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Resistance to the HolocaustResistance to the Holocaust
Belfer Presentation
Robert Hadley
Mandel 2001-2002
Define ResistanceDefine Resistance
What does this term mean?– Physical – Spiritual– Cultural– Emotional
PhysicalPhysical
Underground Youth Movements
PartisansCamp Revolts
Underground Youth MovementsUnderground Youth Movements
Hashomer and HeChalutz (Zionist)
Akiva (Zionist) Dror (Zionist) Bund Betar Communists
Partisan MovementsPartisan Movements
Abbe Kovner, Vilna Ghetto
Bielski Partisans, Belorussia
Joining Polish and/or Russian Partisan Movement
Camp RevoltsCamp Revolts
Sobibor
Treblinka
Auschwitz
Map of RevoltsMap of Revolts
Role of Women in the ResistanceRole of Women in the Resistance
Intelligence and Reconnaissance
CouriersFightersEducators
SpiritualSpiritual
Maintaining ones Faith in God
Strength of Human Dignity
Observing Jewish Traditions
Kiddush ha-Shem ("Sanctification of God's Name")
Prayers and Religious observationPrayers and Religious observation
Minyanim (10 or more gathered to pray)
Religious Holidays Fasting and
remaining Kosher in face of starvation
EmotionalEmotional
Staying alive!Helping others stay aliveNot allowing ones spirit to be
defeated
Resource : If you Cried, You died
CulturalCultural
Art and Music– Terezin Requime
Schools Community based
programs– Self Help
Plays Lectures
Art in the CampsArt in the Camps
How is Art resistance?
What record do we have of the Holocaust as a result of Artists?
Urge to create in the midst of death
Cultural EventsCultural Events
Cultural events took place in the camps and ghettos
Impact and power of such events as Resistance?
Music in the CampsMusic in the Camps
Archive of music program from Terezin
Importance music played in camp life?
Schools in the GhettosSchools in the Ghettos
Primary purpose to nourish the body and the soul (see the bread on napkins)
Aliya: Religious boarding schools
Most Schools were clandestine
Orphanages: Dr Janusz Korczak
Movies/VideosMovies/Videos
Escape From Sobibor (1989) Showtime
The Grey Zone (2002)
Out of the Ashes (2003) Showtime
Uprising (2001) NBC
BooksBooks
Defiance: The Beilski Partisans by Nechama Tec They Fought Back by Yuri Suhl The Avengers by Rich Cohen The Bravest Battle by Dan Kurzman Resistance by Israel Gutman Justyna’s Narrative by Gusta Draenger Kazik: Memoirs of a Warsaw Ghetto Fighter by Simha
Rotem Unbroken by Len Crome Against All Hope by Hermann Langein Fighting Back by Harold Werner
Great Web Sites!Great Web Sites! The Ghetto Fighter’s House: Museum of the Holocaust and Resistance.
http://www.gfh.org.ilIsraeli museum with searchable archives. Many articles and pictures online.
Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership. - www.jpfo.comUses the history of genocide and resistance to it to argue for the right to bear arms.
Museum of the Slovak National Uprising.http://www.muzeumsnp.skMuseum in Slovakia dedicated to their 1944 armed uprising against the Germans, one result of which was the Jewish Novaky brigade.Anniversary of the said Uprising - http://www.55snp.sk/en
Simon Wiesenthal Center - http://www.wiesenthal.comHas material on the Warsaw Ghetto uprising as well as general Holocaust information
http://www.yad-vashem.org.il/ Incredible archives of the Holocaust including Resistance
Online lessonsOnline lessons
http://connections.smsd.org/veterans/holocaust_resistance_movement.htm (Great list of FAQ’s with websites)
http://www.ushmm.org/education/foreducators/guidelines/ (scroll down to Sample lessons, do the one on Resistance, powerful tool with students!)
http://fcit.coedu.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/RESIST2.htm (Excellent resource on Resistance for educators)
http://edsitement.neh.gov/view_lesson_plan.asp?ID=275 (Great comprehensive Lesson when pressed for time in a unit)
More Online LessonsMore Online Lessons
http://fcit.coedu.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/RESIST/WARSAW.HTM (Great way to connect with the Ringleblum play)
http://fcit.coedu.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/RESIST/resistan.HTM (I have used Courage to care in the classroom…Great video…and great way to close a unit on the Holocaust. Bring Hope back to your students…like I said..bring them out of the darkness)
Even more lessons!Even more lessons!
http://www.holocaust-trc.org/lesson.htm (many lesson plans and activities around Resistance and resistance movements, all vetted by Mark Nataupsky, an excellent educator from Virginia!)
http://www.holocaust-trc.org/Warsawhs.pdf (excellent Resistance Unit created by Sol Factor, a Mandel fellow from Ohio. You don’t have to use the entire unit…the lessons can be extracted separately)
Totten SeriesTotten Series
Teaching and Studying about the Holocaust
Holocaust Education
Holocaust Literature