalinterestsincludereservoirmanagementandengineering,productionoperations,wellperformance,andproductionoptimization.

Before joining Cobb &Associates in 2006, Mike was a professor of petroleum andgeologicalengineeringattheUniversityofOklahoma,servingonthefacultyfor15years.In this role,he taughtcoursesandconductedresearchrelated toreservoirengineering,productionoperations,andpetroleumprojectevaluation.Hehasco-authorednumerouspapersinhisareasofexpertiseandreceivedresearchfundingfromvariousgovernmentalagencies, international oil companies, and national oil companies. In addition, he hasconducted numerous short courses in the areas of reservoir management, reservoirengineering,waterflooddesignandevaluation,wellcompletions,productionoperations,andpetroleumprojectevaluation.

MikeisaDistinguishedMemberoftheSocietyofPetroleumEngineers(SPE)andhasservedontheSPEBoardofDirectors.HehasbeentheExecutiveEditorforSPEProductionandFacilitiesandhasservedasatechnicaleditorforSPEsince1991.Hehasservedonnumerous program committees for SPE technicalmeetings and served as theGeneralChairmanforthe2016SPEImprovedOilRecoveryConferenceandGeneralChairmanforthe2003SPEProductionandOperationsSymposium.

Mike is a registered professional engineer in the states of Texas and Oklahoma. HisactivitiesatCobb&Associatesincludereservoirstudies,oilandgasreserveevaluationsandaudits,improvedrecoverydesign,educationalcourses,andlitigationsupportincludingexpertwitnessservices.

EDUCATION

Ph.D.PetroleumEngineeringTexasA&MUniversity,May1991

M.Eng.PetroleumEngineeringTexasA&MUniversity,August1988

B.S.PetroleumEngineeringTexasA&MUniversity,May1979

Brent W. Hale is Vice President ofWilliam M. Cobb &Associates Inc. (Cobb &Associates).Hehasover35yearsofprofessionalexperienceinreservoirengineeringandhasspecializedinverticallyfracturedgaswellanalysis,horizontalwellanalysisandcoalbedmethanewellanalysis. Hehasexperiencewithcoalbedmethanereservoirsin Colorado, NewMexico,Wyoming, Oklahoma, and Kansas. He has studied lowpermeabilityandshalegasreservoirsinColorado,Kansas,Louisiana,NewMexico,NorthDakota,Michigan,Oklahoma,Pennsylvania,Texas, andWyoming. Hehasmanagedproductionoperationsandenvironmental,health,andsafetyoperationswithsignificantworkwithgovernmentalagencies.

BeforejoiningCobb&Associates,hewasadirectorwiththeWilliamsCompanieswithvariousresponsibilitiesincludingproductionoperations,environmental,health,andsafetyoperations,andreservoirengineeringandgeologicserviceswithafocusonacquisitionanddevelopmentofoilandgasproperties.

BrentisamemberoftheSocietyofPetroleumEngineers(SPE),theSocietyofPetroleumEvaluation Engineers (SPEE), and theAmericanAssociation of PetroleumGeologists(AAPG).HehasservedassectionchairmanoftheSaltLakeSectionoftheSocietyofPetroleumEngineersandhasservedontheSPEGasTechnologyCommittee.HehasalsoservedontheSPEEResourcePlayEvaluationcommittee.Hehasauthoredorco-authoredtechnicalpapersdealingwithlowpermeabilitygasreservoirs,shalegasreservoirs,andcoalseamgasreservoirs.Brentisalsoco-authorofSPEEMonograph’s3&4.

BrentisaregisteredprofessionalengineerinthestatesofTexasandUtah.HisactivitiesatCobbandAssociates include reservoir studies, oil andgas reserve evaluations andaudits,environmentalsoundmitigationstudies,andlitigationsupportincludingexpertwitnessservices.

EDUCATION

M.S.,PetroleumEngineeringUniversityofWyoming,May1979

B.S.,PetroleumEngineeringUniversityofWyoming,May1976

Robert E. Williams, Jr.isSeniorGeologist/GeoSystemsManagerforWilliamM.Cobb&Associates, Inc. (Cobb&Associates).Robert has over 18 years of experience as aconsultantgeologistinexplorationandproductioninavarietyofbasinsthroughouttheworld.

Robertspecializesincomprehensivestructuralandstratigraphicgeologicalinterpretationsusingvarioussoftwarepackages,includingGeographix,Apprentice,Petra,andSMT.Heis responsible for reservoir characterization through integration of core,well log, andseismicdata.Hehasexperienceorganizingandmaintainingdigitaldatabasesanddatarooms for acquisitions and divestitures. His geoscience expertise includes: structural,isopach and reservoir parametermapping; 2D and 3D seismic interpretation;well loginterpretation; cross section interpretation and construction, and technical spreadsheetdataevaluation;Robertalsohasexperienceperforminggeologicalsupportforworsecasedischarge(WCD)calculationsforGOMdrillingpermits.

Roberthaslegalsupportexperienceinequitydisputes,arbitration,andlitigation.HeisaregisteredprofessionalgeologistinthestateofTexas.HeisamemberoftheAmericanAssociationofPetroleumGeologists(AAPG),theSocietyofPetroleumEngineers(SPE)andDallasGeologicalSociety(DGS).

RobertisalsothesystemadministratoratCobb&Associates.Hisdailyresponsibilitiesinclude maintaining our email server, data server, network, printers, website, phonesystem,andvoicemailsystem.Healsoprovideshardwareandsoftwaretechnicalsupportforallusers.

BeforejoiningCobb&Associates in2001,RobertwasemployedbyGaffney-Cline&Associates(GCA)inDallas.DuringhistimeatGCA,hewasresponsiblefordigitizingorcreatingstructureandnetpaymapsforreservoirvolumetriccalculations.WhilewithGCA,RobertacquiredsignificantRussianwelllogevaluationexperience.Robertworkedcloselywiththeengineerstodeterminereservoircharacteristics.Healsowasanassistantsystemadministratorhelpingwithdailyoperations(emailserver,dataserver),aswellastechnicalsupportforapproximately25employeesonvarioussoftware.

EDUCATION

B.S.inGeologyOklahomaStateUniversity–Stillwater,OklahomaDec.1991

Andrea S. Mielcarek joinedCobb&AssociatesinMayof2009asastaffengineer.InthisroleshesupportsprojectsincludingSECreservereporting,propertyevaluationsforsalesandacquisitions,andduediligencereviewsforlendinginstitutions.Herexperienceincludes oil and gas reserve estimation and economic evaluation through traditionalreservoirengineeringmethods.AndreaisproficientintheAIRESandPHDWineconomicsoftwarepackages.

PriortojoiningCobb&Associates,Andreaworkedasamanufacturingprocessengineerfor3Mwhere she supporteddailymanufacturingoperations,managedproductqualityissuesandledprocessoptimizationprojects.

EDUCATION

B.S.ChemicalEngineeringTexasA&MUniversity,May2005

Engineering:

• William M. Cobb–Ph.D.degreeinPetroleumEngineeringfromStanford

University.Billhasover40yearsofexperienceasapetroleumengineering

consultantspecializinginwaterflooding,pressuretransientanalysis,andproperty

management.Hehasconductednumerousone-weekshortcoursesonthesubjects ofwaterflooding,pressuretransientanalysis,andpetroleumeconomics.Hisindustry experienceincludesemploymentwithmajorandindependentoilcompanies.

• M. Fred Duewall – B.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering from TexasA&M

University.Fredisaregisteredprofessionalengineerwithover38yearsofexperience intheoilandgasindustry.Fredspecializesinauditingpetroleumassetsforlending

institutionsanddeterminingthevalueofpropertiesforpotentialacquisitionorsale.

Geology, Geophysics, and Petrophysics:

• J. Frederick “Rick” Sarg – Ph.D. degree in Geology from the University ofWisconsin.Overthirty(30)yearsofextensivepetroleumexplorationandproductionexperienceinresearch,supervisory,andoperationsassignments.Rickwasamemberoftheexplorationresearchgroupthatdevelopedsequencestratigraphy,wherehisemphasis was on carbonate sequence concepts. He has authored or co-authoredtwenty-seven(27)papersoncarbonatesedimentologyandstratigraphy.

• Joseph R. “Joe” Davis–Ph.D.degreeinGeologyfromtheUniversityofTexas.Overthirty(30)yearsoftechnicalandsupervisoryexperiencewithmajoroilandgascompanies,independentoilandgascompanies,andconsulting.Joeisanexpertgeophysicalinterpreterandhaswide-ranginggeophysicalandgeologicalexperienceinavarietyofbasinsworldwide.Joehasextensiveexperienceasanexpertwitnessinlegaldisputesandarbitration.